When translation meets metabolism: Multiple links to diabetes

Endocrine Reviews

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 91-101

  Shi, Yuguang ^a   Taylor, Simeon I ^a   Tan, Seng Lai ^a   Sonenberg, Nahum ^b,c  

^a ELI LILLY AND COMPANY   (United States)

^b MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BIOCHEMISTRY; CELL FUNCTION; DISEASE COURSE; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; EUKARYOSIS; GENE CONTROL; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERINSULINEMIA; INSULIN RELEASE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; INSULIN SYNTHESIS; LIVER FUNCTION; LONG TERM CARE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; RNA TRANSLATION;

ANIMALS; ANTIGENS, CD36; ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; EIF-2 KINASE; EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2; EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-4E; GLUCOSE; HUMANS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; ISLETS OF LANGERHANS; LIVER; PHOSPHORYLATION; RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES;

EID: 0037326359     PISSN: 0163769X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/er.2002-0018     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Zimmet P, Alberti K, Shaw J 2001 Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature 414:782-787
2. Saltiel AR, Kahn CR 2001 Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Nature 414:799-806
3. Atkinson MA, Eisenbarth GS 2001 Type 1 diabetes: new perspectives on disease pathogenesis and treatment. Lancet 358:221-229
4. Mathis D, Vence L, Benoist C 2001 β-Cell death during progression to diabetes. Nature 414:792-798
5. Permutt MA, Hattersley AT 2000 Searching for type 2 diabetes genes in the post-genome era. Trends Endocrinol Metab 11:383-393 (Review)
6. Bell GI, Polonsky KS 2001 Diabetes mellitus and genetically programmed defects in β-cell function. Nature 414:788-791
7. Permutt MA 1974 Effect of glucose on initiation and elongation rates in isolated rat pancreatic islets. J Biol Chem 249:2738-2742
8. Welsh M, Scherberg N, Gilmore R, Steiner DF 1986 Translational control of insulin biosynthesis. Evidence for regulation of elongation, initiation and signal-recognition-particle-mediated translational arrest by glucose. Biochem J 235:459-467
9. Gilligan M, Welsh GI, Flynn A, Bujalska I, Diggle TA, Denton RM, Proud CG, Docherty K 1996 Glucose stimulates the activity of the guanine nucleotide-exchange factor Eif-2b in isolated rat islets of Langerhans. J Biol Chem 271:2121-2125
10. Harding HP, Zeng HQ, Zhang YH, Jungries R, Chung P, Plesken H, Sabatini DD, Ron D 2001 Diabetes mellitus and exocrine pancreatic dysfunction in Perk-/- mice reveals a role for translational control in secretory cell survival. Mol Cell 7:1153-1163
11. Scheuner D, Song BB, McEwen E, Liu C, Laybutt R, Gillespie P, Saunders T, Bonner-Weir S, Kaufman RJ 2001 Translational control is required for the unfolded protein response and in vivo glucose homeostasis. Mol Cell 7:1165-1176
12. Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Poulin F, Kohara M, DeMaria CT, Cheng A, Wu ZD, Gingras AC, Katsume A, Elchebly M, Spiegelman BM, Harper ME, Tremblay ML, Sonenberg N 2001 Adipose tissue reduction in mice lacking the translational inhibitor 4E-BP1. Nat Med 7:1128-1132
13. Zhang PC, McGrath B, Li SA, Frank A, Zambito F, Reinert J, Gannon M, Ma K, McNaughton K, Cavener DR 2002 The PERK eukaryotic initiation factor 2 α kinase is required for the development of the skeletal system, postnatal growth, and the function and viability of the pancreas. Mol Cell Biol 22:3864-3874
14. Kahn BB 1998 Type 2 diabetes-when insulin secretion fails to compensate for insulin resistance. Cell 92:593-596 (Review)
15. Taylor SI 1999 Deconstructing type 2 diabetes. Cell 97:9-12 (Review)
16. Kaufman RJ 1999 Stress signaling from the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum: coordination of gene transcriptional and translational controls. Genes Dev 13:1211-1233 (Review)
17. Cox JS, Shamu CE, Walter P 1993 Transcriptional induction of genes encoding endoplasmic reticulum resident proteins requires a transmembrane protein kinase. Cell 73:1197-1206
18. Urano F, Bertolotti A, Ron D 2000 IRE1 and efferent signaling from the endoplasmic reticulum. J Cell Sci 113:3697-3702
19. Ruegsegger U, Leber JH, Walter P 2001 Block of HAC1 mRNA translation by long-range base pairing is released by cytoplasmic splicing upon induction of the unfolded protein response. Cell 107:103-114
20. Shen XH, Ellis RE, Lee K, Liu CY, Yang K, Solomon A, Yoshida H, Morimoto R, Kurnit DM, Mori K, Kaufman RJ 2001 Complementary signaling pathways regulate the unfolded protein response and are required for C-elegans development. Cell 107:893-903
21. Calfon M, Zeng HQ, Urano F, Till JH, Hubbard SR, Harding HP, Clark SG, Ron D 2002 IRE1 couples endoplasmic reticulum load to secretory capacity by processing the XBP-1 mRNA. Nature 415:92-96
22. Clauss IM, Gravallese EM, Darling JM, Shapiro F, Glimcher MJ, Glimcher LH 1993 In situ hybridization studies suggest a role for the basic region-leucine zipper protein hxbp-1 in exocrine gland and skeletal development during mouse embryogenesis. Dev Dynam 197:146-156
23. Shi Y, Vattem KM, Sood R, An J, Liang J, Stramm L, Wek RC 1998 Identification and characterization of pancreatic eukaryotic initiation factor 2 α-subunit kinase, PEK, involved in translational control. Mol Cell Biol 18:7499-7509
24. Shi Y, An J, Liang J, Hayes SE, Sandusky GE, Stramm LE, Yang NN 1999 Characterization of a mutant pancreatic eIF-2α kinase, PEK, and co-localization with somatostatin in islet δ cells. J Biol Chem 274:5723-5730
25. Harding HP, Zhang YH, Ron D 1999 Protein translation and folding are coupled by an endoplasmic-reticulum-resident kinase. Nature 397:271-274
26. Bertolotti A, Zhang YH, Hendershot LM, Harding HP, Ron D 2000 Dynamic interaction of BiP and ER stress transducers in the unfolded-protein response. Nat Cell Biol 2:326-332
27. Ron D, Harding HP 2000 PERK and translational control by stress in the endoplasmic reticulum In: Sonenberg N, Hershey JWB, Mathews MB, eds. Translational control of gene expression, vol 39. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 547-560
28. Wolcott CD, Rallison ML 1972 Infancy-onset diabetes mellitus and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. J Pediatr 80:292-297
29. Castelnau P, Le Merrer M, Diatloff-Zito C, Marquis E, Tete MJ, Robert JJ 2000 Wolcott-Rallison syndrome: a case with endocrine and exocrine pancreatic deficiency and pancreatic hypotrophy. Eur J Pediatr 159:631-633
30. Thornton CM, Carson DJ, Stewart FJ 1997 Autopsy findings in the Wolcott-Rallison syndrome. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med 17:487-496
31. Hayes SE, Conner LJ, Stratum LE, Shi Y 1999 Assignment of pancreatic eIF-2 α kinase (EIF2AK3) to human chromosome band 2p12 by radiation hybrid mapping and in situ hybridization. Cytogenet Cell Genet 86:327-328
32. Delepine M, Nicolino M, Barrett T, Golamaully M, Lathrop GM, Julier C 2000 EIF2AK3, encoding translation initiation factor 2-α kinase 3, is mutated in patients with Wolcott-Rallison syndrome. Nat Genet 25:406-409
33. Wang XZ, Harding HP, Zhang YH, Jolicoeur EM, Kuroda M, Ron D 1998 Cloning of mammalian Ire1 reveals diversity in the Er stress responses. EMBO J 17:5708-5717
34. Urano F, Wang XZ, Bertolotti A, Zhang YH, Chung P, Harding HP, Ron D 2000 Coupling of stress in the ER to activation of JNK protein kinases by transmembrane protein kinase IRE1. Science 287:664-666
35. Oyadomari S, Takeda K, Takiguchi M, Gotoh T, Matsumoto M, Wada I, Akira S, Araki E, Mori M 2001 Nitric oxide-induced apoptosis in pancreatic β cells is mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:10845-10850
36. Pick A, Clark J, Kubstrup C, Levisetti M, Pugh W, Bonnerweir S, Polonsky KS 1998 Role of apoptosis in failure of β-cell mass compensation for insulin resistance and β-cell defects in the male Zucker diabetic fatty rat. Diabetes 47:358-364
37. Donath MY, Gross DJ, Cerasi E, Kaiser N 1999 Hyperglycemia-induced β-cell apoptosis in pancreatic islets of Psammomys obesus during development of diabetes. Diabetes 48:738-744
38. 2+ concentration. J Biol Chem 273:33501-33507
39. Kaufman RJ, Scheuner D, Schroder M, Shen XH, Lee K, Liu CY, Arnold SM 2002 The unfolded protein response in nutrient sensing and differentiation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 3:411-421
40. th West Coast Meeting on mRNA Stability and Translation, Seattle, WA, 2001, p 25
41. Berlanga JJ, Santoyo J, de Haro C 1999 Characterization of a mammalian homolog of the GCN2 eukaryotic initiation factor 2 α kinase. Eur J Biochem 265:754-762
42. Sood R, Porter AC, Olsen D, Cavener DR, Wek RC 2000 A mammalian homologue of GCN2 protein kinase important for translational control by phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 α. Genetics 154:787-801
43. Scarim AL, Arnush M, Blair LA, Concepcion J, Heitmeier MR, Scheuner D, Kaufman RJ, Ryerse J, Buller RM, Corbett JA 2001 Mechanisms of β-cell death in response to double-stranded (ds) RNA and interferon-γ-dsRNA-dependent protein kinase apoptosis and nitric oxide-dependent necrosis. Am J Pathol 159:273-283
44. Harding HP, Novoa I, Zhang YH, Zeng HQ, Wek R, Schapira M, Ron D 2000 Regulated translation initiation controls stress-induced gene expression in mammalian cells. Mol Cell 6:1099-1108
45. Yang YL, Reis LFL, Pavlovic J, Aguzzi A, Schafer R, Kumar A, Williams BRG, Aguet M, Weissmann C 1995 Deficient signaling in mice devoid of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase. EMBO J 14:6095-6106
46. Han A-P, Yu C, Lu L, Fujiwara Y, Browne C, Chin G, Fleming M, Leboulch P, Orkin SH, Chen JJ 2001 Heme-regulated eIF2 kinase (HRI) is required for translational regulation and survival of erythroid precursors in iron deficiency. EMBO J 20:6909-6918
47. Sonenberg N, Newgard CB 2001 Protein synthesis-the perks of balancing glucose. Science 293:818-819
48. Wang ND, Finegold MJ, Bradley A, Ou CN, Abdelsayed SV, Wilde MD, Taylor LR, Wilson DR, Darlington GJ 1995 Impaired energy homeostasis in C/Ebp-α knockout mice. Science 269:1108-1112
49. Liu S, Croniger C, Arizmendi C, Harada-Shiba M, Ren JM, Poli V, Hanson RW, Friedman JE 1999 Hypoglycemia and impaired hepatic glucose production in mice with a deletion of the C/EBP β gene. J Clin Invest 103:207-213
50. Herzig S, Long FX, Jhala US, Hedrick S, Quinn R, Bauer A, Rudolph D, Schutz G, Yoon C, Puigserver P, Spiegelman B, Montminy M 2001 CREB regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis through the coactivator PGC-1. Nature 413:179-183
51. Wexler ID, Kerr DS, Du YF, Kaung MM, Stephenson W, Lusk MM, Wappner RS, Higgins JJ 1998 Molecular characterization of pyruvate carboxylase deficiency in two consanguineous families. Pediatr Res 43:579-584
52. Lei KJ, Chen HW, Pan CJ, Ward JM, Mosinger B, Lee EJ, Westphal H, Mansfield BC, Chou JY 1996 Glucose-6-phosphatase dependent substrate transport in the glycogen storage disease type-1a mouse. Nat Genet 13:203-209
53. She P, Shiota H, Shelton KD, Chalkley R, Postic C, Magnuson MA 2000 Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is necessary for the integration of hepatic energy metabolism. Mol Cell Biol 20:6508-6517
54. Croniger C, Trus M, Lysekstupp K, Cohen H, Liu Y, Darlington GJ, Poli V, Hanson RW, Reshef L 1997 Role of the isoforms of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein in the initiation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Gtp) gene transcription at birth. J Biol Chem 272:26306-26312
55. Croniger C, Leahy P, Reshef L, Hanson RW 1998 C/EBP and the control of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene transcription in the liver. J Biol Chem 273:31629-31632 (Review)
56. Cao Z, Umek RM, McKnight SL 1991 Regulated expression of three C/EBP isoforms during adipose conversion of 3T3-L1 cells. Genes Dev 5:1538-1552
57. Tang QQ, Jiang MS, Lane MD 1999 Repressive effect of Sp1 on the C/EBP α gene promoter: role in adipocyte differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 19:4855-4865
58. Yoon JC, Puigserver P, Chen GX, Donovan J, Wu ZD, Rhee J, Adelmant G, Stafford J, Kahn CR, Granner DK, Newgard CB, Spiegelman BM 2001 Control of hepatic gluconeogenesis through the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1. Nature 413:131-138
59. Croniger CM, Millward C, Yang JQ, Kawai Y, Arinze IJ, Liu S, Harada-Shiba M, Chakravarty K, Friedman JE, Poli V, Hanson RW 2001 Mice with a deletion in the gene for CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β have an attenuated response to cAMP and impaired carbohydrate metabolism. J Biol Chem 276:629-638
60. Calkhoven CF, Muller C, Leutz A 2000 Translational control of C/EBPα and C/EBPβ isoform expression. Genes Dev 14:120-11332
61. Hinnebusch AG 1997 Translational regulation of yeast GCN4-a window on factors that control initiator-tRNA binding to the ribosome. J Biol Chem 272:21661-21664 (Review)
62. Hinnebusch AG 2000 Mechanism and regulation of initiator methionyl-tRNA binding to ribosomes. In: Sonenberg N, Hershey JWB, Mathews MB, eds. Translational control of gene expression. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 185-243
63. Zinszner H, Albalat R, Ron D 1994 A novel effector domain from the RNA-binding protein Tls or Ews is required for oncogenic transformation by Chop. Genes Dev 8:2513-2526
64. Ubeda M, Wang XZ, Zinszner H, Wu I, Habener JF, Ron D 1996 Stress-induced binding of the transcription factor Chop to a novel DNA control element. Mol Cell Biol 16:1479-1489
65. Ron D, Habener JF 1992 CHOP, a novel developmentally regulated nuclear protein that dimerizes with transcription factors C/EBP and LAP and functions as a dominant-negative inhibitor of gene transcription. Genes Dev 6:439-453
66. Batchvarova N, Wang XZ, Ron D 1995 Inhibition of adipogenesis by the stress-induced protein Chop (Gadd153). EMBO J 14:4654-4661
67. Delmas V, Laoide BM, Masquilier D, de Groot RP, Foulkes NS, Sassone-Corsi P 1992 Alternative usage of initiation codons in mRNA encoding the cAMP-responsive-element modulator generates regulators with opposite functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:4226-4230
68. Blendy JA, Kaestner KH, Weinbauer GF, Nieschlag E, Schutz G 1996 Severe impairment of spermatogenesis in mice lacking the Crem gene. Nature 380:162-165
69. Nantel F, Monaco L, Foulkes NS, Masquilier D, Lemeur M, Henriksen K, Dierich A, Parvinen M, Sassone-Corsi P 1996 Spermiogenesis deficiency and germ-cell apoptosis in Crem-mutant mice. Nature 380:159-162
70. Zinszner H, Kuroda M, Wang XZ, Batchvarova N, Lightfoot RT, Remotti H, Stevens JL, Ron D 1998 Chop is implicated in programmed cell death in response to impaired function of the endoplasmic reticulum. Genes Dev 12:982-995
71. Hettmann T, Barton K, Leiden TM 2000 Microphthalmia due to p53-mediated apoptosis of anterior lens epithelial cells in mice lacking the CREB-2 transcription factor. Dev Biol 222:110-123
72. Masuoka HC, Townes TM 2002 Targeted disruption of the activating transcription factor 4 gene results in severe fetal anemia in mice. Blood 99:736-745
73. Oyadomari S, Koizumi A, Takeda K, Gotoh T, Akira S, Araki E, Mori M 2002 Targeted disruption of the Chop gene delays endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated diabetes. J Clin Invest 109:525-532
74. Reimold AM, Etkin A, Clauss I, Perkins A, Friend DS, Zhang J, Horton HF, Scott A, Orkin SH, Byrne MC, Grusby MJ, Glimcher LH 2000 An essential role in liver development for transcription factor XBP-1. Genes Dev 14:152-157
75. Kimball SR, Jefferson LS, Fadden P, Haystead TA, Lawrence Jr JC 1996 Insulin and diabetes cause reciprocal changes in the association of eIF-4E and PHAS-I in rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 270:C705-C709
76. Karinch AM, Kimball SR, Jefferson LS 1994 Alternations in protein metabolism in diabetes mellitus. In: Kahn RC, Weir GC, eds. Joslin's diabetes mellitus. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 116-138
77. Pepato MT, Migliorini RH, Goldberg AL, Kettelhut IC 1996 Role of different proteolytic pathways in degradation of muscle protein from streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Am J Physiol 271:E340-E347
78. Price SR, Bailey JL, Wang X, Jurkovitz C, England BK, Ding X, Phillips LS, Mitch WE 1996 Muscle wasting in insulinopenic rats results from activation of the ATP-dependent, ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway by a mechanism including gene transcription. J Clin Invest 98:1703-1708
79. Tessari P, Barazzoni R, Zanetti M, Kiwanuka E, Tiengo A 1999 Protein metabolism in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the fasted and fed states. Diabetes Nutrit Metab Clin Exp 12:428-434
80. Kelly FJ, Jefferson LS 1985 Control of peptide-chain initiation in rat skeletal muscle. Development of methods for preparation of native ribosomal subunits and analysis of the effect of insulin on formation of 40 S initiation complexes. J Biol Chem 260:6677-6683
81. Campbell LE, Wang XM, Proud CG 1999 Nutrients differentially regulate multiple translation factors and their control by insulin. Biochem J 344:433-441
82. Proud CG, Wang X, Patel JV, Campbell LE, Kleijn M, Li W, Browne GJ 2001 Interplay between insulin and nutrients in the regulation of translation factors. Biochem Soc Trans 29:541-547
83. Kostyak JC, Kimball SR, Jefferson LS, Farrell PA 2001 Severe diabetes inhibits resistance exercise-induced increase in eukaryotic initiation factor 2B activity. J Appl Physiol 91:79-84
84. Farrell PA, Hernandez JM, Fedele MJ, Vary TC, Kimball SR, Jefferson LS 2000 Eukaryotic initiation factors and protein synthesis after resistance exercise in rats. J Appl Physiol 88:1036-1042
85. Balage M, Sinaud S, Prod'Homme M, Dardevet D, Vary TC, Kimball SR, Jefferson LS, Grizard J 2001 Amino acids and insulin are both required to regulate assembly of the eIF4E. eIF4G complex in rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 281:E565-E574
86. Pelletier J, Sonenberg N 1985 Insertion mutagenesis to increase secondary structure within the 5′ noncoding region of a eukaryotic mRNA reduces translational efficiency. Cell 40:515-526
87. Gingras AC, Raught B, Sonenberg N 1999 eIF4 initiation factors: effectors of mRNA recruitment to ribosomes and regulators of translation. Annu Rev Biochem 68:913-963 (Review)
88. Pause A, Belsham GJ, Gingras AC, Donze O, Lin TA, Lawrence JC, Sonenberg N 1994 Insulin-dependent stimulation of protein synthesis by phosphorylation of a regulator of 5′-cap function. Nature 371:762-767
89. Poulin F, Gingras AC, Olsen H, Chevalier S, Sonenberg N 1998 4e-Bp3, a new member of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4e-Kinding protein family. J Biol Chem 273:14002-14007
90. Hu C, Pang S, Kong X, Velleca M, Lawrence Jr JC 1994 Molecular cloning and tissue distribution of PHAS-I, an intracellular target for insulin and growth factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:3730-3734
91. Haghighat A, Mader S, Pause A, Sonenberg N 1995 Repression of cap-dependent translation by 4E-binding protein 1: competition with p220 for binding to eukaryotic initiation factor-4E. EMBO J 14:5701-5709
92. Matsuo H, Li H, McGuire AM, Fletcher CM, Gingras AC, Sonenberg N, Wagner G 1997 Structure of translation factor eIF4E bound to m7GDP and interaction with 4E-binding protein. Nat Struct Biol 4:717-724
93. Marcotrigiano J, Gingras AC, Sonenberg N, Burley SK 1999 Cap-dependent translation initiation in eukaryotes is regulated by a molecular mimic of eIF4G. Mol Cell 3:707-716
94. Raught B, Gingras AC, Sonenberg N 2000 Regulation of ribosomal recruitment in eukaryotes. In: Sonenberg N, Hershey JWB, Mathews MB, eds. Translational control of gene expression. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 245-293
95. Taha C, Liu Z, Jin J, Al-Hasani H, Sonenberg N, Klip A 1999 Opposite translational control of GLUT1 and GLUT4 glucose transporter mRNAs in response to insulin-role of mammalian target of rapamycin, protein kinase B, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in GLUT1 mRNA translation. J Biol Chem 274:33085-33091
96. Xu G, Marshall CA, Lin TA, Kwon G, Munivenkatappa RB, Hill JR, Lawrence JC, McDaniel ML 1998 Insulin mediates glucose-stimulated phosphorylation of phas-i by pancreatic β cells-an insulin-receptor mechanism for autoregulation of protein synthesis by translation. J Biol Chem 273:4485-4491
97. Xu G, Kwon G, Cruz WS, Marshall CA, McDaniel ML 2001 Metabolic regulation by leucine of translation initiation through the mTOR-signaling pathway by pancreatic β-cells. Diabetes 50:353-360
98. Rosen ED, Spiegelman BM 2000 Molecular regulation of adipo-genesis. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 16:145-171 (Review)
99. Wu ZD, Rosen ED, Brun R, Hauser S, Adelmant G, Troy AE, McKeon C, Darlington GJ, Spiegelman BM 1999 Cross-regulation of C/EBP α and PPAR γ controls the transcriptional pathway of adipogenesis and insulin sensitivity. Mol Cell 3:151-158
100. El-Jack AK, Hamm JK, Pilch PF, Farmer SR 1999 Reconstitution of insulin-sensitive glucose transport in fibroblasts requires expression of both PPAR γ and C/EBP α. J Biol Chem 274:7946-7951
101. Wang LQ, Shao JH, Muhlenkamp P, Liu S, Klepcyk P, Ren JM, Friedman JE 2000 Increased insulin receptor substrate-1 and enhanced skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in mice lacking CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β. J Biol Chem 275:14173-14181
102. Moitra J, Mason MM, Olive M, Krylov D, Gavrilova O, Marcus-Samuels B, Feigenbaum L, Lee E, Aoyama T, Eckhaus M, Reitman ML, Vinson C 1998 Life without white fat: a transgenic mouse. Genes Dev 12:3168-3181
103. Wu ZD, Puigserver P, Andersson U, Zhang CY, Adelmant G, Mootha V, Troy A, Cinti S, Lowell B, Scarpulla RC, Spiegelman BM 1999 Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC-1. Cell 98:115-124
104. Spiegelman BM, Puigserver P, Wu Z 2000 Regulation of adipo-genesis and energy balance by PPAR γ and PGC-1. Int J Obes 24(Suppl):S8-S10
105. Blackshear PJ, Stumpo DJ, Carballo E, Lawrence Jr JC 1997 Disruption of the gene encoding the mitogen-regulated translational modulator PHAS-1 in mice. J Biol Chem 272:31510-31514
106. Fumagalli S, Thomas G 2000 S6 phosphorylation and signal transduction. In: Sonenberg N, Hershey JWB, Mathews MB, eds. Translational control of gene expression. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 685-717
107. Fingar DC, Salama S, Tsou C, Harlow E, Blenis J 2002 Mammalian cell size is controlled by mTOR and its downstream targets S6K1 and 4EBP1/eIF4E. Genes Dev 16:1472-1487
108. Tang H, Hornstein E, Stolovich M, Levy G, Livingstone M, Templeton D, Avruch J, Meyuhas O 2001 Amino acid-induced translation of TOP mRNAs is fully dependent on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-mediated signaling, is partially inhibited by rapamycin and is independent of S6K1 and rpS6 phosphorylation. Mol Cell Biol 21:8671-8683
109. Barth-Baus D, Stratton CA, Parrott L, Myerson H, Meyuhas O, Templeton DJ, Landreth GE, Hensold JO 2002 S6 phosphorylation-independent pathways regulate translation of 5′-terminal oligopyrimidine tract-containing mRNAs in differentiating hematopoietic cells. Nucleic Acids Res 30:1919-1928
110. Montagne J, Stewart MJ, Stocker H, Hafen E, Kozma SC, Thomas G 1999 Drosophila S6 kinase: a regulator of cell size. Science 285:2126-2129
111. Shima H, Pende M, Chen Y, Fumagalli S, Thomas G, Kozma SC 1998 Disruption of the p70(s6 k)/p85(s6 k) gene reveals a small mouse phenotype and a new functional S6 kinase. EMBO J 17:6649-6659
112. Pende M, Kozma SC, Jaquet M, Oorschot V, Burcelin R, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Klumperman J, Thorens B, Thomas G 2000 Hypoinsulinaemia, glucose intolerance and diminished β-cell size in S6K1-deficient mice. Nature 408:994-997
113. Xu G, Kwon G, Marshall CA, Lin TA, Lawrence JC, McDaniel ML 1998 Branched-chain amino acids are essential in the regulation of phas-i and p70 s6 kinase by pancreatic β-cells-a possible role in protein translation and mitogenic signaling. J Biol Chem 273:28178-28184
114. Chang PY, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Cheatham LA, Moller DE 1995 Insulin stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, p90rsk, and p70 S6 kinase in skeletal muscle of normal and insulin-resistant mice. Implications for the regulation of glycogen synthase. J Biol Chem 270:29928-29935
115. Tremblay F, Marette A 2001 Amino acid and insulin signaling via the mTOR/p70 S6 kinase pathway-a negative feedback mechanism leading to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells. J Biol Chem 276:38052-38060
116. Greenwalt DE, Scheck SH, Rhinehart-Jones T 1995 Heart CD36 expression is increased in murine models of diabetes and in mice fed a high fat diet. J Clin Invest 96:1382-1388
117. Febbraio M, Podrez EA, Smith JD, Hajjar DP, Hazen SL, Hoff HF, Sharma K, Silverstein RL 2000 Targeted disruption of the class B scavenger receptor CD36 protects against atherosclerotic lesion development in mice. J Clin Invest 105:1049-1056
118. Griffin E, Re A, Hamel N, Fu C, Bush H, McCaffrey T, Asch AS 2001 A link between diabetes and atherosclerosis: glucose regulates expression of CD36 at the level of translation. Nat Med 7:840-846
119. Nagy L, Tontonoz P, Alvarez JG, Chen H, Evans RM 1998 Oxidized LDL regulates macrophage gene expression through ligand activation of PPARγ. Cell 93:229-240
120. Li AC, Brown KK, Silvestre MJ, Willson TM, Palinski W, Glass CK 2000 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ligands inhibit development of atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice. J Clin Invest 106:523-531
121. Hunt JV, Bottoms MA, Clare K, Skamarauskas JT, Mitchinson MJ 1994 Glucose oxidation and low-density lipoprotein-induced macrophage ceroid accumulation: possible implications for diabetic atherosclerosis. Biochem J 300:243-249
122. Screpanti I, Romani L, Musiani P, Modesti A, Fattori E, Lazzaro D, Sellitto C, Scarpa S, Bellavia D, Lattanzio G, Bistoni F, Frati L, Cortese R, Gulino A, Ciliberto G, Costantini F, Poli V 1995 Lymphoproliferative disorder and imbalanced T-helper response in C/Ebp-β-deficient mice. EMBO J 14:1932-1941
123. McKnight SL, Lane MD, Gluecksohn-Waelsch S 1989 Is CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein a central regulator of energy metabolism? Genes Dev 3:2021-2024
124. Vaxillaire M, Benmezroua Y, Durand E, Vasseur F, Froguel P 2001 No evidence for diabetes-associated mutations of PEK/EIF2AK3 gene in French patients with early-onset type II diabetes. Diabetologia 44:786
125. Ron D 2002 Proteotoxicity in the endoplasmic reticulum: lessons from the Akita diabetic mouse. J Clin Invest 109:443-445