Basis for a proposed reference dose (RfD) for dioxin of 1-10 pg/kg-day: A weight of evidence evaluation of the human and animal studies

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health - Part B: Critical Reviews

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 115-159

  Greene, Jessica F ^a   Hays, Sean ^b   Paustenbach, Dennis ^b  

^a EXPONENT INC   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2,3,7,8 TETRACHLORODIBENZO PARA DIOXIN; DIOXIN;

ACUTE TOXICITY; BODY BURDEN; CANCER RISK; CHLORACNE; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DOSE RESPONSE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ACNE VULGARIS; ANIMALS; BODY BURDEN; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIOXINS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES; LIVER DISEASES; NEOPLASMS; NO-OBSERVED-ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVEL; REFERENCE VALUES; REPRODUCTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; TERATOGENS; TETRACHLORODIBENZODIOXIN; THYROID DISEASES; UNITED STATES; UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ANIMALIA; APOGON BRACHYGRAMMUS;

EID: 0037372220     PISSN: 10937404     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10937400306470     Document Type: Review

References (181)

1. Adami, H. O., Day, N. E., Trichopoulos, D., and Willett, W. C. 2001. Primary and secondary prevention in the reduction of cancer morbidity and mortality. Eur. J. Cancer 37(suppl. 8):S118-S127.
2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 1999. Toxicological profile for chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services.
3. Alexander, D. L., Ganem, L. G., Fernandez-Salguero, P., Gonzalez, F., and Jefcoate, C. R. 1998. Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor is an inhibitory regulator of lipid synthesis and of commitment to adipogenesis. J. Cell Sci. 111:3311-3322.
4. Assennato, G., Cervino, D., Emmett, E. A., Longo, G., and Merlo, F. 1989. Follow-up of subjects who developed chloracne following TCDD exposure at Seveso. Am. J. Ind. Med. 16:119-125.
5. Beck, H., Eckart, K., Mathar, W., Ruhl, C. S., and Wittkowski, R. 1989. Levels of PCDD's and PCDF's in adipose tissue of occupationally exposed workers. Chemosphere 18:507-516.
6. Bertazzi, P. A., Bernucci, I., Brambilla, G., Consonni, D., and Pesatori, A. C. 1998. The Seveso studies on early and long-term effects of dioxin exposure: A review. Environ. Health Perspect. 106(suppl. 2):625-633.
7. Bertazzi, P. A., Pesatori, A. C., and Zocchetti, C. 1998. Seveso. Dioxin: An example of environmental medicine. Epidemiologic data as guidelines for health programming. G. Ital. Med. Lav. Ergon. 20:194-196.
8. Birnbaum, L. S., McDonald, M. M., Blair, P. C., Clark, A. M., and Harris, M. W. 1990. Differential toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in C57BL/6J mice congenic at the Ah locus. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 15:186-200.
9. Bleiberg, J., Wallen, M., Brodkin, R., and Applebaum, I. L. 1964. Industrially acquired porphyria. Arch. Dermatol. 89:793-797.
10. Bond, G. G., McLaren, E. A., Brenner, F. E., and Cook, R. R. 1989. Incidence of chloracne among chemical workers potentially exposed to chlorinated dioxins. J. Occup. Med. 31:771-774.
11. Brewster, D. W., Matsumura, F., and Akera, T. 1987. Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on guinea pig heart muscle. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 89:408-417.
12. Buu-Hoi, N. P., Chanh, P. H., Sesque, G., Azum-Gelade, M. C., and Saint-Ruf, G. 1972. Organs as targets of "dioxin" (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) intoxication. Naturwissenschaften 59:174-175.
13. Calvert, G. M., Sweeney, M. H., Deddens, J., and Wall, D. K. 1999. Evaluation of diabetes mellitus, serum glucose, and thyroid function among United States workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Occup. Environ. Med. 56:270-276.
14. Calvert, G. M., Wall, D. K., Sweeney, M. H., and Fingerhut, M. A. 1998. Evaluation of cardiovascular outcomes among U.S. workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Environ. Health Perspect. 106(suppl. 2):635-643.
15. Calvert, G. M., Willie, K. K., Sweeney, M. H., Fingerhut, M. A., and Halperin, W. E. 1996. Evaluation of serum lipid concentrations among U.S. workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Arch. Environ. Health 51:100-107.
16. Canga, L., Levi, R., and Rifkind, A. B. 1988. Heart as a target organ in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxicity: Decreased beta-adrenergic responsiveness and evidence of increased intracellular calcium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:905-909.
17. Caramaschi, F., del Corno, G., Favaretti, C., Giambelluca, S. E., Montesarchio, E., and Fara, G. M. 1981. Chloracne following environmental contamination by TCDD in Seveso, Italy. Int. J. Epidemiol. 10:135-143.
18. Cranmer, M., Louie, S., Kennedy, R. H., Kern, P. A., and Fonseca, V. A. 2000. Exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is associated with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. Toxicol. Sci. 56:431-436.
19. Cummings, A. M., Hedge, J. M., and Birnbaum, L. S. 1999. Effect of prenatal exposure to TCDD on the promotion of endometriotic lesion growth by TCDD in adult female rats and mice. Toxicol. Sci. 52:45-49.
20. Cummings, A. M., Metcalf, J. L., and Birnbaum, L. 1996. Promotion of endometriosis by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats and mice: Time-dose dependence and species comparison. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 138:131-139.
21. DeCaprio, A. P., McMartin, D. N., O'Keefe, P. W., Rej, R., Silkworth, J. B., and Kaminsky, L. S. 1986. Subchronic oral toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the guinea pig: Comparisons with a PCB-containing transformer fluid pyrolysate. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 6:454-463.
22. DeRosa, C., Richter, P., Pohl, H., and Jones, D. E. 1998. Environmental exposures that affect the endocrine system: Public health implications. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B 1:3-26.
23. DeVito, M. J., Ma, X., Babish, J. G., Menache, M., and Birnbaum, L. S. 1994. Dose-response relationships in mice following subchronic exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: CYP1A1, CYP1A2, estrogen receptor, and protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 124:82-90.
24. Dunlap, D. Y., and Matsumura, F. 2000. Analysis of difference in in vivo effects of TCDD between c-src +/+ mice, c-src deficient, -/+ and -/- B6, 129-Src(tm 1 sor) mice and their wild-type littermates. Chemosphere 40:1241-1246.
25. Dunlap, D. Y., Moreno-Aliaga, M. J., Wu, Z., and Matsumura, F. 1999. Differential toxicities of TCDD in vivo among normal, c-src knockout, geldanamycin- and quercetin-treated mice. Toxicology 135:95-107.
26. Ebner, K., Brewster, D. W., and Matsumura, F. 1988. Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on serum insulin and glucose levels in the rabbit. J. Environ. Sci. Health B 23:427-438.
27. Egeland, G. M., Sweeney, M. H., Fingerhut, M. A., Wille, K. K., Schnorr, T. M., and Halperin, W. E. 1994. Total serum testosterone and gonadotropins in workers exposed to dioxin. Am. J. Epidemiol. 139:272-281.
28. Ernst, M., Flesch-Janys, D., Morgenstern, I., and Manz, A. 1998. Immune cell functions in industrial workers after exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: Dissociation of antigen-specific T-cell responses in cultures of diluted whole blood and of isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Environ. Health Perspect. 106(suppl. 2):701-705.
29. Fan, F., and Rozman, K. K. 1995. Short- and long-term biochemical effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in female Long-Evans rats. Toxicol. Lett. 75:209-216.
30. Faqi, A. S., and Chahoud, I. 1998. Antiestrogenic effects of low doses of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in offspring of female rats exposed throughout pregnancy and lactation. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 61:462-469.
31. Faqi, A. S., Dalsenter, P. R., Merker, H. J., and Chahoud, I. 1998. Reproductive toxicity and tissue concentrations of low doses of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in male offspring rats exposed throughout pregnancy and lactation. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 150:383-392.
32. Flesch-Janys, D., Becher, H., Gurn, P., Jung, D., Konietzko, J., Manz, A., and Papke, O. 1996. Elimination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in occupationally exposed persons. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 47:363-378.
33. Flesch-Janys, D., Steindorf, K., Gurn, P., and Becher, H. 1998. Estimation of the cumulated exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans and standardized mortality ratio analysis of cancer mortality by dose in an occupationally exposed cohort. Environ. Health Perspect. 106(suppl. 2): 655-662.
34. Food Standards Agency. 2001. COT statement on the tolerable daily intake for dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls. FSA, London.
35. Gasiewicz, T. A., Holscher, M. A., and Neal, R. A. 1980. The effect of total parenteral nutrition on the toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 54:469-488.
36. Gasiewicz, T. A., and Neal, R. A. 1979. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin tissue distribution, excretion, and effects on clinical chemical parameters in guinea pigs. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 51:329-339.
37. Gehrs, B. C., Riddle, M. M., Williams, W. C., and Smialowicz, R. J. 1997. Alterations in the developing immune system of the F344 rat after perinatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: II. Effects on the pup and the adult. Toxicology 122:229-240.
38. Gehrs, B. C., and Smialowicz, R. J. 1997. Alterations in the developing immune system of the F344 rat after perinatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin I [correction of II]. Effects on the fetus and the neonate. Toxicology 122:219-228.
39. Gehrs, B. C., and Smialowicz, R. J. 1999. Persistent suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity in adult F344 rats after perinatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicology 134:79-88.
40. Geusau, A., Abraham, K., Geissler, K., Sator, M. O., Stingl, G., and Tschachler, E. 2001. Severe 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) intoxication: Clinical and laboratory effects. Environ. Health Perspect. 109:865-869.
41. Goldstein, J., Lincko, P., and Bergman, H. 1982. Induction of porphyria in the rat by chronic versus acute exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Biochem. Pharmacol. 31:1607-1613.
42. Gorski, J. R., Muzi, G., Weber, L. W., Pereira, D. W., Arceo, R. J., Iatropoulos, M. J., and Rozman, K. 1988. Some endocrine and morphological aspects of the acute toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Toxicol. Pathol. 16:313-320.
43. Gorski, J. R., and Rozman, K. 1987. Dose-response and time course of hypothyroxinemia and hypoinsulinemia and characterization of insulin hypersensitivity in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-treated rats. Toxicology 44:297-307.
44. Gorski, J. R., Weber, L. W., and Rozman, K. 1990. Reduced gluconeogenesis in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-treated rats. Arch. Toxicol. 64:66-71.
45. Gray, L. E., Jr., Kelce, W. R., Monosson, E., Ostby, J. S., and Birnbaum, L. S. 1995. Exposure to TCDD during development permanently alters reproductive function in male Long Evans rats and hamsters: Reduced ejaculated and epididymal sperm numbers and sex accessory gland weights in offspring with normal androgenic status. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 131:108-118.
46. Gray, L. E., Ostby, J. S., and Kelce, W. R. 1997. A dose-response analysis of the reproductive effects of a single gestational dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in male Long Evans hooded rat offspring. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 146:11-20.
47. Gray, L. E., Wolf, C., Mann, P., and Ostby, J. S. 1997. In utero exposure to low doses of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin alters reproductive development of female Long Evans hooded rat offspring. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 146:237-244.
48. Greene, J. F., Zheng, J., Grant, D. F., and Hammock, B. D. 2000. Cytotoxicity of 1,2-epoxynaphthalene is correlated with protein binding and in situ glutathione depletion in cytochrome P4501A1 expressing Sf-21 cells. Toxicol. Sci. 53:352-360.
49. Greig, J. B., Jones, G., Butler, W. H., and Barnes, J. M. 1973. Toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 11:585-595.
50. Grubbs, W. D., Lustik, M. B., Brockman, A. S., Henderson, S. C., Burnett, F. R., Land, R. G., Osborne, D. J., Rocconi, V. K., Schrieber, M. E., Williams, D. E., Wolfe, W. H., Michalek, J., Miner, J. C., Henriksen, G. L., and Swaby, J. A. 1995. Air Force health study: An epidemiologic investigation of health effects in Air Force personnel following exposure to herbicides. AL-TR-920107. Science Applications International Corp., McLean, VA.
51. Guo, X., Longnecker, M. P., and Michalek, J. E. 2001. Relation of serum tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin concentration to diet among veterans in the Air Force Health Study with background-level exposure. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 63:159-172.
52. Guzelian, P. S. 1985. Clinical evaluation of liver structure and function in humans exposed to halogenated hydrocarbons. Environ. Health Perspect. 60:159-164.
53. Hakansson, H., Johansson, L., Manzoor, E., and Ahlborg, U. G. 1994. Effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the hepatic 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity in four rodent species. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 270:279-284.
54. Halperin, W., Kalow, W., Sweeney, M. H., Tang, B. K., Fingerhut, M., Timpkins, B., and Wille, K. 1995. Induction of P-450 in workers exposed to dioxin. Occup. Environ. Med. 52:86-91.
55. Halperin, W., Vogt, R., Sweeney, M. H., Shopp, G., Fingerhut, M., and Petersen, M. 1998. Immunological markers among workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Occup. Environ. Med. 55:742-749.
56. 3H]retinol and on the intestinal retinol esterification in the rat. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 55:331-344.
57. Henriksen, G. L., Ketchum, N. S., Michalek, J. E., and Swaby, J. A. 1997. Serum dioxin and diabetes mellitus in veterans of Operation Ranch Hand. Epidemiology 8:252-258.
58. Henriksen, G. L., and Michalek, J. E. 1996. Serum dioxin, testosterone, and gonadotropins in veterans of Operation Ranch Hand. Epidemiology 7:454-455.
59. Hermansky, S. J., Holcslaw, T. L., Murray, W. J., Markin, R. S., and Stohs, S. J. 1988. Biochemical and functional effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on the heart of female rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 95:175-184.
60. Hoffman, R. E., Stehr-Green, P. A., Webb, K. B., Evans, R. G., Knutsen, A. P., Schramm, W. F., Staake, J. L., Gibson, B. B., and Steinberg, K. K. 1986. Health effects of long-term exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 255:2031-2038.
61. Hong, R. 1991. Effects of environmental toxins on lymphocyte function: Studies in rhesus and man. Ann. Allergy 66:474-480.
62. Hooiveld, M., Heederik, D. J., Kogevinas, M., Boffetta, P., Needham, L. L., Patterson, D. G., Jr., and Buenode-Mesquita, H. B. 1998. Second follow-up of a Dutch cohort occupationally exposed to phenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols, and contaminants. Am. J. Epidemiol. 147:891-901.
63. Huang, P., Rannug, A., Ahlbom, E., Hakansson, H., and Ceccatelli, S. 2000. Effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the expression of cytochrome P450 1A1, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator in rat brain and pituitary. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 169:159-167.
64. Huang, W., and Koller, L. D. 1999. Effect of a single or repeated dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on T cell subpopulations in the Long-Evans rat. Toxicol. Lett. 109:97-104.
65. Hudson, L. G., Shaikh, R., Toscano, W. A., Jr., and Greenlee, W. F. 1983. Induction of 7-ethoxycoumarin o-deethylase activity in cultured human epithelial cells by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD): Evidence for TCDD receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 115:611-617.
66. Hurst, C. H., Abbott, B. D., DeVito, M. J., and Birnbaum, L. S. 1998. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in pregnant Long Evans rats: Disposition to maternal and embryo/fetal tissues. Toxicol. Sci. 45:129-136.
67. Hurst, C. H., DeVito, M. J., and Birnbaum, L. S. 2000. Tissue disposition of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in maternal and developing Long-Evans rats following subchronic exposure. Toxicol. Sci. 57:275-283.
68. IARC. 1997. Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinogen. Risks Hum. 69.
69. Ideo, G., Bellati, G., Bellobuono, A., and Bissanti, L. 1985. Urinary D-glucaric acid excretion in the Seveso area, polluted by tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD): Five years of experience. Environ. Health Perspect. 60:151-157.
70. JECFA, 2001. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives: Summary and conclusions. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations World Health Organization, Rome, 5-14 June.
71. Jennings, A. M., Wild, G., Ward, J. D., and Ward, A. M. 1988. Immunological abnormalities 17 years after accidental exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Br. J. Ind. Med. 45:701-704.
72. Johnson, C. W., Williams, W. C., Copeland, C. B., DeVito, M. J., and Smialowicz, R. J. 2000. Sensitivity of the SRBC PFC assay versus ELISA for detection of immunosuppression by TCDD and TCDD-like congeners. Toxicology 156:1-11.
73. Kelling, C. K., Menahan, L. A., and Peterson, R. E. 1987. Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin treatment on mechanical function of the rat heart. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 91:497-501.
74. Kimbrough, R. D., and Krouskas, C. A. 2001. Polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans and birth weight and immune and thyroid function in children. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 34:42-52.
75. Kociba, R. J., Keyes, D. G., Beyer, J. E., Carreon, R. M., and Gehring, P. J. 1979. Long-term toxicologic studies of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in laboratory animals. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 320:397-404.
76. Kociba, R. J., Keyes, D. G., Beyer, J. E., Carreon, R. M., Wade, C. E., Dittenber, D. A., Kalnins, R. P., Frauson, L. E., Park, C. N., Barnard, S. D., Hummel, R. A., and Humiston, C. G. 1978. Results of a two-year chronic toxicity and oncogenicity study of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 46:279-303.
77. Lakshman, M. R., Chirtel, S. J., Chambers, L. L., and Coutlakis, P. J. 1989. Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on lipid synthesis and lipogenic enzymes in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 248:62-66.
78. Lawrence, B. P., Warren, T. K., and Luong, H. 2000. Fewer T lymphocytes and decreased pulmonary influenza virus burden in mice exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 61:39-53.
79. Li, W., Harper, P. A., Tang, B. K., and Okey, A. B. 1998. Regulation of cytochrome P450 enzymes by aryl hydrocarbon receptor in human cells: CYP1A2 expression in the LS180 colon carcinoma cell line after treatment with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin or 3-methylcholanthrene. Biochem. Pharmacol. 56:599-612.
80. Liu, H., Wormke, M., Safe, S. H., and Bjeldanes, L. F. 1994. Indolo[3,2-b]carbazole: A dietary-derived factor that exhibits both antiestrogenic and estrogenic activity. JNCI 86:1758-1765.
81. Longnecker, M. P., and Michalek, J. E. 2000. Serum dioxin level in relation to diabetes mellitus among Air Force veterans with background levels of exposure. Epidemiology 11:44-48.
82. Luebke, R. W., Copeland, C. B., and Andrews, D. L. 1999. Effects of aging on resistance to Trichinella spiralis infection in rodents exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicology 136:15-26.
83. Mably, T. A., Bjerke, D. L., Moore, R. W., Gendron-Fitzpatrick, A., and Peterson, R. E. 1992. In utero and lactational exposure of male rats to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. 3. Effects on spermatogenesis and reproductive capability. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 114:118-126.
84. Mably, T. A., Moore, R. W., Goy, R. W., and Peterson, R. E. 1992. In utero and lactational exposure of male rats to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. 2. Effects on sexual behavior and the regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion in adulthood. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 114:108-117.
85. Mably, T. A., Moore, R. W., and Peterson, R. E. 1992. In utero and lactational exposure of male rats to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. 1. Effects on androgenic status. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 114:97-107.
86. Markowski, V. P., Zareba, G., Stern, S., Cox, C., and Weiss, B. 2001. Altered operant responding for motor reinforcement and the determination of benchmark doses following perinatal exposure to low-level 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Environ. Health Perspect. 109:621-627.
87. Mastroiacovo, P., Spagnolo, A., Marni, E., Meazza, L., Bertollini, R., Segni, G., and Borgna-Pignatti, C. 1988. Birth defects in the Seveso area after TCDD contamination [published erratum appears in JAMA 1988 Aug 12; 260(6):792]. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 259:1668-1672.
88. Matsuura, N., Uchiyama, T., Tada, H., Nakamura, Y., Kondo, N., Morita, M., and Fukushi, M 2001. Effects of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on thyroid function in infants born in Japan - The second report from research on environmental health. Chemosphere 45:1167-1171.
89. May, G. 1973. Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: A survey of subjects ten years after exposure. Br. J. Ind. Med. 30:276-283.
90. McConnell, E. E., Moore, J. A., and Dalgard, D. W. 1978. Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) following a single oral dose. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 43:175-187.
91. Michalek, J. E., Burnham, B., Marden, H., Elequin, V., Miner, J., Grubbs, W., Cooper, B., Land, R., Rocconi, V., Yeager, M., and Williams, D. 2000. Air Force health study: An epidemiologic investigation of health effects in air force personnel following exposure to herbicides. 1997 Follow-up examination results. 01-0813-02-8280. Reston, VA: U.S. Air Force.
92. Michalek, J. E., Ketchum, N. S., and Akhtar, F. Z. 1998. Postservice mortality of US Air Force veterans occupationally exposed to herbicides in Vietnam: 15-Year follow-up. Am. J. Epidemiol. 148:786-792.
93. Michalek, J. E., Pirkle, J. L., Caudill, S. P., Tripathi, R. C., Patterson, D. G., Jr., and Needham, L. L. 1996. Pharmacokinetics of TCDD in veterans of Operation Ranch Hand: 10-Year follow-up. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 47:209-220.
94. Michalek, J. E., Rahe, A. J., and Boyle, C. A. 1998. Paternal dioxin and the sex of children fathered by veterans of Operation Ranch Hand. Epidemiology 9:474-475.
95. Michalek, J. E., and Tripathi, R. C. 1999. Pharmacokinetics of TCDD in veterans of Operation Ranch Hand: 15-Year follow-up. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 57:369-378.
96. Mocarelli, P., Gerthoux, P. M., Ferrari, E., Patterson, D. G., Kieszak, S. M., Brambilla, P., Vincoli, N., Signorini, S., Tramacere, P., Carreri, V., Sampson, E. J., Turner, W. E., and Needham, L. L. 2000. Paternal concentrations of dioxin and sex ration of offspring. Lancet 355:1858-1863.
97. Mocarelli, P., Marocchi, A., Brambilla, P., Gerthoux, P., Young, D. S., and Mantel, N. 1986. Clinical laboratory manifestations of exposure to dioxin in children. A six-year study of the effects of an environmental disaster near Seveso, Italy. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 256:2687-2695.
98. Mocarelli, P., Needham, L. L., Marocchi, A., Patterson, D. G., Jr., Brambilla, P., Gerthoux, P. M., Meazza, L., and Carreri, V. 1991. Serum concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and test results from selected residents of Seveso, Italy. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 32:357-366.
99. Moses, M., Lilis, R., Crow, K. D., Thornton, J., Fischbein, A., Anderson, H. A., and Selikoff, I. J. 1984. Health status of workers with past exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the manufacture of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid: Comparison of findings with and without chloracne. Am. J. Ind. Med. 5:161-182.
100. Moses, M., and Prioleau, P. G. 1985. Cutaneous histologic findings in chemical workers with and without chloracne with past exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 12:497-506.
101. Moshammer, H., and Neuberger, M. 2000. Sex ratio in the children of the Austrian chloracne cohort. Lancet 356:1271-1272.
102. Murray, F. J., Smith, F. A., Nitschke, K. D., Humiston, C. G., Kociba, R. J., and Schwetz, B. A. 1979. Three-generation reproduction study of rats given 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the diet. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 50:241-252.
103. Narasimhan, T. R., Craig, A., Arellano, L., Harper, N., Howie, L., Menache, M., Birnbaum, L., and Safe, S. 1994. Relative sensitivities of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced CYP1A-1 and CYP1A-2 gene expression and immunotoxicity in female B6C3F1 mice. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 23:598-607.
104. National Health and Medical Research Council. 2002. Dioxins: Proposal for setting an Australian tolerable monthly intake (Draft Report).
105. National Toxicology Program. 1980. Bioassay of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin for possible carcinogenicity (gavage study). DHHS Publ. No. (NIH) 80-1757. Carcinogenesis Testing Program NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD.
106. Neubert, R., Golor, G., Helge, H., and Neubert, D. 1994. Risk assessment for possible effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related substances on components and functions of the immune system. Exp. Clin. Immunogenet. 11:163-171.
107. Neubert, R., Golor, G., Stahlmann, R., Helge, H., and Neubert, D. 1992a. Dose-dependent TCDD-induced increase or decrease in T-lymphocyte subsets in the blood of New World monkeys (Callithrix jacchus). Chemosphere 25:1201-1206.
108. Neubert, R., Golor, G., Stahlmann, R., Helge, H., and Neubert, D. 1992b. Polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and the immune system. 4. Effects of multiple-dose treatment with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on peripheral lymphocyte subpopulations of a non-human primate (Callithrix jacchus). Arch. Toxicol. 66:250-259.
109. Neubert, R., Helge, H., and Neubert, D. 1994. Proliferative capacity of marmoset lymphocytes after tetanus vaccination and lack of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to reduce a booster effect. Life Sci. 56:437-444.
110. Neubert, R., Jacob-Muller, U., Helge, H., Stahlmann, R., and Neubert, D. 1991. Polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and the immune system. 2. In vitro effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on lymphocytes of venous blood from man and a non-human primate (Callithrix jacchus). Arch. Toxicol. 65:213-219.
111. Neubert, R., Jacob-Muller, U., Stahlmann, R., Helge, H., and Neubert, D. 1990. Polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and the immune system. 1. Effects on peripheral lymphocyte subpopulations of a non-human primate (Callithrix jacchus) after treatment with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Arch. Toxicol. 64:345-359.
112. Ohsako, S., Miyabara, Y., Nishimura, N., Kurosawa, S., Sakaue, M., Ishimura, R., Sato, M., Takeda, K., Aoki, Y., Sone, H., Tohyama, C., and Yonemoto, J. 2001. Maternal exposure to a low dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) suppressed the development of reproductive organs of male rats: Dose-dependent increase of mRNA levels of 5-alpha-reductase type 2 in contrast to decrease of androgen receptor in the pubertal ventral prostate. Toxicol. Sci. 60:132-143.
113. Oliver, R. M. 1975. Toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-1,4-dioxin in laboratory workers. Br. J. Ind. Med. 32:49-53.
114. Olson, J. R., Holscher, M. A., and Neal, R. A. 1980. Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the golden Syrian hamster. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 55:67-78.
115. Ostby, J., Price, M., Huey, O., Hurst, C. H., Birnbaum, L., and Gray, L. E. 1999. Developmental and reproductive effects of low-dose, steady-state maternal 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) administration. Toxicologist, Society of Toxicology 38th Annual meeting.
116. Ott, M. G., Messerer, P., and Zober, A. 1993. Assessment of past occupational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin using blood lipid analyses. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 65:1-8.
117. Ott, M. G., and Zober, A. 1996. Morbidity study of extruder personnel with potential exposure to brominated dioxins and furans. II. Results of clinical laboratory studies. Occup. Environ. Med. 53:844-846.
118. Ott, M. G., Zober, A., and Germann, C. 1994. Laboratory results for selected target organs in 138 individuals occupationally exposed to TCDD. Chemosphere 29:2423-2437.
119. Pazderova-Vejlupkova, J., Lukas, E., Nemcova, M., Pickova, J., and Jirasek, L. 1981. The development and prognosis of chronic intoxication by tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin in men. Arch. Environ. Health 36:5-11.
120. Pesatori, A. C., Zocchetti, C., Guercilena, S., Consonni, D., Turrini, D., and Bertazzi, P. A. 1998. Dioxin exposure and non-malignant health effects: A mortality study. Occup. Environ. Med. 55:126-131.
121. Pogach, L. M., Hawley, G., Weinstock, R., Sawin, C., Schiebe, H., Cutler, F., Zieve, F., Bates, M., and Repke, D. 1998. Diabetes prevalence and hospital and pharmacy use in the Veterans Health Administration (1994). Use of an ambulatory care pharmacy-derived database. Diabetes Care 21:368-373.
122. Pohjanvirta, R., Kulju, T., Morselt, A. F., Tuominen, R., Juvonen, R., Rozman, K., Mannisto, P., Collan, Y., Sainio, E. L., and Tuomisto, J. 1989. Target tissue morphology and serum biochemistry following 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure in a TCDD-susceptible and a TCDD-resistant rat strain. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 12:698-712.
123. Poland, A., Smith, D., Metter, G., and Possick, P. 1971. A health survey of workers in a 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T plant. Arch. Environ. Health 22:316-327.
124. Potter, C. L., Sipes, I. G., and Russell, D. H. 1983. Hypothyroxinemia and hypothermia in rats in response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin administration. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 69:89-95.
125. Qian, W., and Shichi, H. 2000. Acetaminophen produces cataract in DBA2 mice by Ah receptor-independent induction of CYP1A2. J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther. 16:337-344.
126. Reggiani, G. 1978. Medical problems raised by the TCDD contamination in Seveso, Italy. Arch. Toxicol. 40:161-188.
127. Reggiani, G. 1980. Acute human exposure to TCDD in Seveso, Italy. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 6:27-43.
128. Rier, S. E., Martin, D. C., Bowman, R. E., Damowski, W. P., and Becker, J. L. 1993. Endometriosis in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) following chronic exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 21;433-441.
129. Roegner, R. H., Grubbs, W. D., Lustik, M. B., Brockman, A. S., Henderson, S. C., Williams, D. E., Wolfe, W. H., Michalek, J., and Miner, J. C. 1991. Air Force health study: An epidemiologic investigation of health effects in Air Force personnel following exposure to herbicides. Serum dioxin analysis of 1987 examination results.
130. Roth, W., Voorman, R., and Aust, S. D. 1988. Activity of thyroid hormone-inducible enzymes following treatment with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 92:65-74.
131. Ryan, J. J., and Amirova, Z. 2001. Gender of children of Russian chemical producers exposed to dioxins. Dioxin 2001: 21st International Symposium on Halogenated Environmental Organic Pollutants and POPs. Gyeongju, Korea.
132. SAB. 2001. An SAB report: Review of the Office of Research and Development's reassessment of dioxin. EPA-SAB-EC-01-006. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA. May. www.epa.gov/sab
133. Safe, S. 1998. Limitations of the toxic equivalency factor approach for risk assessment of TCDD and related compounds. Teratogen. Carcinogen. Mutagen. 17:285-304.
134. Sanderson, J. T., Slobbe, L., Lansbergen, G. W., Safe, S., and van Den Berg, M. 2001. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and diindolylmethanes differentially induce cytochrome P450 1A1, 1B1, and 19 in H295R human adrenocortical carcinoma cells. Toxicol. Sci. 61:40-48.
135. Schantz, S. L., and Bowman, R. E. 1989. Learning in monkeys exposed perinatally to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 11:13-19.
136. Schecter, A., Cramer, P., Boggess, K., Stanley, J., Papke, O., Olson, J., Silver, A., and Schmitz, M. 2001. Intake of dioxins and related compounds from food in the U.S. population. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 63:1-18.
137. Schiller, C. M., Adcock, C. M., Shoaf, C. R., and Walden, R. 1986. Effects of adenine and its isomer 4-aminopyrazolo-[3,4-d]-pyrimidine on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced mortality in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 84:369-378.
138. Scientific Committee on Food. 2001. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the risk assessment of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in food. European Commission. http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scf/ outcome_en.html
139. Sewall, C. H., Flagler, N., Vanden Heuvel, J. P., Clark, G. C., Tritscher, A. M., Maronpot, R. M., and Lucier, G. W. 1995. Alterations in thyroid function in female Sprague-Dawley rats following chronic treatment with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 132:237-244.
140. Sirchia, G. G. 1982. Exposure to TCDD: Immunologic effects. In Plans for clinical and epidemiological follow-up after area-wide chemical contamination: Proceedings of an international workshop, pp. 234-266. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
141. Smialowicz, R. J., Riddle, M. M., Williams, W. C., and Diliberto, J. J. 1994. Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on humoral immunity and lymphocyte subpopulations: Differences between mice and rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 124:248-256.
142. Smith, A. H., and Lopipero, P. 2001. Invited commentary: How do the Seveso findings affect conclusions concerning TCDD as a human carcinogen? Am. J. Epidemiol. 153:1045-1047; discussion 1048-1049.
143. Spencer, D. L., Masten, S. A., Lanier, K. M., Yang, X., Grassman, J. A., Miller, C. R., Sutter, T. R., Lucier, G. W., and Walker, N. J. 1999. Quantitative analysis of constitutive and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced cytochrome P450 1B1 expression in human lymphocytes. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 8:139-146.
144. Stahl, B. U., Beer, D. G., Weber, L. W., and Rozman, K. 1993. Reduction of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is due to decreased mRNA levels. Toxicology 79:81-95.
145. Starr, T. B. 2001. Significant shortcomings of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's latest draft risk characterization for dioxin-like compounds. Toxicol. Sci. 64:7-13.
146. Steenland, K., Piacitelli, L., Deddens, J., Fingerhut, M., and Chang, L. I. 1999. Cancer, heart disease, and diabetes in workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. JNCI 91:779-786.
147. Stephen, F. D., Drahushuk, A. T., and Olson, J. R. 1997. Cytochrome P450 1A1 induction in rat lymphoid tissues following in vivo and in vitro exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin requires protein kinase C. Toxicology 124:39-51.
148. Suskind, R. R., and Hertzberg, V. S. 1984. Human health effects of 2,4,5-T and its toxic contaminants. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 251:2372-2380.
149. Sweeney, M. H., and Mocarelli, P. 2000. Human health effects after exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Food Addit. Contam. 17:303-316.
150. Theobald, H. M., and Peterson, R. E. 1997. In utero and lactational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: Effects on development of the male and female reproductive system of the mouse. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 145:124-135.
151. Theobald, H. M., Roman, B. L., Lin, T. M., Ohtani, S., Chen, S. W., and Peterson, R. E. 2000. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin inhibits luminal cell differentiation and androgen responsiveness of the ventral prostate without inhibiting prostatic 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone formation or testicular androgen production in rat offspring. Toxicol. Sci. 58:324-338.
152. Thurmond, T. S., and Gasiewicz, T. A. 2000. A single dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin produces a time- and dose-dependent alteration in the murine bone marrow B-lymphocyte maturation profile. Toxicol. Sci. 58:88-95.
153. Townsend, J. C., Bodner, K. M., Van Peenen, P. F., Olson, R. D., and Cook, R. R. 1982. Survey of reproductive events of wives of employees exposed to chlorinated dioxins. Am. J. Epidemiol. 115:695-713.
154. Unkila, M., Ruotsalainen, M., Pohjanvirta, R., Viluksela, M., MacDonald, E., Tuomisto, J. T., Rozman, K., and Tuomisto, J. 1995. Effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on tryptophan and glucose homeostasis in the most TCDD-susceptible and the most TCDD-resistant species, guinea pigs and hamsters. Arch. Toxicol. 69:677-683.
155. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1985. Health assessment document for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. EPA/600/8-84/014F. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA Office of Health and Environmental Assessment. September.
156. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1993. Reference dose (RfD): Description and use in health risk assessment. March 15. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA.
157. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1994. Health assessment document for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds. Review draft. EPA/600/BP-92. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development.
158. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2000. Exposure and human health reassessment of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds. Draft document. EPA/600/P-00/001. Washington, DC: National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA.
159. Van Birgelen, A. P., Smit, E. A., Kampen, I. M., Groeneveld, C. N., Fase, K. M., Van der Kolk, J., Poiger, H., Van den Berg, M., Koeman, J. H., and Brouwer, A. 1995. Subchronic effects of 2,3,7,8-TCDD or PCBs on thyroid hormone metabolism: Use in risk assessment. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 293:77-85.
160. Van Birgelen, A. P., Van der Kolk, J., Fase, K. M., Bol, I., Poiger, H., Brouwer, A., and Van den Berg, M. 1994. Toxic potency of 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl relative to and in combination with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in a subchronic feeding study in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 127:209-221.
161. Van Birgelen, A. P., Van der Kolk, J., Fase, K. M., Bol, I., Poiger, H., Brouwer, A., and Van den Berg, M. 1995. Subchronic dose-response study of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 132:1-13.
162. Vanden Heuvel, J. P., Clark, G. C., Tritscher, A., and Lucier, G. W. 1994. Accumulation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in liver of control laboratory rats. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 23:465-469.
163. van Der Plas, S. A., Lutkeschipholt, I., Spenkelink, B., and Brouwer, A. 2001. Effects of subchronic exposure to complex mixtures of dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like polyhalogenated aromatic compounds on thyroid hormone and vitamin A levels in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol. Sci. 59:92-100.
164. Vena, J., Boffetta, P., Becher, H., Benn, T., Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B., Coggon, D., Colin, D., Flesch-Janys, D., Green, L., Kauppinen, T., Littorin, M., Lynge, E., Mathews, J. D., Neuberger, M., Pearce, N., Pesatori, A. C., Saracci, R., Steenland, K., and Kogevinas, M. 1998. Exposure to dioxin and nonneoplastic mortality in the expanded IARC international cohort study of phenoxy herbicide and chlorophenol production workers and sprayers. Environ. Health Perspect. 106(suppl. 2):645-653.
165. Viluksela, M., Stahl, B. U., Birnbaum, L. S., and Rozman, K. K. 1997. Subchronic/chronic toxicity of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD) in rats. Part II. Biochemical effects. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 146:217-226.
166. Viluksela, M., Stahl, B. U., Birnbaum, L. S., and Rozman, K. K. 1998. Subchronic/chronic toxicity of a mixture of four chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in rats. II. Biochemical effects. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 151:70-78.
167. Vogel, C., Donat, S., Dohr, O., Kremer, J., Esser, C., Roller, M., and Abel, J. 1997. Effect of subchronic 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure on immune system and target gene responses in mice: Calculation of benchmark doses for CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 related enzyme activities. Arch. Toxicol. 71:372-382.
168. Webb, K. B., Evans, R. G., Knutsen, A. P., Roodman, S. T., Roberts, D. W., Schramm, W. F., Gibson, B. B., Andrews, J. S., Jr., Needham, L. L., and Patterson, D. G. 1989. Medical evaluation of subjects with known body levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 28:183-193.
169. Weber, L. W., and Greim, H. 1997. The toxicity of brominated and mixed-halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: An overview. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 50:195-215.
170. Weber, L. W., Lebofsky, M., Greim, H., and Rozman, K. 1991. Key enzymes of gluconeogenesis are dose-dependently reduced in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-treated rats. Arch. Toxicol. 65:119-123.
171. Weber, L. W., Lebofsky, M., Stahl, B. U., Smith, S., and Rozman, K. K. 1995. Correlation between toxicity and effects on intermediary metabolism in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-treated male C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 131:155-162.
172. Weber, T. J., Fan, Y. Y., Chapkin, R. S., and Ramos, K. S. 1997. Growth-related signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells is deregulated by TCDD during the G0/G1 transition. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 51:369-386.
173. Weisglas-Kuperus, N., Patandin, S., Berbers, G. A., Sas, T. C., Mulder, P. G., Sauer, P. J., and Hooijkaas, H. 2000. Immunologic effects of background exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins in Dutch preschool children. Environ. Health Perspect. 108:1203-1207.
174. Weisglas-Kuperus, N., Sas, T. C., Koopman-Esseboom, C., van der Zwan, C. W., De Ridder, M. A., Beishuizen, A., Hooijkaas, H., and Sauer, P. J. 1995. Immunologic effects of background prenatal and postnatal exposure to dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls in Dutch infants. Pediatr. Res. 38:404-410.
175. Wroblewski, V. J., and Olson, J. R. 1985. Hepatic metabolism of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the rat and guinea pig. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 81:231-240.
176. Yang, J. Z., Agarwal, S. K., and Foster, W. G. 2000. Subchronic exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin modulates the pathophysiology of endometriosis in the cynomolgus monkey. Toxicol. Sci. 56:374-381.
177. Yellon, S. M., Singh, D., Garrett, T. M., Fagoaga, O. R., and Nehlsen-Cannarella, S. L. 2000. Reproductive, neuroendocrine, and immune consequences of acute exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the Siberian hamster. Biol. Reprod. 63:538-543.
178. Zacharewski, T., Harris, M., and Safe, S. 1989. Induction of cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase activities in rat hepatoma H-4-IIE cells in culture by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related compounds: Mechanistic studies using radiolabeled congeners. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 272:344-355.
179. Zinkl, J. G., Vos, J. G., Moore, J. A., and Gupta, B. N. 1973. Hematologic and clinical chemistry effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in laboratory animals. Environ. Health Perspect. 5:111-118.
180. Zober, A., Messerer, P., and Huber, P. 1990. Thirty-four-year mortality follow-up of BASF employees exposed to 2,3,7,8-TCDD after the 1953 accident. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 62:139-157.
181. Zober, A., Ott, M. G., and Messerer, P. 1994. Morbidity follow up study of BASF employees exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) after a 1953 chemical reactor incident. Occup. Environ. Med. 51:479-486.