A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia Research

Volumn 49, Issue 1-2, 2001, Pages 1-52

  Shenton, Martha E ^a   Dickey, Chandlee C ^a   Frumin, Melissa ^a   McCarley, Robert W ^a  

^a VA Clinical Neuroscience Division   (United States)

Author keywords

First episode schizophrenia; Magnetic resonance imaging; MRI; Psychosis; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BRAIN MALFORMATION; BRAIN REGION; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; HUMAN; IN VIVO STUDY; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NEUROTOXICITY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; STRESS; SYMPTOM;

EID: 0035870757     PISSN: 09209964     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0920-9964(01)00163-3     Document Type: Review

References (479)

1. Adler L.E., Olincy A., Waldo M., et al. Schizophrenia, sensory gating, and nicotinic receptors. Schizophr. Bull. 24:1998;189-202.
2. Akbarian S., Bunney W.E. Jr, Potkin S.G., et al. Altered distribution of nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide phosphatediaphorase cells in frontal lobe of schizophrenics implies disturbances of cortical development. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 50:1993;169-177.
3. Akbarian S., Vinuela A., Kim J.J., et al. Distorted distribution of nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide phosphatediaphorase neurons in temporal lobe of schizophrenics implies anomalous cortical development. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 50:1993;178-187.
4. Altshuler L.L., Bartzokis G., Grieder T., et al. Amygdala enlargement in bipolar disorder and hippocampal reduction in schizophrenia: an MRI study demonstrating neuroanatomic specificity [letter]. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 55:1998;663-664.
5. Alzheimer A. Beitrage zur pathologischen anatomie der hirnrinde und zur anatomischen grundlage einiger psychosen. Monatsschrift fur Psychiarie und Neurologie. 2:1897;82-120.
6. Anderson J., Umans C., Halle M., et al. Anatomy Browser: Java based interactive teaching tool for learning human neuroanatomy. RSNA Electronic Journal. 2:1998;50-97. (http://ej.rsna.org/ej2/0050-97.fin/index.html).
7. Andreasen N., Nasrallah H.A., Dunn V., et al. Structural abnormalities in the frontal system in schizophrenia. A magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 43:1986;136-144.
8. Andreasen N.C., Ehrhardt J.C., Swayze V.W. II, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in schizophrenia. The pathophysiologic significance of structural abnormalities. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 47:1990;35-44.
9. Andreasen N.C., Rezai K., Alliger R., et al. Hypofrontality in neurolepticnaive patients and in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Assessment with xenon 133 singlephoton emission computed tomography and the Tower of London. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 49:1992;943-958.
10. Andreasen N.C., Flashman L., Flaum M., et al. Regional brain abnormalities in schizophrenia measured with magnetic resonance imaging. JAMA. 272:1994;1763-1769.
11. Andreasen N.C., Arndt S., Swayze V.W. II, et al. Thalamic abnormalities in schizophrenia visualized through magnetic resonance image averaging [see comments]. Science. 266:1994;294-298.
12. Andreasen N.C. Linking mind and brain in the study of mental illnesses: a project for a scientific psychopathology. Science. 275:1997;1586-1593.
13. Andreasen N.C., Nopoulos P., O'Leary D.S., et al. Defining the phenotype of schizophrenia: cognitive dysmetria and its neural mechanisms. Biol. Psychiatry. 46:1999;908-920.
14. Andreasen N.C. Schizophrenia: the fundamental questions. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 31:2000;106-112.
15. Arciniegas D., Rojas D.C., Teale P., et al. The thalamus and the schizophrenia phenotype: failure to replicate reduced volume. Biol. Psychiatry. 45:1999;1329-1335.
16. Arndt S., Cohen G., Alliger R.J., et al. Problems with ratio and proportion measures of imaged cerebral structures. Psychiatry Res. 40:1991;79-89.
17. Arndt S., Rajarethinam R., Cizadlo T., et al. Landmark-based MR image registration and measurement: a reliability and validation study. J. Psychiatr. Res. Neuroimaging. 67:1996;145-154.
18. Aylward E.H., Reiss A.L., Barta P.E., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging measurement of posterior fossa structures in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 151:1994;1448-1452.
19. Baaré W.F., Hulshoff Pol H.E., Hijman R., et al. Volumetric analysis of frontal lobe regions in schizophrenia: relation to cognitive function and symptomatology. Biol. Psychiatry. 45:1999;1597-1605.
20. Barr W.B., Ashtari M., Bilder R.M., et al. Brain morphometric comparison of firstepisode schizophrenia and temporal lobe epilepsy. Br. J. Psychiatry. 170:1997;515-519.
21. Barta P.E., Pearlson G.D., Powers R.E., et al. Auditory hallucinations and smaller superior temporal gyral volume in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 147:1990;1457-1462.
22. Barta P.E., Pearlson G.D., Brill L.B. II, et al. Planum temporale asymmetry reversal in schizophrenia: replication and relationship to gray matter abnormalities. Am. J. Psychiatry. 154:1997;661-667.
23. Barta P.E., Powers R.E., Aylward E.H., et al. Quantitative MRI volume changes in late onset schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease compared to normal controls. Psychiatry Res. 68:1997;65-75.
24. Bartley A.J., Jones D.W., Torrey E.F., et al. Sylvian fissure asymmetries in monozygotic twins: a test of laterality in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 34:1993;853-863.
25. Bartzokis G., Nuechterlein K.H., Marder S.R., et al. Age at illness onset and left temporal lobe length in males with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. 67:1996;189-201.
26. Becker T., Elmer K., Mechela B., et al. MRI findings in medial temporal lobe structures in schizophrenia. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 1:1990;83-86.
27. Becker T., Elmer K., Schneider F., et al. Confirmation of reduced temporal limbic structure volume on magnetic resonance imaging in male patients with schizophrenia [published erratum appears in Psychiatry Res 1997 May 16;74(2):1278]. Psychiatry Res. 67:1996;135-143.
28. Benes F.M., Bird E.D. An analysis of the arrangement of neurons in the cingulate cortex of schizophrenic patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 44:1987;608-616.
29. Benes F.M., Paskevich P.A., Domesick V.B. Haloperiodol-induced plasticity of axon terminals in rat substantia nigra. Science. 221:1983;969-971.
30. Benes F.M. Myelination of corticalhippocampal relays during late adolescence. Schizophr. Bull. 15:1989;585-593.
31. Benes F.M., Sorensen I., Bird E.D. Reduced neuronal size in posterior hippocampus of schizophrenic patients. Schizophr. Bull. 17:1991;597-608.
32. Benes F.M., Vincent S.L., Alsterberg G., et al. Increased GABAa receptor binding in superficial layers of cingulate cortex in schizophrenics. J. Neurosci. 12:1992;924-929.
33. Benes F. Is there a neuroanatomic basis for schizophrenia? An old question revisited. Neuroscientist. 1:1995;104-115.
34. Bilder R.M., Wu H., Bogerts B., et al. Absence of regional hemispheric volume asymmetries in firstepisode schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 151:1994;1437-1447.
35. Bilder R.M., Bogerts B., Ashtari M., et al. Anterior hippocampal volume reductions predict frontal lobe dysfunction in first episode schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 17:1995;47-58.
36. Bilder R.M., Wu H., Bogerts B., et al. Cerebral volume asymmetries in schizophrenia and mood disorders: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 34:1999;197-205.
37. Binder J. Functional magnetic resonance imaging. Language mapping. Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am. 8:1997;383-392.
38. Blackwood D.H., Young A.H., McQueen J.K., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in schizophrenia: altered brain morphology associated with P300 abnormalities and eye tracking dysfunction. Biol. Psychiatry. 30:1991;753-769.
39. Bleuler E. Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias. 1950;:1911;International Universities Press, New York.
40. Bogerts B. Neuropathology of schizophrenias. Fortschr. Neurol. Psychiatr. 52:1984;428-437.
41. Bogerts B., Meertz E., SchonfeldtBausch R. Basal ganglia and limbic system pathology in schizophrenia. A morphometric study of brain volume and shrinkage. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 42:1985;784-791.
42. Bogerts B., Ashtari M., Degreef G., et al. Reduced temporal limbic structure volumes on magnetic resonance images in first episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 35:1990;1-13.
43. Bogerts B., Falkai P., Greve B., et al. The neuropathology of schizophrenia: past and present. J. Hirnforsch. 34:1993;193-205.
44. Bogerts B., Lieberman J.A., Ashtari M., et al. Hippocampusamygdala volumes and psychopathology in chronic schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 33:1993;236-246.
45. Bogerts B. The neuropathology of schizophrenic diseases: historical aspects and present knowledge. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 249:1999;2-13.
46. Bookstein F. Morphometric tools for landmark data: geometry and biology. 1991;Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
47. Bookstein F.L. Shape and information in medical images: A decade of the morphometric synthesis. Computer Vision and Image Understanding. 66:1997;97-118.
48. Bookstein F.L. Landmark methods for forms without landmarks: Morphometrics of group differences in outline shape. Medical Image Analysis. 1:1997;225-243.
49. Bornstein R.A., Schwarzkopf S.B., Olson S.C., et al. Third-ventricle enlargement and neuropsychological deficit in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 31:1992;954-961.
50. Brechbühler C., Gerig G., Kübler O. Parametrization of closed surfaces for 3-D shape description. CVGIP: Image Understanding. 61:1995;154-170.
51. Breier A., Buchanan R.W., Elkashef A., et al. Brain morphology and schizophrenia. A magnetic resonance imaging study of limbic, prefrontal cortex, and caudate structures [see comments]. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 49:1992;921-926.
52. Bremner J.D., Randall P., Scott T.M., et al. MRI-based measurement of hippocampal volume in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry. 152:1995;973-981.
53. Brown R., Colter N., Corsellis J.A., et al. Postmortem evidence of structural brain changes in schizophrenia. Differences in brain weight, temporal horn area, and parahippocampal gyrus compared with affective disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 43:1986;36-42.
54. Bryant N.L., Buchanan R.W., Vladar K., et al. Gender differences in temporal lobe structures of patients with schizophrenia: a volumetric MRI study. Am. J. Psychiatry. 156:1999;603-609.
55. Buchanan R.W., Breier A., Kirkpatrick B., et al. Structural abnormalities in deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia [see comments]. Am. J. Psychiatry. 150:1993;59-65.
56. Buchanan R.W., Vladar K., Barta P.E., et al. Structural evaluation of the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 155:1998;1049-1055.
57. Buchsbaum M.S. The frontal lobes, basal ganglia, and temporal lobes as sites for schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 16:1990;379-389.
58. Buchsbaum M.S., Someya T., Teng C.Y., et al. PET and MRI of the thalamus in nevermedicated patients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 153:1996;191-199.
59. Buchsbaum M.S., Yang S., Hazlett E., et al. Ventricular volume and asymmetry in schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia assessed with magnetic resonance imaging. Schizophr. Res. 27:1997;45-53.
60. Buchsbaum M.S., Tang C.Y., Peled S., et al. MRI white matter diffusion anisotropy and PET metabolic rate in schizophrenia. Neuroreport. 9:1998;425-430.
61. Buckley P.F. Structural brain imaging in schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 21:1998;77-92.
62. Buckley P.F., Dean D., Bookstein F.L., et al. Threedimensional magnetic resonancebased morphometrics and ventricular dysmorphology in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 45:1999;62-67.
63. Callicott J.H., Egan M.F., Bertolino A., et al. Hippocampal n-acetyl aspartate in unaffected siblings of patients with schizophrenia: a possible intermediate neurobiological phenotype. Biol. Psychiatry. 44:1998;941-950.
64. Cannon T.D., van Erp T.G., Huttunen M., et al. Regional gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid distributions in schizophrenic patients, their siblings, and controls. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 55:1998;1084-1091.
65. Carpenter M. Core Text of Neuroanatomy. Human Neuroanatomy. 1983;Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
66. Casanova M.F., Zito M., Goldberg T., et al. Shape distortion of the corpus callosum of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia [letter]. Schizophr. Res. 3:1990;155-156.
67. Cavada C., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Posterior parietal cortex in rhesus monkeys, I: Parcellation of areas based on distinctive limbic and sensory corticocortical connections. J. Comp. Neurol. 287:1989;393-421.
68. Chakos M.H., Lieberman J.A., Bilder R.M., et al. Increase in caudate nuclei volumes of first-episode schizophrenic patients taking antipsychotic drugs. Am. J. Psychiatry. 151:1994;1430-1436.
69. Chakos M.H., Lieberman J.A., Alvir J., et al. Caudate nuclei volumes in schizophrenic patients treated with typical antipsychotics or clozapine [letter]. Lancet. 345:1995;456-457.
70. Chi J.G., Dooling E.C., Gilles F.H. Gyral development of the human brain. Ann. Neurol. 1:1977;86-93.
71. Chien D., Buxton R.B., Kwong K.K., et al. MR diffusion imaging of the human brain. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 14:1990;514-520.
72. Chua S.E., McKenna P.J. Schizophrenia brain disease? A critical review of structural and functional cerebral abnormality in the disorder. Br. J. Psychiatry. 166:1995;563-582.
73. Chua S.E., Sharma T., Takei N., et al. A magnetic resonance imaging study of corpus callosum size in familial schizophrenic subjects, their relatives, and normal controls. Schizophr. Res. 41:2000;397-403.
74. Coffman J.A., Schwarzkopf S.B., Olson S.C., et al. Midsagittal cerebral anatomy by magnetic resonance imaging. The importance of slice position and thickness. Schizophr. Res. 2:1989;287-294.
75. Collins D.L., Dai W., Peters T.M., Evans A.C. Model based segmentation of individual brain structures from MRI data. Robb R.A. Proc. SPIE 1808, Visualization in Biomedical Computing II. 1992;10-23 Chapel Hill, NC.
76. Colombo C., Abbruzzese M., Livian S., et al. Memory functions and temporallimbic morphology in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 50:1993;45-56.
77. Colombo C., Bonfanti A., Scarone S. Anatomical characteristics of the corpus callosum and clinical correlates in schizophrenia. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 243:1994;244-248.
78. Colter N., Battal S., Crow T.J., et al. White matter reduction in the parahippocampal gyrus of patients with schizophrenia [letter]. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 44:1987;1023.
79. Copolov D., Velakoulis D., McGorry P., et al. Neurobiological findings in early phase schizophrenia. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 31:2000;157-165.
80. Corey-Bloom J., Jernigan T., Archibald S., et al. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in latelife schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 152:1995;447-449.
81. Corson P.W., Nopoulos P., Andreasen N.C., et al. Caudate size in first episode neurolepticnaive schizophrenic patients measured using an artificial neural network. Biol. Psychiatry. 46:1999;712-720.
82. Corson P.W., Nopoulos P., Miller D.D., et al. Change in basal ganglia volume over 2 years in patients with schizophrenia: typical versus atypical neuroleptics. Am. J. Psychiatry. 156:1999;1200-1204.
83. Coyle J.T., Puttfarcken P. Oxidative stress, glutamate, and neurodegenerative disorders. Science. 262:1993;689-695.
84. Coyle J.T. The glutamatergic dysfunction hypothesis for schizophrenia. Harvard Rev. Psychiatry. 3:1996;241-253.
85. Crichton-Browne J. On the weight of the brain and its components parts in the insane. Brain. 2:1879;42-67.
86. Crow T.J., Ball J., Bloom S.R., et al. Schizophrenia as an anomaly of development of cerebral asymmetry. A postmortem study and a proposal concerning the genetic basis of the disease. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 46:1989;1145-1150.
87. Crow T.J. The continuum of psychosis and its genetic origins. The sixty-fifth Maudsley lecture [see comments]. Br. J. Psychiatry. 156:1990;788-797.
88. Crow T.J. Temporal lobe asymmetries as the key to the etiology of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 16:1990;433-443.
89. Crow T.J. Temporolimbic or transcallosal connections: Where is the primary lesion in schizophrenia and what is its nature? [comment]. Schizophr. Bull. 23:1997;521-523.
90. Crow T.J. Schizophrenia as a transcallosal misconnection syndrome. Schizophr. Res. 30:1998;111-114.
91. Csernansky J.G., Joshi S., Wang L., et al. Hippocampal morphometry in schizophrenia by high dimensional brain mapping. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:1998;11406-11411.
92. Dasari M., Friedman L., Jesberger J., et al. A magnetic resonance imaging study of thalamic area in adolescent patients with either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder as compared to healthy controls. Psychiatry Res. 91:1999;155-162.
93. Dauphinais I.D., DeLisi L.E., Crow T.J., et al. Reduction in temporal lobe size in siblings with schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Res. 35:1990;137-147.
94. DeLisi L.E., Dauphinais I.D., Gershon E.S. Perinatal complications and reduced size of brain limbic structures in familial schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 14:1988;185-191.
95. DeLisi L.E., Hoff A.L., Schwartz J.E. Brain morphology in firstepisode schizophreniclike psychotic patients: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study [published erratum appears in Biol. Psychiatry 1991 Mar 1;29(5):519]. Biol. Psychiatry. 29:1991;159-175.
96. DeLisi L.E., Stritzke P., Riordan H., et al. The timing of brain morphological changes in schizophrenia and their relationship to clinical outcome [published erratum appears in Biol. Psychiatry 1992 jun 1;31(11):1172]. Biol. Psychiatry. 31:1992;241-254.
97. DeLisi L.E., Hoff A.L., Kushner M., et al. Increased prevalence of cavum septum pellucidum in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 50:1993;193-199.
98. DeLisi L.E., Hoff A.L., Neale C., et al. Asymmetries in the superior temporal lobe in male and female first-episode schizophrenic patients: measures of the planum temporale and superior temporal gyrus by MRI. Schizophr. Res. 12:1994;19-28.
99. DeLisi L.E., Tew W., Xie S., et al. A prospective followup study of brain morphology and cognition in first-episode schizophrenic patients: preliminary findings. Biol. Psychiatry. 38:1995;349-360.
100. DeLisi L.E., Sakuma M., Tew W. Schizophrenia as a chronic active brain process: a study of progressive brain structural change subsequent to the onset of schizophrenia [see comments]. Psychiatry Res. 74:1997;129-140.
101. DeLisi L.E., Sakuma M., Ge S., et al. Association of brain structural change with the heterogeneous course of schizophrenia from early childhood through five years subsequent to a first hospitalization. Psychiatry Res. 84:1998;75-88.
102. DeMyer M.K., Gilmor R.L., Hendrie H.C., et al. Magnetic resonance brain images in schizophrenic and normal subjects: influence of diagnosis and education. Schizophr. Bull. 14:1988;21-37.
103. DeQuardo J.R., Bookstein F.L., Green W.D., et al. Spatial relationships of neuroanatomic landmarks in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 67:1996;81-95.
104. DeQuardo J.R., Keshavan M.S., Bookstein F.L., et al. Landmark based morphometric analysis of firstepisode schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 45:1999;1321-1328.
105. Degreef G., Bogerts B., Ashtari M., et al. Ventricular system morphology in first episode schizophrenia: a volumetic study of ventricular subdivisions on MRI. Schizophr. Res. 3:1990;18.
106. Degreef G., Ashtari M., Wu H.W., et al. Follow up MRI study in first episode schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 5:1991;204-206.
107. Degreef G., Ashtari M., Bogerts B., et al. Volumes of ventricular system subdivisions measured from magnetic resonance images in firstepisode schizophrenic patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 49:1992;531-537.
108. Degreef G., Lantos G., Bogerts B., et al. Abnormalities of the septum pellucidum on MR scans in firstepisode schizophrenic patients [see comments]. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 13:1992;835-840.
109. Degreef G., Bogerts B., Falkai P., et al. Increased prevalence of the cavum septum pellucidum in magnetic resonance scans and postmortem brains of schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Res. 45:1992;1-13.
110. Deicken R.F., Pegues M., Amend D. Reduced hippocampal nacetylaspartate without volume loss in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 37:1999;217-223.
111. Di Michele V., Rossi A., Stratta P., et al. Neuropsychological and clinical correlates of temporal lobe anatomy in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 85:1992;484-488.
112. Dickey C.C., McCarley R.W., Voglmaier M.M., et al. Schizotypal personality disorder and MRI abnormalities of temporal lobe gray matter. Biol. Psychiatry. 45:1999;1393-1402.
113. Doran M., Hajnal J.V., Van Bruggen N., et al. Normal and abnormal white matter tracts shown by MR imaging using directional diffusion weighted sequences. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 14:1990;865-873.
114. Douek P., Turner R., Pekar J., et al. MR color mapping of myelin fiber orientation. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 15:1991;923-929.
115. Downhill J.E. Jr, Buchsbaum M.S., Wei T., et al. Shape and size of the corpus callosum in schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophr. Res. 42:2000;193-208.
116. Drevets W.C., Videen T., Price J.L., et al. A functional anatomical study of unipolar depression. J. Neurosci. 12:1992;3628-3641.
117. Dunlap C. Dementia praecox: Some preliminary observations on brains from carefully selected cases, and a consideration of certain sources of error. Am. J. Psychiatry. 80:1924;403-421.
118. Egan M.F., Duncan C.C., Suddath R.L., et al. Eventrelated potential abnormalities correlate with structural brain alterations and clinical features in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 11:1994;259-271.
119. Eidelberg D., Galaburda A.M. Inferior parietal lobule: divergent architectonic asymmetries in the human brain. Arch. Neurol. 41:1984;843-852.
120. Elkashef A.M., Buchanan R.W., Gellad F., et al. Basal ganglia pathology in schizophrenia and tardive dyskinesia: an MRI quantitative study. Am. J. Psychiatry. 151:1994;752-755.
121. Eriksson P.S., Perfilieva E., Bjork-Eriksson T., et al. Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus. Nat. Med. 11:1998;1313-1317.
122. Evans A., Marret S., Torrescorzo J., et al. MRI-PET correlation in three dimensions using a volume-of-interest (VOI) atlas. J. Cerebral Blood Flow Metab. 11:1991;A69-A78.
123. Falkai P., Bogerts B. Cell loss in the hippocampus of schizophrenics. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Neurol. Sci. 236:1986;154-161.
124. Falkai P., Bogerts B., Rozumek M. Limbic pathology in schizophrenia: The entorhinal regiona morphometric study. Biol. Psychiatry. 24:1988;515-521.
125. Feinberg I. Schizophrenia: Caused by a fault in programmed synaptic elimination during adolescence? J. Psychiatr. Res. 17:1982;319-334.
126. Flaum M., Andreasen N.C., Swayze V.W., et al. I.Q. and brain size in schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Res. 53:1994;243-257.
127. Flaum M., Swayze V.W. II, O'Leary D.S., et al. Effects of diagnosis, laterality, and gender on brain morphology in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 152:1995;704-714.
128. Foong J., Maier M., Barker G.J., et al. In vivo investigation of white matter pathology in schizophrenia with magnetisation transfer imaging. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 68:2000;70-74.
129. Foong J., Maier M., Clark C.A., et al. Neuropathological abnormalities of the corpus callosum in schizophrenia: a diffusion tensor imaging study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 68:2000;242-244.
130. Frackowiak R.S. Functional mapping of verbal memory and language. Trends Neurosci. 17:1994;109-115.
131. Frangou S., Sharma T., Sigmudsson T., et al. The Maudsley Family Study. 4. Normal planum temporale asymmetry in familial schizophrenia. A volumetric MRI study. Br. J. Psychiatry. 170:1997;328-333.
132. Frazier J.A., Giedd J.N., Hamburger S.D., et al. Brain anatomic magnetic resonance imaging in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 53:1996;617-624.
133. Frazier J.A., Alaghband-Rad J., Jacobsen L., et al. Pubertal development and onset of psychosis in childhood onset of schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Res. 70:1997;1-7.
134. Frederikse M., Lu A., Aylward E., et al. Sex differences in inferior parietal lobule volume in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 157:2000;422-427.
135. Friedman L., Findling R.L., Kenny J.T., et al. An MRI study of adolescent patients with either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder as compared to healthy control subjects [published erratum appears in Biol. Psychiatry 1999 Aug 15;46(4):Following 584]. Biol. Psychiatry. 46:1999;78-88.
136. Frumin, M., Golland, P., McCarley, R.W., et al. 1998. Shape differences in the corpus callosum in first episode schizophrenia and affective disorder. 37th Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. December, Puerto Rico.
137. Fukuzako H., Fukazako T., Hashiguchi T., et al. Reduction in hippocampal formation volume is caused mainly by its shortening in chronic schizophrenia: assessment by MRI. Biol. Psychiatry. 39:1996;938-945.
138. Fukuzako T., Fukuzako H., Kodama S., et al. Cavum septum pellucidum in schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 50:1996;125-128.
139. Fukuzako H., Yamada K., Kodama S., et al. Hippocampal volume asymmetry and age at illness onset in males with schizophrenia. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 247:1997;248-251.
140. Fuster J.M. The Prefrontal Cortex. 1989;Raven Press, New York.
141. Galaburda A., Geschwind N. The human language areas and cerebral asymmetries. Rev. Med. Suisse Romande. 100:1980;119-128.
142. Galaburda A.M., Sanides F. Cytoarchitectonic organization of the human auditory cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 190:1980;597-610.
143. Galaburda A.M., Sanides F., Geschwind N. Human brain: cytoarchitectonic left-right asymmetries in the temporal speech region. Arch. Neurol. 35:1978;812-817.
144. Galaburda A.M., Corsiglia J., Rosen G.D., et al. Planum temporale asymmetry, reappraisal since Geschwind and Levitsky. Neuropsychologia. 25:1987;853.
145. Galderisi S., Mucci A., Mignone M.L., et al. Hemispheric asymmetry and psychopathological dimensions in drug-free patients with schizophrenia. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 34:1999;293-301.
146. Galderisi S., Vita A., Rossi A., et al. Qualitative MRI findings in patients with schizophrenia: a controlled study. Psychiatry Res. 98:2000;117-126.
147. Gaser C., Volz H.P., Kiebel S., et al. Detecting structural changes in whole brain based on nonlinear deformations-application to schizophrenia research. Neuroimage. 10:1999;107-113.
148. Gee J.C., Reivich M., Bajcsy R. Elastically deforming 3D atlas to match anatomical brain images. J. Computer-Assisted Tomog. 17:1993;225-236.
149. Geschwind N., Galaburda A.M. Cerebral lateralization: Biological mechanisms, associations and pathology: I. A hypothesis and program for research. Arch. Neurol. 42:1985;428-459.
150. Geschwind N., Levitsky W. Human brain: left-right asymmetries in temporal speech region. Science. 161:1968;186-187.
151. Glass G., McGraw B., Smith M. Metaanalysis in Social Research. 1981;Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.
152. Gloor P. The role of the limbic system in perception, memory, and affect. Livingston B.D.K. The Limbic System. 1986;Raven Press, New York.
153. Goldberg T.E., Weinberger D.R., Berman K.F., et al. Further evidence for dementia of the prefrontal type in schizophrenia? A controlled study of teaching the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test [see comments]. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 44:1987;1008-1014.
154. Goldberg T.E., Torrey E.F., Berman K.F., et al. Relations between neuropsychological performance and brain morphological and physiological measures in monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 55:1994;51-61.
155. Goldman-Rakic P.S., Selemon L.D. Functional and anatomical aspects of prefrontal pathology in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 23:1997;437-458.
156. Goldman-Rakic P.S., Selemon L.D., Schwartz M.L. Dual pathways connecting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal cortex in the rhesus monkey. Neuroscience. 12:1984;719-743.
157. Goldstein J.M., Goodman J.M., Seidman L.J., et al. Cortical abnormalities in schizophrenia identified by structural magnetic resonance imaging. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 56:1999;537-547.
158. Golland P., Grimson W.E. Fixed topology skeletons. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition: IEEE Computer Society. 2000;10-17.
159. Golland P., Grimson W.E., Kikinis R. Statistical shape analyses using fixed topology skeletons: corpus callosum study. Kuba A., Smal M., Todd-Polropek A. Sixteenth International Conference on Information Processing and Medical Imaging. 1999;382-387 Springer-Verlag, Visegrad, Hungary.
160. Golomb J., de Leon M.J., Kluger A., et al. Hippocampal atrophy in normal aging: an association with recent memory impairment. Arch. Neurol. 50:1993;967-973.
161. Grunze H.C., Rainnie D.G., Hasselmo M.E., et al. NMDAdependent modulation of ca1 local circuit inhibition. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;2034-2043.
162. Gruzelier J.H. Hemispheric imbalance: syndromes of schizophrenia, premorbid personality, and neurodevelopmental influences. Steinhauer S.R., Gruzelier J.H., Zubin J. Handbook of Schizophrenia: Neuropsychology, Psychophysiology and Information Processing. vol. 5:1991;599-650 Elsevier, New York, NY.
163. Guenther W., Moser E., Petsch R., et al. Pathological cerebral blood blow and corpus callosum abnormalities in schizophrenia: Relations to EEG mapping and PET data. Psychiatry Res. 29:1989;453-455.
164. Guerguerian R., Lewine R.R. Brain torque and sex differences in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 30:1998;175-181.
165. Gunther W., Petsch R., Steinberg R., et al. Brain dysfunction during motor activation and corpus callosum alterations in schizophrenia measured by cerebral blood flow and magnetic resonance imaging. Biol. Psychiatry. 29:1991;535-555.
166. Gur R.E., Pearlson G.D. Neuroimaging in schizophrenia research. Schizophr. Bull. 19:1993;337-353.
167. Gur R.E., Mozley P.D., Shtasel D.L., et al. Clinical subtypes of schizophrenia: Differences in brain and CSF volume [see comments]. Am. J. Psychiatry. 151:1994;343-350.
168. Gur R.E., Maany V., Mozley P.D., et al. Subcortical MRI volumes in neurolepticnaive and treated patients with schizophrenia [see comments]. Am. J. Psychiatry. 155:1998;1711-1717.
169. Gur R.E., Cowell P., Turetsky B.I., et al. A followup magnetic resonance imaging study of schizophrenia. Relationship of neuroanatomical changes to clinical and neurobehavioral measures. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 55:1998;145-152.
170. Gur R.E., Turetsky B.I., Bilker W.B., et al. Reduced gray matter volume in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 56:1999;905-911.
171. Gur R.E., Turetsky B.I., Cowell P.E., et al. Temporolimbic volume reductions in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 57:2000;769-775.
172. Gur R.E., Cowell P.E., Latshaw A., et al. Reduced dorsal and orbital prefrontal gray matter volumes in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 57:2000;761-768.
173. Gurvits T.V., Shenton M.E., Hokama H., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging study of hippocampal volume in chronic, combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiatry. 40:1996;1091-1099.
174. Gøtzsche P.C. Why we need a broad perspective on meta-analysis: it may be crucially important for patients. [Letter]. BMJ. 321:2000;585-586.
175. Haglund M.M., Ojemann G.A., Hochman D.W. Optical imaging of epileptiform and functional activity in human cerebral cortex. Nature. 358:1992;668-671.
176. Hajek M., Huonker R., Boehle C., et al. Abnormalities of auditory evoked magnetic fields and structural changes in the left hemisphere of male schizophrenicsa magnetoencephalographicmagnetic resonance imaging study. Biol. Psychiatry. 42:1997;609-616.
177. Hajnal J.V., Doran M., Hall A.S., et al. MR imaging of anisotropically restricted diffusion of water in the nervous system: Technical, anatomic, and pathologic considerations. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 15:1991;1-18.
178. Haller J.W., Banerjee A., Christensen G.E., et al. Threedimensional hippocampal MR morphometry with highdimensional transformation of a neuroanatomic atlas. Radiology. 202:1997;504-510.
179. Harrison P.J. The neuropathology of schizophrenia: A critical review of the data and their interpretation. Brain. 122:1999;593-624.
180. Harvey I., Ron M.A., Du Boulay G., et al. Reduction of cortical volume in schizophrenia on magnetic resonance imaging. Psychol. Med. 23:1993;591-604.
181. Haug J. Pneumoencephalographic studies in mental disease. Acta Psychiatr. Neurol. 165:1962;11-104.
182. Hauser P., Dauphinais I.D., Berrettini W., et al. Corpus callosum dimensions measured by magnetic resonance imaging in bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 26:1989;659-668.
183. Havermans R., Honig A., Vuurman E.F., et al. A controlled study of temporal lobe structure volumes and P300 responses in schizophrenic patients with persistent auditory hallucinations. Schizophr. Res. 38:1999;151-158.
184. Hazlett E.A., Buchsbaum M.S., Byne W., et al. Threedimensional analysis with MRI and pet of the size, shape, and function of the thalamus in the schizophrenia spectrum. Am. J. Psychiatry. 156:1999;1190-1199.
185. Hecker E. Die hebephrenic. Arch. Patholiche Anat. und fur Physiol. Klinische Medicin. 52:1871;394-429.
186. Heckers S., Heinsen H., Heinsen Y., et al. Cortex, white matter, and basal ganglia in schizophrenia: a volumetric postmortem study. Biol. Psychiatry. 29:1991;556-566.
187. Heckers S. Neuropathology of schizophrenia: cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, and neurotransmitter-specific projection systems. Schizophr. Bull. 23:(3):1997;403-421.
188. Henn F.A., Braus D.F. Structural neuroimaging in schizophrenia. An integrative view of neuromorphology. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 249:1999;48-56.
189. Heyman I., Murray R.M. Schizophrenia and neurodevelopment. J. R. Coll. Physicians Lond. 26:1992;143-146.
190. Hier D., LeMay M., Rosenberger P. Autism-association with reversed cerebral asymmetry. Neurology. 28:1978;348-349.
191. Hier D., LeMay M., Rosenberger P.B. Autism and unfavorable left-right asymmetries of the brain. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 9:1979;153-159.
192. Hirayasu Y., Shenton M.E., Salisbury D.F., et al. Lower left temporal lobe MRI volumes in patients with firstepisode schizophrenia compared with
193. Hirayasu Y., Shenton M.E., Salisbury D.F., et al. Subgenual cingulate cortex volume in first-episode psychosis. Am. J. Psychiatry. 156:1999;1091-1093.
194. Hirayasu Y., McCarley R.W., Salisbury D.F., et al. Planum temporale and Hesch gyrus volume reduction in schizophrenia: A magnetic resonance imaging study of first-episode patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 57:2000;692-699.
195. Hoff A.L., Riordan H., O'Donnell D., et al. Anomalous lateral sulcus asymmetry and cognitive function in first-episode schizophrenia [published erratum appears in Schizophr. Bull. 1994;20(2):248]. Schizophr. Bull. 18:1992;257-272.
196. Hoff A.L., Neal C., Kushner M., et al. Gender differences in corpus callosum size in first-episode schizophrenics. Biol. Psychiatry. 35:1994;913-919.
197. Hokama H., Shenton M.E., Nestor P.G., et al. Caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus volume in schizophrenia: a quantitative MRI study. Psychiatry Res. 61:1995;209-229.
198. Holinger D.P., Shenton M.E., Wible C.G., et al. Superior temporal gyrus volume abnormalities and thought disorder in left-handed schizophrenic men. Am. J. Psychiatry. 156:1999;1730-1735.
199. Honer W.G., Bassett A.S., Smith G.N., et al. Temporal lobe abnormalities in multigenerational families with schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 36:1994;737-743.
200. Howard D., Patterson K., Wise R., et al. The cortical localization of the lexicons: positron emission tomography evidence. Brain. 115:1992;1769-1782.
201. Hunter J., Schmidt F. Methods of Metaanalysis. 1990;Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.
202. Iosifescu D.V., Shenton M.E., Warfield S.K., et al. An automated registration algorithm for measuring MRI subcortical brain structures. Neuroimage. 6:1997;13-25.
203. Jacobi W., Winkler H. Encephalographische studien an schizophrenen. Arch. Psychiatrie. 84:1928;208-226.
204. Jacobsen L.K., Giedd J.N., Vaituzis A.C. Temporal lobe morphology in childhoodonset schizophrenia [published erratum appears in Am. J. Psychiatry 1996 jun;153(6):851]. Am. J. Psychiatry. 153:1996;355-361.
205. Jacobsen L.K., Giedd J.N., Rajapakse J.C., et al. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the corpus callosum in childhood onset schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 68:1997;77-86.
206. Jacobsen L.K., Giedd J.N., Castellanos F.X., et al. Progressive reduction of temporal lobe structures in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 155:1998;678-685.
207. Jakob H., Beckmann H. Prenatal developmental disturbances in the limbic allocortex in schizophrenics. J. Neural. Transm. 65:1986;303-326.
208. Jakob H., Beckmann H. Gross and histological criteria for developmental disorders in brains of schizophrenics. J. R. Soc. Med. 82:1989;466-469.
209. James A.C., Crow T.J., Renowden S., et al. Is the course of brain development in schizophrenia delayed? Evidence from onsets in adolescence. Schizophr. Res. 40:1999;1-10.
210. Jernigan T.L., Zisook S., Heaton R.K., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in lenticular nuclei and cerebral cortex in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 48:1991;881-890.
211. Jeste D.V., Lohr J.B. Hippocampal pathologic findings in schizophrenia. A morphometric study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 46:1989;1019-1024.
212. Jeste D.V., McAdams L.A., Palmer B.W., et al. Relationship of neuropsychological and MRI measures to age of onset of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 98:1998;156-164.
213. Johnstone E.C., Crow T.J., Frith C.D., et al. Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. Lancet. 2:1976;924-926.
214. Johnstone E.C., Owens D.G., Crow T.J., et al. Temporal lobe structure as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 52:1989;736-741.
215. Jones E.G. The Thalamus. 1985;Plenum Press, New York, NY.
216. Jurjus G.J., Nasrallah H.A., Olson S.C., et al. Cavum septum pellucidum in schizophrenia, affective disorder and healthy controls: A magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychol. Med. 23:1993;319-322.
217. Kahlbaum K. Die Katatonie oder der Spannungsirresein. 1874;Hirshwald, Berlin.
218. Kawasaki Y., Maeda Y., Urata K., et al. A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study of patients with schizophrenia. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 242:1993;268-272.
219. Kawasaki Y., Maeda Y., Higashima M., et al. Reduced auditory P300 amplitude, medial temporal volume reduction and psychopathology in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 26:1997;107-115.
220. Kay S.R., Opler L.A., Fizbein A. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. 1986;Multi-Health Systems, Inc, North Tonawanda, New York.
221. Kegeles L.S., Shungu D.C., Anjilvel S., et al. Hippocampal pathology in schizophrenia: magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy studies. Psychiatry Res. 98:2000;163-175.
222. Kelsoe J.R. Jr, Cadet J.L., Pickar D., et al. Quantitative neuroanatomy in schizophrenia. A controlled magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 45:1988;533-541.
223. Kendler K.S., McGuire M., Gruenberg A.M., et al. The Roscommon family study, I: methods, diagnosis of probands, and risk of schizophrenia in relatives. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 50:1993;527-540.
224. Keshavan M.S., Bagwell W.W., Haas G.L., et al. Changes in caudate volume with neuroleptic treatment [letter]. Lancet. 344:1994;1434.
225. Keshavan M.S., Bagwell W.W., Haas G.L., et al. Does caudate volume increase during follow up in first-episode psychosis? Schizophr. Res. 15:1995;87.
226. Keshavan M.S., Rosenberg D., Sweeney J.A., et al. Decreased caudate volume in neurolepticnaive psychotic patients. Am. J. Psychiatry. 155:1998;774-778.
227. Keshavan M.S., Haas G.L., Kahn C.E., et al. Superior temporal gyrus and the course of early schizophrenia: progressive, static, or reversible? J. Psychiatr. Res. 32:1998;161-167.
228. Kety S.S. Biochemical theories of schizophrenia. Science. 129:1959;1528-1532.
229. Kikinis R., Shenton M.E., Gerig G., et al. Temporal lobe sulcogyral pattern anomalies in schizophrenia: an in vivo MR three-dimensional surface rendering study. Neurosci. Lett. 182:1994;7-12.
230. Kikinis R., Shenton M.E., Iosifescu D.V., et al. A digital brain atlas for surgical planning, model driven segmentation, and teaching. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics. 2:1996;232-241.
231. Kleinschmidt A., Falkai P., Huang Y., et al. In vivo morphometry of planum temporale asymmetry in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 12:1994;9-18.
232. Komuro H., Rakic P. Modulation of neuronal migration by NMDA receptors. Science. 260:1993;95-97.
233. Komuro H., Rakic P. Orchestration of neural migration by activity of ion channels, neurotransmitter receptors, and intracellular Ca2+ fluctuations. J. Neurobiol. 37:1998;110-130.
234. Kovelman J.A., Scheibel A.B. A neurohistological correlate of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 19:1984;1601-1621.
235. Kraepelin E. Dementia Praecox. 1971;:1919;Churchill Livingston Inc, New York.
236. Kretschmer E. Physique and Character. 1925;Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers, New York.
237. Krishnan K., McDonald W.M., Escalona P.R., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the caudate nuclei in depression: preliminary observations. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 49:1992;553-557.
238. Kulynych J.J., Vladar K., Fantie B.D., et al. Normal asymmetry of the planum temporale in patients with schizophrenia. Three-dimensional cortical morphometry with MRI. Br. J. Psychiatry. 166:1995;742-749.
239. Kulynych J.J., Vladar K., Jones D.W., et al. Superior temporal gyrus volume in schizophrenia: a study using MRI morphometry assisted by surface rendering. Am. J. Psychiatry. 153:1996;50-56.
240. Kulynych J.J., Luevano L.F., Jones D.W., et al. Cortical abnormality in schizophrenia: an in vivo application of the gyrification index. Biol. Psychiatry. 41:1997;995-999.
241. Kwon J.S., Shenton M.E., Hirayasu Y., et al. MRI study of cavum septi pellucidi in schizophrenia, affective disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry. 155:1998;509-515.
242. Kwon J.S., McCarley R.W., Hirayasu Y., et al. Left planum temporale volume reduction in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 56:1999;142-148.
243. Lauriello J., Hoff A., Wieneke M.H., et al. Similar extent of brain dysmorphology in severely ill women and men with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 154:1997;819-825.
244. Lawrie S.M., Abukmeil S.S. Brain abnormality in schizophrenia. A systematic and quantitative review of volumetric magnetic resonance imaging studies [see comments]. Br. J. Psychiatry. 172:1998;110-120.
245. Lawrie S.M., Whalley H., Kestelman J.N., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of brain in people at high risk of developing schizophrenia [see comments]. Lancet. 353:1999;30-33.
246. Le Bihan D., Breton E., Lallemand D. MR imaging of intravoxel incoherent motions: Application to diffusion and perfusion in neurologic disorders. Radiology. 161:1986;401-407.
247. Le Bihan D. Diffusion and Perfusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 1995;Raven Press, New York.
248. LeMay M., Kidd D.K. Asymmetry of cerebral hemispheres on computed tomograms. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 2:1978;471-476.
249. LeMay M. Leftright temporal region asymmetry in infants and children [letter]. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 7:1986;974.
250. Leonard C.M., Kuldau J.M., Breier J.I., et al. Cumulative effect of anatomical risk factors for schizophrenia: an MRI study. Biol. Psychiatry. 46:1999;374-382.
251. Levitan C., Ward P.B., Catts S.V. Superior temporal gyral volumes and laterality correlates of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 46:1999;955-962.
252. Levitt J.J., Shenton M.E., McCarley R.W., et al. Premorbid adjustment in schizophrenia: Implications for psychosocial and ventricular pathology. Schizophr. Res. 12:1994;159-168.
253. Levitt J.J., McCarley R.W., Nestor P.G., et al. Quantitative volumetric MRI study of the cerebellum and vermis in schizophrenia: clinical and cognitive correlates. Am. J. Psychiatry. 156:1999;1105-1107.
254. Levitt, J.J., McCarley, R.W., Ciszewski, A.A., et al., 2000. Caudate and ventricular volume in neuroleptic-naive schizotypal personality disorder. [Abstract]. American Psychiatric Association New Research Abstracts.140.
255. Lewine R.R., Gulley L.R., Risch S.C., et al. Sexual dimorphism, brain morphology, and schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 16:1990;195-203.
256. Lewine R.R., Hudgins P., Brown F., et al. Differences in qualitative brain morphology findings in schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar disorder, and normal volunteers. Schizophr. Res. 15:1995;253-259.
257. Lewis S.W., Mezey G.C. Clinical correlates of septum pellucidum cavities: an unusual association with psychosis. Psychol. Med. 15:1985;43-54.
258. Lieberman J., Bogerts B., Degreef G., et al. Qualitative assessment of brain morphology in acute and chronic schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 149:1992;784-794.
259. Lieberman J.A., Jody D., Alvir J.M., et al. Brain morphology, dopamine, and eyetracking abnormalities in first episode schizophrenia. Prevalence and clinical correlates. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 50:1993;357-368.
260. Lieberman J.A., Alvir J.M., Koreen A., et al. Psychobiologic correlates of treatment response in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 14:1996;135-215.
261. Lim K.O., Tew W., Kushner M., et al. Cortical gray matter volume deficit in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 153:1996;1548-1553.
262. Lim K.O., Hedehus M., Moseley M., et al. Compromised white matter tract integrity in schizophrenia inferred from diffusion tensor imaging. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 56:1999;367-374.
263. Lipska B., Jaskiw G., Weinberger D.R. Postpubertal emergence of hyperresponsiveness to stress and to amphetamine after neonatal excitotoxic hippocampal damage: A potential animal model of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 9:1993;67-75.
264. Lipska B., Swerdlow N., Geyer M., et al. Neonatal excitotoxic hippocampal damage in rats causes post-pubertal changes in prepulse inhibition of startle and its disruption by apomorphine. Psychopharmacology. 122:1995;35-43.
265. Lipska B., Al-Amin H.A., Weinberger D.R. Excitotoxic lesions of the rat medial prefrontal cortex: effects on abnormal behaviors associated with neonatal hippocampal damage. Neuropsychopharmacology. 19:1998;451-464.
266. MacLean P.D. Some psychiatric implications of physiological studies on frontotemporal portion of limbic system (visceral brain). Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 4:1952;407-418.
267. Magnotta V.A., Heckel D., Andreasen N.C., et al. Measurement of brain structures with artificial neural networks: two and three-dimensional applications. Radiology. 211:1999;781-790.
268. Magnotta V.A., Gold S., Andreasen N.C., et al. Visualization of subthalamic nuclei with cortex attenuated inversion recovery MR imaging. Neuroimage. 11:2000;341-346.
269. Maher B.A., Manschreck T.C., Woods B.T., et al. Frontal brain volume and context effects in short-term recall in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 37:1995;144-150.
270. Maher B.A., Manschreck T.C., Yurgelun-Todd D.A., et al. Hemispheric asymmetry of frontal and temporal gray matter and age of onset in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 44:1998;413-417.
271. Maier S.E., Gudbjartsson H., Patz S., et al. Line scan diffusion imaging: characterization in healthy subjects and stroke patients. Am. J. Roentgenol. 171:1998;85-93.
272. Marsh L., Suddath R.L., Higgins N., et al. Medial temporal lobe structures in schizophrenia: relationship of size to duration of illness. Schizophr. Res. 11:1994;225-238.
273. Marsh L., Harris D., Lim K.O., et al. Structural magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in men with severe chronic schizophrenia and an early age at clinical onset. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 54:1997;1104-1112.
274. Marsh L., Lim K.O., Hoff A.L., et al. Severity of schizophrenia and magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities: a comparison of State and Veterans hospital patients. Biol. Psychiatry. 45:1999;49-61.
275. Mathalon D.H., Sullivan E.V., Rawles J.M., et al. Correction for head size in brainimaging measurements [see comments] [published erratum appears in Psychiatry Res, 1994 sep;55(3):179]. Psychiatry Res. 50:1993;121-139.
276. Mathew R.J., Partain C.L. Midsagittal sections of the cerebellar vermis and fourth ventricle obtained with magnetic resonance imaging of schizophrenic patients. Am. J.Psychiatry. 142:1985;970-971.
277. Mathew R.J., Partain C.L., Prakash R., et al. A study of the septum pellucidum and corpus callosum in schizophrenia with MR imaging. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 72:1985;414-421.
278. Mayberg H.S. Neuroimaging studies of depression in neurologic disease. Starkstein S.E., Robinson R.G. Depression in Neurological Disease. 1993;186-216 Johns Hopkins University Press.
279. McCarley R.W., Faux S.F., Shenton M.E., et al. Event-related potentials in schizophrenia: their biological and clinical correlates and a new model of schizophrenic pathophysiology. Schizophr. Res. 4:1991;209-231.
280. McCarley R.W., Shenton M.E., O'Donnell B.F., et al. Auditory P300 abnormalities and left posterior superior temporal gyrus volume reduction in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 50:1993;190-197.
281. McCarley R.W., Hsiao J.K., Freedman R., et al. Neuroimaging and the cognitive neuroscience of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 22:1996;703-725.
282. McCarley R.W., Niznikiewicz M.A., Salisbury D.F., et al. Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia: unifying basic research and clinical aspects. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 249:1999;69-82.
283. McCarley R.W., Wible C.G., Frumin M., et al. MRI anatomy of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 45:1999;1099-1119.
284. McEwen B.S., Magarinos A.M. Stress effects on morphology and function of the hippocampus. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 821:1997;271-284.
285. McNeil T.F., CantorGraae E., Weinberger D.R. Relationship of obstetric complications and differences in size of brain structures in monozygotic twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 157:2000;203-212.
286. Mednick S.A., McNeil T.F. Current methodology in research on the etiology of schizophrenia: Serious difficulties which suggest the use of the high-risk-group method. Psychol. Bull. 70:1968;681-693.
287. Meehl P.E. Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia. Am. Psychologist. 17:1962;827-838.
288. Meisenzahl E.M., Frodl T., Greiner J., et al. Corpus callosum size in schizophrenia - a magnetic resonance imaging analysis. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 249:1999;305-312.
289. Meisenzahl E.M., Frodl T., Zetzsche T., et al. Adhesio interthalamica in male patients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 157:2000;823-825.
290. Menon R.R., Barta P.E., Aylward E.H., et al. Posterior superior temporal gyrus in schizophrenia: grey matter changes and clinical correlates. Schizophr. Res. 16:1995;127-135.
291. Mesulam M-M. Large-scale neurocognitive networks and distributed processing for attention, language, and memory. Ann. Neurol. 28:1990;597-613.
292. Mesulam M-M. From sensation to cognition. Brain. 121:1998;1013-1052.
293. Middleton F.A., Strick P.L. Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops: motor and cognitive circuits. Brain Research Reviews. 31:2000;236-250.
294. Mion C.C., Andreasen N.C., Arndt S., et al. MRI abnormalities in tardive dyskinesia. Psychiatry Res. 40:1991;157-166.
295. Mizoguchi K., Kunishita T., Chui D.H., et al. Stress induces neuronal death in the hippocampus of castrated rats. Neurosci. Lett. 138:1992;157-160.
296. Moseley M.E., Kucharczyk J., Mintorovitch J. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of acute stroke: correlation with T2-weighted and magnetic susceptibility-enhanced MR imaging in cats. AJNR. 11:1990;423-429.
297. Murray R.M., Lewis S.W. Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder? [editorial]. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.). 295:1987;681-682.
298. Nair T.R., Christensen J.D., Kingsbury S.J., et al. Progression of cerebroventricular enlargement and the subtyping of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 74:1997;141-150.
299. Narr K.L., Thompson P.M., Sharma T., et al. Mapping morphology of the corpus callosum in schizophrenia. Cereb. Cortex. 10:2000;40-49.
300. Nasrallah H.A., Andreasen N.C., Coffman J.A., et al. A controlled magnetic resonance imaging study of corpus callosum thickness in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 21:1986;274-282.
301. Nasrallah H.A., Schwarzkopf S.B., Olson S.C., et al. Gender differences in schizophrenia on MRI brain scans. Schizophr. Bull. 16:1990;205-210.
302. Nasrallah H.A., Sharma S., Olson S.C. The volume of the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia: a controlled MRI study. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 21:1997;1317-1322.
303. Nelson M.D., Saykin A.J., Flashman L.A., et al. Hippocampal volume reduction in schizophrenia as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging: a meta-analytic study [see comments]. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 55:1998;433-440.
304. Nestor P.G., Shenton M.E., McCarley R.W., et al. Neuropsychological correlates of MRI temporal lobe abnormalities in schizophrenia [see comments]. Am. J. Psychiatry. 150:1993;1849-1855.
305. Nestor P.G., Kimble M.O., O'Donnell B.F., et al. Aberrant semantic activation in schizophrenia: a neurophysiological study. Am. J. Psychiatry. 154:1997;640-646.
306. Nicolson R., Rapoport J.L. Childhood-onset schizophrenia: rare but worth studying. Biol. Psychiatry. 46:1999;1418-1428.
307. Niemann K., Hammers A., Coenen V.A., et al. Evidence of a smaller left hippocampus and left temporal horn in both patients with first episode schizophrenia and normal control subjects [in process citation]. Psychiatry Res. 99:2000;93-110.
308. Niznikiewicz M., Donnino R., McCarley R.W., et al. Abnormal angular gyrus asymmetry in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 157:2000;428-437.
309. Noga J.T., Aylward E., Barta P.E., et al. Cingulate gyrus in schizophrenic patients and normal volunteers. Psychiatry Res. 61:1995;201-208.
310. Nopoulos P., Torres I., Flaum M., et al. Brain morphology in first-episode schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 152:1995;1721-1723.
311. Nopoulos P., Swayze V., Andreasen N.C. Pattern of brain morphology in patients with schizophrenia and large cavum septi pellucidi. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 8:1996;147-152.
312. Nopoulos P., Swayze V., Flaum M., et al. Cavum septi pellucidi in normals and patients with schizophrenia as detected by magnetic resonance imaging [see comments]. Biol. Psychiatry. 41:1997;1102-1108.
313. Nopoulos P.C., Giedd J.N., Andreasen N.C., et al. Frequency and severity of enlarged cavum septi pellucidi in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 155:1998;1074-1079.
314. Nopoulos P., Swayze V., Flaum M., et al. Incidence of ectopic gray matter in patients with schizophrenia and healthy control subjects studied with MRI. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 10:1998;351-353.
315. Nopoulos P.C., Ceilley J.W., Gailis E.A., et al. An MRI study of cerebellar vermis morphology in patients with schizophrenia: Evidence in support of the cognitive dysmetria concept. Biol. Psychiatry. 46:1999;703-711.
316. Norris S.D., Krishnan K.R., Ahearn E. Structural changes in the brain of patients with bipolar affective disorder by MRI: a review of the literature. Prog.Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 21:1997;1323-1337.
317. Nuechterlein K.R., Dawson M.E. Information processing and attentional functioning in the developmental course of schizophrenic disorders. Schizophr. Bull. 10:1984;160-203.
318. Näf M., Kübler O., Kikinis R., Shenton M.E., et al. Characterization and recognition of 3D organ shapes in medical image analysis using skeletonization. IEEE Mathematical Methods in Biomedical Image Analysis. 1996;139-150.
319. O'Donnell B.F., Shenton M.E., McCarley R.W., et al. The auditory N2 component in schizophrenia: relationship to MRI temporal lobe gray matter and to other ERP abnormalities. Biol. Psychiatry. 34:1993;26-40.
320. Ohnuma T., Kimura M., Takahashi T., et al. A magnetic resonance imaging study in first-episode disorganized-type patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 51:1997;9-15.
321. Olney J.W. Excitatory amino acids and neuropsychiatric disorders [see comments]. Biol. Psychiatry. 26:1989;505-525.
322. Olney J.W. Excitotoxic amino acids and neuropsychiatric disorders. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicology. 30:1990;47-71.
323. Olney J.W., Farber N.B. Glutamate receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia [see comments]. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 52:1995;998-1007.
324. Pakkenberg B. Postmortem study of chronic schizophrenic brains. Br. J. Psychiatry. 151:1987;744-752.
325. Pandya D.N., Seltzer B. Association areas of the cerebral cortex. Trends in Neuroscience. 5:1982;386-394.
326. Pandya D.N., Van Hoesen G.W., Mesulam M.M. Efferent connections of the cingulate gyrus in the rhesus monkey. Exp. Brain Res. 42:1981;319-330.
327. Park S., Holzman P.S. Schizophrenics show spatial working memory deficits. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 49:1992;975-982.
328. Pearlson G.D., Marsh L. MRI in psychiatry. Oldham J., B R., A T. American Psychiatric Association Press Review of Psychiatry. 1993;347-381 American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC.
329. Pearlson G.D., Barta P.A., Schrami F.V., et al. Brain size in schizophrenia [Letter]. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 48:1991;181-182.
330. Pearlson G.D., Petty R.G., Ross C.A., et al. Schizophrenia: a disease of heteromodal association cortex? Neuropsychopharmacology. 14:1996;1-17.
331. Pearlson G.D. Superior temporal gyrus and planum temporale in schizophrenia: a selective review. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 21:1997;1203-1229.
332. Pearlson G.D., Marsh L. Structural brain imaging in schizophrenia: a selective review. Biol. Psychiatry. 46:1999;627-649.
333. Pearlson G.D., Barta P.E., Powers R.E., et al. ZiskindSomerfeld research award 1996. Medial and superior temporal gyral volumes and cerebral asymmetry in schizophrenia versus bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry. 41:1997;1-14.
334. Peled S., Gudbjartsson H., Westin C.F., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging shows orientation and asymmetry of white matter fiber tracts. Brain Res. 780:1998;27-33.
335. Penfield W., Perot P. The brain's record of auditory and visual experience: a final summary and discussion. Brain. 86:1963;595-696.
336. Penfield W., Roberts L. Speech and Brain Mechanisms. 1959;Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
337. Petitti D. Metaanalysis, Decision Analysis, and Cost Effectiveness Analysis. 1994;Oxford University Press, New York.
338. Petty R.G., Barta P.E., Pearlson G.D., et al. Reversal of asymmetry of the planum temporale in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 152:1995;715-721.
339. Pfefferbaum A., Zipursky R.B. Neuroimaging studies of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 4:1991;193-208.
340. Pfefferbaum A., Lim K.O., Rosenbloom M., et al. Brain magnetic resonance imaging: approaches for investigating schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 16:1990;453-476.
341. Pfefferbaum A., Sullivan E.V., Hedehus M., et al. Brain gray and white matter transverse relaxation time in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 91:1999;93-100.
342. Pinel P. Traite medico philosophique sur l'alienation mentale boulamania. 1801;Richard Caille et Ravier, Paris.
343. Pizer S.M., Eberly D., Fritsch D.S., et al. Zoom-invariant vision of figural shape: the mathematics of cores. Computer Vision and Image Understanding. 69:1998;55-71.
344. Plum F. Prospects for research on schizophrenia . 3. Neurophysiology. Neuropathological findings. Neurosci. Res Program Bull. 10:1972;384-388.
345. Portas C.M., Goldstein J.M., Shenton M.E., et al. Volumetric evaluation of the thalamus in schizophrenic male patients using magnetic resonance imaging. Biol. Psychiatry. 43:1998;649-659.
346. Posner M.I., Early T.S., Reiman E., et al. Asymmetries in hemispheric control of attention in schizophrenia [see comments]. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 45:1988;814-821.
347. Raine A., Harrison G.N., Reynolds G.P., et al. Structural and functional characteristics of the corpus callosum in schizophrenics, psychiatric controls, and normal controls. A magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological evaluation. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 47:1990;1060-1064.
348. Raine A., Lencz T., Reynolds G.P., et al. An evaluation of structural and functional prefrontal deficits in schizophrenia: MRI and neuropsychological measures. Psychiatry Res. 45:1992;123-137.
349. Rajarethinam R.P., DeQuardo J.R., Nalepa R., et al. Superior temporal gyrus in schizophrenia: a volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study. Schizophr. Res. 41:2000;303-312.
350. Rakic P., Yakovlev P.I. Development of the corpus callosum and cavum septi in man. J. Comp. Neurol. 132:1968;45-72.
351. Rapoport J.L., Giedd J., Kumra S., et al. Childhoodonset schizophrenia. Progressive ventricular change during adolescence [see comments]. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 54:1997;897-903.
352. Rapoport J.L., Giedd J.N., Blumenthal J., et al. Progressive cortical change during adolescence in childhood-onset schizophrenia. A longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 56:1999;649-654.
353. Rauch S.L., Renshaw P.F. Clinical neuroimaging in psychiatry. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry. 2:1995;297-312.
354. Raz S., Raz N. Structural brain abnormalities in the major psychoses: a quantitative review of the evidence from computerized imaging. Psychological Bulletin. 108:1990;93-108.
355. Razi K., Greene K.P., Sakuma M., et al. Reduction of the parahippocampal gyrus and the hippocampus in patients with chronic schizophrenia [see comments]. Br. J. Psychiatry. 174:1999;512-519.
356. Reite M., Sheeder J., Teale P., et al. Magnetic source imaging evidence of sex differences in cerebral lateralization in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 54:1997;433-440.
357. Robinson M.B., Coyle J.T. Glutamate and related acidic excitatory neurotransmitters: from basic science to clinical application. FASEB Journal. 1:1987;446-455.
358. Rosenberger P.B., Hier D.B. Cerebral asymmetry and verbal intellectual deficits. Ann. Neurol. 8:1980;300-304.
359. Rosenthal R., Bigelow L.B. Quantitative brain measurements in chronic schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry. 121:1972;259-264.
360. Rosenthal R. Judgement Studies. Design, Analysis, and Meta-analysis. 1987;Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA.
361. Rosenthal R., Rubin D.B. Comparing significance levels of independent studies. Psychol. Bull. 56:1979;1163-1168.
362. Rosenthal R., Rubin D.B. Comparing effect sizes of independent studies. Psychol. Bull. 92:1982;500-504.
363. Rosenthal R., Rubin D.B. Meta-analysis procedures for combining studies with multiple effect sizes. Psychol. Bull. 99:1986;400-406.
364. Rossi A., Stratta P., Gallucci M., et al. Standardized magnetic resonance image intensity study in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 25:1988;223-231.
365. Rossi A., Stratta P., D'Albenzio L., et al. Reduced temporal lobe area in schizophrenia by magnetic resonance imaging: preliminary evidence. Psychiatry Res. 29:1989;261-263.
366. Rossi A., Stratta P., Gallucci M., et al. Quantification of corpus callosum and ventricles in schizophrenia with nuclear magnetic resonance imaging: a pilot study. Am. J. Psychiatry. 146:1989;99-101.
367. Rossi A., Stratta P., D'Albenzio L., et al. Reduced temporal lobe areas in schizophrenia: preliminary evidences from a controlled multiplanar magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol. Psychiatry. 27:1990;61-68.
368. Rossi A., Stratta P., et al. Di Michele. V. Temporal lobe structure by magnetic resonance in bipolar affective disorders and schizophrenia. J. Affect. Disord. 21:1991;19-22.
369. Rossi A., Stratta P., Mattei P., et al. Planum temporale in schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance study. Schizophr. Res. 7:1992;19-22.
370. Rossi A., Stratta P., Mancini F., et al. Cerebellar vermal size in schizophrenia: a male effect. Biol. Psychiatry. 33:1993;35-47.
371. Rossi A., Stratta P., Mancini F., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging findings of amygdala-anterior hippocampus shrinkage in male patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 52:1994;43-53.
372. Rossi A., Serio A., Stratta P., et al. Planum temporale asymmetry and thought disorder in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 12:1994;1-7.
373. Rowland L., Mettler F. Cell concentration and laminar thickness of frontal cortex of psychotic patients. J. Comp. Neurol. 90:1949;255.
374. Roy P.D., Zipursky R.B., SaintCyr J.A., et al. Temporal horn enlargement is present in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry. 44:1998;418-422.
375. Sachdev P.S., Brodaty H. Midsagittal anatomy in late onset schizophrenia. Psychol. Med. 29:1999;963-970.
376. Sanfilipo M., Lafargue T., Arena L., et al. Fine volumetric analysis of the cerebral ventricular system in schizophrenia: further evidence for multifocal mild to moderate enlargement. Schizophr. Bull. 26:2000;201-216.
377. Sanfilipo M., Lafargue T., Rusinek H., et al. Volumetric measure of the frontal and temporal lobe regions in schizophrenia: relationship to negative symptoms. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 57:2000;471-480.
378. Saunders R.C., Kolachana B.S., Bachevalier J., et al. Neonatal lesions of the medial temporal lobe disrupt prefrontal cortical regulation of striatal dopamine. Nature. 393:1998;169-171.
379. Scheibel, A.B., Kovelman, J.A., 1979. Dendritic disarray in the hippocampus of paranoid schizophrenia. Annual Meeting of the Society of Biological Psychiatry.
380. Scheibel A.B., Kovelman J.A. Disorientation of the hippocampal pyramidal cell and its processes in the schizophrenic patient. Biol. Psychiatry. 16:1981;101-102.
381. SchellerGilkey G., Lewine R.R. Age at onset and sex differences in corpus callosum area in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 40:1999;229-235.
382. Schlaepfer T.E., Harris G.J., Tien A.Y., et al. Decreased regional cortical gray matter volume in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 151:1994;842-848.
383. Schmahmann J.D. From movement to thought: Anatomic substrates of the cerebellar contribution to cognitive processing. Human Brain Mapping. 4:1996;174-198.
384. Schwartz J.M., Aylward E., Barta P.E., et al. Sylvian fissure size in schizophrenia measured with the magnetic resonance imaging rating protocol of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease. Am. J. Psychiatry. 149:1992;1195-1198.
385. Schwarzkopf S.B., Olson S.C., Coffman J.A., et al. Third and lateral ventricular volumes in schizophrenia: support for progressive enlargement of both structures. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 26:1990;385-391.
386. Scott T.F., Price T.R., George M.S., et al. Midline cerebral malformations and schizophrenia. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 5:1993;287-293.
387. Seidman L.J. Schizophrenia and brain dysfunction: An integration of recent neurodiagnostic findings. Psychol. Bull. 94:1983;195-238.
388. Seidman L.J., Yurgelun-Todd D., Kremen W.S., et al. Relationship of prefrontal and temporal lobe MRI measures to neuropsychological performance in chronic schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 35:1994;235-246.
389. Seidman L.J., Faraone S.V., Goldstein J.M., et al. Reduced subcortical brain volumes in nonpsychotic siblings of schizophrenic patients. Am. J. Med. Genetics (Neuropsychiatric Genetics). 74:1997;507-514.
390. Seidman L.J., Faraone S.V., Goldstein J.M., et al. Thalamic and amygdalahippocampal volume reductions in firstdegree relatives of patients with schizophrenia: an MRIbased morphometric analysis. Biol. Psychiatry. 46:1999;941-954.
391. Seidman L.J., Goldstein J.M., Makris N.N., et al. Subcortical brain abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia: an MRI morphometric study. Biol. Psychiatry. 47:(8s):2000;24s. [Abstract].
392. Selemon, L.D., Rajkowska, G., Goldman-Rakic, P.S., 1995. Abnormally high neuronal density in the schizophrenic cortex. A morphometric analysis of prefrontal area 9 and occipital area 17. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 52, 805-818;
393. Selemon L.D., Rajkowska G., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Elevated neuronal density in prefrontal area 46 in brains from schizophrenic patients: application of a three-dimensional, stereologic counting method. J. Comp. Neurol. 392:1998;402-412.
394. Seltzer B., Pandya D.N. Further observations on parieto-temporal connections in the rhesus monkey. Exp. Brain Res. 55:1984;301-312.
395. Shapleske J., Rossell S.L., Woodruff P.W., et al. The planum temporale: a systematic, quantitative review of its structural, functional and clinical significance. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 29:1999;26-49.
396. Sharma T., DuBoulay G., Lewis S., et al. The Maudsley Family Study I: structural brain changes on magnetic resonance imaging in familial schizophrenia. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiatry. 21:1997;1297-1315.
397. Shaw C.M., Alvord E.C. Jr. Cava septi pellucidi et vergae: Their normal and pathological states. Brain. 92:1969;213-223.
398. Shelton R.C., Weinberger D.R. X-ray computerized tomography studies in schizophrenia: a review and synthesis. Nasrallah H.A., Weinberger D.R. Handbook of Schizophrenia: The Neuropathology of Schizophrenia. vol. I:1986;207-225 Elsevier Science Publishers, New York.
399. Shenton M.E., Kikinis R., McCarley R.W., et al. Application of automated MRI volumetric measurement techniques to the ventricular system in schizophrenics and normal controls. Schizophr. Res. 5:1991;103-113.
400. Shenton M.E., Kikinis R., Jolesz F.A., et al. Abnormalities of the left temporal lobe and thought disorder in schizophrenia. A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. N. Engl. J. Med. 327:1992;604-612.
401. Shenton M.E., Kikinis R., McCarley R.W., et al. Harvard brain atlas: a teaching and visualization tool. IEEE Biomedical Visualization. 1995;10-17.
402. Shenton M.E. Temporal lobe structural abnormalities in schizophrenia: a selective review and presentation of new MR findings. Matthysse D.L.S., Kagan J., Benes F.M. Psychopathology: The Evolving Science of Mental Disorders. 1996;51-99 Cambridge University Press, New York.
403. Shenton M.E., Wible C.G., McCarley R.W. A review of magnetic resonance imaging studies of brain abnormalities in schizophrenia. Krishnan K., Doraiswamy P. Brain Imaging in Clinical Psychiatry. 1997;297-380 Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York.
404. Shenton M., Frumin M., McCarley R., et al. Morphometric MRI studies: Findings in schizophrenia. Dougherty D., Rauch S., Rosen J., et al. Psychiatric Neuroimaging Strategies: Research and Clinical Applications. 2001;American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC. (in press).
405. Shihabuddin L., Buchsbaum M.S., Hazlett E.A., et al. Dorsal striatal size, shape, and metabolic rate in nevermedicated and previously medicated schizophrenics performing a verbal learning task. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 55:1998;235-243.
406. Shioiri T., Oshitani Y., Kato T., et al. Prevalence of cavum septum pellucidum detected by MRI in patients with bipolar disorder, major depression and schizophrenia. Psychol. Med. 26:1996;431-434.
407. Siever L.J. Biological factors in schizotypal personality disorders. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 90(Suppl. 384):1994;45-50.
408. Smith R.C., Calderon M., Ravichandran G.K., et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance in schizophrenia: a preliminary study. Psychiatry Res. 12:1984;137-147.
409. Snyder P.J., Bogerts B., Wu H., et al. Absence of the adhesio interthalamica as a marker of early developmental neuropathology in schizophrenia: an MRI and postmortem histologic study. J. Neuroimaging. 8:1998;159-163.
410. Soares J.C., Mann J.J. The anatomy of mood disordersreview of structural neuroimaging studies [see comments]. Biol. Psychiatry. 41:1997;86-106.
411. Southard E.E. A study of the dementia praecox group in the light of certain cases showing anomalies or scleroses in particular brain regions. Am. J. Insanity. 67:1910;119-176.
412. Southard E.E. On the topographic distribution of cortex lesions and anomalies in dementia praecox with some account of their functional significance. Am. J. Insanity. 71:1915;603-671.
413. Squire L.R., Zola-Morgan S. The medial temporal lobe memory system. Science. 253:1991;1380-1386.
414. Squire L.R. Memory and the hippocampus: a synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans [published erratum appears in Psychol. Rev. 1992 jul;99(3):582]. Psychol. Rev. 99:1992;195-231.
415. Staal W.G., et al., Pulshoff Pol H.E., Schnack H., et al. Partial volume decrease of the thalamus in relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 155:1998;1784-1786.
416. Staal W.G., Pulshoff Pol H.E., Schnack H., et al. Structural brain abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia and their healthy siblings. Am. J. Psychiatry. 157:2000;416-421.
417. Starkman M.N., Gebarski S.S., Berent S., et al. Hippocampal formation volume, memory dysfunction, and cortisol levels in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Biol. Psychiatry. 32:1992;756-765.
418. Stefanis N., Frangou S., Yakeley J., et al. Hippocampal volume reduction in schizophrenia: effects of genetic risk and pregnancy and birth complications. Biol. Psychiatry. 46:1999;697-702.
419. Steffens D.C., Krishnan K.R. Structural neuroimaging and mood disorders: recent findings, implications for classification, and future directions. Biol. Psychiatry. 43:1998;705-712.
420. Stevens J.R. An anatomy of schizophrenia? Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 29:1973;177-189.
421. Stratta P., Rossi A., Gallucci M., et al. Hemispheric asymmetries and schizophrenia: a preliminary magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol. Psychiatry. 25:1989;275-284.
422. Suddath R.L., Casanova M.F., Goldberg T.E., et al. Temporal lobe pathology in schizophrenia: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Am. J. Psychiatry. 146:1989;464-472.
423. Suddath R.L., Christison G.W., Torrey E.F., et al. Anatomical abnormalities in the brains of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia [published erratum appears in N.Engl. J. Med. 1990 may 31;322(22):1616] [see comments]. N. Engl. J. Med. 322:1990;789-794.
424. Sullivan E.V., Mathalon D.H., Lim K.O., et al. Patterns of regional cortical dysmorphology distinguishing schizophrenia and chronic alcoholism. Biol. Psychiatry. 43:1998;118-131.
425. Swayze V.W., Andreasen N.C., Alliger R.J., et al. Subcortical and temporal structures in affective disorder and schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging study [see comments]. Biol. Psychiatry. 31:1992;221-240.
426. Symonds L.L., Archibald S.L., Grant I., et al. Does an increase in sulcal or ventricular fluid predict where brain tissue is lost? J. Neuroimaging. 9:1999;201-209.
427. Szeszko P.R., Bilder R.M., Lencz T., et al. Investigation of frontal lobe subregions in first-episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 90:1999;1-15.
428. Tibbo P., Nopoulos P., Arndt S., et al. Corpus callosum shape and size in male patients with schizophrenia [see comments]. Biol. Psychiatry. 44:1998;405-412.
429. Tiede U., Bomans M., Hohne K.H., et al. A computerized three-dimensional atlas of the human skull and brain. Am. J. Neuroradiology. 14:1993;551-559.
430. Tiihonen J., Katila H., Pekkonen E., et al. Reversal of cerebral asymmetry in schizophrenia measured with magnetoencephalography. Schizophr. Res. 30:1998;209-219.
431. Torres I.J., Flashman L.A., O'Leary D.S., et al. Lack of an association between delayed memory and hippocampal and temporal lobe size in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Biol. Psychiatry. 42:1997;1087-1096.
432. Torrey E.F., Peterson M.R. Schizophrenia and the limbic system. Lancet. 2:1974;942-946.
433. Tsai G., Coyle J.T. Nacetylaspartate in neuropsychiatric disorders. Prog. Neurobiol. 46:1995;531-540.
434. Tune L., Barta P., Wong D., et al. Striatal dopamine D2 receptor quantification and superior temporal gyrus: Volume determination in 14 chronic schizophrenic subjects. Psychiatry Res. 67:1996;155-158.
435. Turetsky B.I., Cowell P.E., Gur R.C., et al. Frontal and temporal lobe brain volumes in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 52:1995;1061-1070.
436. Turetsky B.I., Moberg P.J., Yousem D.M., et al. Reduced olfactory bulb volume in patients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 157:2000;828-830.
437. Uematsu M., Kaiya H. The morphology of the corpus callosum in schizophrenia. An MRI study. Schizophr. Res. 1:1988;391-398.
438. Uematsu M., Kaiya H. Midsagittal cortical pathomorphology of schizophrenia: A magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Res. 30:1989;11-20.
439. Uno H., Tarara R., Else J., Suleman M., et al. Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged and fatal stress in primates. J. Neurosci. 9:1989;1705-1711.
440. Van Essen D.C.A. tension-based theory of morphogenesis and compact wiring in the central nervous system. Nature. 385:1997;313-318.
441. Velakoulis D., Pantelis C., McGorry P.D., et al. Hippocampal volume in firstepisode psychoses and chronic schizophrenia: a high resolution magnetic resonance imaging study [see comments]. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 56:1999;133-141.
442. Vita A., Dieci M., Giobbio G.M., et al. Language and thought disorder in schizophrenia: Brain morphological correlates. Schizophr. Res. 15:1995;243-251.
443. Vogt B.A., Pandya D.N. Cingulate cortex of the rhesus monkey: II. Cortical afferents. J. Comp. Neurol. 262:1987;271-289.
444. Vogt B.A., Pandya D.N., Rosene D.L. Cingulate cortex of the rhesus monkey: I. Cytoarchitecture and thalamic afferents. J. Comp. Neurol. 262:1987;256-270.
445. Waldo M.C., Cawthra E., Adler L.E., et al. Auditory sensory gating, hippocampal volume, and catecholamine metabolism in schizophrenics and their siblings. Schizophr. Res. 12:1994;93-106.
446. Warach S., Chien D., Li W., et al. Fast magnetic resonance diffusionweighted imaging of acute human stroke [published erratum appears in Neurology 1992 Nov;42(11):2192]. Neurology. 42:1992;1717-1723.
447. Ward K.E., Friedman L., Wise A., Schulz S.C. Meta-analysis of brain and cranial size in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 22:1996;197-213.
448. Wassink T.H., Andreasen N.C., Nopoulos P., et al. Cerebellar morphology as a predictor of symptom and psychosocial outcome in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 45:1999;41-48.
449. Watanabe Y., Gould E., McEwen B.S. Stress induces atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. Brain Res. 588:1992;341-345.
450. Weight D.G., Bigler E.D. Neuroimaging in psychiatry. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 21:1998;725-759.
451. Weinberger D.R. The pathogenesis: a neurodevelopmental theory. Nasrallah H.A., Weinberger D.R. Handbook of Schizophrenia: The Neuropathology of Schizophrenia. vol. I:1986;397-406 Elsevier Science Publishers, New York.
452. Weinberger D.R. Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 44:1987;660-669.
453. Weinberger D.R., Berman K.F., Suddath R., et al. Evidence of dysfunction of a prefrontallimbic network in schizophrenia: A magnetic resonance imaging and regional cerebral blood flow study of discordant monozygotic twins. Am. J. Psychiatry. 149:1992;890-897.
454. Weinberger D.R. From neuropathology to neurodevelopment. Lancet. 346:1995;552-557.
455. Weinberger D.R. On the plausibility of "The Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis" of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 14:1996;1S-11S.
456. Weinberger D.R., Mattay V., Callicott J., et al. fMRI applications in schizophrenia research. Neuroimage. 4:1996;S118-S126.
457. Weinberger D.R. Cell biology of the hippocampal formation in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 45:1999;395-402.
458. Wernicke C. De aphasische symptomenkomplex. 1874;Cohen and Weigart, Breslau.
459. Whitworth A.B., Honeder M., Kremser C., et al. Hippocampal volume reduction in male schizophrenic patients. Schizophr. Res. 31:1998;73-81.
460. Wible C.G., Shenton M.E., Hokama H., et al. Prefrontal cortex and schizophrenia. A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 52:1995;279-288.
461. Wible C.G., Shenton M.E., Fischer I.A., et al. Parcellation of the human prefrontal cortex using MRI. Psychiatry Res. 76:1997;29-40.
462. Williamson P., Pelz D., Merskey H., et al. Correlation of negative symptoms in schizophrenia with frontal lobe parameters on magnetic resonance imaging. Br. J. Psychiatry. 159:1991;130-134.
463. Williamson P., Pelz D., Merskey H., et al. Frontal, temporal, and striatal proton relaxation times in schizophrenic patients and normal comparison subjects. Am. J. Psychiatry. 149:1992;549-551.
464. Wolkin A., Rusinek H., Vaid G., et al. Structural magnetic resonance image averaging in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 155:1998;1064-1073.
465. Woodruff P.W., Pearlson G.D., Geer M.J., et al. A computerized magnetic resonance imaging study of corpus callosum morphology in schizophrenia. Psychol. Med. 23:1993;45-56.
466. Woodruff P.W., Phillips M.L., Rushe T., et al. Corpus callosum size and interhemispheric function in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 23:1997;189-196.
467. Woodruff P.W., Wright I.C., Shuriquie N., et al. Structural brain abnormalities in male schizophrenics reflect frontotemporal dissociation. Psychol. Med. 27:1997;1257-1266.
468. Woods B.T., Yurgelun-Todd D., Goldstein J.M., et al. MRI brain abnormalities in chronic schizophrenia: One process or more? Biol. Psychiatry. 40:1996;585-596.
469. Wright I.C., RabeHesketh S., Woodruff P.W., et al. Metaanalysis of regional brain volumes in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 157:2000;16-25.
470. Yeo R.A., Hodde-Vargas J., Hendren R.L., et al. Brain abnormalities in schizophrenia-spectrum children: implications for a neurodevelopmental perspective. Psychiatry Res. 76:1997;1-13.
471. Young A.H., Blackwood D.H., Roxborough H., et al. A magnetic resonance imaging study of schizophrenia: Brain structure and clinical symptoms. Br. J. Psychiatry. 158:1991;158-164.
472. Yurgelun-Todd D.A., Renshaw P.F. Applications of functional MR imaging to research in psychiatry. Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. 9:1999;295-308.
473. Zakzanis K.K., Heinrichs R.W. Schizophrenia and the frontal brain: A quantitative review. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 5:1999;556-566.
474. Zipursky R.B., Lim K.O., Pfefferbaum A. Brain size in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 48:1991;179-180.
475. Zipursky R.B., Lim K.O., Sullivan E.V., et al. Widespread cerebral gray matter volume deficits in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 49:1992;195-205.
476. Zipursky R.B., Marsh L., Lim K.O., et al. Volumetric MRI assessment of temporal lobe structures in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 35:1994;501-516.
477. Zipursky R.B., Seeman M.V., Bury A., et al. Deficits in gray matter volume are present in schizophrenia but not bipolar disorder. Schizophr. Res. 26:1997;85-92.
478. Zipursky R.B., Lambe E.K., Kapur S., et al. Cerebral gray matter volume deficits in first episode psychosis [see comments]. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 55:1998;540-546.
479. Zipursky R.B., ZhangWong J., Lambe E.K., et al. MRI correlates of treatment response in first episode psychosis. Schizophr. Res. 30:1998;81-90.