Regulation of microtubule-organizing center orientation and actomyosin cytoskeleton rearrangement during immune interactions

Immunological Reviews

Volumn 189, Issue , 2002, Pages 84-97

  Sancho, David ^a   Vicente Manzanares, Miguel ^a   Mittelbrunn, María ^a   Montoya, María C ^a   Gordón Alonso, Mónica ^a   Serrador, Juan M ^a   Sánchez Madrid, Francisco ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MYOSIN ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; RHO GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN RECEPTOR;

ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; CELL ADHESION; CELL CONTACT; CELL INTERACTION; CENTROSOME; CYTOSKELETON; IMMUNE RESPONSE; LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION; MICROTUBULE ORGANIZING CENTER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN STABILITY; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SYNAPSE; T LYMPHOCYTE; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CELL COMMUNICATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; METABOLISM; MOUSE;

ACTOMYOSIN; ANIMALS; ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS; CELL COMMUNICATION; CENTROSOME; CYTOSKELETON; HUMANS; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM; MICE; MICROTUBULE-ORGANIZING CENTER; MODELS, IMMUNOLOGICAL; RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; T-LYMPHOCYTES;

EID: 0036864649     PISSN: 01052896     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-065X.2002.18908.x     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. Montoya MC, Sancho D, Vicente-Manzanares M, Sanchez-Madrid F. Cell adhesion and polarity during immune interactions. Immunol Rev 2002;186:67-81.
2. Montoya MC, et al. Role of ICAM-3 in the initial interaction of T lymphocytes and APCs. Nat Immunol 2002;3:159-168.
3. Geijtenbeek TB, Torensma R, van-Vliet SJ, van-Duijnhoven GCF, Adema GJ, van-Kooyk Y. Identification of DC-SIGN, a novel dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3 receptor that supports immune responses. Cell 2000;100:575-585.
4. van-Kooyk Y, van-der-Wiel- P, van-Kemenade I, Weder P, Kuijpers TW, Figdor CG. Enhancement of LFA-1 mediated cell adhesion by triggering through CD2 or CD3 on T lymphocytes. Nature 1989;342:811-813.
5. Dustin ML, Springer TA. T cell receptor cross-linking transiently stimulates adhesiveness through LFA-1. Nature 1989;341:619-624.
6. Campanero MR, et al. ICAM-3 interacts with LFA-1 and regulates the LFA-1/ICAM-1 cell adhesion pathway. J Cell Biol 1993;123:1007-1016.
7. Delon J, Germain R. Information transfer at the immunological synapse. Curr Biol 2000;10:R923-R933.
8. Dustin ML, Cooper JA. The immunological synapse and the actin cytoskeleton: Molecular hardware for T cell signaling. Nat Immunol 2000;1:23-29.
9. van-der-Merwe PA, Davis SJ, Shaw AS, Dustin ML. Cytoskeletal polarization and redistribution of cell-surface molecules during T cell antigen recognition. Semin Immunol 2000;12:5-21.
10. Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F. Antigen decoding by T lymphocytes: From synapses to fate determination. Nat Immunol 2001;2:487-492.
11. Monks CRF, Freiberg BA, Kupfer H, Sclaky N, Kupfer A. Three-dimensional segregation of supramolecular activation clusters in T cells. Nature 1998;395:82-86.
12. Grakoui A et al. The immunological synapse: A molecular machine controlling T cell activation. Science 1999;285:221-227.
13. Krummel MF, Sjaastad MD, Wülfing C, Davis MM. Differential clustering of CD4 and CD3 during T cell recognition. Science 2000;289:1349-1352.
14. Valitutti S, Dessing M, Aktories K, Gallati H, Lanzavecchia A. Sustained signaling leading to T cell activation results from prolonged T cell receptor occupancy. Role of T cell actin cytoskeleton. J Exp Med 1995;181:577-584.
15. Delon J, Bercovici N, Liblau R, Trautmann A. Imaging antigen recognition by naive CD4+ T cells compulsory cytoskeletal alterations for the triggering of an intracellular calcium response. Eur J Immunol 1998;28:716-729.
16. Wulfing C, Sjaastad MD, Davis MM. Visualizing the dynamics of T cell activation: Intracellular adhesion molecule 1 migrates rapidly to the T cell-B cell interface and acts to sustain calcium levels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:6302-6307.
17. Wulfing C, Davis MM. A receptor/cytoskeletal movement triggered by costimulation during T cell activation. Science 1998;282:2266-2269.
18. Sampath R, Gallagher PJ, Pavalko FM. Cytoskeletal interactions with the leukocyte integrin β2 cytoplasmic tail. Activation-dependent regulation of associations with talin and α-actinin. J Biol Chem 1998;273:33588-33594.
19. Dustin ML et al. A novel adaptor protein that orchestrates receptor patterning and cytoskeletal polarity in T-cell contacts. Cell 1998;94:667-677.
20. Samelson LE, Phillips AF, Luong ET, Klausner RD. Association of the Fyn protein-tyrosine kinase with the T-cell antigen receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:4358-4362.
21. Krause M, Sechi AS, Konradt M, Monner D, Gertler FB, Wehland J. Fyn-binding protein (Fyb) /SLP76-associated protein (SLAP), Ena/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) proteins and the Arp2/3 complex link T cell receptor (TCR) signaling to the actin cytoskeleton. J Cell Biol 2000;149:181-194.
22. Bretscher A, Chambers D, Nguyen R, Reczek D. ERM-Merlin and EBP50 protein families in plasma membrane organization and function. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2000;16:113-143.
23. Yonemura S, Nagafuchi A, Sato N, Tsukita S. Concentration of an integral membrane protein, CD43 (leucosialin/sialophorin), in the cleavage furrow through the interactions of its cytoplasmic domain with actin based cytoskeleton. J Cell Biol 1993;120:437-449.
24. Yonemura S, Hirao M, Doi M, Takahashi SM, Kondo T, Tsukita S. Ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins bind to a cytoplasmic domain of CD44, CD43, and ICAM-2. J Cell Biol 1998;140:885-895.
25. Serrador J et al. Moesin interacts with the cytoplasmic region of ICAM-3 and is redistributed to the uropod of T lymphocytes during cell polarization. J Cell Biol 1997;138:1409-1423.
26. Serrador JM, et al. CD43 interacts with moesin and ezrin and regulates its redistribution to the uropods of T lymphocytes at the cell-cell contacts. Blood 1998;91:4632-4644.
27. Heiska L, Alfthan K, Gronholm M, Vilja P, Vaheri A, Carpen O. Association of ezrin with intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and 2 (ICAM-1 and ICAM-2). Regulation by phosphatydylinositol 4,5-biphosphate. J Biol Chem 1998;273:21893-21900.
28. Allenspach EJ, et al. ERM-dependent movement of CD43 defines a novel protein complex distal to the immunological synapse. Immunity 2001;15:739-750.
29. Delon J, Kaibuchi K, Germain R. Exclusion of CD43 from the immunological synapse is mediated by phosphorylation-regulated relocation of the cytoskeletal adaptor moesin. Immunity 2001;15:691-701.
30. Roumier A, et al. The membrane microfilament linker ezrin is involved in the formation of the immunological synapse and in T cell activation. Immunity 2001;15:715-728.
31. Alonso-Lebrero JL, et al. Polarization and interaction of adhesion molecules P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 and intracellular adhesion molecule 3 with moesin and ezrin in myeloid cells. Blood 2000;95:2413-2419.
32. Serrador JM, et al. A juxta-membrane amino acid sequence of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 is involved in moesin binding and ezrin/radixin/moesin-directed targeting at the trailing edge of migrating lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 2002;32:1560-1566.
33. Wardenburg JB, et al. Regulation of PAK activation and the T cell cytoskeleton by the linker protein SLP-76. Immunity 1998;9:607-616.
34. Gil D, Schamel WW, Montoya M, Sanchez-Madrid F, Alarcon B. Recruitment of Nck by CD3epsilon reveals a ligand-induced conformational change essential for T cell receptor signaling and synapse formation. Cell 2002;109:901-912.
35. Kamm SE, Stull JT. Dedicated myosin light chain kinases with diverse cellular functions. J Biol Chem 2001;276:4527-4530.
36. Lou Z, Billadeau DD, Savoy DN, Schoon RA, Leibson PJ. A role for a RhoA/ROCK/LIM-kinase pathway in the regulation of cytotoxic lymphocytes. J Immunol 2001;167:5749-5757.
37. Edwards DC, Sanders LC, Bokoch GM, Gill GN. Activation of LIM kinase by Pak1 couples Rac/Cdc42 GTPase signalling to actin cytoskeletal dynamics. Nat Cell Biol 1999;1:253-259.
38. Villalba M, Coudronniere N, Deckert M, Teixeiro E, Mas P, Altman A. A novel functional interaction between Vav and PKCtheta is required for TCR-induced T cell activation. Immunity 2000;12:151-160.
39. Viola A, Schroeder S, Sakakibara M, Lanzavecchia A. T lymphocyte costimulation mediated by reorganization of membrane microdomains. Science 1999;283:680-682.
40. Brdickova N, et al. Interaction between two adapter proteins, PAG and EBP50: A possible link between membrane rafts and actin cytoskeleton. FEBS Lett 2001;507:133-136.
41. Itoh K, et al. Negative regulation of immune synapse formation by anchoring lipid raft to cytoskeleton through Cbp-EBP50-ERM assembly. J Immunol 2002;168:541-544.
42. Villalba M, Bi K, Rodriguez F, Tanaka Y, Schoenberger S, Altman A. Vav1/Rac-dependent actin cytoskeleton reorganization is required for lipid raft clustering in T cells. J Cell Biol 2001;155:331-338.
43. Valensin S, et al. F-actin dynamics control segregation of the TCR signaling cascade to clustered lipid rafts. Eur J Immunol 2002;32:435-446.
44. Rozelle AL, et al. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate induces actin-based movement of raft-enriched vesicles through WASP-Arp2/3. Curr Biol 2000;10:311-320.
45. Janes PW, Ley SC, Magee AI. Aggregation of lipid rafts accompanies signaling via the T cell antigen receptor. J Cell Biol 1999;147:447-461.
46. Gundersen GG, Bulinski JC. Selective stabilization of microtubules oriented toward the direction of cell migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988;85:5946-5950.
47. Gotlieb A, Subrahmanyan L, Kalnins V. Microtubule-organizing centers and cell migration: Effect of inhibition of migration and microtubule disruption in endothelial cells. J Cell Biol 1983;96:1266-1272.
48. Nemere I, Kupfer A, Singer SJ. Reorientation of the Golgi apparatus and the microtubule-organizing center inside macrophages subjected to a chemotactic gradient. Cell Motil 1985;5:17-29.
49. Kupfer A, Swain SL, Singer SJ. The specific direct interaction of helper T cells and antigen presenting B cells. II. Reorientation of the microtubule organizing center and reorganization of the membrane-associated cytoskeleton inside the bound helper. J Exp Med 1987;165:1565-1580.
50. Kupfer A, Dennert G, Singer SJ. Polarization of the Golgi apparatus and the microtubule-organizing center within cloned natural killer cells bound to their targets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983;80:7224-7228.
51. Geiger B, Rosen D, Berke G. Spatial relationships of microtubule-organizing centers and the contact area of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and target cells. J Cell Biol 1982;95:137-143.
52. Sanchez-Madrid F, del Pozo MA. Leukocyte polarization in cell migration and immune interactions. EMBO J 1999;18:501-511.
53. Webb D, Parsons I, Horwitz A. Adhesion, assembly, disassembly and turnover in migrating cells - Over and over and over again. Nat Cell Biol 2002;4:E97-E100.
54. Vicente-Manzanares M, Sancho D, Yáñez-Mó Y, Sánchez-Madrid F. The leukocyte cytoskeleton in cell migration and immune interactions. Int Rev Cytol 2002;216:233-289.
55. Kaverina I, Krylyshkina O, Gimona M, Beningo K, Wang Y, Small J. Enforced polarisation and locomotion of fibroblasts lacking microtubules. Curr Biol 2000;10:739-742.
56. Ratner S, Sherrod WS, Lichlyter D. Microtubule retraction into the uropod and its role in T cell polarization and motility. J Immunol 1997;159:1063-1067.
57. Ueda M, Graf R, MacWilliams H, Schliwa M, Euteneuer U. Centrosome positioning and directionality of cell movements. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:9674-9678.
58. Yvon A, Walker J, Danowski B, Fagerstrom C, Khodjakov A, Wadsworth P. Centrosome reorientation in wound-edge cells is cell type specific. Mol Biol Cell 2002;13:1871-1880.
59. Etienne-Manneville S, Hall A. Integrin-mediated activation of Cdc42 controls cell polarity in migrating astrocytes through PKCzeta. Cell 2001;106:489-498.
60. Schütze K, Maniotis A, Schliwa M. The position of the microtubule-organizing center in directionally migrating fibroblasts depends on the nature of the substratum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:8367-8371.
61. Wegner A. Head to tail polymerization of actin. J Mol Biol 1976;108:139-150.
62. Mitchinson T, Kirschner M. Dynamic instability of microtubule growth. Nature 1984;312:237-242.
63. Desai A, Mitchinson TJ. Microtubule polymerization dynamics. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 1997;13:83-117.
64. Hyams JS, Lloyd CW. Microtubules. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1994.
65. Eriksson H, O'Brien E. Microtubule dynamic instability and GTP hydrolysis. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 1992;21:145-166.
66. Waterman-Storer C, Salmon E. Actomyosin-based retrograde flow of microtubules in the lamella of migrating epithelial cells influences microtubule dynamic instability and turnover and is associated with microtubule breakage and treadmilling. J Call Biol 1997;139:417-434.
67. Akhmanova A, et al. Clasps are CLIP-115 and -170 associating proteins involved in the regional regulation of microtubule dynamics in motile fibroblasts. Cell 2001;104:923-935.
68. Zumbrunn J, Kinoshita K, Hyman A, Näthke I. Binding of the adenomatous polyposis coli protein to microtubules increases microtubule stability and is regulated by GSK 3β phosphorylation. Curr Biol 2001;11:44-49.
69. Bulinski J, Gundersen G. Stabilization of post-translational modification of microtubules during cellular morphogenesis. BioEssays 1991;13:285-293.
70. Kirschner M, Mitchinson T. Beyond self-assembly: From microtubules to morphogenesis. Cell 1986;45:329-342.
71. Kaverina I, Rottner K, Small JV. Targeting, capture, and stabilization of microtubules at early focal adhesions. J Cell Biol 1998;142:181-888.
72. Kaverina I, Krylyshkina O, Small JV. Microtubule targeting of substrate contacts promotes their relaxation and dissociation. J Cell Biol 1999;146:1033-1048.
73. Kupfer A, Singer S. Cell biology of cytotoxic and helper T cell functions: Immunofluorescence microscopic studies of single cells and cell couples. Annu Rev Immunol 1989;7:309-337.
74. Kuhn J, Poenie M. Dynamic polarization of the microtubule cytoskeleton during CTL-mediated killing. Immunity 2002;16:111-121.
75. Wiese C, Zheng Y. Gamma-tubulin complexes and their interaction with microtubule-organizing centers. Curt Opin Struct Biol 1999;9:250-259.
76. Ley SC, Marsh M, Bebbington CR, Proudfoot K, Jordan P. Distinct intracellular localization of Lck and Fyn protein tyrosine kinases in human T lymphocytes. J Cell Biol 1994;125:639-649.
77. Marie-Cardine A, Kirchgessner H, Eckerskorn C, Meuer SC, Schraven B. Human T lymphocyte activation induces tyrosine phosphorylation of alpha-tubulin and its association with the SH2 domain of the p59fyn protein tyrosine kinase. Eur J Immunol 1995;25:3290-3297.
78. fyn. Cell 1992;70:751-763.
79. fyn mutant mice display differential signaling in thymocytes and peripheral T cells. Cell 1992;70:741-750.
80. Ley SC, Verbi W, Pappin DJ, Druker B, Davies AA, Crumpton MJ. Tyrosine phosphorylation of alpha tubulin in human T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 1994;24:99-106.
81. 2+ induced regulation of ion channel and MAP kinase functions. Nature 1995;376:737-745.
82. Berg NN, Ostergaard HL. T cell receptor engagement induces tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK and Pyk2 and their association with Lck. J Immunol 1997;159:1753-1757.
83. Qian D, Lev S, van Oers NS, Dikic I, Schlessinger J, Weiss A. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2 is selectively regulated by Fyn during TCR signaling. J Exp Med 1997;185:1253-1259.
84. Ganju RK, et al. RAFTK, a novel member of the focal adhesion kinase family, is phosphorylated and associates with signaling molecules upon activation of mature lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1997;185:1055-1063.
85. Katagiri T, Takahashi T, Sasaki T, Nakamura S, Hattori S. Protein-tyrosine kinase Pyk2 is involved in interleukin-2 production by Jurkat T cells via its tyrosine 402. J Biol Chem 2000;275:19645-19652.
86. Sancho D, et al. The tyrosine kinase PYK-2/RAFTK regulates natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxic response, and is translocated and activated upon specific cell recognition and killing. J Cell Biol 2000;149:1249-1261.
87. Rodríguez-Fernández JL, Gómez M, Luque A, Hogg N, Sánchez-Madrid F, Cabañas C. The interaction of activated integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 with ligand intercellular adhesion molecule 1 induces activation and redistribution of focal adhesion kinase and proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 in T lymphocytes. Mol Biol Cell 1999;10:1891-1907.
88. Turner CE. Paxillin and focal adhesion signalling. Nat Cell Biol 2000;2:E231-E236.
89. Herreros L, et al. Paxillin localizes to the lymphocyte microtubule organizing center and associates with the microtubule cytoskeleton. J Biol Chem 2000;275:26436-26440.
90. Volkov Y, Long A, Kelleher D. Inside the crawling T cell. Leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 cross-linking is associated with microtubule-directed translocation of protein kinase C isoenzymes β(I) and δ. J Immunol 1998;161:6487-6495.
91. Volkov Y, Long A, McGrath S, Eidhin DN, Kelleher D. Crucial importance of PKC-β(I) in LFA-1-mediated locomotion of activated T cells. Nat Immunol 2001;2:508-514.
92. Tasken KA, Collas P, Kemmner WA, Witczak O, Conti M, Tasken K. Phosphodiesterase 4D and protein kinase a type II constitute a signaling unit in the centrosomal area. J Biol Chem 2001;276:21999-22002.
93. Zhang W, Sloan-Lancaster J, Kitchen J, Trible RP, Samelson LE. LAT: the ZAP-70 tyrosine kinase substrate that links T cell receptor to cellular activation. Cell 1998;92:83-92.
94. Tousto L, Parolini I, Schroeder S, Sargiacomo M, Lanzavecchia A, Viola A. Organization of plasma membrane functional rafts upon T cell activation. Eur J Immunol 2001;31:345-349.
95. Drechsel D, Hyman A, Cobb M, Kirschner M. Modulation of the dynamic instability of tubulin assembly by the microtubule-associated protein tau. Mol Biol Cell 1992;3:1141-1154.
96. Trinczek B, Biernat J, Baumann K, Mandelkow E, Mandelkow E. Domains of tau protein, differential phosphorylation, and dynamic instability of microtubules. Mol Biol Cell 1995;6:1887-1902.
97. McNally F. Modulation of microtubule dynamics during the cell cycle. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1996;8:23-29.
98. Drewes G, Biernat J, Preuss U, Mandelkow E. Microtubule affinity regulating kinase (MARK), a potential regulator of the microtubule cytoskeleton. Mol Biol Cell 1996;7:1299.
99. Belmont L, Mitchison T. Identification of a protein that interacts with tubulin dimers and increases the catastrophe rate of microtubules. Cell 1996;84:623-631.
100. Walczak C, Mitchison T, Desai A. XKCM1: A xenopus kinesin-related protein that regulates microtubule dynamics during mitotic spindle assembly. Cell 1996;84:37-47.
101. McNally F, Vale R. Identification of katanin, an ATPase that severs and disassembles stable microtubules. Cell 1993;75:419-429.
102. Hall A. Rho GTPases and the actin cytoskeleton. Science 1998;279:509-514.
103. Stowers L, Yelon D, Berg LJ, Chant J. Regulation of the polarization of T cells toward antigen-presenting cells by Ras-related GTPase Cdc42. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:5027-5031.
104. Palazzo A, et al. Cdc42, dynein and dynactin regulate MTOC reorientation independent of Rho-regulated microtubule stabilization. Curr Biol 2001;11:1536-1541.
105. Cook T, Nagasaki T, Gundersen G. Rho guanosine triphosphatase mediates the selective stabilization of microtubules induced by lysophosphatidic acid. J Cell Biol 1998;141:175-185.
106. Palazzo A, Cook T, Alberts A, Gundersen G. mDia mediates Rho-regulated formation and orientation of stable microtubules. Nat Cell Biol 2001;3:723-729.
107. Fujiwara T, Tanaka K, Inoue E, Kikyo M, Takai Y. Bni1p regulates microtubule-dependent nuclear migration through the actin cytoskeleton in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 1999;19:8016-8027.
108. Chevrier V, et al. The Rho-associated protein kinase p160ROCK is required for centrosome positioning. J Cell Biol 2002;157:807-827.
109. van Horck F, Ahmadian M, Haeusler L, Moolenar W, Kranenburg O. Characterization of p190RhoGEF, a RhoA-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor that interacts with microtubules. J Biol Chem 2001;276:4948-4956.
110. Ren Y, Li R, Zheng Y, Busch H. Cloning and characterization of GEF-H1, a microtubule-associated guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac and Rho GTPases. J Biol Chem 1998;273:34954-34960.
111. Krendel M, Zenke F, Bokoch G. Nucleotide exchange factor GEF-H1 mediates cross-talk between microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton. Nat Cell Biol 2002;4:294-301.
112. Best A, Ahmed S, Kozma R, Lim L. The Rasrelated GTPase Rac1 binds tubulin. J Biol Chem 1996;271:3756-3762.
113. Michaelson D, Silleti J, Murphy G, D'Eustachio P, Rush M, Phillips M. Differential localization of Rho GTPases in live cells: Regulation by hypervariable regions and RhoGDI binding. J Cell Biol 2001;152:111-126.
114. Daub H, Gevaert K, Vandekerckhove J, Sobel A, Hall A. Rac/Cdc42 and p65PAK regulate the microtubule-destabilizing protein stathmin through phosphorylation at serine 16. J Biol Chem 2001;276:1677-1680.
115. Waterman-Storer CM, Salmon ED. Positive feedback interactions between microtubule and actin dynamics during cell motility. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1999;11:61-67.
116. Blangy A, Vignal E, Schmidt S, Debandt A, Gauthier-Rouvière C, Fort P. TrioGEF1 controls Rac- and Cdc42-dependent cell structures through direct activation of RhoG. J Cell Sci 2000;113:729-739.
117. Kawasaki Y, et al. Asef, a link between the tumor suppressor APC and G-protein signaling. Science 2000;289:1194-1997.
118. Lowin-Kropf B, Shapiro VS, Weiss A. Cytoskeletal polarization of T cells is regulated by an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-dependent mechanism. J Cell Biol 1998;140:861-871.
119. Sancho D, et al. TCR engagement induces proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2 (Pyk2) translocation to the T cell-APC interface independently of Pyk2 activity and in an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-mediated fashion. J Immunol 2002;169:292-300.
120. Andreev J, et al. Identification of a new Pyk2 target protein with Arf-GAP activity. Mol Cell Biol 1999;19:2338-2350.
121. Ren XR, Qs D, Huang YZ, Ao SZ, Mei L, Xiong WC. Regulation of Cdc42 GTPase by proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 interacting with PSGAP, a novel pleckstrin homology and Src homology 3 domain containing rhoGAP protein. J Cell Biol 2001;152:971-984.
122. Nesic D, Henderson S, Vukmanovic S. Prevention of antigen-reduced microtubule organizing center reorientation in cytotoxic T cells by modulation of protein kinase C activity. Int Immunol 1998;10:1741-1746.
123. Kupfer A, Dennert G, Singer S. The reorientation of the microtubule-organizing center in the cytotoxic effector cell is a prerequisite in the lysis of bound target cells. J Mol Cell Immunol 1985;2:37-49.
124. Rodionov V, Borisy GG. Self-centering activity of cytoplasm. Nature 1997;386:170-173.
125. Sedwick CE, Morgan M, Jusino L, Cannon JL, Miller J, Burkhardt JK. TCR, LFA-1, and CD28 play unique and complementary roles in signaling T cell cytoskeletal reorganization. J Immunol 1999;162:1367-1375.
126. Huby RDJ, Weiss A, Ley SC. Nocodazole inhibits signal transduction by the T cell antigen receptor. J Biol Chem 1998;273:12024-12031.
127. Kupfer H, Monks CR, Kupfer A. Small splenic B cells that bind to antigen-specific T helper (Th) cells and face the site of cytokine production in the Th cells selectively proliferate: Immunofluorescence microscopic studies of Th-B antigen-presenting cells interactions. J Exp Med 1994;179:1507-1515.
128. Turner CE, et al. Paxillin LD4 motif binds PAK and PIX through a novel 95-kD ankyrin repeat, ARF-GAP protein: A role in cytoskeletal remodeling. J Cell Biol 1999;145:851-863.
129. Davis SJ, van-der-Merwe PA. The immunological synapse: Required for T cell receptor signaling or directing T cell effector function. Curr Biol 2001;11:R289-R291.
130. Lee KH, Holdorf AD, Dustin ML, Chan AC, Allen PM, Shaw AS. T cell receptor signaling precedes immunological synapse formation. Science 2002;295:1539-1542.
131. Stinchcombe JC, Bossi G, Booth S, Griffiths GM. The immunological synapse of CTL contains a secretory domain and membrane bridges. Immunity 2001;15:751-761.
132. Bunnell SC, Kapoor V, Trible RP, Zhang W, Samelson LE. Dynamic actin polymerization drives T cell receptor-induced spreading, a role for the signal transduction adaptor LAT. Immunity 2001;14:315-329.