Regulation of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism by PPAR activators

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 3-11

  Gervois, Philippe ^a   Torra, Inés Pineda ^a   Fruchart, Jean Charles ^a   Staels, Bart ^a  

^a INSTITUT PASTEUR DE LILLE   (France)

Author keywords

Fibrates; Lipoprotein metabolism; Nuclear receptors

Indexed keywords

ACYL COENZYME A; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; APOLIPOPROTEIN A1; APOLIPOPROTEIN A2; APOLIPOPROTEIN C3; FATTY ACID; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; GLITAZONE DERIVATIVE; HORMONE RECEPTOR AFFECTING AGENT; ICOSANOID; LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; FAT INTAKE; FATTY ACID OXIDATION; HEART MUSCLE METABOLISM; HUMAN; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; HYPOLIPEMIA; HYPOLIPOPROTEINEMIA; KIDNEY METABOLISM; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM; LIVER METABOLISM; MUSCLE METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0034106942     PISSN: 14346621     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/CCLM.2000.002     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994; 344:1383-9.
2. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, Isles C, Lorimer A, Mac-Farlane P, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:1301-7.
3. Saku K, Zhang B, Ohta T, and Arakawa K. Quantity and function of high density lipoprotein as an indicator of coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33:436-43.
4. Haim M, Benderly M, Brunner D, Behar S, Graff E, Reicher-Reiss H, et al. Elevated serum triglyceride levels and long-term mortality in patients with coronary heart disease: the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) Registry. Circulation 1999; 100:475-82.
5. Staels B, Dallongeville J, Auwerx J, Schoonjans K, Leitersdorf E, and Fruchart JC. Mechanism of action of fibrates on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Circulation 1998; 98:2088-93.
6. Ericsson CG, Hamsten A, Nilsson J, Grip L, Svane B, and de Faire U. Angiographic assessment of effects of bezafibrate on progression of coronary artery disease in young male postinfarction patients. Lancet 1996; 347:849-53.
7. Frick MH, Syvanne M, Nieminen MS, Kauma H, Majahalme S, Virtanen V, et al. Prevention of the angiographic progression of coronary and vein-graft atherosclerosis by gemfibrozil after coronary bypass surgery in men with low levels of HDL cholesterol. Lopid Coronary Angiography Trial (LOCAT) Study Group. Circulation 1997; 96:2137-43.
8. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, Fye CL, Anderson JW, Elam MB, et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:410-8.
9. Reddy J, and Qureshi S. Tumorigenicity of the hypolipidaemic peroxisome proliferator ethyl-alpha-p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (clofibrate) in rats. Br J Cancer 1979; 40:476-82.
10. Issemann I, and Green S. Activation of a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily by peroxisome proliferators. Nature 1990; 347:645-50.
11. Vanden Heuvel JP. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: a critical link among fatty acids, gene expression and carcinogenesis. J Nutr 1999; 129:575S-80S.
12. Lee SS, Pineau T, Drago J, Lee EJ, Owens JW, Kroetz DL, et al. Targeted disruption of the alpha isoform of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gene in mice results in abolishment of the pleiotropic effects of peroxisome proliferators. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:3012-22.
13. Schoonjans K, Staels B, and Auwerx J. The peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) and their effects on lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1996; 1302:93-109.
14. Cullingford TE, Bhakoo K, Peuchen S, Dolphin CT, Patel R, and Clark JB. Distribution of mRNAs encoding the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, beta, and gamma and the retinoid X receptor alpha, beta, and gamma in rat central nervous system. J Neurochem 1998; 70:1366-75.
15. Braissant O, Foufelle F, Scotto C, Dauca M, and Wahli W. Differential expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs): tissue distribution of PPAR-alpha, -beta, and -gamma in the adult rat. Endocrinology 1996; 137:354-66.
16. Auboeuf D, Rieusset J, Fajas L, Vallier P, Frering V, Riou JP, et al. Tissue distribution and quantification of the expression of mRNAs of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and liver X receptor-alpha in humans: no alteration in adipose tissue of obese and NIDDM patients. Diabetes 1997; 46:1319-27.
17. Dreyer C, Krey G, Keller H, Givel F, Helftenbein G, and Wahli W. Control of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway by a novel family of nuclear hormone receptors. Cell 1992; 68:879-87.
18. Braissant O, and Wahli W. Differential expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha, -beta, and -gamma during rat embryonic development. Endocrinology 1998; 139:2748-54.
19. Spiegelman BM. PPAR-gamma: adipogenic regulator and thiazolidinedione receptor. Diabetes 1998; 47:507-14.
20. Mueller E, Sarraf P, Tontonoz P, Evans RM, Martin KJ, Zhang M, et al. Terminal differentiation of human breast cancer through PPAR gamma. Mol Cell 1998; 1:465-70.
21. Lefebvre AM, Chen I, Desreumaux P, Najib J, Fruchart JC, Geboes K, et al. Activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma promotes the development of colon tumors in C57BL/6J-APCMin/+ mice. Nature Med 1998; 4:1053-7.
22. Saez E, Tontonoz P, Nelson MC, Alvarez JG, Ming UT, Baird SM, et al. Activators of the nuclear receptor PPARgamma enhance colon polyp formation. Nature Med 1998; 4:1058-61.
23. Sarraf P, Mueller E, Jones D, King FJ, DeAngelo DJ, Partridge JB, et al. Differentiation and reversal of malignant changes in colon cancer through PPARgamma. Nature Med 1998; 4:1046-52.
24. Willson TM, and Wahli W. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists. Curr Opin Chem Biol 1997; 1:235-41.
25. Nagy L, Tontonoz P, Alvarez JG, Chen H, and Evans RM. Oxidized LDL regulates macrophage gene expression through ligand activation of PPARγ. Cell 1998; 93:229-40.
26. Xu HE, Lambert MH, Montana VG, Parks DJ, Blanchard SG, Brown PJ, et al. Molecular recognition of fatty acids by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Mol Cell 1999; 3:397-403.
27. Berger J, Leibowitz MD, Doebber TW, Elbrecht A, Zhang B, Zhou G, et al. Novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma and PPARdelta ligands produce distinct biological effects. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:6718-25.
28. Gervois P, Chopin-Delannoy S, Fadel A, Dubois G, Kosykh V, Fruchart JC, et al. Fibrates increase human REV-ERBalpha expression in liver via a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor response element. Mol Endocrinol 1999; 13:400-9.
29. Staels B, Koenig W, Habib A, Merval R, Lebret M, Pineda Torra I, et al. Activation of human aortic smooth-muscle cells is inhibited by PPARalpha but not by PPARgamma activators. Nature 1998; 393:790-3.
30. Ricote M, Li AC, Willson TM, Kelly CJ, and Glass CK. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma is a negative regulator of macrophage activation. Nature 1998; 391:79-82.
31. Jiang C, Ting AT, and Seed B. PPAR-gamma agonists inhibit production of monocyte inflammatory cytokines. Nature 1998; 391:82-6.
32. Sakai M, Matsushima-Hibiya Y, Nishizawa M, and Nishi S. Suppression of rat gluthatione transferase P expression by peroxisome proliferators:interaction between Jun and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α. Cancer Res 1995; 53:5370-6.
33. Delerive P, Martin F, Chinetti G, Trottein F, Fruchart JC, Najib J, et al. PPAR activators inhibit thrombin-induced endothelin-1 production in human vascular endothelial cells by inhibiting the AP-1 signalling pathways. Circ Res 1999; 85:394-402.
34. Delerive P, De Bosscher K, Besnard S, Vanden Berghe W, Peters JM, Gonzalez FJ, et al. PPARα negatively regulates the vascular wall inflammatory gene response by negative cross-talk with transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:32048-54.
35. Lemberger T, Staels B, Saladin R, Desvergne B, Auwerx J, and Wahli W. Regulation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha gene by glucocorticoids. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:24527-30.
36. Steineger HH, Sorensen HN, Tugwood JD, Skrede S, Spydevoid O, and Gautvik KM. Dexamethasone and insulin demonstrate marked and opposite regulation of the steady-state mRNA level of the peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) in hepatic cells. Hormonal modulation of fatty acid-induced transcription. Eur J Biochem 1994; 225:967-74.
37. Wang MY, and Unger RH. Novel form of lipolysis induced by leptin. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:17541-4.
38. Zhou YT, Wang ZW, Higa M, Newgard CB, and Unger RH. Reversing adipocyte differentiation: implications for treatment of obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96:2391-5.
39. Kersten S, Seydoux J, Peters JM, Gonzalez FJ, Desvergne B, and Wahli W. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha mediates the adaptive response to fasting. J Clin Invest 1999; 103:1489-98.
40. Lemberger T, Saladin R, Vazquez M, Assimacopoulos F, Staels B, Desvergne B, et al. Expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α gene is stimulated by stress and follows a diurnal rhythm. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:1764-9.
41. Gervois P, Pineda Torra I, Chinetti G, Dubois G, Grötzinger T, Fruchart JC, et al. A truncated human PPARα splice variant with dominant negative activity. Mol Endocrinol 1999; 13:1535-49.
42. Palmer CN, Hsu MH, Griffin KJ, Raucy JL, and Johnson EF. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha expression in human liver. Mol Pharmacol 1998; 53:14-22.
43. Zhu Y, Qi C, Korenberg JR, Chen XN, Noya D, Rao MS, et al. Structural organization of mouse peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (mPPAR gamma) gene: alternative promoter use and different splicing yield two mPPAR gamma isoforms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92:7921-5.
44. Fajas L, Auboeuf D, Raspe E, Schoonjans K, Lefebvre AM, Saladin R, et al. The organization, promoter analysis, and expression of the human PPARgamma gene. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:18779-89.
45. Werman A, Hollenberg A, Solanes G, Bjorbaek C, Vidal-Puig AJ, and Flier JS. Ligand-independent activation domain in the N terminus of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). Differential activity of PPARgamma1 and -2 isoforms and influence of insulin. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:20230-5.
46. Wu Z, Bucher NL, and Farmer SR. Induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma during the conversion of 3T3 fibroblasts into adipocytes is mediated by C/EBPbeta, C/EBPdelta, and glucocorticoids. Mol Cell Biol 1996; 16:4128-36.
47. Juge-Aubry CE, Hammar E, Siegrist-Kaiser C, Pernin A, Takeshita A, Chin WW, et al. Regulation of the transcriptional activity of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha by phosphorylation of a ligand-independent trans-activating domain. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:10505-10.
48. Shao D, Rangwala SM, Bailey ST, Krakow SL, Reginato MJ, and Lazar MA. Interdomain communication regulating ligand binding by PPAR-gamma. Nature 1998; 396:377-80.
49. Shalev A, Siegrist-Kaiser CA, Yen PM, Wahli W, Burger AG, Chin WW, et al. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha is a phosphoprotein: regulation by insulin. Endocrinology 1996; 137:4499-502.
50. Adams M, Reginato MJ, Shao D, Lazar MA, and Chatterjee VK. Transcriptional activation by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma is inhibited by phosphorylation at a consensus mitogen-activated protein kinase site. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:5128-32.
51. Hu E, Kim JB, Sarraf P, and Spiegelman BM. Inhibition of adipogenesis through MAP kinase-mediated phosphorylation of PPARgamma. Science 1996; 274:2100-3.
52. Camp HS, Tafuri SR, and Leff T. c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ1 and negatively regulates its transcriptional activity. Endocrinology 1999; 140:392-7.
53. Hashimoto T, Fujita T, Usuda N, Cook W, Qi C, Peters JM, et al. Peroxisomal and mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation in mice nullizygous for both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and peroxisomal fatty Acyl-CoA oxidase. Genotype correlation with fatty liver phenotype. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:19228-36.
54. Qi C, Zhu Y, Pan J, Usuda N, Maeda N, Yeldandi AV, et al. Absence of spontaneous peroxisome proliferation in enoyl-CoA Hydratase/L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase-deficient mouse liver. Further support for the role of fatty acyl-CoA oxidase in PPAR alpha ligand metabolism. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:15775-80.
55. Aoyama T, Peters JM, Iritani N, Nakajima T, Furihata K, Hashimoto T, et al. Altered constitutive expression of fatty acid-metabolizing enzymes in mice lacking the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha). J Biol Chem 1997; 273:5678-84.
56. Martin G, Schoonjans K, Lefebvre AM, Staels B, and Auwerx J. Coordinate regulation of the expression of the fatty acid transport protein and acyl-CoA synthetase genes by PPARalpha and PPARgamma activators. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:28210-7.
57. Motojima K, Passilly P, Peters JM, Gonzalez FJ, and Latruffe N. Expression of putative fatty acid transporter genes are regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and gamma activators in a tissue-and inducer-specific manner. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:16710-4.
58. Mascaro C, Acosta E, Ortiz JA, Marrero PF, Hegardt FG, and Haro D. Control of human muscle-type carnitine palmitoyltransferase I gene transcription by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:8560-73.
59. Brandt JM, Djouadi F, and Kelly DP. Fatty acids activate transcription of the muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase I gene in cardiac myocytes via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:23786-92.
60. Yu GS, Lu YC, and Gulick T. Co-regulation of tissue-specific alternative human carnitine palmitoyltransferase lbeta gene promoters by fatty acid enzyme substrate. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:32901-9.
61. Djouadi F, Weinheimer CJ, Saffitz JE, Pitchford C, Bastin J, Gonzalez FJ, et al. A gender-related defect in lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-deficient mice. J Clin Invest 1998; 102:1083-91.
62. Leone TC, Weinheimer CJ, and Kelly DP. A critical role for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) in the cellular fasting response: The PPARalpha-null mouse as a model of fatty acid oxidation disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96:7473-8.
63. Kelly LJ, Vicario PP, Thompson GM, Candelore MR, Doebber TW, Ventre J, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma and alpha mediate in vivo regulation of uncoupling protein (UCP-1, UCP-2, UCP-3) gene expression. Endocrinology 1998; 139:4920-7.
64. Brun S, Carmona MC, Mampel T, Vinas O, Giralt M, Iglesias R, et al. Activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha induce the expression of the uncoupling protein-3 gene in skeletal muscle: a potential mechanism for the lipid intake-dependent activation of uncoupling protein-3 gene expression at birth. Diabetes 1999; 48:1217-22.
65. Tsuboyama-Kasaoka N, Takahashi M, Kim H, and Ezaki O. Up-regulation of liver uncoupling protein-2 mRNA by either fish oil feeding or fibrate administration in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 257:879-85.
66. Tontonoz P, Hu E, Graves RA, Budavari Al, and Spiegelman BM. mPPAR gamma 2: tissue-specific regulator of an adipocyte enhancer. Genes Dev 1994; 8:1224-34.
67. Tontonoz P, Hu E, Devine J, Beale EG, and Spiegelman BM. PPAR gamma 2 regulates adipose expression of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:351-7.
68. Schoonjans K, Watanabe M, Suzuki H, Mahfoudi A, Krey G, Wahli W, et al. Induction of the acyl-coenzyme A synthetase gene by fibrates and fatty acids is mediated by a peroxisome proliferator response element in the C promoter. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:19269-76.
69. Schoonjans K, Staels B, Grimaldi P, and Auwerx J. Acyl-CoA synthetase mRNA expression is controlled by fibric-acid derivatives, feeding and liver proliferation. Eur J Biochem 1993; 216:615-22.
70. Schoonjans K, Peinado-Onsurbe J, Lefebvre AM, Heyman RA, Briggs M, Deeb S, et al. PPARalpha and PPARgamma activators direct a distinct tissue-specific transcriptional response via a PPRE in the lipoprotein lipase gene. EMBO J 1996; 15:5336-48.
71. Heller F, and Harvengt C. Effects of clofibrate, bezafibrate, fenofibrate and probucol on plasma lipolytic enzymes in normolipaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 25:57-63.
72. Malmendier CL, Lontie JF, Delcroix C, Dubois DY, Magot T, and De Roy L. Apolipoproteins C-II and C-III metabolism in hypertriglyceridemic patients. Effect of a drastic triglyceride reduction by combined diet restriction and fenofibrate administration. Atherosclerosis 1989; 77:139-49.
73. D'Costa MA, and Angel A. Inhibition of hormone-stimulated lipolysis by clofibrate. A possible mechanism for its hypolipidemic action. J Clin Invest 1975; 55:138-48.
74. Caslake MJ, Packard CJ, Gaw A, Murray E, Griffin BA, Vallance BD, et al. Fenofibrate and LDL metabolic heterogeneity in hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb 1993; 13:702-11.
75. Vu-Dac N, Schoonjans K, Kosykh V, Dallongeville J, Fruchart JC, Staels B, et al. Fibrates increase human apolipoprotein A-II expression through activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. J Clin Invest 1995; 96:741-50.
76. Vu-Dac N, Schoonjans K, Laine B, Fruchart JC, Auwerx J, and Staels B. Negative regulation of the human apolipoprotein A-I promoter by fibrates can be attenuated by the interaction of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor with its response element. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:31012-8.
77. Berthou L, Duverger N, Emmanuel F, Langouet S, Auwerx J, Guillouzo A, et al. Opposite regulation of human versus mouse apolipoprotein A-I by fibrates in human apolipoprotein A-I transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:2408-16.
78. Stevenson RW, Hutson NJ, Krupp MN, Volkmann RA, Holland GF, Eggler JF, et al. Actions of novel antidiabetic agent englitazone in hyperglycemic hyperinsulinemic ob/ob mice. Diabetes 1990; 39:1218-27.
79. Sonda T, Mizuno K, Momose V, Ikeda H, Fujita T, and Meguro K. Studies on antidiabetic agents. 11. Novel thiazolidinedione derivatives as potent hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic agents. J Med Chem 1992; 35:2617-26.
80. Kemnitz JW, Elson DF, Roecker EB, Baum ST, Bergman RN, and Meglasson MD. Pioglitazone increases insulin sensitivity, reduces blood glucose, insulin, and lipid levels, and lowers blood pressure, in obese, insulin-resistant rhesus monkeys. Diabetes 1994; 43:204-11.
81. Young PW, Cawthorne MA, Coyle PJ, Holder JC, Holman GD, Kozka IJ, et al. Repeat treatment of obese mice with BRL 49653, a new potent insulin sensitizer, enhances insulin action in white adipocytes. Association with increased insulin binding and cell-surface GLUT4 as measured by photoaffinity labeling. Diabetes 1995; 44:1087-92.
82. Lohray BB, Bhushan V, Rao BP, Madhavan GR, Murali N, Rao KN, et al. Novel euglycemic and hypolipidemic agents. 1. J Med Chem 1998; 41:1619-30.
83. Reddy KA, Lohray BB, Bhushan V, Reddy AS, Mamidi NV, Reddy PP, et al. Novel antidiabetic and hypolipidemic agents. 5. Hydroxyl versus benzyloxy containing chroman derivatives. J Med Chem 1999; 42:3265-78.
84. Lefebvre AM, Peinado-Onsurbe J, Leitersdorf I, Briggs MR, Paterniti JR, Fruchart JC, et al. Regulation of lipoprotein metabolism by thiazolidinediones occurs through a distinct but complementary mechanism relative to fibrates. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:1756-64.
85. Hertz R, Bishara-Shieban J, and Bar-Tana J. Mode of action of peroxisome proliferators as hypolipidemic drugs. Suppression of apolipoprotein C-III. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:13470-5.
86. Staels B, Vu-Dac N, Kosykh V, Saladin R, Fruchart JC, Dallongeville J, et al. Fibrates down-regulate apolipoprotein C-III expression independent of induction of peroxisomal Acyl co-enzyme A oxidase. J Clin Invest 1995; 95:705-12.
87. Peters JM, Hennuyer N, Staels B, Fruchart JC, Fievet C, Gonzalez FJ, et al. Alterations in lipoprotein metabolism in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-deficient mice. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:27307-12.
88. Ladias JA, Hadzopoulou-Cladaras M, Kardassis D, Cardot P, Cheng J, Zannis V, et al. Transcriptional regulation of human apolipoprotein genes ApoB, ApoCIII, and ApoAII by members of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily HNF-4, ARP-1, EAR-2, and EAR-3. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:15849-60.
89. Vu-Dac N, Gervois P, Pineda Torra I, Fruchart JC, Kosykh V, Kooistra T, et al. Retinoids increase human apo C-III expression at the transcriptional level via the retinoid X receptor. Contribution to the hypertriglyceridemic action of retinoids. J Clin Invest 1998; 102:625-32.
90. Vu-Dac N, Chopin-Delannoy S, Gervois P, Bonnelye E, Martin G, Fruchart JC, et al. The nuclear receptors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorα and Rev-erbα mediate the species-specific regulation of apolipoprotein A-I expression by fibrates. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:25713-20.
91. Duez H, Mansen A, Fruchart JC, Vennstrom B, Fievet C, and Staels B. Rev-erbα : a nuclear receptor with a role in lipoprotein metabolism. Circulation 1998; 98:17,I-449:2363.
92. Poynter ME, and Daynes RA. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activation modulates cellular redox status, represses nuclear factor-kappaB signaling, and reduces inflammatory cytokine production in aging. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:32833-41.
93. Zhou YC, and Waxman DJ. Cross-talk between janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα) signalling pathways. Growth hormone inhibition of PPARα transcriptional activity mediated by STAT5b. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:2672-81.
94. Miller GJ, and Miller NE. Plasma-high-density-lipoprotein concentration and development of ischaemic heart-disease. Lancet 1975; 1:16-9.
95. Balfour JA, McTavish D, and Heel RC. Fenofibrate. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in dyslipidaemia. Drugs 1990; 40:260-90.
96. Malmendier CL, and Delcroix C. Effects of fenofibrate on high and low density lipoprotein metabolism in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Arteriosclerosis 1985; 55:161-9.
97. Bard JM, Parra HJ, Camare R, Luc G, Ziegler O, Dachet C, et al. A multicenter comparison of the effects of simvastatin and fenofibrate therapy in severe primary hypercholesterolemia, with particular emphasis on lipoproteins defined by their apolipoprotein composition. Metabolism 1992; 41:498-503.
98. Berthou L, Saladin R, Yaqoob P, Branellec D, Calder P, Fruchart JC, et al. Regulation of rat Iiver apolipoprotein A-I, apolipoprotein A-II and acyl-coenzyme A oxidase gene expression by fibrates and dietary fatty acids. Eur J Biochem 1995; 232:179-87.
99. Costet P, Legendre C, More J, Edgar A, Galtier P, and Pineau T. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-isoform deficiency leads to progressive dyslipidemia with sexually dimorphic obesity and steatosis. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:29577-85.
100. Hennuyer N, Poulain P, Madsen L, Berge RK, Houdebine LM, Branellec D, et al. Beneficial effects of fibrates on apolipoprotein A-I metabolism occur independently of any peroxisome proliferative response. Circulation 1999; 99:2445-51.
101. Staels B, van Tol A, Andreu T, and Auwerx J. Fibrates influence the expression of genes involved in lipoprotein metabolism in a tissue-selective manner in the rat. Arterioscler Thromb 1992; 12:286-94.
102. Staels B, Peinado-Onsurbe J, and Auwerx J. Down-regulation of hepatic lipase gene expression and activity by fenofibrate. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992; 1123:227-30.
103. Staels B, van Tol A, Skretting G, and Auwerx J. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase gene expression is regulated in a tissue-selective manner by fibrates. J Lipid Res 1992; 33:727-35.
104. Acton S, Rigotti A, Landschulz KT, Xu S, Hobbs HH, and Krieger M. Identification of scavenger receptor SR-Bl as a high density lipoprotein receptor. Science 1996; 271:518-20.
105. Calvo D, Gomez-Coronado D, Lasuncion MA, and Vega MA. CLA-1 is an 85-kD plasma membrane glycoprotein that acts as a high-affinity receptor for both native (HDL, LDL, and VLDL) and modified (OxLDL and AcLDL) lipoproteins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:2341-9.
106. Ji Y, Jian B, Wang N, Sun Y, Moya ML, Phillips MC, et al. Scavenger receptor Bl promotes high density lipoprotein-mediated cellular cholesterol efflux. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:20982-5.
107. Trigatti B, Rayburn H, Vinals M, Braun A, Miettinen H, Penman M, et al. Influence of the high density lipoprotein receptor SR-Bl on reproductive and cardiovascular pathophysiology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96:9322-7.
108. Chinetti G, Griglio S, Antonucci M, Pineda Torra I, Delerive P, Majd Z, et al. Activation of proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma induces apoptosis of human monocyte-derived macrophages. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:25573-80.
109. Gbaguidi F, Chinetti G, Griglio S, Antonucci M, Fruchart JC, Chapman J, et al. Regulation of CLA-1 (CD36 and LIMP II analogous I) by activators of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs). Atherosclerosis 1999; 144: Suppl 1:112.