Experimental approaches to treatment of soft tissue sarcoma

Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 499-521

  Hwang, Rosa F ^a   Hunt, Kelly K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; COMBRETASTATIN A4; COMBRETASTATIN A4 PHOSPHATE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; D 24851; DOXORUBICIN; FUMAGILLOL CHLOROACETYLCARBAMATE; IMATINIB; LG 268; MELPHALAN; MEVINOLIN; PACLITAXEL; RESVERATROL; RETINOID DERIVATIVE; SEMAXANIB; TROGLITAZONE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VINBLASTINE; VINCRISTINE;

ANGIOGENESIS; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; APOPTOSIS; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER RESISTANCE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; FIBROSARCOMA; GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMOR; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; LEWIS CARCINOMA; LIMB PERFUSION; LIPOSARCOMA; MELANOMA; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; RAT; REVIEW; SARCOMA; SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA;

EID: 0038414681     PISSN: 10553207     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1055-3207(03)00006-1     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Brennan MF, Casper ES, Harrison LB, et al. The role of multimodality therapy in soft-tissue sarcoma. Ann Surg 1991;214:328-36; discussion, 336-328.
2. Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med 1971;285:1182-6.
3. Carmeliet P, Jain RK. Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature 2000;407:249-57.
4. Liekens S, De Clercq E, Neyts J. Angiogenesis: regulators and clinical applications. Biochem Pharmacol 2001;61:253-70.
5. Fidler IJ. Angiogenic heterogeneity: regulation of neoplastic angiogenesis by the organ microenvironment. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001;93:1040-1.
6. Heymach JV. Angiogenesis and antiangiogenic approaches to sarcomas. Curr Opin Oncol 2001;13:261-9.
7. Yancopoulos GD, Davis S, Gale NW, et al. Vascular-specific growth factors and blood vessel formation. Nature 2000;407:242-8.
8. Kuhnen C, Lehnhardt M, Tolnay E, et al. Patterns of expression and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor in malignant soft-tissue tumours. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2000;126:219-25.
9. Graeven U, Andre N, Achilles E, et al. Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor in patients with soft-tissue sarcoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1999;125:577-81.
10. Chao C, Al-Saleem T, Brooks JJ, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor and soft tissue sarcomas: tumor expression correlates with grade. Ann Surg Oncol 2001;8:260-7.
11. Miao H-Q, Klagsbrun M. Neuropilin is a mediator of angiogenesis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2000;19:29-37.
12. Handa A, Tokunaga T, Tsuchida T, et al. Neuropilin-2 expression affects the increased vascularization and is a prognostic factor in osteosarcoma. Int J Oncol 2000;17:291-5.
13. Choong PF, Ferno M, Akerman M, et al. Urokinase-plasminogen-activator levels and prognosis in 69 soft-tissue sarcomas. Int J Cancer 1996;69:268-72.
14. Pallotta MG, Lastiri JM, Varela MS, et al. Plasma MMP-9 activity in soft tissue sarcomas. Proceedings of the Am Society of Clinical Oncology 2000;19:539 [Abstract 2001].
15. Ohsawa M, Tomita Y, Kuratsu S, et al. Angiogenesis in malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Oncology 1995;52:51-4.
16. Saenz NC, Heslin MJ, Adsay V, et al. Neovascularity and clinical outcome in high-grade extremity soft tissue sarcomas. Ann Surg Oncol 1998;5:48-53.
17. Tomlinson J, Barsky SH, Nelson S, et al. Different patterns of angiogenesis in sarcomas and carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 1999;5:3516-22.
18. Brizel D, Scully S, Harrelson J, et al. Tumor oxygenation predicts for the likelihood of distant metastases in human soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer Res 1996;56:941-3.
19. Nishi H, Nishi KH, Johnson AC. Early growth response-1 gene mediates up-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor expression during hypoxia. Cancer Res 2002;62:827-34.
20. De Jaeger K, Kavanagh MC, Hill RP. Relationship of hypoxia to metastatic ability in rodent tumours. Br J Cancer 2001;84:1280-5.
21. Cairns RA, Kalliomaki T, Hill RP. Acute (cyclic) hypoxia enhances spontaneous metastasis of KHT murine tumors. Cancer Res 2001;61:8903-8.
22. Fong TAT, Shawver LK, Sun L, et al. SU5416 is a potent and selective inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (Flk-1/KDR) that inhibits tyrosine kinase catalysis, tumor vascularization, and growth of multiple tumor types. Cancer Res 1999;59:99-106.
23. Brekken RA, Overholser JP, Stastny VA, et al. Selective inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2 (KDR/Flk-1) activity by a monoclonal anti-VEGF antibody blocks tumor growth in mice. Cancer Res 2000;60:5117-24.
24. Zhang L, Yu D, Hu M, et al. Wild-type p53 suppresses angiogenesis in human leiomyosarcoma and synovial sarcoma by transcriptional suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Cancer Res 2000;60:3655-61.
25. Kusaka M, Sudo K, Fujita T, et al. Potent anti-angiogenic action of AGM-1470: comparison to the fumagillin parent. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991;174:1070-6.
26. Futami H, Iseki H, Egawa S, et al. Inhibition of lymphatic metastasis in a syngeneic rat fibrosarcoma model by an angiogenesis inhibitor, AGM-1470. Invasion Metastasis 1996;16:73-82.
27. Brakenhielm E, Cao R, Cao Y. Suppression of angiogenesis, tumor growth, and wound healing by resveratrol, a natural compound in red wine and grapes. FASEB 2001; 15:1798-800.
28. Klement G, Baruchel S, Rak J, et al. Continuous low-dose therapy with vinblastine and VEGF receptor-2 antibody induces sustained tumor regression without overt toxicity. J Clin Invest 2000;105:R15-24.
29. Demetri GD, Fletcher CD, Mueller E, et al. Induction of solid tumor differentiation by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligand troglitazone in patients with liposarcoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:3951-6.
30. Browder T, Butterfield CE, Kraling BM, et al. Antiangiogenic scheduling of chemotherapy improves efficacy against experimental drug-resistant cancer. Cancer Res 2000; 60:1878-86.
31. Lowe SW, Lin AW. Apoptosis in cancer. Carcinogenesis 2000;21:485-95.
32. Johnstone RW, Ruefli AA, Lowe SW. Apoptosis: a link between cancer genetics and chemotherapy. Cell 2002;108:153-64.
33. Tsujimoto Y, Finger LR, Yunis J, et al. Cloning of the chromosome breakpoint of neoplastic B cells with the t(14;18) chromosome translocation. Science 1984;226:1097-9.
34. Hirakawa N, Naka T, Yamamoto I, et al. Overexpression of bcl-2 protein in synovial sarcoma: a comparative study of other soft tissue spindle cell sarcomas and an additional analysis by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Hum Pathol 1996;27:1060-5.
35. Pilotti S, Mezzelani A, Azzarelli A, et al. bcl-2 expression in synovial sarcoma. J Pathol 1998;184:337-9.
36. Suster S, Fisher C, Moran CA. Expression of bcl-2 oncoprotein in benign and malignant spindle cell tumors of soft tissue, skin, serosal surfaces and gastrointestinal tract. Am J Surg Pathol 1998;22:863-72.
37. Kawauchi S, Fukuda T, Oda Y, et al. Prognostic significance of apoptosis in synovial sarcoma: correlation with clinicopathologic parameters, cell proliferative activity, and expression of apoptosis-related proteins. Mod Pathol 2000;13:755-65.
38. Ealovega MW, McGinnis PK, Sumantran VN, et al. bcl-xs gene therapy induces apoptosis of human mammary tumors in nude mice. Cancer Res 1996;56:1965-9.
39. Tai YT, Strobel T, Kufe D, et al. In vivo cytotoxicity of ovarian cancer cells through tumor-selective expression of the BAX gene. Cancer Res 1999;59:2121-6.
40. Beg AA, Baldwin AS. The IkB proteins: multifunctional regulators of Rel/NF-kB transcription factors. Genes Dev 1993;7:2064-70.
41. Wang CY, Mayo MW, Baldwin ASJ. TNF- and cancer therapy-induced apoptosis: potentiation by inhibition of NF-kappa B. Science 1996;275:784-7.
42. Feig BW, Lu X, Hunt KK, et al. Inhibition of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB by adenoviral-mediated expression of IkBαM results in tumor cell death. Surgery 1999;126:399-405.
43. Qin X, Livingston D, Kaelin W Jr, et al. Deregulated transcription factor E2F-1 expression leads to S-phase entry and p53-mediated apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:10918-22.
44. Wu X, Levine A. p53 and E2F-1 cooperate to mediate apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:3602-6.
45. Hunt K, Deng J, Liu T, et al. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of the transcription factor E2F-1 induces apoptosis in human breast and ovarian carcinoma cell lines and does not require p53. Cancer Res 1997;57:4722-6.
46. Vorburger SA, Hetrakul N, Wilson-Heiner M, et al. Adenovirus mediated intratumoral E2F-1 gene therapy against leiomyosarcoma in vitro and in vivo. Presented at the International Symposium for Preventive and Experimental Oncology, February 7-9, 2002. Paris, France.
47. Hetrakul N, Hunt K, Liu TJ, et al. E2F-1 induced apoptosis in leiomyosarcoma cell lines occurs despite upregulation in Bcl-2 [abstract 936]. Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research 1998;39:137.
48. Vorburger SA, Pataer A, Yoshida K, et al. Role for the double-stranded RNA activated protein kinase PKR in E2F-1 induced apoptosis. Oncogene 2002;21:6278-88.
49. Tomescu O, Barr FG. Chromosomal translocations in sarcomas: prospects for therapy. Trends Mol Med 2001;7:554-9.
50. Naito N, Kawai A, Ouchida M, et al. A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay in the diagnosis of soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer 2000;89:1992-8.
51. Scheidler S, Fredericks WJ, Rauscher FJ III, et al. The hybrid PAX3-FKHR fusion protein of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma transforms fibroblasts in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:9805-9.
52. Perez-Losada J, Sanchez-Martin M, Rodriguez-Garcia MA, et al. Liposarcoma initiated by FUS/TLS-CHOP: the FUS/TLS domain plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of liposarcoma. Oncogene 2000;19:6015-22.
53. Perez-Mancera PA, Perez-Losada J, Sanchez-Martin M, et al. Expression of the FUS domain restores liposarcoma development in CHOP transgenic mice. Oncogene 2002; 21:1679-84.
54. Ladanyi M, Antonescu CR, Leung DH, et al. Impact of SYT-SSX fusion type on the clinical behavior of synovial sarcoma: a multi-institutional retrospective study of 243 patients. Cancer Res 2002;62:135-40.
55. Yi H, Fujimura Y, Ouichida M, et al. Inhibition of apoptosis by normal and aberrant Fli-1 and erg proteins involved in human solid tumors and leukemias. Oncogene 1997;14:1259-68.
56. Ouchida M, Ohno T, Fujimura Y, et al. Loss of tumorigenicity of Ewing's sarcoma cells expressing-antisense RNA to EWS-fusion transcripts. Oncogene 1995;11:1049-54.
57. Tanaka K, Iwakuma T, Harimaya K, et al. EWS-Fli1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide inhibits proliferation of human Ewing's sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor cells. J Clin Invest 1997;99:239-47.
58. Kovar H, Aryee DN, Jug G, et al. EWS/FLI-1 antagonists induce growth inhibition of Ewing tumor cells in vitro. Cell Growth Differ 1996;7:429-37.
59. Fredericks WJ, Ayyanathan K, Rauscher FJ III. Regulating the neoplastic phenotype using engineered transcriptional repressors. Cancer Lett 2001;162:S23-32.
60. Mackall C, Berzofsky J, Helman LJ. Targeting tumor specific translocations in sarcomas in pediatric patients for immunotherapy. Clin Orthop 2000;373:25-31.
61. Massuda ES, Dunphy EJ, Redman RA, et al. Regulated expression of the diphtheria toxin A chain by a tumor-specific chimeric transcription factor results in selective toxicity for alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:14701-6.
62. Von Hoff D, McGill J, Forseth B, et al. Elimination of extrachromosomally amplified MYC genes from human tumor cells reduces their tumorigenicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:8165-9.
63. Barrios C, Castresana JS, Kreicbergs A. Clinicopathologic correlations and short-term prognosis in musculoskeletal sarcoma with c-myc oncogene amplification. Am J Clin Oncol 1994;17:273-6.
64. Shin DM, Gupta V, Donner L, et al. Aberrant oncogene expression in uncultured human sarcoma and melanoma. Anticancer Res 1987;7:1117-23.
65. Shen J, Scotlandi K, Baldini N, et al. Prognostic significance of nuclear accumulation of c-myc and mdm2 proteins in synovial sarcoma of the extremities. Oncology 2000;58:253-60.
66. Chen J, Lin J, Levine AJ. Regulation of transcription functions of the p53 tumor suppressor by the mdm-2 oncogene. Mol Med 1995;1:142-52.
67. Chen J, Wu X, Lin J, et al. mdm-2 inhibits the G1 arrest and apoptosis functions of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Mol Cell Biol 1996:16:2445-52.
68. Keleti J, Quezado MM, Abaza MM, et al. The mdm2 oncoprotein is overexpressed in rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines and stabilizes wild-type p53 protein. Am J Pathol 1996; 149:143-51.
69. Cordon-Cardo C, Latres E, Drobnjak M, et al. Molecular abnormalities of mdm2 and p53 genes in adult soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer Res 1994:54:794-9.
70. Milas M, Yu D, Pollock RE. Advances in the understanding of human soft tissue sarcomas: molecular biology and therapeutic strategies. Oncol Rep 1998;5:1275-9.
71. Taubert H, Meye A, Wurl P. Soft tissue sarcomas and p53 mutations. Mol Med 1998;4:365-72.
72. Wurl P, Meye A, Schmidt H, et al. High prognostic significance of Mdm2/p53 cooverexpression in soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities. Oncogene 1998;16:1183-5.
73. Meye A, Wurl P, Bache M, et al. Colony formation of soft tissue sarcoma cells is inhibited by lipid-mediated antisense oligodeoxynucleotides targeting the human mdm2 oncogene. Cancer Lett 2000;149:181-8.
74. Sato N, Mizaumoto K, Maehara N, et al. Enhancement of drug-induced apoptosis by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides targeted against mdm2 and p2WAF1/CIP1. Anticancer Res 2000;20:837-42.
75. Wang H, Zeng X, Oliver P, et al. mdm2 oncogene as a target for cancer therapy: an antisense approach. Int J Oncol 1999;15:653-60.
76. Grunbaum U, Meye A, Bache M, et al. Transfection with mdm2-antisense or wtp53 results in radiosensitization and an increased apoptosis of a soft tissue sarcoma cell line. Anticancer Res 2001;21:2065-71.
77. Wurl P, Bartel F, Meye A, et al. Growth reduction of a xenotransplanted human soft tissue sarcoma by MDM2 antisense therapy via implanted osmotic minipumps. Int J Oncol 2002;20:1087-93.
78. Harris CC. Structure and function of the p53 tumor suppressor gene: clues for rational cancer therapeutic strategies. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:1442-55.
79. Toguchida J, Yamaguchi T, Ritchie B, et al. Mutation spectrum of the p53 gene in bone and soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer Res 1992;52:6194-9.
80. Latres E, Drobnjak M, Pollack D, et al. Chromosome 17 abnormalities and TP53 mutations in adult soft tissue sarcomas. Am J Pathol 1994;145:345-55.
81. Pollock RE, Lang A, Luo J, et al. Soft tissue sarcoma metastasis from clonal expansion of p53 mutated tumor cells. Oncogene 1996;12:2035-9.
82. Drobnjak M, Latres E, Pollack D, et al. Prognostic implications of p53 nuclear overexpression and high proliferation index of Ki-67 in adult soft-tissue sarcomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:549-54.
83. Pollock R, Lang A, Ge T, et al. Wild-type p53 and a p53 temperature-sensitive mutant suppress human soft tissue sarcoma by enhancing cell cycle control. Clin Cancer Res 1998;4:1985-94.
84. Gibson AA, Harwood FG, Tillman DM, et al. Selective sensitization to DNA-damaging agents in a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line with inducible wild-type p53 overexpression. Clin Cancer Res 1998;4:145-52.
85. Endo K, Kuratate I, Watanabe M, et al. Wild-type p53 gene transfection in human cultured sarcomas: effect of CDDP. Oncol Rep 2001;8:637-42.
86. Zhan M, Yu D, Lang A, et al. Wild type p53 sensitizes soft tissue sarcoma cells to doxorubicin by down-regulating multidrug resistance-1 expression. Cancer 2001;92:1556-66.
87. Nikitina EY, Chada S, Muro-Cacho C, et al. An effective immunization and cancer treatment with activated dendritic cells transduced with full-length wild-type p53. Gene Ther 2002;9:345-52.
88. Dameron KM, Volpert OV, Tainsky MA, et al. Control of angiogenesis in fibroblasts by p53 regulation of thrombospondin-1. Science 1994;265:1582-4.
89. Volpert OV, Dameron KM, Bouck N. Sequential development of an angiogenic phenotype by human fibroblasts progressing to tumorigenicity. Oncogene 1997;14:1495-502.
90. Holmgren L, Jackson G, Arbiser J. p53 induces angiogenesis-restricted dormancy in a mouse fibrosarcoma. Oncogene 1998;17:819-24.
91. Warrell RP Jr, Frankel SR, Miller WH Jr, et al. Differentiation therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia with tretinoin (all-trans-retinoic acid). N Engl J Med 1991; 324:1385-93.
92. Chang HR, Hajdu SI, Collin C, et al. The prognostic value of histologic subtypes in primary extremity liposarcoma. Cancer 1989;64:1514-20.
93. Kliewer SA, Umesono K, Noonan DJ, et al. Convergence of 9-cis retinoic acid and peroxisome proliferator signalling pathways through heterodimer formation of their receptors. Nature 1992;358:771-4.
94. Tontonoz P, Graves RA, Budavari AI, et al. Adipocyte-specific transcription factor ARF6 is a heterodimeric complex of two nuclear hormone receptors, PPAR gamma and RXR alpha. Nucleic Acids Res 1994;22:5628-34.
95. Tontonoz P, Hu E, Graves RA, et al. mPPAR gamma 2: tissue-specific regulator of an adipocyte enhancer. Genes Dev 1994;8:1224-34.
96. Tontonoz P, Singer S, Forman BM, et al. Terminal differentiation of human liposarcoma cells induced by ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and the retinoid X receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:237-41.
97. Macaulay RJ, Wang W, Dimitroulakos J, et al. Lovastatin-induced apoptosis of human medulloblastoma cell lines in vitro. J Neurooncol 1999;42:1-11.
98. Maltese WA, Defendini R, Green RA, et al. Suppression of murine neuroblastoma growth in vivo by mevinolin, a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. J Clin Invest 1985;76:1748-54.
99. Kim JS, Pirnia F, Choi YH, et al. Lovastatin induces apoptosis in a primitive neuroectodermal tumor cell line in association with RB down-regulation and loss of the G1 checkpoint. Oncogene 2000;19:6082-90.
100. Goletz T, Zhan S, Pendleton C, et al. Cytotoxic T cell responses against the EWS/FLI-1 Ewing's sarcoma fusion protein and the PAX3/FKHR alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma fusion protein. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1996;37:475.
101. Worley BS, van den Broeke LT, Goletz TJ, et al. Antigenicity of fusion proteins from sarcoma-associated chromosomal translocations. Cancer Res 2001;61:6868-75.
102. Chang HR, Cordon-Cardo C, Houghton AN, et al. Expression of disialogangliosides GD2 and GD3 on human soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer 1992;70:633-8.
103. Linehan DC, Bowne WB, Lewis JJ. Immunotherapeutic approaches to sarcoma. Semin Surg Oncol 1999;17:72-7.
104. Antonescu CR, Busam KJ, Iversen K, et al. MAGE antigen expression in monophasic and biphasic synovial sarcoma. Hum Pathol 2002;33:225-9.
105. Jungbluth AA, Busam KJ, Kolb D, et al. Expression of MAGE-antigens in normal tissues and cancer. Int J Cancer 2000:85:460-5.
106. Brinkmann U, Vasmatzis G, Lee B, et al. Novel genes in the PAGE and GAGE family of tumor antigens found by homology walking in the dbEST database. Cancer Res 1999;59:1445-8.
107. Liu XF, Helman LJ, Yeung C, et al. XAGE-1, a new gene that is frequently expressed in Ewing's sarcoma. Cancer Res 2000;60:4752-5.
108. Martelange V, De Smet C, De Plaen E, et al. Identification on a human sarcoma of two new genes with tumor-specific expression. Cancer Res 2000;60:3848-55.
109. DeMatos P, Abdel-Wahab Z, Vervaert C, et al. Pulsing of dendritic cells with cell lysates from either B16 melanoma or MCA-106 fibrosarcoma yields equally effective vaccines against B16 tumors in mice. J Surg Oncol 1998;68:79-91.
110. Fields RC, Shimizu K, Mule JJ. Murine dendritic cells pulsed with whole tumor lysates mediate potent antitumor immune responses in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:9482-7.
111. Mayordomo JI, Zorina T, Storkus WJ, et al. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells pulsed with synthetic tumour peptides elicit protective and therapeutic antitumour immunity. Nat Med 1995;1:1297-302.
112. Geiger JD, Hutchinson RJ, Hohenkirk LF, et al. Vaccination of pediatric solid tumor patients with tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells can expand specific T cells and mediate tumor regression. Cancer Res 2001;61:8513-9.
113. Druker BJ, Talpaz M, Resta DJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med 2001;344: 1031-7.
114. Buchdunger E, Cioffi CL, Law N, et al. Abl protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 inhibits in vitro signal transduction mediated by c-kit and platelet-derived growth factor receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000;295:139-45.
115. Chan JK. Mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: a paradise for acronyms (STUMP, GIST, GANT, and now GIPACT), implication of c-kit in genesis, and yet another of the many emerging roles of the interstitial cell of Cajal in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases? Adv Anat Pathol 1999;6:19-40.
116. Sarlomo-Rikala M, Kovatich AJ, Barusevicius A, et al. CD117: a sensitive marker for gastrointestinal stromal tumors that is more specific than CD34. Mod Pathol 1998;11:728-34.
117. Lasota J, Jasinski M, Sarlomo-Rikala M, et al. Mutations in exon 11 of c-Kit occur preferentially in malignant versus benign gastrointestinal stromal tumors and do not occur in leiomyomas or leiomyosarcomas. Am J Pathol 1999;154:53-60.
118. Hirota S, Isozaki K, Moriyama Y, et al. Gain-of-function mutations of c-kit in human gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Science 1998;279:577-80.
119. Nishida T, Hirota S, Taniguchi M, et al. Familial gastrointestinal stromal tumours with germline mutation of the KIT gene. Nat Genet 1998;19:323-4.
120. Tuveson DA, Willis NA, Jacks T, et al. STI571 inactivation of the gastrointestinal stromal tumor c-KIT oncoprotein: biological and clinical implications. Oncogene 2001;20:5054-8.
121. Trent JC, Hannay JA, Buchdunger E, et al. Inhibition of PDGF receptor tyrosine kinase by STI-571 (Gleevec) in human soft-tissue sarcoma cell lines. Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research 2002;43:1084 [abstract 5366].
122. Joensuu H, Roberts PJ, Sarlomo-Rikala M, et al. Effect of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 in a patient with a metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1052-6.
123. Sjoblom T, Shimizu A, O'Brien KP, et al. Growth inhibition of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans tumors by the platelet-derived growth factor receptor antagonist ST1571 through induction of apoptosis. Cancer Res 2001;61:5778-83.
124. Gerald WL, Miller HK, Battifora H, et al. Intra-abdominal desmoplastic small round-cell tumor. Report of 19 cases of a distinctive type of high-grade polyphenotypic malignancy affecting young individuals. Am J Surg Pathol 1991;15:499-513.
125. Lee SB, Kolquist KA, Nichols K, et al. The EWS-WT1 translocation product induces PDGFA in desmoplastic small round-cell turnout. Nat Genet 1997;17:309-13.
126. Bacher G, Nickel B, Emig P, et al. D-24851, a novel synthetic microtubule inhibitor, exerts curative antitumoral activity in vivo, shows efficacy toward multidrug-resistant tumor cells, and lacks neurotoxicity. Cancer Res 2001;61:392-9.
127. Chaplin DJ, Pettit GR, Hill SA. Anti-vascular approaches to solid tumour therapy: evaluation of combretastatin A4 phosphate. Anticancer Res 1999;19:189-95.
128. Chaplin DJ, Pettit GR, Parkins CS, et al. Antivascular approaches to solid tumour therapy: evaluation of tubulin binding agents. Br J Cancer 1996;27(Suppl):S86-88.
129. Dark G, Hill S, Prise V, et al. Combretastatin A-4, an agent that displays potent and selective toxicity toward tumor vasculature. Cancer Res 1997;57:1829-34.
130. Tozer GM, Prise VE, Wilson J, et al. Mechanisms associated with tumor vascular shutdown induced by combretastatin A-4 phosphate: intravital microscopy and measurement of vascular permeability. Cancer Res 2001;61:6413-22.
131. Landuyt W, Ahmed B, Nuyts S, et al. In vivo antitumor effect of vascular targeting combined with either ionizing radiation or anti-angiogenesis treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001;49:443-50.
132. Murata R, Siemann DW, Overgaard J, et al. Interaction between combretastatin A-4 disodium phosphate and radiation in murine tumors. Radiother Oncol 2001;60:155-61.
133. Stetler-Stevenson WG, Aznavoorian S, Liotta LA. Tumor cell interactions with the extracellular matrix during invasion and metastasis. Annu Rev Cell Biol 1993;9:541-73.
134. Benassi MS, Gamberi G, Magagnoli G, et al. Metalloproteinase expression and prognosis in soft tissue sarcomas. Ann Oncol 2001;12:75-80.
135. Fang J, Shing Y, Wiederschain D, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 is required for the switch to the angiogenic phenotype in a tumor model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:3884-9.
136. Hua J, Muschel RJ. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression by a ribozyme blocks metastasis in a rat sarcoma model system. Cancer Res 1996;56:5279-84.
137. Feig BW. Isolated limb perfusion for extremity sarcoma. Curr Oncol Rep 2000;2:491-4.
138. Milas M, Feig B, Yu D, et al. Isolated limb perfusion in the sarcoma-bearing rat: a novel preclinical gene delivery system. Clin Cancer Res 1997;3:2197-203.