Apoptosis and therapy

Journal of Pathology

Volumn 187, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 127-137

  Schmitt, Clemens A ^a   Lowe, Scott W ^a  

^a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Spring Harbor   (United States)

Author keywords

Anti cancer treatment; Clinical outcome; DNA damage; p53; Programmed cell death; Resistance

Indexed keywords

CYTOTOXIC AGENT; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN P53;

APOPTOSIS; CANCER THERAPY; CELL DEATH; CELL PROLIFERATION; DNA DAMAGE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TREATMENT FAILURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

APOPTOSIS; DRUG RESISTANCE, NEOPLASM; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS;

EID: 0032962588     PISSN: 00223417     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199901)187:1<127::AID-PATH251>3.0.CO;2-T     Document Type: Review

References (163)

1. Kerr JF, Winterford CM, Harmon BV. Apoptosis. Its significance in cancer and cancer therapy. Cancer 1994; 73: 2013-2026.
2. Evan G, Littlewood T. A matter of life and cell death. Science 1998; 281: 1317-1322.
3. Thompson CB. Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease. Science 1995; 267: 1456-1462.
4. Woo M, Hakem R, Soengas MS, et al. Essential contribution of caspase 3/CPP32 to apoptosis and its associated nuclear changes. Genes Dev 1998; 12: 806-819.
5. Chao DT, Korsmeyer SJ. BCL-2 family: regulators of cell death. Annu Rev Immunol 1998; 16: 395-419.
6. Tang C, Willingham MC, Reed JC, et al. High levels of p26BCL-2 oncoprotein retard taxol-induced apoptosis in human pre-B leukemia cells. Leukemia 1994; 8: 1960-1969.
7. Adams JM, Cory S. The Bcl-2 protein family: arbiters of cell survival. Science 1998; 281: 1322-1326.
8. Ashkenazi A, Dixit VM. Death receptors: signalling and modulation. Science 1998; 281: 1305-1308.
9. Green DR, Reed JC. Mitochondria and apoptosis. Science 1998; 281: 1309-1312.
10. Thornberry NA, Lazebnik Y. Caspases: enemies within. Science 1998; 281: 1312-1316.
11. Golstein P. Cell death: TRAIL and its receptors. Curr Biol 1997; 7: R750-R753.
12. Nagata S. Apoptosis by death factor. Cell 1997; 88: 355-365.
13. Cohen GM. Caspases: the executioners of apoptosis. Biochem J 1997; 326 (Pt 1): 1-16.
14. Shu HB, Halpin DR, Goeddel DV. Casper is a FADD-and caspase-related inducer of apoptosis. Immunity 1997; 6: 751-763.
15. Yeh WC, Pompa JL, McCurrach ME, et al. FADD: essential for embryo development and signalling from some, but not all, inducers of apoptosis. Science 1998; 279: 1954-1958.
16. Takeuchi M, Rothe M, Goeddel DV. Anatomy of TRAF2. Distinct domains for nuclear factor-kappaB activation and association with tumor necrosis factor signalling proteins. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 19 935-19 942.
17. Wang CY, Mayo MW, Korneluk RG, Goeddel DV, Baldwin AS Jr. NF-kappaB antiapoptosis: induction of TRAF1 and TRAF2 and c-IAP1 and C-IAP2 to suppress caspase-8 activation. Science 1998; 281: 1680-1683.
18. Siliciano JD, Canman CE, Taya Y, Sakaguchi K, Appella E, Kastan MB. DNA damage induces phosphorylation of the amino terminus of p53. Genes Dev 1997; 11: 3471-3481.
19. Woo RA, McLure KG, Lees-Miller SP, Rancourt DE, Lee PW. DNA-dependent protein kinase acts upstream of p53 in response to DNA damage. Nature 1998; 394: 700-704.
20. Miyashita T, Reed JC. Tumor suppressor p53 is a direct transcriptional activator of the human bax gene. Cell 1995; 80: 293-299.
21. Polyak K, Xia Y, Zweier JL, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. A model for p53-induced apoptosis. Nature 1997; 389: 300-305.
22. Skulachev VP. Cytochrome c in the apoptotic and antioxidant cascades. FEBS Lett 1998; 423: 275-280.
23. Zou H, Henzel WJ, Liu X, Lutschg A, Wang X. Apaf-1, a human protein homologous to C. elegans CED-4, participates in cytochrome c-dependent activation of caspase-3. Cell 1997; 90: 405-413.
24. Li P, Nijhawan D, Budihardjo I, et al. Cytochrome c and dATP-dependent formation of Apaf-1/caspase-9 complex initiates an apoptotic protease cascade. Cell 1997; 91: 479-489.
25. Hakem R, Hakem A, Duncan GS, et al. Differential requirement for caspase 9 in apoptotic pathways in vivo. Cell 1998; 94: 339-352.
26. Kuida K, Haydar TF, Kuan CY, et al. Reduced apoptosis and cytochrome c-mediated caspase activation in mice lacking caspase 9. Cell 1998; 94: 325-337.
27. Luo X, Budihardjo I, Zou H, Slaughter C, Wang X. Bid, a Bcl2 interacting protein, mediates cytochrome c release from mitochondria in response to activation of cell surface death receptors. Cell 1998; 94: 481-490.
28. Hu Y, Benedict MA, Wu D, Inohara N, Nunez G. Bcl-XL interacts with Apaf-1 and inhibits Apaf-1-dependent caspase-9 activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 4386-4391.
29. Pan G, O'Rourke K, Dixit VM. Caspase-9 Bcl-XL, and Apaf-1 form a ternary complex. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 5841-5845.
30. Reed JC, Jurgensmeier JM, Matsuyama S. Bcl-2 family proteins and mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998; 1366: 127-137.
31. Strasser A, Huang DC, Vaux DL. The role of the bcl-2/ced-9 gene family in cancer and general implications of defects in cell death control for tumourigenesis and resistance to chemotherapy. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997; 1333: F151-F178.
32. Lotem J, Sachs L. Cytokine suppression of protease activation in wild-type p53-dependent and p53-independent apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 9349-9353.
33. Symonds H, Krall L, Remington L, et al. p53-dependent apoptosis suppresses tumor growth and progression in vivo. Cell 1994; 78: 703-711.
34. Bardeesy N, Beckwith JB, Pelletier J. Clonal expansion and attenuated apoptosis in Wilms' tumors are associated with p53 gene mutations. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 215-219.
35. Evan GI, Wylie AH, Gilbert CS, et al. Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by c-myc protein. Cell 1992; 69: 119-128.
36. Harrington EA, Bennett MR, Fanidi A, Evan GI. c-Myc-induced apoptosis in fibroblasts is inhibited by specific cytokines. EMBO J 1994; 13: 3286-3295.
37. Graeber TG, Osmanian C, Jacks T, et al. Hypoxia-mediated selection of cells with diminished apoptotic potential in solid tumours. Nature 1996; 379: 88-91.
38. Hermeking H, Eick D. Mediation of c-Myc-induced apoptosis by p53. Science 1994; 265: 2091-2093.
39. Lowe SW, Jacks T, Housman DE, Ruley HE. Abrogation of oncogene-associated apoptosis allows transformation of p53-deficient cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 2026-2030.
40. Morgenbesser SD, Williams BO, Jacks T, DePinho RA. p53-dependent apoptosis produced by Rb-deficiency in the developing mouse lens. Nature 1994; 371: 72-74.
41. Wu X, Levine AJ. p53 and E2F-1 cooperate to mediate apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 3602-3606.
42. Serrano M, Lee H, Chin L, Cordon-Cardo C, Beach D, DePinho RA. Role of the INK4a locus in tumor suppression and cell mortality. Cell 1996; 85: 27-37.
43. de Stanchina E, McCurrach ME, Zindy F, et al. EIA signalling to p53 involves the p19(ARF) tumor suppressor. Genes Dev 1998; 12: 2434-2442.
44. Zindy F, Eischen CM, Randle DH, et al. Myc signalling via the ARF tumor suppressor regulates p53-dependent apoptosis and immortalization. Genes Dev 1998; 12: 2424-2433.
45. Stott FJ, Bates S, James MC, et al. The alternative product from the human CDKN2A locus, p14(ARF), participates in a regulatory feedback loop with p53 and MDM2. EMBO J 1998; 17: 5001-5014.
46. ARF links the tumour suppressors RB and p53. Nature 1998; 395: 124-125.
47. Vaux DL, Cory S, Adams JM. Bcl-2 gene promotes haemopoietic cell survival and cooperates with c-myc to immortalize pre-B cells. Nature 1988; 335: 440-442.
48. Christofori G, Naik P, Hanahan D. A second signal supplied by insulin-like growth factor II in oncogene-induced tumorigenesis. Nature 1994; 369: 414-418.
49. Elson A, Deng C, Campos-Torres J, Donehower LA, Leder P. The MMTV/c-myc transgene and p53 null alleles collaborate to induce T-cell lymphomas, but not mammary carcinomas in transgenic mice. Oncogene 1995; 11: 181-190.
50. Dive C, Hickman JA. Drug target interactions: only the first step in the commitment to a programmed cell death? Br J Cancer 1991; 64: 192-196.
51. Lowe SW, Ruley HE, Jacks T, Housman DE. p53-dependent apoptosis modulates the cytotoxicity of anticancer agents. Cell 1993; 74: 957-967.
52. Lotem J, Sachs L. Regulation by bcL2, c-myc, and p53 of susceptibility to induction of apoptosis by heat shock and cancer chemotherapy compounds in differentiation-competent and -defective myeloid leukemic cells. Cell Growth Differ 1993; 4: 41-47.
53. Rupnow BA, Murtha AD, Alarcon RM, Giaccia AJm Knox SJ. Direct evidence that apoptosis enhances tumor responses to fractionated radiotherapy. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 1779-1784.
54. Fisher DE. Apoptosis in cancer therapy: crossing the threshold. Cell 1994; 78: 539-542.
55. Del Bino G, Lassota P, Darzynkiewicz Z. The S-phase cytotoxicity of camptothecin. Exp Cell Res 1991; 193: 27-35.
56. Erba E, Sen S, Lorico A, D'Incalci M. Potentiation of etoposide cytotoxicity against a human ovarian cancer cell line by pretreatment with non-toxic concentrations of methotrexate or aphidicolin. Eur J Cancer 1992; 28: 66-71.
57. Darzynkiewicz Z. Apoptosis in antitumor strategies: modulation of cell cycle or differentiation. J Cell Biochem 1995; 58: 151-159.
58. Tsuboi K, Tsuchida Y, Nose T, Ando K. Cytotoxic effect of accelerated carbon beams on glioblastoma cell lines with p53 mutation: clonogenic survival and cell-cycle analysis. Int J Radiat Biol 1998; 74: 71-79.
59. Searle J, Lawson TA, Abbott PJ, Harmon B, Kerr JF. An electron-microscope study of the mode of cell death induced by cancer-chemotherapeutic agents in populations of proliferating normal and neoplastic cells. J Pathol 1975; 116: 129-138.
60. Lowe SW, Schmitt EM, Smith SW, Osborne BA, Jacks T. p53 is required for radiation-induced apoptosis in mouse thymocytes. Nature 1993; 362: 847-849.
61. Clarke AR, Gledhill S, Hooper ML, Bird CC, Wyllie AH. p53 dependence of early apoptotic and proliferative responses within the mouse intestinal epithelium following gamma-irradiation. Oncogene 1994; 9: 1767-1773.
62. Griffiths SD, Clarke AR, Healy LE, et al. Absence of p53 permits propagation of mutant cells following genotoxic damage. Oncogene 1997; 14: 523-531.
63. Lotem J, Sachs L. Hematopoietic cells from mice deficient in wild-type p53 are more resistant to induction of apoptosis by some agents. Blood 1993; 82: 1092-1096.
64. Merritt AJ, Potten CS, Kemp CJ, et al. The role of p53 in spontaneous and radiation-induced apoptosis in the gastrointestinal tract of normal and p53-deficient mice. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 614-617.
65. Pritchard DM, Potten CS, Hickman JA. The relationships between p53-dependent apoptosis, inhibition of proliferation and 5-fluorouracil-induced histopathology in murine intestinal epithelia. Cancer Res (in press).
66. Lowe SW, Bodis S, McClatchey A, et al. p53 status and the efficacy of cancer therapy in vivo. Science 1994; 266: 807-810.
67. Lowe SW. Cancer therapy and p53. Curr Opin Oncol 1995; 7: 547-553.
68. Weinstein JN, Myers TG, O'Connor PM, et al. An information-intensive approach to the molecular pharmacology of cancer. Science 1997; 275: 343-349.
69. Fujiwara T, Grimm EA, Mukhopadhyay T, Zhang WW, Owen-Schaub LB, Roth JA. Induction of chemosensitivity in human lung cancer cells in vivo by adenovirus-mediated transfer of the wild-type p53 gene. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 2287-2291.
70. Blagosklonny MV, El-Deiry WS. Acute overexpression of wt p53 facilitates anticancer drug-induced death of cancer and normal cells. Int J Cancer 1998; 75: 933-940.
71. Reed JC. Bcl-2 family proteins: regulators of apoptosis and chemoresistance in hematologic malignancies. Semin Hematol 1997; 34 (Suppl 5): 9-19.
72. Fisher TC, Milner AE, Gregory CD, et al. bcl-2 modulation of apoptosis induced by anticancer drugs: resistance to thymidylate stress is independent of classical resistance pathways. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 3321-3326.
73. Kamesaki S, Kamesaki H, Jorgensen TJ, Tanizawa A, Pommier Y, Cossman J. bcl-2 protein inhibits etoposide-induced apoptosis through its effects on events subsequent to topoisomerase II-induced DNA strand breaks and their repair. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 4251-4256.
74. Cory S. Regulation of lymphocyte survival by the bcl-2 gene family. Annu Rev Immunol 1995; 13: 513-543.
75. Datta R, Manome Y, Taneja N, et al. Overexpression of Bcl-XL by cytotoxic drug exposure confers resistance to ionizing radiation-induced internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Cell Growth Differ 1995; 6: 363-370.
76. Kojima H, Endo K, Moriyama H, et al. Abrogation of mitochondrial cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation in acquired multidrug resistance. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 16647-16650.
77. Reed JC. Mechanisms of Bcl-2 family protein function and dysfunction in health and disease. Behring Inst Mitt 1996; 97: 72-100.
78. McCurrach ME, Connor TM, Knudson CM, Korsmeyer SJ, Lowe SW. bax-deficiency promotes drug resistance and oncogenic transformation by attenuating p53-dependent apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94: 2345-2349.
79. Sakakura C, Sweeney EA, Shirahama T, et al. Overexpression of bax sensitizes human breast cancer MCF-7 cells to radiation-induced apoposis. Int J Cancer 1996; 67: 101-105.
80. Kohayashi T, Ruan S, Clodi K, et al. Overexpression of Bax gene sensitizes K562 erythroleukemia cells to apoptosis induced by selective chemotherapeutic agents. Oncogene 1998; 16: 1587-1591.
81. Oltvai ZN, Korsmeyer SJ. Checkpoints of dueling dimers foil death wishes. Cell 1994; 79: 189-192.
82. Srivastava RK, Srivastava AR, Korsmeyer SJ, Nesterova M, Cho-Chung YS, Longo DL. Involvement of microtubules in the regulation of Bcl2 phosphorylation and apoptosis through cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18: 3509-3517.
83. Friesen C, Herr I, Krammer PH, Debatin KM. Involvement of the CD95 (APO-1/FAS) receptor/ligand svstem in drug-induced apoptosis in leukemia cells. Nature Med 1996; 2: 574-577.
84. Gamen S, Anel A, Lasierra P, et al. Doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in human T-cell leukemia is mediated by caspase-3 activation in a Fas-independent way. FEBS Lett 1997; 417: 360-364.
85. Lischen CM, Kottke TJ, Martins LM, et al. Comparison of apoptosis in wild-type and Fas-resistant cells: chemotherapy-induced apoptosis is not dependent on Fas/Fas ligand interactions. Blood 1997; 90: 935-943.
86. Landowski TH, Gleason-Guzman MC, Dalton WS. Selection for drug resistance results in resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis. Blood 1997; 89: 1854-1861.
87. Los M, Herr I, Friesen C, Fulda S, Schulze-Osthoff K, Debatin KM. Cross-resistance of CD95-and drug-induced apoptosis as a consequence of deficient activation of caspases (ICE/Ced-3 proteases). Blood 1997; 90: 3118-3129.
88. Wu GS, Burns TF, McDonald ER, et al. KILLER/DR5 is a DNA damage-inducible p53-regulated death receptor gene. Nature Genet 1997; 17: 141-143.
89. Sheikh MS, Burns TF, Huang Y, et al. p53-dependent and -independent regulation of the death receptor KILLER/DR5 gene expression in response to genotoxic stress and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 1593-1598.
90. Green DR. Apoptotic pathways: the roads to ruin. Cell 1998; 94: 695-698.
91. Antoku K, Liu Z, Johnson DE. Inhibition of caspase proteases by CrmA enhances the resistance of human leukemic cells to multiple chemotherapeutic agents. Leukemia 1997; 11: 1665-1672.
92. Yoshida H, Kong Y-Y, Yoshida R, et al. Apaf1 is required for mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis and brain development. Cell 1998; 94: 739-750.
93. Eastman A. Survival factors, intracellular signal transduction, and the activation of endonucleases in apoptosis. Semin Cancer Biol 1995; 6: 45-52.
94. Walker A, Taylor ST, Hickman JA, Dive C. Germinal center-derived signals act with Bcl-2 to decrease apoptosis and increase clonogenicity of drug-treated human B lymphoma cells. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 1939-1945.
95. Schmitz ML, Indorf A, Limbourg FP, Stadtler H, Traenckner EB, Baeuerle PA. The dual effect of adenovirus type 5 E1A 13S protein on NF-kappaB activation is antagonized by E1B 19K. Mol Cell Biol 1996; 16: 4052-4063.
96. Ware CF, VanArsdale S, VanArsdale TL. Apoptosis mediated by the TNF-related cytokine and receptor families. J Cell Biochem 1996; 60: 47-55.
97. Mayo MW, Wang CY, Cogswell PC, et al. Requirement of NF-kappaB activation to suppress p53-independent apoptosis induced by oncogenic Ras. Science 1997; 278: 1812-1815.
98. Downward J. Ras signalling and apoptosis. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1998; 8: 49-54.
99. Jeremias I, Kupatt C, Baumann B, Herr I, Wirth T, Debatin KM. Inhibition of nuclear factor kappaB activation attenuates apoptosis resistance in lymphoid cells. Blood 1998; 91: 4624-4631.
100. Wang CY, Mayo MW, Baldwin AS Jr. TNF-and cancer therapy-induced apoptosis: potentiation by inhibition of NF-kappaB. Science 1996; 274: 784-787.
101. Maehama T, Dixon JE. The tumor suppressor. PTEN/MMAC1, dephosphorylates the lipid second messenger, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 13375-13378.
102. Myers MP, Pass I, Batty IH, et al. The lipid phosphatase activity of PTEN is critical for its tumor suppressor function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (in press).
103. Aas T, Borresen AL, Geisler S, et al. Specific P53 mutations are associated with de novo resistance to doxorubicin in breast cancer patients. Nature Med 1996; 2: 811-814.
104. Benhattar J, Cerottini JP, Saraga E, Metthez G, Givel JC. p53 mutations as a possible predictor of response to chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal carcinomas. Int J Cancer 1996; 69: 190-192.
105. Iwadate Y, Fujimoto S, Tagawa M, et al. Association of p53 gene mutation with decreased chemosensitivity in human malignant gliomas. Int J Cancer 1996; 69: 236-240.
106. Righetti SC, Della Torre G, Pilotti S, et al. A comparative study of p53 gene mutations, protein accumulation, and response to cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 689-693.
107. Taubert H, Meye A, Wurl P. Prognosis is correlated with p53 mutation type for soft tissue sarcoma patients. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 4134-4136.
108. Ichikawa A, Kinoshita T, Watanabe T, et al. Mutations of the p53 gene as a prognostic factor in aggressive B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 529-534.
109. Cordone I, Mast S, Mauro FR, et al. p53 expression in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a marker of disease progression and poor prognosis. Blood 1998; 91: 4342-4349.
110. Drach J, Ackermann J, Fritz E, et al. Presence of a p53 gene deletion in patients with multiple myeloma predicts for short survival after conventional-dose chemotherapy. Blood 1998; 92: 802-809.
111. Marks DI, Kurz BW, Link MP, et al. Altered expression of p53 and mdm-2 proteins at diagnosis is associated with early treatment failure in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 1158-1162.
112. Meijerink JP, Mensink EJ, Wang K, et al. Hematopoietic malignancies demonstrate loss-of-function mutations of BAX. Blood 1998; 91: 2991-2997.
113. Krajewski S, Blomqvist C, Franssila K, et al. Reduced expression of proapoptotic gene BAX is associated with poor response rates to combination chemotherapy and shorter survival in women with metastatic breast adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 4471-4478.
114. Sjostrom J, Krajewski S, Franssila K, et al. A multivariate analysis of tumour biological factors predicting response to cytotoxic treatment in advanced breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1998; 78: 812-815.
115. Pepper C, Hoy T, Bentley DP. Bcl-2/Bax ratios in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and their correlation with in vitro apoptosis and clinical resistance. Br J Cancer 1997; 76: 935-938.
116. Tu Y, Renner S, Xu F, et al. BCL-X expression in multiple myeloma: possible indicator of chemoresistance. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 256-262.
117. Beyermann B, Adams HP, Henze G. Philadelphia chromosome in relapsed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a matched-pair analysis. Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster Study Group. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 2231-2237.
118. Hawkins DS, Demers GW, Galloway DA. Inactivation of p53 enhances sensitivity to multiple chemotherapeutic agents. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 892-898.
119. Fan S, Smith ML, Rivet DJN, et al. Disruption of p53 function sensitizes breast cancer MCF-7 cells to cisplatin and pentoxifylline. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 1649-1654.
120. Lipponen P, Pietilainen T, Kosma VM, Aaltomaa S, Eskelinen M, Syrjanen K. Apoptosis suppressing protein bcl-2 is expressed in well-differentiated breast carcinomas with favourable prognosis. J Pathol 1995; 177: 49-55.
121. Berardo MD, Elledge RM, de Moor C, Clark GM, Osborne CK, Allred DC. bcl-2 and apoptosis in lymph node positive breast carcinoma. Cancer 1998; 82: 1296-1302.
122. Yin DX, Schimke RT. BCL-2 expression delays drug-induced apoptosis but does not increase clonogenic survival after drug treatment in HeLa cells. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 4922-4928.
123. Lock RB, Stribinskiene L. Dual modes of death induced by etoposide in human epithelial tumor cells allow Bcl-2 to inhibit apoptosis without affecting clonogenic survival. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 4006-4012.
124. Han JW, Dionne CA, Kedersha NL, Goldmacher VS. p53 status affects the rate of the onset but not the overall extent of doxorubicin-induced cell death in rat-1 fibroblasts constitutively expressing c-Myc. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 176-182.
125. Waldman T, Zhang Y, Dillehay L, et al. Cell-cycle arrest versus cell death in cancer therapy. Nature Med 1997; 3: 1034-1036.
126. Di Leonardo A, Linke SP, Clarkin K, Wahl GM. DNA damage triggers a prolonged p53-dependent G1 arrest and long-term induction of Cip1 in normal human fibroblasts. Genes Dev 1994; 8: 2540-2551.
127. Sjogren S, Inganas M, Norberg T, et al. The p53 gene in breast cancer: prognostic value of complementary DNA sequencing versus immunohistochemistry. J Mall Cancer Inst 1996; 88: 173-182.
128. Ko LJ, Prives C. p53: puzzle and paradigm. Genes Dev 1996; 10: 1054-1072.
129. Paquette RL, Lee YY, Wilczynski SP, et al. Mutations of p53 and human papillomavirus infection in cervical carcinoma. Cancer 1993; 72: 1272-1280.
130. Rampino N, Yamamoto H, Ionov Y, et al. Somatic frameshift mutations in the BAX gene in colon cancers of the microsatellite mutator phenotype. Science 1997; 275: 967-969.
131. Adams JM, Harris AW, Pinkert CA, et al. The c-myc oncogene driven by immunoglobulin enhancers induces lymphoid malignancy in transgenic mice. Nature 1985; 318: 533-538.
132. Sandig V, Brand K, Herwig S, Lukas J, Bartek J, Strauss M. Adenovirally transferred p16INK4/CDKN2 and p53 genes cooperate to induce apoptotic tumor cell death. Nature Med 1997; 3: 313-319.
133. Fueyo J, Gomez-Manzano C, Yung WK, et al. Overexpression of E2F-1 in glioma triggers apoptosis and suppresses tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Nature Med 1998; 4: 685-690.
134. Nielsen LL, Maneval DC. P53 tumor suppressor gene therapy for cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 1998; 5: 52-63.
135. Spitz FR, Nguyen D, Skibber JM, Cusack J, Roth JA, Cristiano RJ. In vivo adenovirus-mediated p53 tumor suppressor gene therapy for colorectal cancer. Anticancer Res 1996; 16: 3415-3422.
136. Badie B, Kramar MH, Lau R, Boothman DA. Economou JS, Black KL. Adenovirus-mediated p53 gene delivery potentiates the radiation-induced growth inhibition of experimental brain tumors. J Neurooncol 1998; 37: 217-222.
137. Roth JA, Swisher SG, Merritt JA, et al. Gene therapy for non-small cell lung cancer: a preliminary report of a phase I trial of adenoviral p53 gene replacement. Semin Oncol 1998; 25 (Suppl 8): 33-37.
138. Parr MJ, Manome Y, Tanaka T, et al. Tumor-selective transgene expression in vivo mediated by an E2F-responsive adenoviral vector. Nature Med 1997; 3: 1145-1149.
139. Seth P, Brinkmann U, Schwartz GN, et al. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to human breast tumor cells: an approach for cancer gene therapy and bone marrow purging. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 1346-1351.
140. Wroblewski JM, Lay LT, Meeker TC. Adenoviral vectors in hematology: purging, stem cell gene transfer, or both. Blood 1997; 89: 4664-4665.
141. Bedi A, Zehnbauer BA, Barber JP, Sharkis SJ, Jones RJ. Inhibition of apoptosis by BCR-ABL in chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood 1994; 83: 2038-2044.
142. Wright LA, Milliken S, Biggs JC, Kearney P. Ex vivo effects associated with the expression of a bcr-abl-specific ribozyme in a CML cell line. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev 1998; 8: 15-23.
143. Reed JC. Promise and problems of Bcl-2 antisense therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 988-990.
144. Jansen B, Schlagbauer-Wadl H, Brown BD, et al. bcl-2 antisense therapy chemosensitizes human melanoma in SC1D mice. Nature Med 1998; 4: 232-234.
145. Han JS, Nunez G, Wicha MS, Clarke MF. Targeting cancer cell death with a bcl-XS adenovirus. Springer Semin Immunopathol 1998; 19: 279-288.
146. Ealovega MW, McGinnis PK, Sumantran VN, Clarke MF, Wicha MS. bcl-xs gene therapy induces apoptosis of human mammary tumors in nude mice. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 1965-1969.
147. Clarke MF, Apel IJ, Benedict MA, et al. A recombinant bcl-x s adenovirus selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells but not in normal bone marrow cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 11024-11028.
148. Samuelson AV, Lowe SW. Selective induction of p53 and chemosensitivity in RB-deficient cells by E1A mutants unable to bind the RB-related proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 12094-12099.
149. Beltinger C, Kurz E, Bohler T, Schrappe M, Ludwig WD, Debatin KM. CD95 (APO-1/Fas) mutations in childhood T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1998; 91: 3943-3951.
150. Pai SI, Wu GS, Ozoren N, et al. Rare loss-of-function mutation of a death receptor gene in head and neck cancer. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 3513-3518.
151. Tamiya S, Etoh K, Suzushima H, Takatsuki K, Matsuoka M. Mutation of CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) gene in adult T-cell leukemia cells. Blood 1998; 91: 3935-3942.
152. Wold WS. Adenovirus genes that modulate the sensitivity of virus-infected cells to lysis by TNF. J Cell Biochem 1993; 53: 329-335.
153. Dong J, Naito M, Tsuruo T. c-Myc plays a role in cellular susceptibility to death receptor-mediated and chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in human monocytic leukemia U937 cells. Oncogene 1997; 15: 639-647.
154. Pan G, Ni J, Wei YF, Yu G, Gentz R, Dixit VM. An antagonist decoy receptor and a death domain-containing receptor for TRAIL. Science 1997; 277: 815-818.
155. Marcellus RC, Lavoie JN, Boivin D, Shore GC, Ketner G, Branton PE. The early region 4 orf4 protein of human adenovirus type 5 induces p53-independent cell death by apoptosis. J Virol 1998; 72: 7144-7153.
156. Noteborn MH, Todd D, Verschueren CA, et al. A single chicken anemia virus protein induces apoptosis. J Virol 1994; 68: 346-351.
157. Danen-Van Oorschot AA, Fischer DF, Grimbergen JM, et al. Apoptin induces apoptosis in human transformed and malignant cells but not in normal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 5843-5847.
158. Noteborn MHM, Zhang Y, van der Eb AJ. Apoptin(R) specifically causes apoptosis in tumor cells and after UV-treatment in untransformed cells from cancer-prone individuals: a review. Mutual Res 1998; 400: 447-455.
159. Koc ON, Allay JA, Lee K, Davis BM, Reese JS, Gerson SL. Transfers of drug resistance genes into hematopoietic progenitors to improve chemotherapy tolerance. Semin Oncol 1996; 23: 46-65.
160. Magni M, Shammah S, Schiro R, Mellado W, Dalla-Kavera R, Gianni AM. Induction of cyclophosphamide-resistance by aldehyde-dehydrogenase gene transfer. Blood 1996; 87: 1097-1103.
161. Wilson JW, Pritchard DM, Hickman JA, Potten CS. Radiation-induced p53 and p21WAF-1/CIP1 expression in the murine intestinal epithelium: apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Am J Pathol 1998; 153: 899-909.
162. Wlodarski P, Wasik M, Ratajczak MZ, et al. Role of p53 in hematopoietic recovery after cytotoxic treatment. Blood 1998; 91: 2998-3006.
163. Pritchard DM, Watson AJ, Potten CS, Jackman AL, Hickman JA. Inhibition by uridine but not thymidine of p53-dependent intestinal apoptosis initiated by 5-fluorouracil: evidence for the involvement of RNA perturbation. Proc Natl Acatt Sci USA 1997; 94: 1795-1799.