HIV-1 entry and entry inhibitors as therapeutic agents

Clinics in Laboratory Medicine

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 681-701

  Starr Spires, Linda D ^a   Collman, Ronald G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

1,1' [1,4 PHENYLENEBIS(METHYLENE)]BIS(1,4,8,11 TETRAAZACYCLOTETRADECANE); ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR5; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR5 ANTAGONIST; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR4; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR4 ANTAGONIST; RANTES; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; DRUG EFFECT; ENZYME INHIBITION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION RISK; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS INHIBITION; VIRUS ISOLATION; VIRUS REPLICATION;

ANTI-HIV AGENTS; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV PROTEASE INHIBITORS; HIV-1; HUMANS;

EID: 0036715404     PISSN: 02722712     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0272-2712(02)00011-2     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. HIV-1 membrane fusion: Targets of opportunity
2. Mechanisms of viral membrane fusion and its inhibition
3. HIV fusion and its inhibition
4. Membrane fusion
5. Structure of an HIV gp120 envelope glycoprotein in complex with the CD4 receptor and a neutralizing human antibody
6. A conserved HIV gp120 glycoprotein structure involved in chemokine receptor binding
7. The antigenic structure of the HIV gp120 envelope glycoprotein
8. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein regions important for association with the gp41 transmembrane glycoprotein
9. Core structure of gp41 from the HIV envelope glycoprotein
10. Mutational analysis of the interaction between CD4 and class II MHC: Class II antigens contact CD4 on a surface opposite the gp120-binding site
11. Crystal structure of an HIV-binding recombinant fragment of human CD4
12. Chemokines and chemokine receptors: Biology and clinical relevance in inflammation and AIDS
13. Use of coreceptors other than CCR5 by non-syncytium-inducing adult and pediatric isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is rare in vitro
14. Will multiple coreceptors need to be targeted by inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry?
15. CD4-independent binding of SIV gp120 to rhesus CCR5
16. Shared usage of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by the feline and human immunodeficiency viruses
17. Involvement of the V1/V2 variable loop structure in the exposure of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 epitopes induced by receptor binding
18. Conformational changes in cell surface HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins are triggered by cooperation between cell surface CD4 and coreceptors
19. Characterization of the sequence of interactions of the fusion domain of the simian immunodeficiency virus with membranes: Role of the membrane dipole potential
20. Role of the membrane-proximal domain in the initial stages of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein-mediated membrane fusion
21. Atomic structure of the ectodomain from HIV-1 gp41
22. Dilation of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 envelope glycoprotein fusion pore revealed by the inhibitory action of a synthetic peptide from gp41
23. Early intermediates in HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein-mediated fusion triggered by CD4 and co-receptor complexes
24. CC-KR5: A RANTES, MIP-1α, MIP-1β receptor as a fusion cofactor for macrophage-tropic HIV-1
25. The β-chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR5 facilitate infection by primary HIV-1 isolates
26. A dual-tropic primary HIV-1 isolate that uses fusin and the beta-chemokine receptors CKR-5, CKR-3, and CKR-2b as fusion cofactors
27. HIV-1 entry cofactor: Functional cDNA cloning of a seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor
28. HIV-1 tropism for mononuclear phagocytes can be determined by regions of gp120 outside the CD4-binding domain
29. Macrophage-tropic variants initiate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection after sexual, parenteral, and vertical transmission
30. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of HIV-1 in patients with primary infection
31. Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection
32. Resistance to HIV-1 infection of Caucasian individuals bearing mutant alleles of the CCR5 chemokine receptor gene
33. A 32-bp deletion within the CCR5 locus protects against transmission of parenterally acquired human immunodeficiency virus but does not affect progression to AIDS-defining illness
34. Monocytotropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants detectable in all stages of HIV-1 infection lack T-cell line tropism and syncytium-inducing ability in primary T-cell culture
35. A cross-sectional comparison of persons with syncytium- and non-syncytium-inducing human immunodeficiency virus
36. Change in coreceptor use correlates with disease progression in HIV-1-infected individuals
37. In vivo evolution of HIV-1 co-receptor usage and sensitivity to chemokine-mediated suppression
38. Evidence for a role of virulent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) variants in the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Studies on sequential HIV isolates
39. Heterogeneous spectrum of coreceptor usage among variants within a dualtropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary-isolate quasispecies
40. A dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN)-related protein is highly expressed on human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and promotes HIV-1 infection
41. Identification of DC-SIGN, a novel dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3 receptor that supports primary immune responses
42. DC-SIGN, a dendritic cell-specific HIV-1-binding protein that enhances trans-infection of T cells
43. DC-SIGNR, a DC-SIGN homologue expressed in endothelial cells, binds to human and simian immunodeficiency viruses and activates infection in trans
44. DC-SIGN; a related gene, DC-SIGNR; and CD23 form a cluster on 19p13
45. Cellular targets of infection and route of viral dissemination after an intravaginal inoculation of simian immunodeficiency virus into rhesus macaques
46. Sequence and expression of a membrane-associated C-type lectin that exhibits CD4-independent binding of human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein gp120
47. Extensive repertoire of membrane-bound and soluble dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin 1 (DC-SIGN1) and DC-SIGN2 isoforms. Inter-individual variation in expression of DC-SIGN transcripts
48. Structural basis for selective recognition of oligosaccharides by DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR
49. Expression of DC-SIGN by dendritic cells of intestinal and genital mucosae in humans and rhesus macaques
50. Placental expression of DC-SIGN may mediate intrauterine vertical transmission of HIV
51. Involvement of a leukocyte adhesion receptor (LFA-1) in HIV-induced syncytium formation
52. Interaction between virion-bound host intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and the high-affinity state of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 on target cells renders R5 and X4 isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 more refractory to neutralization
53. Contribution of virion ICAM-1 to human immunodeficiency virus infectivity and sensitivity to neutralization
54. Cyclophilin A is required for an early step in the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 before the initiation of reverse transcription
55. Specific incorporation of cyclophilin A into HIV-1 virions
56. Host cyclophilin A mediates HIV-1 attachment to target cells via heparans
57. CD147 facilitates HIV-1 infection by interacting with virus-associated cyclophilin A
58. Antibody-dependent enhancement of infection and the pathogenesis of viral disease
59. Antibody-dependent enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection
60. Antibody-enhanced infection by HIV-1 via Fc receptor-mediated entry
61. The Fc and not CD4 receptor mediates antibody enhancement of HIV infection in human cells
62. Two receptors are required for antibody-dependent enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: CD4 and FcgR
63. Strong correlation between the complement-mediated antibody-dependent enhancement of HIV-1 infection and plasma viral load
64. Cholesterol and sphingolipid enhance the Triton X-100 insolubility of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins by promoting the formation of detergent-insoluble ordered membrane domains
65. Segregation of CD4 and CXCR4 into distinct lipid microdomains in T lymphocytes suggests a mechanism for membrane destabilization by human immunodeficiency virus
66. Membrane raft microdomains mediate lateral assemblies required for HIV-1 infection
67. Lipid rafts and HIV pathogenesis: Host membrane cholesterol is required for infection by HIV type 1
68. Evidence for budding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 selectively from glycolipid-enriched membrane lipid rafts
69. A soluble form of CD4 (T4) protein inhibits AIDS virus infection
70. A soluble CD4 protein selectively inhibits HIV replication and syncytium formation
71. Blocking of HIV-1 infectivity by a soluble, secreted form of the CD4 antigen
72. High concentrations of recombinant soluble CD4 are required to neutralize primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates
73. Quantitative model of antibody- and soluble CD4-mediated neutralization of primary isolates and T-cell line-adapted strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1
74. Expression and characterization of CD4-IgG2, a novel heterotetramer that neutralizes primary HIV type 1 isolates
75. A human monoclonal antibody to a complex epitope in the V3 region of gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 has broad reactivity within and outside clade B
76. Structural flexibility and functional valence of CD4-IgG2 (PRO 542): Potential for cross-linking human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope spikes
77. Single-dose safety, pharmacology, and antiviral activity of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 entry inhibitor PRO 542 in HIV-infected adults
78. Recombinant CD4-IgG2 in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children: Phase 1/2 study
79. Role of CCR5 in infection of primary macrophages and lymphocytes by M-tropic strains of HIV: Resistance to patient-derived and prototype isolates resulting from the Δccr5 mutation
80. Genetic restriction of HIV-1 infection and progression to AIDS by a deletion allele of the CCR5 structural gene
81. Identification of RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells
82. Potent inhibition of HIV-1 infectivity in macrophages and lymphocytes by a novel CCR5 antagonist
83. A small-molecule, nonpeptide CCR5 antagonist with highly potent and selective anti-HIV-1 activity
84. A binding pocket for a small molecule inhibitor of HIV-1 entry within the transmembrane helices of CCR5
85. SCH-C (SCH 351125), an orally bioavailable, small molecule antagonist of the chemokine receptor CCR5, is a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 infection in vitro and in vivo
86. HIV-1 escape from a small molecule, CCR5-specific entry inhibitor does not involve CXCR4 use
87. Anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity of an oligocationic compound mediated via gp 120 V3 interactions
88. A small-molecule inhibitor directed against the chemokine receptor CXCR4 prevents its use as an HIV-1 coreceptor
89. HIV-1 entry: An expanding portal for drug discovery
90. Safe use of the CXCR4 inhibitor ALX40-4C in humans
91. Multi-branched peptides based on the HIV-1 V3 loop consensus motif inhibit HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection in CD4+ and CD4-cells
92. Relationships between the anti-HIV V(3)-derived peptide SPC(3) and lymphocyte membrane properties involved in virus entry: SPC(3) interferes with CXCR(4)
93. Highly potent and selective inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus by the bicyclam derivative JM3100
94. Potent and selective inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and HIV-2 replication by a class of bicyclams interacting with a viral uncoating event
95. Inhibition of T-tropic HIV strains by selective antagonization of the chemokine receptor CXCR4
96. Antiviral efficacy in vivo of the anti-human immunodeficiency virus bicyclam SDZ SID 791 (JM 3100), an inhibitor of infectious cell entry
97. Pharmacokinetics and safety of AMD-3100, a novel antagonist of the CXCR-4 chemokine receptor, in human volunteers
98. Impaired B-lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis, and derailed cerebellar neuron migration in CXCR4- and SDF-1-deficient mice
99. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is essential for vascularization of the gastrointestinal tract
100. Function of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in haematopoiesis and in cerebellar development
101. A molecular clasp in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 TM protein determines the anti-HIV activity of gp41 derivatives: Implication for viral fusion
102. Sensitivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to the fusion inhibitor T-20 is modulated by coreceptor specificity defined by the V3 loop of gp120
103. Potent suppression of HIV-1 replication in humans by T-20, a peptide inhibitor of gp41-mediated virus entry
104. T20/DP178, an ectodomain peptide of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41, is an activator of human phagocyte N-formyl peptide receptor
105. Protein design of an HIV-1 entry inhibitor
106. Inhibition of HIV-1 infection by down-regulation of the CXCR4 co-receptor using an intracellular single chain variable fragment against CXCR4
107. Functional deletion of the CCR5 receptor by intracellular immunization produces cells that are refractory to CCR5-dependent HIV-1 infection and cell fusion
108. Multivalent anti-CCR ribozymes for stem cell-based HIV type 1 gene therapy
109. Down-regulation of the CCR5 beta-chemokine receptor and inhibition of HIV-1 infection by stable VA1-ribozyme chimeric transcripts
110. Inactivation of HIV-1 chemokine co-receptor CXCR-4 by a novel intrakine strategy
111. Phenotypic knockout of HIV type 1 chemokine coreceptor CCR-5 by intrakines as potential therapeutic approach for HIV-1 infection
112. Membrane-anchored peptide inhibits human immunodeficiency virus entry
113. + T cells
114. + T cells induces expansion of peripheral T cells and decreased CCR5 expression in HIV infection
115. Strong in vitro synergy between the fusion inhibitor T-20 and the CXCR4 blocker AMD-3100
116. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry inhibitors PRO 542 and T-20 are potently synergistic in blocking virus-cell and cell-cell fusion