Function of the c-Myc oncogenic transcription factor

Experimental Cell Research

Volumn 253, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 63-77

  Dang, Chi V ^a   Resar, Linda M S ^a   Emison, Eileen ^a   Kim, Sunkyu ^a   Li, Qing ^a   Prescott, Julia E ^a   Wonsey, Diane ^a   Zeller, Karen ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; C Myc; Cell adhesion; Cell cycle; Immortalization; Metabolism; Oncogene; Transcription factor

Indexed keywords

MYC PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL ADHESION; CELL CYCLE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL IMMORTALIZATION; CELL METABOLISM; CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATION; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE TARGETING; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; ONCOGENE C MYC; POINT MUTATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY MECHANISM; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

EID: 0033604582     PISSN: 00144827     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/excr.1999.4686     Document Type: Article

References (238)

1. Bishop J. M. Retroviruses and cancer genes. Adv. Cancer Res. 37:1982;1-32.
2. Bister K., Jansen H. W. Oncogenes in retroviruses and cells: Biochemistry and molecular genetics. Adv. Cancer Res. 47:1986;99-188.
3. Sheiness D., Fanshier L., Bishop J. M. Identification of nucleotide sequences which may encode the oncogenic capacity of avian retrovirus MC29. J. Virol. 28:1978;600-610.
4. Sheiness D. K., Hughes S. H., Varmus H. E., Stubblefield E., Bishop J. M. The vertebrate homolog of the putative transforming gene of avian myelocytomatosis virus: Characteristics of the DNA locus and its RNA transcript. Virology. 105:1980;415-424.
5. Shen-Ong G. L., Keath E. J., Piccoli S. P., Cole M. D. Novel myc oncogene RNA from abortive immunoglobulin-gene recombination in mouse plasmacytomas. Cell. 31:1982;443-452.
6. Dalla-Favera R., Bregni M., Erikson J., Patterson D., Gallo R. C., Croce C. M. Human c-myc oncogene is located on the region of chromosome 8 that is translocated in Burkitt lymphoma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 79:1982;7824-7827.
7. Cole M. D. The myc oncogene: Its role in transformation and differentiation. Annu. Rev. Genet. 20:1986;361-384.
8. Dang C. V. c-Myc target genes involved in cell growth, apoptosis, and metabolism. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:1999;1-11.
9. DePinho R. A., Schreiber-Agus N., Alt F. W. Myc family oncogenes in the development of normal and neoplastic cells. Adv. Cancer Res. 57:1991;1-46.
10. Henriksson M., Luscher B. Proteins of the Myc network: Essential regulators of cell growth and differentiation. Adv. Cancer Res. 68:1996;109-182.
11. Lemaitre J. M., Buckle R. S., Mechali M. c-Myc in the control of cell proliferation and embryonic development. Adv. Cancer Res. 70:1996;95-144.
12. Marcu K. B., Bossone S. A., Patel A. J. Myc function and regulation. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 61:1992;809-860.
13. Meichle A., Philipp A., Eilers M. The functions of Myc proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1114:1992;129-146.
14. Davis A. C., Wims M., Spotts G. D., Hann S. R., Bradley A. A null c-myc mutation causes lethality before 10.5 days of gestation in homozygotes and reduced fertility in heterozygous female mice. Genes Dev. 7:1993;671-682.
15. Mateyak M. K., Obaya A. J., Adachi S., Sedivy J. M. Phenotypes of c-Myc-deficient rat fibroblasts isolated by targeted homologous recombination. Cell Growth Differ. 8:1997;1039-1048.
16. Croce C. M. Molecular biology of lymphomas. Semin. Oncol. 20:1993;31-46.
17. Cory S., Vaux D. L., Strasser A., Harris A. W., Adams J. M. Insights from Bcl-2 and Myc: Malignancy involves abrogation of apoptosis as well as sustained proliferation. Cancer Res. 59:1999;1685s-1692s.
18. Little C. D., Nau M. M., Carney D. N., Gazdar A. F., Minna J. D. Amplification and expression of the c-myc oncogene in human lung cancer cell lines. Nature. 306:1983;194-196.
19. Munzel P., Marx D., Kochel H., Schauer A., Bock K. W. Genomic alterations of the c-myc protooncogene in relation to the overexpression of c-erbB2 and Ki-67 in human breast and cervix carcinomas. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 117:1991;603-607.
20. Berns E. M., Klijn J. G., Smid M., van Staveren I. L., Look M. P., van Putten W. L., Foekens J. A. TP53 and MYC gene alterations independently predict poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 16:1996;170-179.
21. Bieche I., Lidereau R. Genetic alterations in breast cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 14:1995;227-251.
22. Escot C., Theillet C., Lidereau R., Spyratos F., Champeme M. H., Gest J., Callahan R. Genetic alteration of the c-myc protooncogene (MYC) in human primary breast carcinomas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 83:1986;4834-4838.
23. Pinion S. B., Kennedy J. H., Miller R. W., MacLean A. B. Oncogene expression in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cancer of cervix. Lancet. 337:1991;819-820.
24. Aoyama C., Peters J., Senadheera S., Liu P., Shimada H. Uterine cervical dysplasia and cancer: Identification of c-myc status by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Diagn. Mol. Pathol. 7:1998;324-330.
25. Wang Z. R., Liu W., Smith S. T., Parrish R. S., Young S. R. c-myc and chromosome 8 centromere studies of ovarian cancer by interphase FISH. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 66:1999;140-148.
26. Augenlicht L. H., Wadler S., Corner G., Richards C., Ryan L., Multani A. S., Pathak S., Benson A., Haller D., Heerdt B. G. Low-level c-myc amplification in human colonic carcinoma cell lines and tumors: A frequent, p53-independent mutation associated with improved outcome in a randomized multi-institutional trial. Cancer Res. 57:1997;1769-1775.
27. Bieche I., Laurendeau I., Tozlu S., Olivi M., Vidaud D., Lidereau R., Vidaud M. Quantitation of MYC gene expression in sporadic breast tumors with a real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay. Cancer Res. 59:1999;2759-2765.
28. Escot C., Simony-Lafontaine J., Maudelonde T., Puech C., Pujol H., Rochefort H. Potential value of increased MYC but not ERBB2 RNA levels as a marker of high-risk mastopathies. Oncogene. 8:1993;969-974.
29. Erisman M. D., Rothberg P. G., Diehl R. E., Morse C. C., Spandorfer J. M., Astrin S. M. Deregulation of c-myc gene expression in human colon carcinoma is not accompanied by amplification or rearrangement of the gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:1985;1969-1976.
30. Erisman M. D., Scott J. K., Watt R. A., Astrin S. M. The c-myc protein is constitutively expressed at elevated levels in colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Oncogene. 2:1988;367-378.
31. Erisman M. D., Scott J. K., Astrin S. M. Evidence that the familial adenomatous polyposis gene is involved in a subset of colon cancers with a complementable defect in c-myc regulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86:1989;4264-4268.
32. Bhatia K., Huppi K., Spangler G., Siwarski D., Iyer R., Magrath I. Point mutations in the c-Myc transactivation domain are common in Burkitt's lymphoma and mouse plasmacytomas. Nat. Genet. 5:1993;56-61.
33. Bhatia K., Spangler G., Gaidano G., Hamdy N., Dalla-Favera R., Magrath I. Mutations in the coding region of c-myc occur frequently in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated lymphomas. Blood. 84:1994;883-888.
34. Clark H. M., Yano T., Otsuki T., Jaffe E. S., Shibata D., Raffeld M. Mutations in the coding region of c-MYC in AIDS-associated and other aggressive lymphomas. Cancer Res. 54:1994;3383-3386.
35. Yano T., Sander C. A., Clark H. M., Dolezal M. V., Jaffe E. S., Raffeld M. Clustered mutations in the second exon of the MYC gene in sporadic Burkitt's lymphoma. Oncogene. 8:1993;2741-2748.
36. Rabbitts T. H., Forster A., Hamlyn P., Baer R. Effect of somatic mutation within translocated c-myc genes in Burkitt's lymphoma. Nature. 309:1984;592-597.
37. Luscher B., Kuenzel E. A., Krebs E. G., Eisenman R. N. Myc oncoproteins are phosphorylated by casein kinase II. EMBO J. 8:1989;1111-1119.
38. Luscher B., Eisenman R. N. Mitosis-specific phosphorylation of the nuclear oncoproteins Myc and Myb. J. Cell Biol. 118:1992;775-784.
39. Lutterbach B., Hann S. R. Hierarchical phosphorylation at N-terminal transformation-sensitive sites in c-Myc protein is regulated by mitogens and in mitosis. Mol. Cell Biol. 14:1994;5510-5522.
40. Chou T. Y., Hart G. W., Dang C. V. c-Myc is glycosylated at threonine 58, a known phosphorylation site and a mutational hot spot in lymphomas. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;18961-18965.
41. Chou T. Y., Dang C. V., Hart G. W. Glycosylation of the c-Myc transactivation domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;4417-4421.
42. Gu W., Bhatia K., Magrath I. T., Dang C. V., Dalla-Favera R. Binding and suppression of the Myc transcriptional activation domain by p107. Science. 264:1994;251-254.
43. Hoang A. T., Lutterbach B., Lewis B. C., Yano T., Chou T. Y., Barrett J. F., Raffeld M., Hann S. R., Dang C. V. A link between increased transforming activity of lymphoma-derived MYC mutant alleles, their defective regulation by p107, and altered phosphorylation of the c-Myc transactivation domain. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:1995;4031-4042.
44. Smith-Sorensen B., Hijmans E. M., Beijersbergen R. L., Bernards R. Functional analysis of Burkitt's lymphoma mutant c-Myc proteins. Chemistry. 271:1996;5513-5518.
45. Ciechanover A., DiGiuseppe J. A., Bercovich B., Orian A., Richter J. D., Schwartz A. L., Brodeur G. M. Degradation of nuclear oncoproteins by the ubiquitin system in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:1991;139-143.
46. Flinn E. M., Busch C. M., Wright A. P. Myc boxes, which are conserved in Myc family proteins, are signals for protein degradation via the proteasome. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:1998;5961-5969.
47. Salghetti S. E., Kim S. Y., Tansey W. P. Destruction of Myc by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis: Cancer-associated and transforming mutations stabilize Myc. EMBO J. 18:1999;717-726.
48. Afar D. E., Goga A., McLaughlin J., Witte O. N., Sawyers C. L. Differential complementation of Bcr-Abl point mutants with c-Myc. Science. 264:1994;424-426.
49. Sawyers C. L., Callahan W., Witte O. N. Dominant negative MYC blocks transformation by ABL oncogenes. Cell. 70:1992;901-910.
50. Bourgeade M. F., Defachelles A. S., Cayre Y. E. Myc is essential for transformation by TEL/platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRbeta). Blood. 91:1998;3333-3339.
51. Barone M. V., Courtneidge S. A. Myc but not Fos rescue of PDGF signalling block caused by kinase-inactive Src. Nature. 378:1995;509-512.
52. He T. C., Sparks A. B., Rago C., Hermeking H., Zawel L., da Costa L. T., Morin P. J., Vogelstein B., Kinzler K. W. Identification of c-MYC as a target of the APC pathway. Science. 281:1998;1509-1512.
53. Kolligs F. T., Hu G., Dang C. V., Fearon E. R. Neoplastic transformation of RK3E by mutant beta-catenin requires deregulation of Tcf/Lef transcription but not activation of c-myc expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:1999;5696-5706.
54. Battey J., Moulding C., Taub R., Murphy W., Stewart T., Potter H., Lenóir G., Leder P. The human c-myc oncogene: Structural consequences of translocation into the IgH locus in Burkitt lymphoma. Cell. 34:1983;779-787.
55. Stoneley M., Paulin F. E., Le Quesne J. P., Chappell S. A., Willis A. E. c-Myc 5′ untranslated region contains an internal ribosome entry segment. Oncogene. 16:1998;423-428.
56. Carter P. S., Jarquin-Pardo M., De Benedetti A. Differential expression of Myc1 and Myc2 isoforms in cells transformed by eIF4E: Evidence for internal ribosome repositioning in the human c-myc 5′UTR. Oncogene. 18:1999;4326-4335.
57. Hann S. R., King M. W., Bentley D. L., Anderson C. W., Eisenman R. N. A non-AUG translational initiation in c-myc exon 1 generates an N-terminally distinct protein whose synthesis is disrupted in Burkitt's lymphomas. Cell. 52:1988;185-195.
58. Hann S. R. Methionine deprivation regulates the translation of functionally-distinct c-Myc proteins. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 375:1995;107-116.
59. Spotts G. D., Patel S. V., Xiao Q., Hann S. R. Identification of downstream-initiated c-Myc proteins which are dominant-negative inhibitors of transactivation by full-length c-Myc proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:1997;1459-1468.
60. Xiao Q., Claassen G., Shi J., Adachi S., Sedivy J., Hann S. R. Transactivation-defective c-MycS retains the ability to regulate proliferation and apoptosis. Genes Dev. 12:1998;3803-3808.
61. Stone J., de Lange T., Ramsay G., Jakobovits E., Bishop J. M., Varmus H., Lee W. Definition of regions in human c-myc that are involved in transformation and nuclear localization. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:1987;1697-1709.
62. Dang C. V. c-myc oncoprotein function. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1072:1991;103-113.
63. Kato G. J., Barrett J., Villa-Garcia M., Dang C. V. An amino-terminal c-myc domain required for neoplastic transformation activates transcription. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:1990;5914-5920.
64. Asker C., Steinitz M., Andersson K., Sumegi J., Klein G., Ingvarsson S. Nucleotide sequence of the rat Bmyc gene. Oncogene. 4:1989;1523-1527.
65. Asker C. E., Magnusson K. P., Piccoli S. P., Andersson K., Klein G., Cole M. D., Wiman K. G. Mouse and rat B-myc share amino acid sequence homology with the c-myc transcriptional activator domain and contain a B-myc specific carboxy terminal region. Oncogene. 11:1995;1963-1969.
66. Resar L. M., Dolde C., Barrett J. F., Dang C. V. B-myc inhibits neoplastic transformation and transcriptional activation by c-myc. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:1993;1130-1136.
67. Luscher B., Larsson L. G. The basic region/helix-loop-helix/leucine zipper domain of Myc proto-oncoproteins: Function and regulation. Oncogene. 18:1999;2955-2966.
68. Blackwell T. K., Kretzner L., Blackwood E. M., Eisenman R. N., Weintraub H. Sequence-specific DNA binding by the c-Myc protein. Science. 250:1990;1149-1151.
69. Blackwell T. K., Huang J., Ma A., Kretzner L., Alt F. W., Eisenman R. N., Weintraub H. Binding of myc proteins to canonical and noncanonical DNA sequences. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:1993;5216-5224.
70. Prendergast G. C., Ziff E. B. DNA-binding motif. Nature. 341:1989;392.
71. Prendergast G. C., Ziff E. B. Methylation-sensitive sequence-specific DNA binding by the c-Myc basic region. Science. 251:1991;186-189.
72. Blackwood E. M., Eisenman R. N. Max: A helix-loop-helix zipper protein that forms a sequence-specific DNA-binding complex with Myc. Science. 251:1991;1211-1217.
73. Prendergast G. C., Lawe D., Ziff E. B. Association of Myn, the murine homolog of max, with c-Myc stimulates methylation-sensitive DNA binding and ras cotransformation. Cell. 65:1991;395-407.
74. Kato G. J., Lee W. M., Chen L. L., Dang C. V. Max: Functional domains and interaction with c-Myc. Genes Dev. 6:1992;81-92.
75. Kato G. J., Dang C. V. Function of the c-Myc oncoprotein. FASEB J. 6:1992;3065-3072.
76. Blackwood E. M., Kretzner L., Eisenman R. N. Myc and Max function as a nucleoprotein complex. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 2:1992;227-235.
77. Amati B., Land H. Myc-Max-Mad: A transcription factor network controlling cell cycle progression, differentiation and death. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 4:1994;102-108.
78. Ayer D. E., Kretzner L., Eisenman R. N. Mad: A heterodimeric partner for Max that antagonizes Myc transcriptional activity. Cell. 72:1993;211-222.
79. Foley K. P., Eisenman R. N. Two MAD tails: What the recent knockouts of Mad1 and Mxi1 tell us about the MYC/MAX/MAD network. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1423:1999;M37-47.
80. Schreiber-Agus N., Chin L., Chen K., Torres R., Rao G., Guida P., Skoultchi A. I., DePinho R. A. An amino-terminal domain of Mxi1 mediates anti-Myc oncogenic activity and interacts with a homolog of the yeast transcriptional repressor SIN3. Cell. 80:1995;777-786.
81. Alland L., Muhle R., Hou H. Jr., Potes J., Chin L., Schreiber-Agus N., DePinho R. A. Role for N-CoR and histone deacetylase in Sin3-mediated transcriptional repression. Nature. 387:1997;49-55.
82. Ayer D. E., Lawrence Q. A., Eisenman R. N. Mad-Max transcriptional repression is mediated by ternary complex formation with mammalian homologs of yeast repressor Sin3. Cell. 80:1995;767-776.
83. Heinzel T., Lavinsky R. M., Mullen T. M., Soderstrom M., Laherty C. D., Torchia J., Yang W. M., Brard G., Ngo S. D., Davie J. R., Seto E., Eisenman R. N., Rose D. W., Glass C. K., Rosenfeld M. G. A complex containing N-CoR, mSin3 and histone deacetylase mediates transcriptional repression. Nature. 387:1997;43-48.
84. Laherty C. D., Billin A. N., Lavinsky R. M., Yochum G. S., Bush A. C., Sun J. M., Mullen T. M., Davie J. R., Rose D. W., Glass C. K., Rosenfeld M. G., Ayer D. E., Eisenman R. N. SAP30, a component of the mSin3 corepressor complex involved in N-CoR-mediated repression by specific transcription factors. Mol. Cell. 2:1998;33-42.
85. Sommer A., Hilfenhaus S., Menkel A., Kremmer E., Seiser C., Loidl P., Luscher B. Cell growth inhibition by the Mad/Max complex through recruitment of histone deacetylase activity. Curr. Biol. 7:1997;357-365.
86. Harper S. E., Qiu Y., Sharp P. A. Sin3 corepressor function in Myc-induced transcription and transformation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;8536-8540.
87. Chin L., Schreiber-Agus N., Pellicer I., Chen K., Lee H. W., Dudast M., Cordon-Cardo C., DePinho R. A. Contrasting roles for Myc and Mad proteins in cellular growth and differentiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;8488-8492.
88. Hurlin P. J., Ayer D. E., Grandori C., Eisenman R. N. The Max transcription factor network: Involvement of Mad in differentiation and an approach to identification of target genes. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 59:1994;109-116.
89. Hurlin P. J., Foley K. P., Ayer D. E., Eisenman R. N., Hanahan D., Arbeit J. M. Regulation of Myc and Mad during epidermal differentiation and HPV-associated tumorigenesis. Oncogene. 11:1995;2487-2501.
90. Ayer D. E., Eisenman R. N. A switch from Myc:Max to Mad:Max heterocomplexes accompanies monocyte/macrophage differentiation. Genes Dev. 7:1993;2110-2119.
91. Albarosa R., DiDonato S., Finocchiaro G. Redefinition of the coding sequence of the MXI1 gene and identification of a polymorphic repeat in the 3′ non-coding region that allows the detection of loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 10q25 in glioblastomas. Hum. Genet. 95:1995;709-711.
92. Bartsch D., Peiffer S. L., Kaleem Z., Wells S. A. Jr., Goodfellow P. J. Mxi1 tumor suppressor gene is not mutated in primary pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Lett. 102:1996;73-76.
93. Eagle L. R., Yin X., Brothman A. R., Williams B. J., Atkin N. B., Prochownik E. V. Mutation of the MXI1 gene in prostate cancer. Nat. Genet. 9:1955;249-255.
94. Kawamata N., Park D., Wilczynski S., Yokota J., Koeffler H. P. Point mutations of the Mxil gene are rare in prostate cancers. Prostate. 29:1996;191-193.
95. Kuczyk M. A., Serth J., Bokemeyer C., Schwede J., Herrmann R., Machtens S., Grunewald V., Hofner K., Jonas U. The MXI1 tumor suppressor gene is not mutated in primary prostate cancer. Oncol. Rep. 5:1998;213-216.
96. Li X. J., Wang D. Y., Zhu Y., Guo R. J., Wang X. D., Lubomir K., Mukai K., Sasaki H., Yoshida H., Oka T., Machinami R., Shinmura K., Tanaka M., Sugimura H. Mxi1 mutations in human neurofibrosarcomas. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 90:1999;740-746.
97. Prochownik E. V., Eagle Grove L., Deubler D., Zhu X. L., Stephenson R. A., Rohr L. R., Yin X., Brothman A. R. Commonly occurring loss and mutation of the MXI1 gene in prostate cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 22:1998;295-304.
98. Wechsler D. S., Shelly C. A., Petroff C. A., Dang C. V. MXI1, a putative tumor suppressor gene, suppresses growth of human glioblastoma cells. Cancer Res. 57:1997;4905-4912.
99. Schreiber-Agus N., Meng Y., Hoang T., Hou H. Jr., Chen K., Greenberg R., Cordon-Cardo C., Lee H. W., DePinho R. A. Role of Mxi1 in ageing organ systems and the regulation of normal and neoplastic growth. Nature. 393:1998;483-487.
100. Foley K. P., McArthur G. A., Queva C., Hurlin P. J., Soriano P., Eisenman R. N. Targeted disruption of the MYC antagonist MAD1 inhibits cell cycle exit during granulocyte differentiation. EMBO J. 17:1998;774-785.
101. Amati B., Dalton S., Brooks M. W., Littlewood T. D., Evan G. I., Land H. Transcriptional activation by the human c-Myc oncoprotein in yeast requires interaction with Max. Nature. 359:1992;423-426.
102. Amin C., Wagner A. J., Hay N. Sequence-specific transcriptional activation by Myc and repression by Max. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:1993;383-390.
103. Gu W., Cechova K., Tassi V., Dalla-Favera R. Opposite regulation of gene transcription and cell proliferation by c-Myc and Max. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;2935-2939.
104. Kretzner L., Blackwood E. M., Eisenman R. N. Myc and Max proteins possess distinct transcriptional activities. Nature. 359:1992;426-429.
105. Lee L. A., Resar L. M., Dang C. V. Cell density and paradoxical transcriptional properties of c-Myc and Max in cultured mouse fibroblasts. J. Clin. Invest. 95:1995;900-904.
106. Hateboer G., Timmers H. T., Rustgi A. K., Billaud M., van't Veer L. J., Bernards R. TATA-binding protein and the retinoblastoma gene product bind to overlapping epitopes on c-Myc and adenovirus E1A protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;8489-8493.
107. Maheswaran S., Lee H., Sonenshein G. E. Intracellular association of the protein product of the c-myc oncogene with the TATA-binding protein. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:1994;1147-1152.
108. McEwan I. J., Dahlman-Wright K., Ford J., Wright A. P. Functional interaction of the c-Myc transactivation domain with the TATA binding protein: Evidence for an induced fit model of transactivation domain folding. Biochemistry. 35:1996;9584-9593.
109. Sakamuro D., Prendergast G. C. New Myc-interacting proteins: A second Myc network emerges. Oncogene. 18:1999;2942-2954.
110. Taira T., Maeda J., Onishi T., Kitaura H., Yoshida S., Kato H., Ikeda M., Tamai K., Iguchi-Ariga S. M., Ariga H. AMY-1, a novel C-MYC binding protein that stimulates transcription activity of C-MYC. Genes Cells. 3:1998;549-565.
111. Batsche E., Muchardt C., Behrens J., Hurst H. C., Cremisi C. RB and c-Myc activate expression of the E-cadherin gene in epithelial cells through interaction with transcription factor AP-2. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:1998;3647-3658.
112. Gaubatz S., Imhof A., Dosch R., Werner O., Mitchell P., Buettner R., Eilers M. Transcriptional activation by Myc is under negative control by the transcription factor AP-2. EMBO J. 14:1995;1508-1519.
113. Wechsler-Reya R., Elliott K., Herlyn M., Prendergast G. C. The putative tumor suppressor BIN1 is a short-lived nuclear phosphoprotein, the localization of which is altered in malignant cells. Cancer Res. 57:1997;3258-3263.
114. Sakamuro D., Elliott K. J., Wechsler-Reya R., Prendergast G. C. BIN1 is a novel MYC-interacting protein with features of a tumour suppressor. Nat. Genet. 14:1996;69-77.
115. Elliott K., Sakamuro D., Basu A., Du W., Wunner W., Staller P., Gaubatz S., Zhang H., Prochownik E., Eilers M., Prendergast G. C. Bin1 functionally interacts with Myc and inhibits cell proliferation via multiple mechanisms. Oncogene. 18:1999;3564-3573.
116. Wang Q., Zhang H., Kajino K., Greene M. I. BRCA1 binds c-Myc and inhibits its transcriptional and transforming activity in cells. Oncogene. 17:1998;1939-1948.
117. Freytag S. O., Geddes T. J. Reciprocal regulation of adipogenesis by Myc and C/EBP alpha. Science. 256:1992;379-382.
118. Mink S., Mutschler B., Weiskirchen R., Bister K., Klempnauer K. H. A novel function for Myc: Inhibition of C/EBP-dependent gene activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;6635-6640.
119. Cheng S. W., Davies K. P., Yung E., Beltran R. J., Yu J., Kalpana G. V. c-MYC interacts with INI1/hSNF5 and requires the SWI/SNF complex for transactivation function. Nat. Genet. 22:1999;102-105.
120. Peukert K., Staller P., Schneider A., Carmichael G., Hanel F., Eilers M. An alternative pathway for gene regulation by Myc. EMBO J. 16:1997;5672-5686.
121. Bao J., Zervos A. S. Isolation and characterization of Nmi, a novel partner of Myc proteins. Oncogene. 12:1996;2171-2176.
122. Zhu M., John S., Berg M., Leonard W. J. Functional association of Nmi with Stat5 and Stat1 in IL-2- and IFNgamma-mediated signaling. Cell. 96:1999;121-130.
123. Guo Q., Xie J., Dang C. V., Liu E. T., Bishop J. M. Identification of a large Myc-binding protein that contains RCC1-like repeats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:1998;9172-9177.
124. Beijersbergen R. L., Hijmans E. M., Zhu L., Bernards R. Interaction of c-Myc with the pRb-related protein p107 results in inhibition of c-Myc-mediated transactivation. EMBO J. 13:1994;4080-4086.
125. Roy A. L., Carruthers C., Gutjahr T., Roeder R. G. Direct role for Myc in transcription initiation mediated by interactions with TFII-I. Nature. 365:1993;359-361.
126. Alexandrova N., Niklinski J., Bliskovsky V., Otterson G. A., Blake M., Kaye F. J., Zajac-Kaye M. The N-terminal domain of c-Myc associates with alpha-tubulin and microtubules in vivo and in vitro. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:1995;5188-5195.
127. McMahon S. B., Van Buskirk H. A., Dugan K. A., Copeland T. D., Cole M. D. The novel ATM-related protein TRRAP is an essential cofactor for the c-Myc and E2F oncoprotein. Cell. 94:1998;363-374.
128. Grant P. A., Schieltz D., Pray-Grant M. G., Yates J. R. 3rd, Workman J. L. The ATM-related cofactor Tra1 is a component of the purified SAGA complex. Mol. Cell. 2:1998;863-867.
129. Vassilev A., Yamauchi J., Kotani T., Prives C., Avantaggiati M. L., Qin J., Nakatani Y. The 400 kDa subunit of the PCAF histone acetylase complex belongs to the ATM superfamily. Mol. Cell. 2:1998;869-875.
130. Brand M., Yamamoto K., Staub A., Tora L. Identification of TATA-binding protein-free TAFII-containing complex subunits suggests a role in nucleosome acetylation and signal transduction. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;18285-18289.
131. Cole M. D., McMahon S. B. The Myc oncoprotein: A critical evaluation of transactivation and target gene regulation. Oncogene. 18:1994;2916-2924.
132. Wechsler D. S., Papoulas O., Dang C. V., Kingston R. E. Differential binding of c-Myc and Max to nucleosomal DNA. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:1994;4097-4107.
133. Sommer A., Bousset K., Kremmer E., Austen M., Luscher B. Identification and characterization of specific DNA-binding complexes containing members of the Myc/Max/Mad network of transcriptional regulators. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;6632-6642.
134. Claassen G. F., Hann S. R. Myc-mediated transformation: The repression connection. Oncogene. 18:1999;2925-2933.
135. Lee L. A., Dang C. V. c-Myc transrepression and cell transformation. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 224:1997;131-135.
136. Li L. H., Nerlov C., Prendergast G., MacGregor D., Ziff E. B. c-Myc represses transcription in vivo by a novel mechanism dependent on the initiator element and Myc box II. EMBO J. 13:1994;4070-4079.
137. Lee L. A., Dolde C., Barrett J., Wu C. S., Dang C. V. A link between c-Myc-mediated transcriptional repression and neoplastic transformation. J. Clin. Invest. 97:1996;1687-1695.
138. Lee T. C., Li L., Philipson L., Ziff E. B. Myc represses transcription of the growth arrest gene gas1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94:1997;12886-12891.
139. Yang B. S., Geddes T. J., Pogulis R. J., de Crombrugghe B., Freytag S. O. Transcriptional suppression of cellular gene expression by c-Myc. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:1991;2291-2295.
140. Yang B. S., Gilbert J. D., Freytag S. O. Overexpression of Myc suppresses CCAAT transcription factor/nuclear factor 1-dependent promoters in vivo. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:1993;3093-3102.
141. Galaktionov K., Chen X., Beach D. Cdc25 cell-cycle phosphatase as a target of c-myc. Nature. 382:1996;511-517.
142. Grandori C., Eisenman R. N. Myc target genes. Trends Biochem. Sci. 22:1997;177-181.
143. Grandori C., Mac J., Siebelt F., Ayer D. E., Eisenman R. N. Myc-Max heterodimers activate a DEAD box gene and interact with multiple E box-related sites in vivo. EMBO J. 15:1996;4344-4357.
144. Boyd K. E., Wells J., Gutman J., Bartley S. M., Farnham P. J. c-Myc target gene specificity is determined by a post-DNA binding mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:1998;13887-13892.
145. Tavtigian S. V., Zabludoff S. D., Wold B. J. Cloning of mid-G1 serum response genes and identification of a subset regulated by conditional myc expression. Mol. Biol. Cell. 5:1994;375-388.
146. Roussel M. F., Theodoras A. M., Pagano M., Sherr C. J. Rescue of defective mitogenic signaling by D-type cyclins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;6837-6841.
147. Roussel M. F. Key effectors of signal transduction and G1 progression. Adv. Cancer Res. 74:1998;1-24.
148. Roussel M. F. Regulation of cell cycle entry and G1 progression by CSF-1. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 46:1997;11-18.
149. Daksis J. I., Lu R. Y., Facchini L. M., Marhin W. W., Penn L. J. Myc induces cyclin D1 expression in the absence of de novo protein synthesis and links mitogen-stimulated signal transduction to the cell cycle. Oncogene. 9:1994;3635-3645.
150. Mateyak M. K., Obaya A. J., Sedivy J. M. c-Myc regulates cyclin D-Cdk4 and -Cdk6 activity but affects cell cycle progression at multiple independent points. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:1999;4672-4683.
151. Philipp A., Schneider A., Vasrik I., Finke K., Xiong Y., Beach D., Alitalo K., Eilers M. Repression of cyclin D1: A novel function of MYC. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:1994;4032-4043.
152. Rosenwald I. B., Lazaris-Karatzas A., Sonenberg N., Schmidt E. V. Elevated levels of cyclin D1 protein in response to increased expression of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:1993;7358-7363.
153. Solomon D. L., Philipp A., Land H., Eilers M. Expression of cyclin D1 mRNA is not upregulated by Myc in rat fibroblasts. Oncogene. 11:1995;1893-1897.
154. Barrett J. F., Lewis B. C., Hoang A. T., Alvarez R. J. Jr., Dang C. V. Cyclin A links c-Myc to adhesion-independent cell proliferation. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;15923-15925.
155. Hanson K. D., Shichiri M., Follansbee M. R., Sedivy J. M. Effects of c-myc expression on cell cycle progression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:1994;5748-5755.
156. Jansen-Durr P., Meichle A., Steiner P., Pagano M., Finke K., Botz J., Wessbecher J., Draetta G., Eilers M. Differential modulation of cyclin gene expression by MYC. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;3685-3689.
157. Rudolph B., Saffrich R., Zwicker J., Henglein B., Muller R., Ansorge W., Eilers M. Activation of cyclin-dependent kinases by Myc mediates induction of cyclin A, but not apoptosis. EMBO J. 15:1996;3065-3076.
158. Perez-Roger I., Solomon D. L., Sewing A., Land H. Myc activation of cyclin E/Cdk2 kinase involves induction of cyclin E gene transcription and inhibition of p27(Kip1) binding to newly formed complexes. Oncogene. 14:1997;2373-2381.
159. Amati B., Alevizopoulos K., Vlach J. Myc and the cell cycle. Front. Biosci. 3:1998;D250-D268.
160. Muller D., Bouchard C., Rudolph B., Steiner P., Stuckmann I., Saffrich R., Ansorge W., Huttner W., Eilers M. Cdk2-dependent phosphorylation of p27 facilitates its Myc-induced release from cyclin E/cdk2 complexes. Oncogene. 15:1997;2561-2576.
161. Vlach J., Hennecke S., Alevizopoulos K., Conti D., Amati B. Growth arrest by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 is abrogated by c-Myc. EMBO J. 15:1996;6595-6604.
162. Pusch O., Bernaschek G., Eilers M., Hengstschlager M. Activation of c-Myc uncouples DNA replication from activation of G1-cyclin-dependent kinases. Oncogene. 15:1997;649-656.
163. Mai S., Fluri M., Siwarski D., Huppi K. Genomic instability in MycER-activated Rat1A-MycER cells. Chromosome Res. 4:1996;365-371.
164. Mai S., Hanley-Hyde J., Fluri M. c-Myc overexpression associated DHFR gene amplification in hamster, rat, mouse and human cell lines. Oncogene. 12:1996;277-288.
165. Felsher D. W., Bishop J. M. Transient excess of MYC activity can elicit genomic instability and tumorigenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96:1999;3940-3944.
166. Felsher D. W., Bishop J. M. Reversible tumorigenesis by MYC in hematopoietic lineages. Mol. Cell. 4:1999;199-207.
167. McCormack S. J., Weaver Z., Deming S., Natarajan G., Torri J., Johnson M. D., Liyanage M., Ried T., Dickson R. B. Myc/p53 interactions in transgenic mouse mammary development, tumorigenesis and chromosomal instability. Oncogene. 16:1998;2755-2766.
168. Sargent L. M., Zhou X., Keck C. L., Sanderson N. D., Zimonjic D. B., Popescu N. C., Thorgeirsson S. S. Nonrandom cytogenetic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma from transgenic mice overexpressing c-Myc and transforming growth factor-alpha in the liver. Am. J. Pathol. 154:1999;1047-1055.
169. Sargent L. M., Sanderson N. D., Thorgeirsson S. S. Ploidy and karyotypic alterations associated with early events in the development of hepatocarcinogenesis in transgenic mice harboring c-myc and transforming growth factor alpha transgenes. Cancer Res. 56:1996;2137-2142.
170. Li Q., Dang D. V. c-Myc overexpression uncouples DNA replication from mitosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:1999;5339-5351.
171. Marhin W. W., Chen S., Facchini L. M., Fornace A. J. Jr., Penn L. Z. Myc represses the growth arrest gene gadd45. Oncogene. 14:1997;2825-2834.
172. Amundson S. A., Zhan Q., Penn L. Z., Fornace A. J. Jr. Myc suppresses induction of the growth arrest genes gadd34, gadd45, and gadd153 by DNA-damaging agents. Oncogene. 17:1998;2149-2154.
173. Tikhonenko A. T., Black D. J., Linial M. L. Viral Myc oncoproteins in infected fibroblasts down-modulate thrombospondin-1, a possible tumor suppressor gene. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;30741-30747.
174. Lewis B. C., Shim H., Li Q., Wu C. S., Lee L. A., Maity A., Dang C. V. Identification of putative c-Myc-responsive genes: Characterization of rcl, a novel growth-related gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:1997;4967-4978.
175. Inghirami G., Grignani F., Sternas L., Lombardi L., Knowles D. M., Dalla-Favera R. Down-regulation of LFA-1 adhesion receptors by c-myc oncogene in human B lymphoblastoid cells. Science. 250:1990;682-686.
176. Barr L. F., Campbell S. E., Bochner B. S., Dang C. V. Association of the decreased expression of alpha3beta1 integrin with the altered cell: Environmental interactions and enhanced soft agar cloning ability of c-myc-overexpressing small cell lung cancer cells. Cancer Res. 58:1998;5537-5545.
177. Brakebusch C., Wennerberg K., Krell H. W., Weidle U. H., Sallmyr A., Johansson S., Fassler R. Beta1 integrin promotes but is not essential for metastasis of ras-myc transformed fibroblasts. Oncogene. 18:1999;3852-3861.
178. Dang C. V., Semenza G. L. Oncogenic alterations of metabolism. Trends Biochem. Sci. 24:1999;68-72.
179. Shim H., Dolde C., Lewis B. C., Wu C. S., Dang G., Jungmann R. A., Dalla-Favera R., Dang C. V. c-Myc transactivation of LDH-A: Implications for tumor metabolism and growth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94:1997;6658-6663.
180. Semenza G. L., Roth P. H., Fang H. M., Wang G. L. Transcriptional regulation of genes encoding glycolytic enzymes by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;23757-23763.
181. Semenza G. L., Jiang B. H., Leung S. W., Passantino R., Concordet J. P., Maire P., Giallongo A. Hypoxia response elements in the aldolase A, enolase 1, and lactate dehydrogenase A gene promoters contain essential binding sites for hypoxia-inducible factor 1. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;32529-32537.
182. Firth J. D., Ebert B. L., Ratcliffe P. J. Hypoxic regulation of lactate dehydrogenase A. Interaction between hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and cAMP response elements. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;21021-21027.
183. Semenza G. L. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1: Master regulator of O2 homeostasis. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 8:1998;588-594.
184. Boyd K. E., Farnham P. J. Myc versus USF: Discrimination at the cad gene is determined by core promoter elements. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:1997;2529-2537.
185. Miltenberger R. J., Sukow K. A., Farnham P. J. An E-box-mediated increase in cad transcription at the G1/S-phase boundary is suppressed by inhibitory c-Myc mutants. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:1995;2527-2535.
186. Bello-Fernandez C., Packham G., Cleveland J. L. The ornithine decarboxylase gene is a transcriptional target of c-Myc. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;7804-7808.
187. Packham G., Cleveland J. L. Ornithine decarboxylase is a mediator of c-Myc-induced apoptosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:1994;5741-5747.
188. Packham G., Bello-Fernandez C., Cleveland J. L. Position and orientation independent transactivation by c-Myc. Cell. Mol. Biol. Res. 40:1994;699-706.
189. Packham G., Cleveland J. L. The role of ornithine decarboxylase in c-Myc-induced apoptosis. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 194:1995;283-290.
190. Mai S., Jalava A. c-Myc binds to 5′ flanking sequence motifs of the dihydrofolate reductase gene in cellular extracts: Role in proliferation. Nucleic Acids Res. 22:1994;2264-2273.
191. Pusch O., Soucek T., Hengstschlager-Ottnad E., Bernaschek G., Hengstschlager M. Cellular targets for activation by c-Myc include the DNA metabolism enzyme thymidine kinase. DNA Cell Biol. 16:1997;737-747.
192. Bush A., Mateyak M., Dugan K., Obaya A., Adachi S., Sedivy J., Cole M. c-myc null cells misregulate cad and gadd45 but not other proposed c-Myc targets. Genes Dev. 12:1998;3797-3802.
193. Rosenwald I. B., Rhoads D. B., Callanan L. D., Isselbacher K. J., Schmidt E. V. Increased expression of eukaryotic translation initiation factors eIF-4E and eIF-2 alpha in response to growth induction by c-myc. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;6175-6178.
194. Jones R. M., Branda J., Johnston K. A., Polymenis M., Gadd M., Rustgi A., Callanan L., Schmidt E. V. An essential E box in the promoter of the gene encoding the mRNA cap-binding protein (eukaryotic initiation factor 4E) is a target for activation by c-myc. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:1996;4754-4764.
195. Benvenisty N., Leder A., Kuo A., Leder P. An embryonically expressed gene is a target for c-Myc regulation via the c-Myc-binding sequence. Genes Dev. 6:1992;2513-2523.
196. Schuldiner O., Eden A., Ben-Yosef T., Yanuka O., Simchen G., Benvenisty N. ECA39, a conserved gene regulated by c-Myc in mice, is involved in G1/S cell cycle regulation in yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;7143-7148.
197. Askew D. S., Ashmun R. A., Simmons B. C., Cleveland J. L. Constitutive c-myc expression in an IL-3-dependent myeloid cell line suppresses cell cycle arrest and accelerates apoptosis. Oncogene. 6:1991;1915-1922.
198. Evan G. I., Wyllie A. H., Gilbert C. S., Littlewood T. D., Land H., Brooks M., Waters C. M., Penn L. Z., Hancock D. C. Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by c-myc protein. Cell. 69:1992;119-128.
199. Hermeking H., Eick D. Mediation of c-Myc-induced apoptosis by p53. Science. 265:1994;2091-2093.
200. Wagner A. J., Kokontis J. M., Hay N. Myc-mediated apoptosis requires wild-type p53 in a manner independent of cell cycle arrest and the ability of p53 to induce p21waf1/cip1. Genes Dev. 8:1994;2817-2830.
201. Hueber A. O., Zornig M., Lyon D., Suda T., Nagata S., Evan G. I. Requirement for the CD95 receptor-ligand pathway in c-Myc-induced apoptosis. Science. 278:1997;1305-1309.
202. Yeh W. C., Pompa J. L., McCurrach M. E., Shu H. B., Elia A. J., Shahinian A., Ng M., Wakeham A., Khoo W., Mitchell K., El-Deiry W. S., Lowe S. W., Goeddel D. V., Mak T. W. FADD: Essential for embryo development and signaling from some, but not all, inducers of apoptosis. Science. 279:1998;1954-1958.
203. Amati B., Littlewood T. D., Evan G. I., Land H. The c-Myc protein induces cell cycle progression and apoptosis through dimerization with Max. EMBO J. 12:1993;5083-5087.
204. Shim H., Chun Y. S., Lewis B. C., Dang C. V. A unique glucose-dependent apoptotic pathway induced by c-Myc. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:1998;1511-1516.
205. Bissonnette R. P., Echeverri F., Mahboubi A., Green D. R. Apoptotic cell death induced by c-myc is inhibited by bcl-2. Nature. 359:1992;552-554.
206. Wagner A. J., Small M. B., Hay N. Myc-mediated apoptosis is blocked by ectopic expression of Bcl-2. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:1993;2432-2440.
207. Papas K. K., Sun L., Roos E. S., Gounarides J. S., Shapiro M., Nalin C. M. Change in lactate production in Myc-transformed cells precedes apoptosis and can be inhibited by Bcl-2 overexpression. FEBS Lett. 446:1999;338-342.
208. Simm A., Halle J. P., Adam G. Proliferative and metabolic capacity of rat embryo fibroblasts immortalized by c-myc depends on cellular age at oncogenic transfection. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 65:1994;121-131.
209. Land H., Parada L. F., Weinberg R. A. Tumorigenic conversion of primary embryo fibroblasts requires at least two cooperating oncogenes. Nature. 304:1983;596-602.
210. Land H., Chen A. C., Morgenstern J. P., Parada L. F., Weinberg R. A. Behavior of myc and ras oncogenes in transformation of rat embryo fibroblasts. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:1986;1917-1925.
211. Wang J., Xie L. Y., Allan S., Beach D., Hannon G. J. Myc activates telomerase. Genes Dev. 12:1998;1769-1774.
212. Greenberg R. A., O'Hagan R. C., Deng H., Xiao Q., Hann S. R., Adams R. R., Lichtsteiner S., Chin L., Morin G. B., DePinho R. A. Telomerase reverse transcriptase gene is a direct target of c-Myc but is not functionally equivalent in cellular transformation. Oncogene. 18:1999;1219-1226.
213. Horikawa I., Cable P. L., Afshari C., Barrett J. C. Cloning and characterization of the promoter region of human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene. Cancer Res. 59:1999;826-830.
214. Takakura M., Kyo S., Kanaya T., Hirano H., Takeda J., Yutsudo M., Inoue M. Cloning of human telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT) gene promoter and identification of proximal core promoter sequences essential for transcriptional activation in immortalized and cancer cells. Cancer Res. 59:1999;551-557.
215. Wick M., Zubov D., Hagen G. Genomic organization and promoter characterization of the gene encoding the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). Gene. 232:1999;97-106.
216. Wu K. J., Grandori C., Amacker M., Simon-Vermot N., Polack A., Lingner J., Dalla-Favera R. Direct activation of TERT transcription by c-MYC. Nat. Genet. 21:1999;220-224.
217. Hahn W. C., Counter C. M., Lundberg A. S., Beijersbergen R. L., Brooks M. W., Weinberg R. A. Creation of human tumour cells with defined genetic elements. Nature. 400:1999;464-468.
218. Serrano M., Lin A. W., McCurrach M. E., Beach D., Lowe S. W. Oncogenic ras provokes premature cell senescence associated with accumulation of p53 and p16INK4a. Cell. 88:1997;593-602.
219. Zindy F., Eischen C. M., Randle D. H., Kamijo T., Cleveland J. L., Sherr C. J., Roussel M. F. Myc signaling via the ARF tumor suppressor regulates p53-dependent apoptosis and immortalization. Genes Dev. 12:1998;2424-2433.
220. Kauffmann-Zeh A., Rodriguez-Viciana P., Ulrich E., Gilbert C., Coffer P., Downward J., Evan G. Suppression of c-Myc-induced apoptosis by Ras signalling through PI(3)K and PKB. Nature. 385:1997;544-548.
221. Born T. L., Frost J. A., Schonthal A., Prendergast G. C., Feramisco J. R. c-Myc cooperates with activated Ras to induce the cdc2 promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:1994;5710-5718.
222. Leone G., DeGregori J., Sears R., Jakoi L., Nevins J. R. Myc and Ras collaborate in inducing accumulation of active cyclin E/Cdk2 and E2F. Nature. 387:1997;422-426.
223. Sears R., Ohtani K., Nevins J. R. Identification of positively and negatively acting elements regulating expression of the E2F2 gene in response to cell growth signals. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:1997;5227-5235.
224. Wu K. J., Polack A., Dalla-Favera R. Coordinated regulation of iron-controlling genes, H-ferritin and IRP2, by c-MYC. Science. 283:1999;676-679.
225. Weihua X., Lindner D. J., Kalvakolanu D. V. The interferon-inducible murine p48 (ISGF3gamma) gene is regulated by protooncogene c-myc. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94:1997;7227-7232.
226. Bello-Fernandez C., Cleveland J. L. c-Myc transactivates the ornithine decarboxylase gene. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 182:1992;445-452.
227. Wu S., Pena A., Korcz A., Soprano D. R., Soprano K. J. Overexpression of Mxi1 inhibits the induction of the human ornithine decarboxylase gene by the Myc/Max protein complex. Oncogene. 12:1996;621-629.
228. Prendergast G. C., Diamond L. E., Dahl D., Cole M. D. The c-myc-regulated gene mrl encodes plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:1990;1265-1269.
229. Eilers M., Schirm S., Bishop J. M. The MYC protein activates transcription of the alpha-prothymosin gene. EMBO J. 10:1991;133-141.
230. Reisman D., Elkind N. B., Roy B., Beamon J., Rotter V. c-Myc trans-activates the p53 promoter through a required downstream CACGTG motif. Cell Growth Differ. 4:1993;57-65.
231. Tsuneoka M., Nakano F., Ohgusu H., Mekada E. c-Myc activates RCC1 gene expression through E-box elements. Oncogene. 14:1997;2301-2311.
232. Ben-Porath I., Yanuka O., Benvenisty N. The tmp gene, encoding a membrane protein, is a c-Myc target with a tumorigenic activity. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:1999;3529-3539.
233. Wang X., Peters M. A., Utama F. E., Wang Y., Taparowsky E. J. The adrenomedullin gene is a target for negative regulation by the Myc transcription complex. Mol. Endocrinol. 13:1999;254-267.
234. Taylor W. R., Wright J. A. A role for myn in Ha-ras transformation of mouse 10T1/2 fibroblasts. Mol. Carcinog. 10:1994;8-14.
235. Penn L. J., Brooks M. W., Laufer E. M., Land H. Negative autoregulation of c-myc transcription. EMBO J. 9:1990;1113-11121.
236. Chen C., Nussenzweig A., Guo M., Kim D., Li G. C., Ling C. C. Down-regulation of gadd153 by c-myc in rat fibroblasts and its effect on cell growth and radiation-induced apoptosis. Oncogene. 13:1996;1659-1665.
237. Mai S., Martensson I. L. The c-myc protein represses the lambda 5 and TdT initiators. Nucleic Acids Res. 23:1995;1-9.
238. Versteeg R., Noordermeer I. A., Kruse-Wolters M., Ruiter D. J., Schrier P. I. c-Myc down-regulates class I HLA expression in human melanomas. EMBO J. 7:1988;1023-1029.