Molecular virology of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 356, Issue 1408, 2001, Pages 499-516

  Moore, Patrick S ^a   Chang, Yuan ^a  

^a Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

Author keywords

Castleman's disease; Kaposi's sarcoma; Lymphoma; Molecular piracy; Rhadinovirus; Tumour virus

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; DNA VIRUSES; HERPESVIRIDAE; HERPESVIRUS 8; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 4; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8; RHADINOVIRUS;

EID: 0035967431     PISSN: 09628436     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2000.0777     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Ahn, K., Gruhler, A., Galocha, B., Jones, T. R., Wiertz, E. J., Ploegh, H. L., Peterson, P. A., Yang, Y. & Fruh, K. 1997 The ER-luminal domain of the HCMV glycoprotein US6 inhibits peptide translocation by TAP. Immunity 6, 613-621.
2. Albrecht, J.-C. (and 10 others) 1992 Primary structure of the Herpesvirus saimiri genome. J. Virol. 66, 5047-5058.
3. Ambroziak, J. A., Blackbourn, D. J., Herndier, B. G., Glogau, R. G., Gullett, J. H., McDonald, A. R., Lennette, E. T. & Levy, J. A. 1995 Herpes-like sequences in HIV-infected and uninfected Kaposi's sarcoma patients. Science 268, 582-583.
4. Aoki, Y., Jaffe, E. S., Chang, Y., Jones, K., Teruya-Feldstein, J., Moore, P. S. & Tosato, G. 1999 Angiogenesis and hematopoiesis induced by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded interleukin-6. Blood 93, 4034-4043.
5. Arvanitakis, L., Mesri, E. A., Nador, R. G., Said, J. W., Asch, A. S., Knowles, D. M. & Cesarman, E. 1996 Establishment and characterization of a primary effusion (body cavity-based) lymphoma cell line (BC-3) harboring Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) in the absence of Epstein-Barr virus. Blood 88, 2648-2654.
6. Arvanitakis, L., Geras, R. E., Varma, A., Gershengorn, M. C. & Cesarman, E. 1997 Human herpesvirus KSHV encodes a constitutively active G-protein-coupled receptor linked to cell proliferation. Nature 385, 347-350.
7. Asou, H., Said, J. W., Yang, R., Munker, R., Park, D. J., Kamada, N. & Koeffler, H. P. 1998 Mechanisms of growth control of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus-associated primary effusion lymphoma cells. Blood 91, 2475-2481.
8. Avantaggiati, M. L., Ogryzko, V., Gardner, K., Giordano, A., Levine, A. S. & Kelly, K. 1997 Recruitment of p300/CBP in p53-dependent signal pathways. Cell 89, 1175-1184.
9. Bais, C., Santomasso, B., Coso, O., Arvanitakis, L., Geras Raaka, E., Gutkind, J. S., Asch, A. S., Cesarman, E., Gerhengorn, M. C. & Mesri, E. A. 1998 G-protein-coupled receptor of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is a viral oncogene and angiogenesis activator. Nature 391, 86-89.
10. Ballestas, M. E., Chatis, P. A. & Kaye, K. M. 1999 Efficient persistence of extrachromosomal KSHV DNA mediated by latency-associated nuclear antigen. Science 284, 641-644.
11. Benelli, R., Barbero, A., Buffa, A., Aluigi, M. G., Masiello, L., Morbidelli, L., Ziche, M., Albini, A. & Noonan, D. 2000 Distinct chemotactic and angiogenic activities of peptides derived from Kaposi's sarcoma virus encoded chemokines. Int. J. Oncol. 17, 75-81.
12. Beral, V., Peterman, T. A., Berkelman, R. L. & Jaffe, H. W. 1990 Kaposi's sarcoma among persons with AIDS: a sexually transmitted infection? Lancet 335, 123-128.
13. Bertin, J. (and 12 others) 1997 Death effector domain-containing herpesvirus and poxvirus proteins inhibit both Fas-and TNFR1-induced apoptosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 1172-1176.
14. Bhattacharya, S., Eckner, R., Grossman, S., Oldread, E., Arany, Z., D'Andrea, A. & Livingston, D. M. 1996 Cooperation of Stat2 and p300/CBP in signalling induced by interferon-alpha. Nature 383, 344-347.
15. Boshoff, C. & Weiss, R. A. 1998 Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Adv. Cancer Res. 75, 57-86.
16. Boshoff, C. (and 12 others) 1997 Angiogenic and HIV inhibitory functions of KSHV-encoded chemokines. Science 278, 290-294.
17. Brander, C., Suscovich, T., Lee, Y., Nguyen, P. T., O'Connor, P., Seebach, J., Jones, N. G., Van Gorder, M., Walker, B. D. & Scadden, D. T. 2000 Impaired CTL Recognition of cells latently infected with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus. J. Immunol. 165, 2077-2083.
18. Burger, M., Burger, J. A., Hoch, R. C., Oades, Z.,Takamori, H. & Schraufstatter, I. U. 1999 Point mutation causing constitutive signaling of CXCR2 leads to transforming activity similar to Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus-G protein-coupled receptor. J. Immunol. 163, 2017-2022.
19. Burger, R., Neipel, F., Fleckenstein, B., Savino, R., Ciliberto, G., Kalden, J. R. & Gramatzki, M. 1998 Human herpesvirus type 8 interleukin-6 homologue is functionally active on human myeloma cells. Blood 91, 1858-1863.
20. Burysek, L., Yeow, W. S., Lubyova, B., Kellum, M., Schafer, S. L., Huang, Y. Q. & Pitha, P. M. 1999 Functional analysis of human herpesvirus 8-encoded viral interferon regulatory factor 1 and its association with cellular interferon regulatory factors and p300. J. Virol. 73, 7334-7342.
21. Cannon, J. S., Hamzeh, F., Moore, S., Nicholas, J. & Ambinder, R. F. 1999a Human herpesvirus 8-encoded thymidine kinase and phosphotransferase homologues confer sensitivity to ganciclovir. J. Virol. 73, 4786-4793.
22. Cannon, J. S., Nicholas, J., Orenstein, J. M., Mann, R. B., Murray, P. G., Browning, P. J., DiGiuseppe, J. A., Cesarman, E., Hayward, G. S. & Ambinder, R. F. 1999b Heterogeneity of viral IL-6 expression in HHV-8-associated diseases. J. Infect. Dis. 180, 824-828.
23. Cannon, M. J., Flanders, W. D. & Pellett, P. E. 2000 Occurrence of primary cancers in association with multiple myeloma and Kaposi's sarcoma in the United States, 1973-1995. Int. J. Cancer 85, 453-456.
24. Carbone, A., Gloghini, A., Bontempo, D., Monini, P., Tirelli, U., Volpe, R., Browning, P. J. & Gaidano, G. 2000 Proliferation in HHV-8-positive primary effusion lymphomas is associated with expression of HHV-8 cyclin but independent of p 27 (kipl). Am. J. Pathol. 156, 1209-1215.
25. Cesarman, E., Chang, Y., Moore, P. S., Said, J. W. & Knowles, D. M. 1995a Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences are present in AIDS-related body cavity based lymphomas. New Engl. J. Med. 332, 1186-1191.
26. Cesarman, E., Moore, P. S., Rao, P. H., Inghirami, G., Knowles, D. M. & Chang, Y. 1995b In vitro establishment and characterization of two AIDS-related lymphoma cell lines (BC-1 and BC-2) containing Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like (KSHV) DNA sequences. Blood 86, 2708-2714.
27. Cesarman, E., Nador, R. G., Bai, F., Bohenzky, R. A., Russo, J. J., Moore, P. S., Chang, Y. & Knowles, D. M. 1996 Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus contains G protein-coupled receptor and cyclin D homologs which are expressed in Kaposi's sarcoma and malignant lymphoma. J. Virol. 70, 8218-8223.
28. Cesarman, E., Mesri, E. A. & Gershengorn, M. C. 2000 Viral G protein-coupled receptor and Kaposi's sarcoma: a model of paracrine neoplasia?. J. Exp. Med. 191, 417-422.
29. Chang, J. & Ganem, D. 2000 On the control of late gene expression in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus-8). J. Gen. Virol. 81, 2039-2047.
30. Chang, Y., Cesarman, E., Pessin, M. S., Lee, F., Culpepper, J., Knowles, D. M. & Moore, P. S. 1994 Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Science 265, 1865-1869.
31. Chang, Y., Moore, P. S., Talbot, S. J., Boshoff, C. H., Zarkowska, T., Godden-Kent, D., Paterson, H., Weiss, R. A. & Mittnacht, S. 1996 Cyclin encoded by KS herpesvirus. Nature 382, 410.
32. Chaudhary, P. M., Jasmin, A., Eby, M. T. & Hood, L. 1999 Modulation of the NF-kappa B pathway by virally encoded death effector domains-containing proteins. Oncogene 18, 5738-5746.
33. Cheng, E. H., Nicholas, J., Bellows, D. S., Hayward, G. S., Guo, H. G., Reitz, M. S. & Hardwick, J. M. 1997 A Bcl-2 homolog encoded by Kaposi sarcoma-associated virus, human herpesvirus 8, inhibits apoptosis but does not heterodimerize with Bax or Bak. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 690-694.
34. Choi, J. K., Lee, B. S., Shim, S. N., Li, M. & Jung, J. U. 2000 Identification of the novel K15 gene at the rightmost end of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus genome. J. Virol. 74, 436-446.
35. Cinquina, C. C., Grogan, E., Sun, R., Lin, S. F., Beardsley, G. P. & Miller, G. 2000 Dihydrofolate reductase from Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Virology 268, 201-217.
36. Coscoy, L. & Ganem, D. 2000 Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes two proteins that block cell surface display of MHC class I chains by enhancing their endocytosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 8051-8056.
37. Cotter II, M. A. & Robertson, E. S. 1999 The latency-associated nuclear antigen tethers the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus genome to host chromosomes in body cavity-based lymphoma cells. Virology 264, 254-264.
38. Dairaghi, D. J., Fan, R. A., McMaster, B. E., Hanley, M. R. & Schall, T. J. 1999 HHV8-encoded vMIP-I selectively engages chemokine receptor CCR8. Agonist and antagonist profiles of viral chemokines. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 21 569-21 574.
39. DeBruyne, L. A., Li, K., Bishop, D. K. & Bromberg, J. S. 2000 Gene transfer of virally encoded chemokine antagonists vMIP-II and MC148 prolongs cardiac allograft survival and inhibits donor-specific immunity. Gene Ther. 7, 575-582.
40. Dittmer, D., Lagunoff, M., Renne, R., Staskus, K., Haase, A. & Ganem, D. 1998 A cluster of latently expressed genes in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Virol. 72, 8309-8315.
41. Dupin, N. (and 12 others) 1999 Distribution of human herpesvirus-8 latently infected cells in Kaposi's sarcoma, multicentric Castleman's disease, and primary effusion lymphoma. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 4546-4551.
42. Ellis, M., Chew, Y. P., Fallis, L., Freddersdorf, S., Boshoff, C., Weiss, R. A., Lu, X. & Mittnacht, S. 1999 Degradation of p27(Kip) cdk inhibitor triggered by Kaposi's sarcoma virus cyclin-cdk6 complex. EMBO J. 18, 644-653.
43. Endres, M. J., Garlisi, C. G., Xiao, H., Shan, L. & Hedrick, J. A. 1999 The Kaposi's sarcoma-related herpesvirus (KSHV)-encoded chemokine vMIP-I is a specific agonist for the CC chemokine receptor (CCR)8. J. Exp. Med. 189, 1993-1998.
44. + T cells infiltrating Kaposi's sarcoma induces spindle cells with angiogenic phenotype and synergy with human immunodeficiency virus-1 Tat protein: an immune response to human herpesvirus-8 infection? Blood 91, 956-967.
45. Flowers, C., Flowers, S. & Nabel, G. 1998 Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral interferon regulatory factor confers resistance to the antiproliferative effect of interferon-alpha. Mol. Med. 4, 402-412.
46. Friborg Jr, J., Kong, W., Hottiger, M. O. & Nabel, G. J. 1999 p53 inhibition by the LANA protein of KSHV protects against cell death. Nature 402, 889-894.
47. Gao, S.-J. (and 10 others) 1996a Seroconversion to antibodies against Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-related latent nuclear antigens before the development of Kaposi's sarcoma. New Engl. J. Med. 335, 233-241.
48. Gao, S. J. (and 12 others) 1996b KSHV antibodies among Americans, Italians and Ugandans with and without Kaposi's sarcoma. Nature Med. 2, 925-928.
49. Gao, S.-J., Boshoff, C., Jayachandra, S., Weiss, R. A., Chang, Y. & Moore, P. S. 1997 KSHV ORF K9 (vIRF) is an oncogene that inhibits the interferon signaling pathway. Oncogene 15, 1979-1986.
50. Geras-Raaka, E., Arvanitakis, L., Bais, C., Cesarman, E., Mesri, E. A. & Gershengorn, M. C. 1998a Inhibition of constitutive signaling of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus G protein-coupled receptor by protein kinases in mammalian cells in culture. J. Exp. Med. 187, 801-806.
51. Geras-Raaka, E., Varma, A., Clark-Lewis, I. & Gershengorn, M. C. 1998b Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) chemokine vMIP-II and human SDF-lalpha inhibit signaling by KSHV G protein-coupled receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 253, 725-727.
52. Gershengorn, M. C., Geras-Raaka, E., Varma, A. & Clark-Lewis, I. 1998 Chemokines activate Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus G protein-coupled receptor in mammalian cells in culture. J. Clin. Invest. 102, 1469-1472.
53. Glenn, M., Rainbow, L., Aurad, F., Davison, A. & Schulz, T. F. 1999 Identification of a spliced gene from Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encoding a protein with similarities to latent membrane proteins 1 and 2A of Epstein-Barr virus. J. Virol. 73, 6953-6963.
54. Godden-Kent, D., Talbot, S. J., Boshoff, C., Chang, Y., Moore, P., Weiss, R. A. & Mittnacht, S. 1997 The cyclin encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus stimulates cdk6 to phosphorylate the retinoblastoma protein and histone H1. J. Virol. 71, 4193-4198.
55. Goodman, R. H. & Smolik, S. 2000 CBP/p300 in cell growth, transformation, and development. Genes Dev. 14, 1553-1577.
56. Gradoville, L., Gerlach, J., Grogan, E., Shedd, D., Nikiforow, S., Metroka, C. & Miller, G. 2000 Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus open reading frame 50/Rta protein activates the entire viral lytic cycle in the HH-B2 primary effusion lymphoma cell line. J. Virol. 74, 6207-6212.
57. Gruffat, H., Portes-Sentis, S., Sergeant, A. & Manet, E. 1999 Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus-8) encodes a homologue of the Epstein-Barr virus bZip protein EB1. J. Gen. Virol. 80, 557-561.
58. Hammarskjold, M. L. & Simurda, M. C. 1992 Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein transactivates the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat through induction of NF-kappa B activity. J. Virol. 66, 6496-6501.
59. Harada, H., Kitagawa, M., Tanaka, N., Yamamoto, H., Harada, K., Ishihara, M. & Taniguchi, T. 1993 Anti-oncogenic and oncogenic potentials of interferon regulatory factors-1 and -2. Science 259, 971-974.
60. Hibbitts, S., Reeves, J. D., Simmons, G., Gray, P. W., Epstein, L. G., Schols, D., de Clercq, E., Wells, T. N., Proudfoot, A. E. & Clapham, P. R. 1999 Coreceptor ligand inhibition of fetal brain cell infection by HIV type 1. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 15, 989-1000.
61. Hill, A., Jugovic, P., York, I., Russ, G., Bennink, J., Yewdell, J., Ploegh, H. & Johnson, D. 1995 Herpes simplex virus turns off the TAP to evade host immunity. Nature 375, 411-415.
62. Ho, H. H., Du, D. & Gershengorn, M. C. 1999 The N terminus of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus G protein-coupled receptor is necessary for high affinity chemokine binding but not for constitutive activity. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 31 327-31 332.
63. Hobeika, A. C., Subramaniam, P. S. & Johnson, H. M. 1997 IFN-α induces the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 in human prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 14, 1165-1170.
64. Hoischen, S. H. (and 13 others) 2000 Human herpes virus 8 interleukin-6 homologue triggers gp130 on neuronal and hematopoietic cells. Eur. J. Biochem. 267, 3604-3612.
65. Hu, S., Vincenz, C., Buller, M. & Dixit, V. M. 1997 A novel family of viral death effector domain-containing molecules that inhibit both CD95 and tumor necrosis factor receptor-1-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 9621-9624.
66. Irmler, M. (and 12 others) 1997 Inhibition of death receptor signals by cellular FLIP. Nature 388, 190-195.
67. Ishido, S., Wang, C., Lee, B. S., Cohen, G. B. & Jung, J. U. 2000 Downregulation of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K3 and K5 proteins. J. Virol. 74, 5300-5309.
68. Jacobson, R. H., Ladurner, A. G., King, D. S. & Tjian, R. 2000 Structure and function of a human TAFII250 double bromodomain module. Science 288, 1422-1425.
69. Jayachandra, S., Low, K. G., Thlick, A. E., Yu, J., Ling, P. D., Chang, Y. & Moore, P. S. 1999 Three unrelated viral transforming proteins (vIRF, EBNA-2, and E1A) induce the MYC oncogene through the interferon-responsive PRF element by using different transcription coadaptors. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 11 566-11 571.
70. Jonak, G. J. & Knight, E. J. 1984 Selective reduction of c-myc mRNA in Daudi cells by human beta interferon. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 81, 1747-1750.
71. Jones, K. D., Aoki, Y., Chang, Y., Moore, P. S., Yarchoan, R. & Tosato, G. 1999 Involvement of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and viral IL-6 in the spontaneous growth of Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus-associated infected primary effusion lymphoma cells. Blood 94, 2871-2879.
72. Judde, J. G., Lacoste, V., Briere, J., Kassa-Kelembho, E., Clyti, E., Couppie, P., Buchrieser. C., Tulliez, M., Morvan, J. & Gessain, A. 2000 Monoclonality or oligoclonality of human herpesvirus 8 terminal repeat sequences in Kaposi's sarcoma and other diseases. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 92, 729-736.
73. Katano, H., Sato, Y., Kurata, T. Mori, S. & Sata, T. 2000 Expression and localization of human herpesvirus 8-encoded proteins in primary effusion lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. Virology 269, 335-344.
74. Kirshner, J. R., Staskus, K., Haase, A., Lagunoff, M. & Ganem, D. 1999 Expression of the open reading frame 74 (G-protein-coupled receptor) gene of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus: implications for KS pathogenesis. J. Virol. 73, 6006-6014.
75. Kledal, T. N. (and 12 others) 1997 A broad-spectrum chemokine antagonist encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Science 277, 1656-1659.
76. Kwok, R. P., Laurance, M. E., Lundblad, J. R., Goldman, P. S., Shih, H., Connor, L. M., Marriott, S. J. & Goodman, R. H. 1996 Control of cAMP-regulated enhancers by the viral transactivator Tax through CREB and the coactivator CBP. Nature 380, 642-646.
77. Lagunoff, M., Majeti, R., Weiss, A. & Ganem, D. 1999 Deregulated signal transduction by the K1 gene product of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 5704-5709.
78. Lee, B. S., Alvarez, X., Ishido, S., Lackner, A. A. & Jung, J. U. 2000 Inhibition of intracellular transport of B cell antigen receptor complexes by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K1. J. Exp. Med. 192, 11-22.
79. Lee, H., Guo, J., Li, M., Choi, J. K., DeMaria, M., Rosenzweig, M. & Jung, J. U. 1998a Identification of an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif of K1 transforming protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Mol. Cell Biol. 18, 5219-5228.
80. Lee, H., Veazey, R., Williams, K., Li, M., Guo, J., Neipel, F., Fleckenstein, B., Lackner, A., Desrosiers, R. C. & Jung, J. U. 1998b Deregulation of cell growth by the K1 gene of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Nature Med. 4, 435-440.
81. Li, M., Lee, H., Yoon, D. W., Albrecht, J. C., Fleckenstein, B., Neipel, F. & Jung, J. U. 1997 Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes a functional cyclin. J. Virol. 71, 1984-1991.
82. Li, M., Lee, H., Guo, J., Neipel, F., Fleckenstein, B., Ozato, K. & Jung, J. U. 1998 Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral interferon regulatory factor. J. Virol. 72, 5433-5440.
83. Lill, N. L., Grossman, S. R., Ginsberg, D., DeCaprio, J. & Livingston, D. M. 1997 Binding and modulation of p53 by p300/CBP coactivators. Nature 387, 823-827.
84. Lin, S. F., Robinson, D. R., Miller, G. & Kung, H. J. 1999 Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes a bZIP protein with homology to BZLF1 of Epstein-Barr virus. J. Virol. 73, 1909-1917.
85. Ludlow, J. W. & Skuse, G. R. 1995 Viral oncoprotein binding to pRB, p107, p130, and p300. Virus Res. 35, 113-121.
86. Lukac, D. M., Renne, R., Kirshner, J. R. & Ganem, D. 1998 Reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection from latency by expression of the ORF 50 trans-activator, a homolog of the EBV R protein. Virology 252, 304-312.
87. Lukac, D. M., Kirshner, J. R. & Ganem, D. 1999 Transcriptional activation by the product of open reading frame 50 of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is required for lytic viral reactivation in B cells. J. Virol. 73, 9348-9361.
88. Mahoney, S. E., Duvic, M., Nickoloff, B. J., Minshall, M., Smith, L. C., Griffiths, C. E., Paddock, S. W. & Lewis, D. E. 1991 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transcripts identified in HIV-related psoriasis and Kaposi's sarcoma lesions. J. Clin. Invest. 88, 174-185.
89. Mann, D. J., Child, E. S., Swanton, C., Laman, H. & Jones, N. 1999 Modulation of p27(Kipl) levels by the cyclin encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. EMBO J. 18, 654-663.
90. Mittnacht, S. & Boshoff, C. 2000 Viral cyclins. Rev. Med. Virol. 10, 175-184.
91. Miyamoto, M., Fujita, T., Kimura, Y., Maruyama, M., Harada, H., Sudo, Y., Miyata, T. & Taniguchi, T. 1988 Regulated expression of a gene encoding a nuclear factor, IRF-1, that specifically binds to IFN-beta gene regulatory elements. Cell 54, 903-913.
92. Molden, J., Chang, Y., You, Y., Moore, P. S. & Goldsmith, M. A. 1997 A Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded cytokine homolog (vIL-6) activates signaling through the shared gp130 receptor subunit. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 19 625-19 631.
93. Moore, P. S. & Chang, Y. 1998 Antiviral activity of tumor-suppressor pathways: clues from molecular piracy by KSHV. Trends Genet. 14, 144-150.
94. Moore, P. S. & Chang, Y. 2001 Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. In Fields' virology, 4th edn (ed. D. Knipe, P. Howley, D. Griffin, R. Lamb, M. Martin & S. Straus). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. (In the press.)
95. Moore, P. S., Boshoff, C., Weiss, R. A. & Chang, Y. 1996a Molecular mimicry of human cytokine and cytokine response pathway genes by KSHV. Science 274, 1739-1744.
96. Moore, P. S., Gao, S. J., Dominguez, G., Cesarman, E., Lungu, O., Knowles, D. M., Garber, R., Pellett, P. E., McGeoch, D. J. & Chang, Y. 1996b Primary characterization of a herpesvirus agent associated with Kaposi's sarcoma. J. Virol. 70, 549-558. [Erratum appears in J. Virol. 70, 9083.]
97. Mullberg, J., Geib, T., Jostock, T., Hoischen, S. H., Vollmer, P., Voltz, N., Heinz, D., Galle, P. R., Klouche, M. & Rose-John, S. 2000 IL-6 receptor independent stimulation of human gp130 by viral IL-6. J. Immunol. 164, 4672-4677.
98. Neipel, F., Albrecht, J. C., Ensser, A., Huang, Y. Q., Li, J. J., Friedman, K. A. & Fleckenstein, B. 1997a Human herpesvirus 8 encodes a homolog of interleukin-6. J. Virol. 71, 839-842.
99. Neipel, F., Albrecht, J. C. & Fleckenstein, B. 1997b Cell-homologous genes in the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated rhadinovirus human herpesvirus 8: determinants of its pathogenicity? J. Virol. 71, 4187-4192.
100. Neipel, F., Albrecht, J. C. & Fleckenstein, B. 1998 Human herpesvirus 8 - the first human rhadinovirus. J. Natl Cancer Inst. Monogr. 1998, 73-77.
101. Nelson, N., Marks, M. S., Driggers, P. H. & Ozato, K. 1993 Interferon consensus sequence-binding protein, a member of the interferon regulatory factor family, suppresses interferon-induced gene transcription. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 588-599.
102. Nicholas, J., Ruvolo, V. R., Burns, W. H., Sandford, G., Wan, X., Ciufo, D., Hendrickson, S. B., Guo, H. G., Hayward, G. S. & Reitz, M. S. 1997 Kaposi's sarcoma-associated human herpesvirus-8 encodes homologues of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 and interleukin-6. Nature Med. 3, 287-292.
103. Ojala, P. M., Tiainen, M., Salven, P., Veikkola, T., Castanos-Velez, E., Sarid, R., Biberfeld, P. & Makela, T. P. 1999 Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded v-cyclin triggers apoptosis in cells with high levels of cyclin-dependent kinase 6. Cancer Res. 59, 4984-4989.
104. Olsen, S. J., Tarte, K., Sherman, W., Hale, E. E., Weisse, M. T., Orazi, A., Klein, B. & Chang, Y. 1998 Evidence against KSHV infection in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma. Virus Res. 57, 197-202.
105. Orenstein, J. M., Alkan, S., Blauvelt, A., Jeang, K. T., Weinstein, M. D., Ganem, D. & Herndier, B. 1997 Visualization of human herpesvirus type 8 in Kaposi's sarcoma by light and transmission electron microscopy. AIDS 11, F35-F45.
106. Osborne, J., Moore, P. S. & Chang, Y. 1999 KSHV-encoded viral IL-6 activates multiple human IL-6 signaling pathways. Hum. Immunol. 60, 921-927.
107. Parravicini, C., Corbellino, M., Paulli, M., Magrini, U., Lazzarino, M., Moore, P. S. & Chang, Y. 1997a Expression of a virus-derived cytokine, KSHV vIL-6, in HIV-seronegative Castleman's disease. Am. J. Pathol. 151, 1517-1522.
108. Parravicini, C., Lauri, E., Baldini, L., Neri, A., Poli, F., Sirchia, G., Moroni, M., Galli, M. & Corbellino, M. 1997b Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and multiple myeloma. Science 278, 1969-1970.
109. Parravicini, C., Chandran, B., Corbellino, M., Berti, E., Paulli, M., Moore, P. S. & Chang, Y. 2000 Differential viral protein expression in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-infected diseases: Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. Am. J. Pathol. 156, 743-749.
110. Patel, D., Huang, S. M., Baglia, L. A. & McCance, D. J. 1999 The E6 protein of human papillomavirus type 16 binds to and inhibits co-activation by CBP and p300, EMBO J. 18, 5061-5072.
111. Pica, F., Volpi, A., Serafino, A., Fraschetti, M., Franzese, O. & Garaci, E. 2000 Autocrine nerve growth factor is essential for cell survival and viral maturation in HHV-8-infected primary effusion lymphoma cells. Blood 95, 2905-2912.
112. Platt, G. M., Cannell, E., Cuomo, M. E., Singh, S. & Mittnacht, S. 2000 Detection of the human herpesvirus 8-encoded cyclin protein in primary effusion lymphoma-derived cell lines. Virology 272, 257-266.
113. Ploegh, H. L. 1998 Viral strategies of immune evasion. Science 280, 248-253.
114. Renne, R., Zhong, W., Herndier, B., McGrath, M., Abbey, N., Kedes, D. & Ganem, D. 1996 Lytic growth of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) in culture. Nature Med. 2, 342-346.
115. Rettig, M. B. (and 11 others) 1997 Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection of bone marrow dendritic cells from multiple myeloma patients. Science 276, 1851-1854.
116. Rivas, C., Thlick, A. E., Parravicini, L., Moore, P. S. & Chang, V. 2001 Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus LANA2 is a B-cell-specific latent viral protein that inhibits p53. J. Virol. 75, 429-438.
117. Roan, F., Zimring, J. C., Goodbourn, S. & Offermann, M. K. 1999 Transcriptional activation by the human herpesvirus-8-encoded interferon regulatory factor. J. Gen. Virol. 80, 2205-2209.
118. Rosenkilde, M. M., Kledal, T. N., Brauner-Osborne, H. & Schwartz, T. W. 1999 Agonists and inverse agonists for the herpesvirus 8-encoded constitutively active seven-transmembrane oncogene product, ORF-74. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 956-961.
119. Russo, J. J. (and 10 others) 1996 Nucleotide sequence of the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8). Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 14 862-14 867.
120. Sangfelt, O., Erickson, S., Einhorn, S. & Grander, D. 1997 Induction of Cip/Kip and Ink4 cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors by interferon-alpha in hematopoietic cell lines. Oncogene 14, 415-423.
121. Sarid, R., Sato, T., Bohenzky, R. A., Russo, J. J. & Chang, Y. 1997 Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes a functional bcl-2 homologue. Nature Med. 3, 293-298.
122. Sarid, R., Flore, O., Bohenzky, R. A., Chang, Y. & Moore, P. S. 1998 Transcription mapping of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) genome in a body cavity-based lymphoma cell line (BC-1). J. Virol. 72, 1005-1012.
123. Sarid, R., Olsen, S. J. & Moore, P. S. 1999a Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: epidemiology, virology and molecular biology. Adv. Virus Res. 52, 139-232.
124. Sarid, R., Wiezorek, J. S., Moore, P. S. & Chang, Y. 1999b Characterization and cell cycle regulation of the major Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) latent genes and their promoter. J. Virol. 73, 1438-1446.
125. Schulz, T. F. 2000 Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8): epidemiology and pathogenesis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 45(Suppl T3), 15-27.
126. Schulz, T. F., Chang, Y. & Moore, P. S. 1998 Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8). In Human tumor viruses (ed. D. J. McCance), pp. 87-132. Washington, DC: ASM Press.
127. Schwarze, M. M. & Hawley, R. G. 1995 Prevention of myeloma cell apoptosis by ectopic bcl-2 expression or interleukin 6-mediated up-regulation of bcl-xL. Cancer Res. 55, 2262-2265.
128. Soulier, J. (and 10 others) 1995 Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in multicentric Castleman's disease. Blood 86, 1276-1280.
129. Sozzani, S. (and 14 others) 1998 The viral chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-II is a selective Th2 chemoattractant. Blood 92, 4036-4039.
130. Staskus, K. A., Sun, R., Miller, G., Racz, P., Jaslowski, A., Metroka, C., Brett-Smith, H. & Haase, A. T. 1999 Cellular tropism and viral interleukin-6 expression distinguish human herpesvirus 8 involvement in Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. J. Virol. 73, 4181-4187.
131. Stine, J. T. (and 14 others) 2000 KSHV-encoded CC chemokine vMIP-III is a CCR4 agonist, stimulates angiogenesis, and selectively chemoattracts TH2 cells. Blood 95, 1151-1157.
132. Sun, R., Lin, S. F., Gradoville, L., Yuan, Y., Zhu, F. & Miller, G. 1998 A viral gene that activates lytic cycle expression of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 10 866-10 871.
133. Sun, R., Lin, S. F., Staskus, K., Gradoville, L., Grogan, E., Haase, A. & Miller, G. 1999 Kinetics of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus gene expression. J. Virol. 73, 2232-2242.
134. Swanton, C., Mann, D. J., Fleckenstein, B., Neipel, F., Peters, G. & Jones, N. 1997 Herpes viral cyclin/Cdk6 complexes evade inhibition by CDK inhibitor proteins. Nature 390, 184-187.
135. Swanton, C., Card, G. L., Mann, D., McDonald, N. & Jones, N. 1999 Overcoming inhibitions: subversion of CKI function by viral cyclins. Trends Biochem. Sci. 24, 116-120.
136. Talbot, S. J., Weiss, R. A., Kellam, P. & Boshoff, C. 1999 Transcriptional analysis of human herpesvirus-8 open reading frames 71, 72, 73, K14, and 74 in a primary effusion lymphoma cell line. Virology 257, 84-94.
137. Tanaka, N., Ishihara, M., Lamphier, M. S., Nozawa, H., Matsuyama, T., Mak, T. W., Aizawa, S., Tokino, T., Oren, M. & Taniguchi, T. 1996 Cooperation of the tumour suppressors IRF-1 and p53 in response to DNA damage. Nature 382, 816-818.
138. Taniguchi, T., Harada, H. & Lamphier, M. 1995 Regulation of the interferon system and cell growth by the IRF transcription factors. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 121, 516-520.
139. Taniguchi, T., Lamphier, M. S. & Tanaka, N. 1997 IRF-1: the transcription factor linking the interferon response and oncogenesis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1333, M9-M17.
140. Tarte, K., Olsen, S. J., Yang Lu, Z., Legouffe, E., Rossi, J. F., Chang, Y. & Klein, B. 1998 Clinical-grade functional dendritic cells from patients with multiple myeloma are not infected with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Blood 91, 1852-1857.
141. Thome, M. (and 13 others) 1997 Viral FLICE-inhibitory proteins (FLIPs) prevent apoptosis induced by death receptors. Nature 386, 517-521.
142. Urashima, M., Teoh, G., Chauhan, D., Hoshi, Y., Ogata, A., Treon, S. P., Schlossman, R. L. & Anderson, K. C. 1997 Interleukin-6 overcomes p21WAF1 upregulation and G1 growth arrest induced by dexamethasone and interferon-gamma in multiple myeloma cells. Blood 90, 279-289.
143. Wan, X., Wang, H. & Nicholas, J. 1999 Human herpesvirus 8 interleukin-6 (vIL-6) signals through gp130 but has structural and receptor-binding properties distinct from those of human IL-6. J. Virol. 73, 8268-8278.
144. Wang, L., Grossman, S. R. & Kieff, E. 2000 Epstein-Barr virus nuclear protein 2 interacts with p300, CBP, and PCAF histone acetyltransferases in activation of the LMP1 promoter. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 430-435.
145. Weisz, A., Kirchhoff, S. & Levi, B. Z. 1994 IFN consensus sequence binding protein (ICSBP) is a conditional repressor of IFN inducible promoters. Int. Immunol. 6, 1125-1131.
146. Whitby, D., Boshoff, C., Luppi, M. & Torelli, G. 1997 Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and multiple myeloma. Science 278, 1971-1972.
147. Yang, X. J., Ogryzko, V. V., Nishikawa, J., Howard, B. H. & Nakatani, Y. 1996 A p300/CBP-associated factor that competes with the adenoviral oncoprotein E1A. Nature 382, 319-324.
148. Zhang, J. J., Vinkemeier, U., Gu, W., Chakravarti, D., Horvath, C. M. & Darnell, J. J. 1996 Two contact regions between Stat1 and CBP/p300 in interferon gamma signaling. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 15 092-15 096.
149. Zhong, W., Wang, H., Herndier, B. & Ganem, D. 1996 Restricted expression of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) genes in Kaposi sarcoma. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 6641-6646.
150. Zhu, F. X., Cusano, T. & Yuan, Y. 1999 Identification of the immediate-early transcripts of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Virol. 73, 5556-5567.
151. Zimring, J. C., Goodbourn, S. & Offermann, M. K. 1998 Human herpesvirus 8 encodes an interferon regulatory factor (IRF) homolog that represses IRF-1-mediated transcription. J. Virol. 72, 701-707.