The neuropathology of schizophrenic diseases: Historical aspects and present knowledge

European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience

Volumn 249, Issue SUPPL. 4, 1999, Pages

  Bogerts, Bernhard ^a  

^a OTTO VON GUERICKE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Historical review; Neuropathology, limbic system; Schizophrenic diseases

Indexed keywords

ASSOCIATION CORTEX; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN STEM; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONFERENCE PAPER; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; LIMBIC SYSTEM; MENTAL DISEASE; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA; THALAMUS;

EID: 0343621502     PISSN: 09401334     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/pl00014181     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (131)

1. Akbarian S, Kim JJ, Potkin SG, Hetrick WP, Bunney WE, Jones EG (1996) Maldistribution of interstitial neurons in the prefrontal white matter of the brains of schizophrenics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:425-436
2. Akil M, Lewis DA (1997) Cytoarchitecture of the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 154:1010-1012
3. Alzheimer A (1897) Beiträge zur Pathologischen Anatomie der Hirnrinde und zur anatomiscen Grundlage der Psychosen. Mschr Psychiat Neurol 2:82-120
4. Amato T, Rochet T, Dalery J, Chauchat JH, Martin JP, Marie-Cardine M (1994) Seasonality of birth and ventricular enlargement in chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res (Neuroimaging) 55: 65-73
5. Anderson SA, Volk DW, Lewis DA (1996) Increased density of microtobule associated protein 2-immunoreactive neurons in the prefrontal white matter of schizophrenic subjects. Schizophr Res 19:111-119
6. Andreasen NC, O'Leary DS, Cizadlo T, Arndt S, Rezal K, Boles Ponto LL, Watkins GL, Hichwa RD (1996) Schizophrenia and cognitive dysmetria: A positron-emission tomography study of dysfunctional prefrontal-thalamic-cerebellar circuitry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA 93:9985-9990
7. Arnold SE, Hyman BT, VanHösen GW, Damasio AR (1991) Some cytoarchitectural abnormalities of the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48:625-632
8. Arnold SE, Ruscheinsky DD, Han LY (1997) Further evidence of abnormal cytoarchitecture of the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia using spatial point pattern analyses. Biol. Psychiatry 42: 639-647
9. Bachus SE, Kleinman JE (1996) The neuropathology of schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 57 (suppl 11):72-83
10. Barta PE, Pearlson GD, Powers RE, Richards SS, Tune LE (1990) Reduced volume of superior temporal gyrus in schizophrenia: relationship to auditory hallucinations. Am J Psychiatry 147: 1457-1462
11. Bäumer H (1954)Veränderungen des Thalamus bei Schizophrenie. J. Hirnforsch. 1: 157-172
12. Beasley CL, Reynolds GP, (1997) Parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons are reduced in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics. Schizophrenia Research 24:349-355
13. Benes FM (1995) Altered glutamatergic and GABAergic mechanisms in the cingulate cortex of the schizophrenic brain. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:1015-1018
14. Benes FM, Bird ED (1987) An analysis of the arrangement of neurons in the cingulate cortex of schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiat 44:608-616
15. Benes FM, McSparren J, Bird ED, SanGiovanni JP, Vincent SL (1991) Deficits in small interneurons in prefrontal and cingulate cortices of schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48:996-1001
16. Benes FM (1993) Relationship of cingulate cortex to schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. In: Vogt, B.A., Gabriel, M. (Eds.), Neurobiology of cingulate cortex and limbic thalamus. Birkhäuser, Boston, Basel, Berlin, pp 581-605
17. Benes FM, McSparren J, Bird ED, SanGiovanni JP, Vincent SL (1991) Deficits in small interneurons in prefrontal and cingulate cortices of schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 48:996-1001
18. Bernstein H-G, Stanarius B, Baumann B, Henning H, Krell D, Danos P, Falkai P, Bogerts B (1998) Nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons in the human hypothalamus in the paraventricular nucleus of depressive patients and schizophrenics. Neuroscience Vol 83, No. 3 867-875
19. Bernstein H-G, Krell D, Baumann B, Danos P, Falkai P, Diekmann S, Henning H, Bogerts B: Morphometric and immunohistochemical studies of the entorhinal cortex in neuropsychiatric patients and controls: Clusters of heterotopically displaced lamina II neurons are not indicative of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 33, 125-132 (1998)
20. Bilder RM, Wu H, Bogerts B, Degreef G, Ashtari M, Alvier JM, Snyder P, Lieberman J (1994) Absence of regional hemispheric volume asymmetries in first episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1994, 151:1437-1447
21. Bogerts B (1984) Zur Neuropathologie der Schizophrenien. Fortschr. Neurol. Psychiat 52:428-437
22. Bogerts B (1985) Schizophrenien als Erkrankungen des limbischen Systems. In: Huber G (ed) Basisstadien endogener Psychosen und das Borderline-Problem. Schattauer, Stuttgart: 163-179
23. Bogerts B (1991) The neuropathology of schizophrenia: Pathophysiological and neurodevelopmental implications. In: Mednick SA, Cannon TD, Barr CE (eds) Fetal Neural Development and Adult Schizophrenia. Cambridge University Press, pp 153-173
24. Bogerts B (1997) The temporolimbic system theory of positive schizophrenic symptoms. Schizophrenia Bull 23:423-435
25. Bogerts B, Häntsch J, Herzer M (1983) A morphometric study of the dopamine containing cell groups in the mesencephalon of normals, Parkinson patients and schizophrenics. Biol. Psychiat. 18:951-960
26. Bogerts B, Lieberman J (1993) Neuropathology in the study of psychiatric disease. In: Costa E Silva ACJ, Nadelson CC (eds) International Review of Psychiatry, Vol. 1, American Psychiatric Press, Washington (1993) pp 515-555
27. Bogerts B, Wurthmann C, Piroth HD (1987) Hirnsubstanzdefizit mit paralimbischem und limbischem Schwerpunkt im CT Schizophrener. Nervenarzt 58:97-106
28. Bogerts B, Falkai P, Haupts M, Greve B, Ernst St, Tapernon-Franz U, Heinzmann U (1990) Post-mortem volume measurements of limbic system and basal ganglia structures in chronic schizophrenics. Schizophrenia Research 3:295-301
29. Bogerts B (1989) Limbic and paralimbic pathology in schizophrenia: interaction with age and stress related factors. In: Schulz SC, Tamminga CA (eds) Schizophrenia: Scientific Progress. Oxford Univeristy Press, New York, pp. 216-227
30. Braak H, Braak E (1991) Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol 82:239-259
31. Brown R, Colter N, Corsellis JAN et al. (1986) Post mortem evidence of structural changes in schizophrenia: differences in brain weight, temporal horn area and prahippocampal gyrus compared with affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43: 36-42
32. Bryant NL, Buchanan RW, Vladar K, Breier A, Rothman M (1999) Gender Differences in Temporal Structures of Patients With Schizophrenia:A Volumetric MRI Study. Am J Psychiatry 156:603-609
33. Buttlar-Brentano K.v. (1956) Zur weiteren Kenntnis der Veränderungen des Basalkerns bei Schizophrenen. J. Hirnforsch. 2: 271-291
34. Cannon TD, Mednick SA, Parnas J, Schulsinger F, Praestholm J, Vestergaard A (1993) Developmental Brain Abnormalities in the Offspring of Schizophrenic Mothers. I. Contribution of Genetic and Perinatal Factors. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:551-564
35. Chakos MHm Lieberman JA, Bilder RM, Borenstein M, Lerner G, Bogerts B, Wu H, KINON B, Ashtari M (1994) Increase in caudate nuclei volumes of first-episode schizophrenic patients taking antipsychotic drugs. Am. J. Psychiatry 151:1430-1436
36. Christison GW, Casanova MF, Weinberger DR et al. (1989) A quantitative investigation of hippocampal cell size, shape and variability of orientation in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:1027-1032
37. Crow TJ (1990) Temporal lobe asymmetries as the key to the etiology of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Buelltin 16(3):434-443
38. Crow TJ (1993) Schizophrenia as an Anomaly of Cerebral Asymmetry. In: Maurer K (ed) Imaging of the Brain in Psychiatry and Related Fields. Springer, Berlin, pp 2-17
39. Dahlström A, Fuxe K (1964) Evidence for the existence of monoamine-containing neurons in the central nervous system. 1. Demonstration of monoamines in the cell bodies of the brain stem neurons. Acta Physiol Scand 62, Suppl 232:1-55
40. Danos P, Baumann B, Bernstein H-G, Franz M, Stauch R, Northoff G, Krell D, Falkai P, Bogerts B (1998) Schizophrenia and anteroventral thalamic nucleus: selective decrease of parvalbumin-immunoreactive thalamo-cortical projection neurons. Psychiatr. Res. Neuroimaging 82:1-10
41. Davison K, Bagley CR (1969) Schizophrenia-like psychosis associated with organic disorders of the central nervous system. A review of the literature. In: Hertington RN (ed) Current problems in neuropsychiatry. Br J Psychiatry Special Publication No. 4:113-187
42. Daviss SR, Lewis DA (1995) Local circuit neurons of the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: selective increase in the density ot calbindin-immunoreactive neurons. Psychiatry Research 59: 81-96
43. Degreef G, Ashtari M, Bogerts B, Bilder RM, Jody DN, Alvir JMJ, Lieberman JA (1992b) Volumes of ventricular system subdivisions measured from magnetic resonance images in first episode schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 49:531-537
44. Degreef G, Bogerts B, Falkai P, Greve B, Lantos G, Ashtari M, Lieberman J (1992a) Increased prevalence of the cavum septum pellucidum in MRI scans and postmortem brains of schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Res: Neuroimmaging 45:1-13
45. Eastwood SL, Burnet PW, Harrison PJ (1995) Altered synaptophysin expression as a marker of synaptic pathology in schizophrenia. Neuroscience 66:309-319
46. Eastwood SL, Mc Donald B, Burnet PW, Beckwith JP, Kerwin RW, Harrison PJ (1995) Decreased expression of mRNAs encoding non-NMDA glutamate receptors GluR1 and GluR2 in medial temporal lobe neurons in schizophrenia. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 29:211-223
47. Falkai P, Bogerts B, Roberts GW, Crow TJ (1988b) Measurement of the alpha-cell-migration in the entorhinal region: a marker for developmental disturbances in schizophrenia ? Schizophrenia Res 1:157-158
48. Falkai P, Bogerts B, Rozumek M (1988a) Cell loss and volume reduction in the entorhinal cortex of schizophrenics. Biol Psychiatry 24:515-521
49. Falkai P, Honert WG, David B, Bogerts B, Majtenyi C, Bayer TA (1999) No evidence for astrogliosis in brain of schizophrenic patients. A post-mortem study. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 25:48-53
50. Falkai P, Schneider T, Greve B, Klieser E. Bogerts B (1995) Reduced frontal and occipital lobe asymmetry on CT-scans of schizophrenic patiens. Its specifity and clinical significance. J Neural Transm (GenSect) 99:63-77
51. Flor-Henry P (1969) Psychosis and temporal lobe epilepsy: a controlled investigation. Epilepsia 10:363-395
52. Fünfgeld E (1925) Pathologisch-anatomische Untersuchungen bei Dementia praecox mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Thalamus opticus. Z. ges. Neurol. Psychiat 95:411-463
53. Fünfgeld EW (1952) Der Nucleus anterior thalami bei Schizophrenie. J. Hirnforsch 1:147-155
54. Garver DL (1997) The etiologic heterogeneity of schizophrenia. Harvard Rev Psychiatry 4:317-327
55. Geddes JR, Lawrie S (1995) Obstetric complications and schizophrenia. A meta-analysis. Brit. J Psychiatry 167:786-793
56. Goldman-Rakic P (1994) Cerebral Cortical Mechanisms in Schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacol 1994, 10 (suppl 3):22-27
57. Gray JA (1982) The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the function of the septo-hippocampal system. Oxford University Press
58. Greenwood R, Bhalla A, Gordon A, Roberts J (1983) Behavior disturbances during recovery from herpes simplex encephalitis. Jounal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 46:809-817
59. Gur RE, Maany V, Mozley PD, Swanson C, Bilker W, Gur RC (1998) Subcortical MRI Volumes in Neuroleptic-Naive and Treated Patients With Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 155: 1711-1717
60. Harrison PJ (1996) Advances in post-mortem molecular neurochemistry and neuropathology: examples from schizophrenia research. [Review] Br Med Bull. 52:527-538
61. Harrison PJ (1999) The neuropathology of schizophrenia A critical review of the data and their interpretation. Brain 122:593-624
62. Harvey I, Ron MA, Du Boulay G, Wicks SW, Lewis SW, Murray RM (1993) Reduction of Cortical Volume in Schizophrenia on Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Psychol Med 23:591-604
63. Heath RG (1982) Psychosis and epilepsy: similarities and differences in the anatomic-physiologic substrate. In: WP Koella and MR Trimble (eds) Temporal lobe epilepsy, mania and schizophrenia and the limbic system. Karger, Basel, pp. 106-16
64. Heckers S, Heinsen H, Heinsen Y et al. (1990) Limbic structures and lateral ventricle in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47:1016-1022
65. Heckers S, Heinsen H, Heinsen Y et al. (1991) Cortex, white matter, and basal ganglia in schizophrenia: a volumetric post mortem study. Biol Psychiatry 29:556-566
66. Heinsen H, Gössmann E, Rüb U, Eisenmenger W, Bauer M, Ulmar G, Bethke B, Schüler M, Sehmitt HP, Götz M, Lockemann U, Püshel K (1996) Variability in the human entorhinal region may confound neuropsychiatrie diagnoses. Acta Anatomica 157:226-237
67. Hempel KJ (1958) Histopathologische Untersuchungen an Supranucleus medio-dorsalis thalami bei Schizophrenie. J. Hirnforsch. 4:205-253
68. Hempel KJ, Treff WM (1959) Über "normale Lücken" und "pathologische Lückenbildungen" in einem subcorticalen Griseum (mediodorsaler Thalamuskern). Beitr. pathol. Anat. 121: 287-300
69. Hess WR (1949) Das Zwischenhirn. Schwabe, Basel
70. Heyck H (1954) Kritischer Beitrag zur Frage anatomischer Veränderungen im Thalamus bei Schizophrenie. Mschr. Psychiat. Neurol. 128:106-128
71. Hillbom E (1951) Schizophrenia-like psychoses after brain trauma. Acta Psychiat Neurol Scand 60:36-47
72. Hopf A (1954) Orientierende Untersuchungen zur Frage pathoanatomischer Veränderungen im Pallidum und Striatum bei Schizophrenie. J. Hirnforsch, 1:97-145
73. Huber G (1961) Chronische Schizophrenie. Synopsis klinischer und neuroradiologischer Untersuchungen an defektschizophrenen Anstaltspatienten. Einzeldarstellungen aus der theoratischen und klinischen Medizin, Bd. 13. Hüthig, Heidelberg
74. Huber G (1976) Indizien für die Somatosehypothese bei den Schizophrenien. Fortsch. Neurol. Psychiat. 44:77-94
75. Huber G (Lcf41983) Das Konzept substratnaher Basissymptome und seine Bedeutung für die Theorie und Therapie schizophrener Erkrankungen. Nervenarzt 54:23-32
76. Jakob J, Beckmann H (1986) Prenatal developmental disturbances in the limbic allocortex in schizophrenics. J Neural Transmiss 65:303-326
77. Jeste D, Lohr JB, Goodwin FK (1988) Neuroanatomical studies of major affective disorders. Brit J Psychiatry 153:444-459
78. Johnstone EC, Crow TJ, Frith CD, Husband J, Kreel L (1976) Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. Lancet 2:924-926
79. Jones EG, Powell TPS (1970) An anatomical study of converging sensory pathways within the cerebral cortex of the monkey. Brain 93:793-820
80. Jönsson SA, Luts A, Guldberg-Kjaer N, Brun A (1997) Hippocampal pyramidal cell disarray correlates negatively to cell number: implications for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurisci 247:120-127
81. Kalus P, Senitz D (1996) Parvalbumin in the human anterior cingulate cortex. morphological heterogeneity of inhibitory interneurons. Brain Research 729:45-54
82. Katsetos CD, Hyde TM, Herman MM (1997) Neuropathology of the cerebellum in Schizophrenia - An Update: 1996 and future directions. Biol. Psychiatry 42:213-224
83. Keshavan MS, Bagwell WW, Haas GL, Sweeney JA, Schooler NR, Pettegrew JW (1994) Changes in caudate volume with neuroleptic treatment [letter]. Lancet 344:1434
84. Kovelman JA, Scheibel AB (1984) A neurohistological correlate of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 19:1601-1623
85. Kwon JS, Shenton ME, Hirajasu Y et al. (1998) MRI study of cavurn septi pellucudi in schizophrenia, affective disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder. A J Psychiatry 155:509-510
86. Lawrie SM, Abukmeil SS, Chiswick A, Egan V, Santosh CG, Best JJ (1997) Qualitative cerebral morpology in schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging study and systematic literature review. Schizophrenia Res 25:155-166
87. Lawrie SM, Whalley H, Kestelman JN, Abukmeil SS, Byrne M, Hodges A, Rimmington JE, Best JJK, Owens DGC, Johnstone EC (1999) Magnetic resonance imaging of brain in people at high risk of developing schizophrenia. Lancet 353:30-33
88. Lesch A, Bogerts B (1984) The diencephalon in schizophrenia: Evidence for reduced thickness of periventricular grey matter. Europ. Arch. Psychiat. Neurol. Sci. 234:212-219
89. Lieberman J, Bogerts B, Degreef, G., Ashtari M, Alvir J (1992) Qualitative assessment of brain morphology in acute and chronic schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 149:784-791
90. Malamud M (1967) Psychiatric disorder with intracranial tumors of the limbic system. Arch Neurol 17:113-123
91. Marsh L, Suddath RL. Higgins N, Weinberger DR (1994) Medial temporal lobe structures in Schizophrenia: relationship of size to duration of illness. Schizophrenia Res 11:225-238
92. McCarley RW, Hsiao JK, Freedman R, Pfefferbaum A, Donchin E (1996) Neuroimaging and the cognitive neuroscience of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bull 22:703-725
93. McEwen BS, Gould EA, Sakai RR (1992) The vulnerability of the hippocampus to protective and destructive effects of glucocorticoids in relation to stress. Br J of Psychiatry 160 (suppl. 15): 18-24
94. McLean PD (1952) Some psychiatric implications of physiological studies on frontotemporal portion of limbic system (visceral brain). Electroenceph. clinical Neurophysiology 4:407-418
95. Mesulam MM (1986) Patterns in behavioral neuroanatomy: association areas, the limbic system, and hemispheric specialization. In: Mesulam MM (ed) Principles of behavioral neurology. Davis, Philadelphia, pp 1-70
96. Millner R (1992) Cortico-hippocampal interplay and the representation of contexts in the brain. Springer, Berlin
97. Mulder DW, Daly D (1952) Psychiatric symptoms associated with lesions of the temporal lobe. JAMA 150:173-176
98. Nelson MD, Saykin AJ, Flashman LA, Riordan HJ (1998) Hippocampal volume reduction in schizophrenia as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55:433-440
99. Newman NJ, Bell IR, McKee AC (1990) Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis: neuropsychiatric presentation. Biological Psychiatry 27:529-542
100. Nieuwenhuys R (1985) Chemoarchitecture of the Brain. Springer, Berlin
101. Northoff G, Waters H, Mooren I, Schlüter U, Diekmann S, Falkai, P, Bogerts, B (1999) Cortical sulcal enlargement in catatonic schizophrenia: a planimetric CT study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, in press
102. Olney JW, Farber NB (1995) Glutamate receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 52:998-1007
103. Pakkenberg B (1990) Pronounced reduction of total neuron number in mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and nucleus accumbens in schizophrenics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47:1023-1028
104. Pakkenberg B (1992) The volume of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in treated and untreated schizophrenics. Schizophrenia Resarch 7:95-100
105. Palkovits M, Zaborski L (1979) Neural connections of the hypothalamus. In: Morgane PJ (ed) Anatomy of the hypothalamus. Decker, New York, pp 379-509
106. Perez MM, Trimble MR, Reider I, Murray M (1984) Epileptic psychosis, a further evaluation of PSE profiles. British Journal of Psychiatry 146:155-63
107. Peters G (1967) Neuropathologie und Psychiatrie. In: Gruhle HW, Jung R, Mayer-Gross W, Müller M (eds) Psychiatrie der Gegenwart, Bd. I/1 A. Springer, Berlin: 286-298
108. Raz S (1993) Structural cerebral pathology in schizophrenia: regional or diffuse? J Abnorm Psychol 102:445-452
109. Scheibel AB, Kovelman JA (1981) Disorientation of the hippocampal pyramidal cells and its processes in the schizophrenic patient. Biol Psychiat 16:101-102
110. Schlaepfer TE , Harris GJ, Tien AY, Peng LW, Lee S, Federman EB, Chase GA, Barta PE, Pearlson GD (1994) Decreased Regional Cortical Gray Matter Volume in Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 151:842-848
111. Schramm M, Falkai P, Feldmann N, Knable B, Bayer TA (1998) Reduced tryosine kinase receptor C mRNA levels in the frontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia. Neuroscience Letters 65-68
112. Schröder J, Geider FJ, Sauer H (1993) Can Computerized Tomography be used to predict Early Treatment Response in Schizophrenia? Brit J Psychiatry 163 (suppl. 21): 13-15
113. Selemon LD, Rajkowska PS, Goldman-Rakic PS (1995) Abnormally high neuronal density in the schizophrenic cortex. A morphometric anaysis of prefrontal area 9 and occipital area 17. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:805-818
114. Shapiro RM (1993) Regional Neuropathology in Schizophrenia: Where are we? Where are we going? Schizophrenia Res 10: 187-239
115. Slater E, Beard AW, Glithero E (1963) The schizophrenia-like psychosis of epilepsy. Br J Psychiatry 109:95-150
116. Southard EE (1915) On the topographic distribution of cortex lesions and abnormalities in dementia praecox wih some account of their functional significance Am J Insanity 71:603-671
117. Staal WG, Hulshoff Pol HE, Schnack H, Van der Schot AC, Kahn RS (1998) Partial volume decrease of the thalamus in relatives of patients with schizophrenia 155:1784-1786
118. Stirling JD, Hellewell JSE, Hewitt J (1997) Verbal memory impairment in schizophrenia: no sparing of short-term recall. Schizophrenia Res 25:85-95
119. Swanson LW (1983) The hippocampus and the concept of limbic system. In: Seifert W (ed) Neurobiology of the hippocampus. Academic press London pp 3-19
120. Travis MJ, Kerwin R (1997) Schizophrenia - Neuroimaging. Curr Opin Psychiatry 10:16-25
121. van Hoesen GW (1982) The parahippocampal gyrus. New observations regarding its cortical connections in the monkey. Trends Neurosci 5:345-350
122. Van Os J, Fahy A. Jones P, Harvey I, Lewis S, Williams M, Toone B, Murray R (1995) Increased intracerebral cerebrospinal fluid spaces predict unemployment and negative symptoms in psychotic illness - a prospective study. Brit J Psychiatry 166:750-758
123. Vogt C, Vogt O (1948) Über anatomische Substrate. Bemerkungen zu pathoanatomischen Befunden bei Schizophrenie. Ärztl. Forsch. 3:1-7
124. Vogt C, Vogt O (1952) Résultats de l étude anatomique de la schizophrenie et d'autres psychoses dites fontionelles faite a l'institut du cerveau de Neustadt. Schwarzwald. In Proc. Ist Int. Congr. Neuropath. Rosenberg & Sellier, Turin, vol. 1:515-532
125. Weinberger DR (1987) Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44: 660-669
126. Woo TU, Whitehead RE, Melchitzky DS, Lewis DA (1998) A subclass of prefrontal gamma-aminobutyric acid axon terminals are seletively altered in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93:5341-5346
127. Woo TU, Miller JL, Lewis DA (1997) Schizophrenia and the parvalbumin-containing class of cortical local circuit neurons. American Journal of Psychiatry 154:1013-1015
128. Woods BT (1998) Is schizophrenia a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder? Toward a unitary pathogenetic mechanism. Am J Psychiatry 155:1661-1670
129. Woods BT (1998) Is Schizophrenia a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder ? Toward a unitary pathogenetic mechanism. Am J Psychiatry 155:1661-1670
130. Zaidel DW, Esiri MM, Harrison PJ (1997) The hippocampus in schizophrenia.: lateralized increase in neuronal density and altered cytoarchitectural asymmetry. Psychol Med 27:703-713
131. Zipurski RB, Marsh L, Lim KO, Dement S, Shear PK, Sullivan EV, Murphy GM, Csernansky JG, Pfefferbaum A(1994) Volumetric Assessment of Temporal Lobe Structures in Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatr 35:501-516