Chemokine receptors in HIV-1 infection of the central nervous system

Seminars in Immunology

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 203-213

  Gabuzda, Dana ^a,b   He, Jianglin ^a,b   Ohagen, Asa ^a,b   Vallat, Anne Valérie ^a,b  

^a DANA FARBER CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Brain; Chemokine receptor; Chemokines; HIV 1; Microglia

Indexed keywords

CD4 ANTIGEN; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR;

ARTICLE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION;

EID: 0032103638     PISSN: 10445323     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/smim.1998.0133     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. 1. Price RW (1996) Neurological complications of HIV infection. Lancet 348:445-452
2. 2. Epstein LG, Gendelman HE (1993) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of the nervous system: pathogenetic mechanisms. Ann Neurol 33:429-430
3. 3. Lipton SA, Gendelman HE (1995) Dementia associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 332:934-940
4. 4. Glass JD, Wesselingh SL, Selnes OA, McArthur JC (1993) Clinical-neuropathologic correlation in HIV-associated dementia. Neurology 43:2230-2237
5. 5. Brew BJ, Rosenblum M, Cronin K, Price RW (1995) AIDS dementia complex and HIV-1 brain infection: clinical-virological correlations. Ann Neurol 38:563-570
6. 6. Masliah E, Achim CL, Ge N, DeTeresa R, Terry RD, Wiley CA (1992) Spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus-associated neocortical damage. Ann Neurol 32:321-329
7. 7. Gabuzda DH, Ho DD, de la Monte MS, Rota TR, Sobel RA (1986) Immuno-histochemical identification of HTLV-III antigen in brains of patients with AIDS. Ann Neurol 20:289-295
8. 8. Gartner S, Markovits P, Markovits DM, Kaplan MH, Gallo RC, Popovic M (1986) The role of mononuclear phagocytes in HTLV-III LAV infection. Science 233:214-218
9. 9. Watkins BA, Dorn HH, Kelly WB, Armstrong RC, Potts BJ, Michaels F, Kufta CV, Dubois-Dalcq M (1990) Specific tropism of HIV-1 for microglial cells in primary human brain cultures. Science 249:549-553
10. 10. Wiley CA, Schrier RD, Nelson JA, Lampert PW, Oldstone MBA (1986) Cellular localization of human immunodeficiency virus within the brains of acquired immunodeficiency patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:7089-7093
11. 11. Takahashi K, Wesselingh SL, Griffin DE, McArthur JE, Johnson RT, Glass JD (1996) Localization of HIV-1 in human brain using polymerase chain reaction/in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. Ann Neurol 39:705-711
12. 12. Lee SC, Hatch WC, Liu W, Kress Y, Lyman WD, Dickson DW (1993) Productive infection of human fetal microglia by HIV-1. Am J Pathol 143:1032-1039
13. 13. Moses AL, Bloom FE, Pauza CD, Nelson JA (1993) Human immunodeficiency virus infection of human brain capillary endothelial cells occurs via a CD4/ galactosylceramide-independent mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:10474-10478
14. 14. Saito Y, Sharer LR, Epstein LG, Michaels J, Mintz M, Louder M, Golding K, Cvetkovich TA, Blumberg BM (1994) Overexpression of nef as a marker for restricted HIV-1 infection of astrocytes in postmortem pediatric central nervous tissues. Neurology 44:474-481
15. 15. Tornatore C, Chandra R, Berger JR, Major EO (1991) HIV-1 infection of subcortical astrocytes in the pediatric central nervous system. Neurol 44:481-487
16. 16. Bagasra O, Lavi E, Bobroski L, Khalili K, Pestaner JP, Tawadros R, Pomerantz RJ (1996) Cellular reservoirs of HIV-1 in the central nervous system of infected individuals: identification by the combination of in situ polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. AIDS 10:573-585
17. 17. Eglitis MA, Mezey E (1997) Hematopoietic cells differentiate into both microglia and macroglia in the brains of adult mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:4080-4085
18. 18. Jordan CA, Watkins BA, Kufta C, Dubois-Dalcq M (1991) Infection of brain microglia cells by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is CD4 dependent. J Virol 65:736-742
19. 19. Kunsch C, Hartle HT, Wigdahl B (1989) Infection of human fetal dorsal root ganglion glial cells with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 involves an entry mechanism independent of the CD4 T4A epitope. J Virol 63:5054-5061
20. 20. Harouse JM, Kunsch C, Hartle HT, Laughlin MA, Hoxie JA, Wigdahl B, Gonzalez-Scarano F (1989) CD4-independent infection of human neural cells by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 63:2527-2533
21. 21. Harouse JM, Bhat S, Spitalnik SL, Laughlin M, Stefano K, Silberberg DH, Gonzalez-Scarano F (1991) Inhibition of entry of HIV-1 in neural cell lines by antibodies against galactosyl ceramide. Science 253:320-323
22. 22. Korber BTM, Kunstman KJ, Patterson BK, Furtado M, McEvilly MM, Levy R, Wolinsky SM (1994) Genetic differences between blood- and brain-derived viral sequences from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients: evidence of conserved elements in the V3 region of the envelope protein of brain-derived sequences. J Virol 68:7467-7481
23. 23. Donaldson YK, Bell JE, Holmes EC, Hughes ES, Brown HK, Simmonds P (1994) In vivo distribution and cytopathology of variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 showing restricted sequence variability in the V3 loop. J Virol 68:5991-6005
24. 24. Keys B, Karis J, Fadeel B, Valentin A, Norkrans G, Hagberg L, Chiodi F (1993) V3 sequences of paired HIV-1 isolates from blood and cerebrospinal fluid cluster according to host and show variation related to the clinical stage of disease. Virology 196:475-483
25. 25. Di Stefano M, Wilt S, Gray F, Dubois-Dalcq M, Chiodi F (1996) HIV Type 1 V3 sequences and the development of dementia during AIDS. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 12:471-476
26. 26. Reddy RT, Achim CL, Sirko DA, Tehranchi S, Kraus FG, Wong-Staal F, Wiley CA, and the HIV Neurobehavioral Research Group (1996) Sequence analysis of the V3 loop in brain and spleen of patients with HIV encephalitis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 12:477-482
27. 27. Simmonds P (1996) Neurotropism of HIV Type 1? AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 12:469-470
28. 28. Power C, McArthur JC, Johnson RT, Griffin DE, Glass JD, Perryman S, Chesebro B (1994) Demented and nondemented patients with AIDS differ in brain derived human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope seqences. J Virol 68:4643-4649
29. 29. Petito CK, Cash KS (1992) Blood-brain barrier abnormalities in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: immunohistochemical localization of serum proteins in postmortem brain. Ann Neurol 32:658-666
30. 30. Power C, Kong P-A, Crawford TO, Wesselingh S, Glass JD, McArthur JC, Trapp BD (1993) Cerebral white matter changes in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome dementia: alterations of the blood-brain barrier. Ann Neurol 34:339-350
31. 31. Shi B, De Girolami U, He J, Wang S, Lorenzo A, Buscigilo J, Gabuzda D (1996) Apoptosis induced by HIV-1 infection of the central nervous system. J Clin Invest 98:1979-1990
32. 32. Vallat AV, De Girolami U, He J, Mhashilkar A, Marasco W, Shi B, Gray F, Bell J, Keohane C, Smith TW, Gabuzda D (1998) Localization of HIV-1 coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 in the brain of children with AIDS. Am J Pathol 152:167-178
33. 33. Wesselingh SL, Power C, Glass JD, Tyor WR, McArthur JC, Farber JM, Griffin JW, Griffin DE (1993) Intracerebral cytokine messenger RNA expression in AIDS dementia. Ann Neurol 33:576-582
34. 34. Berger EA (1997) HIV entry and tropism: The chemokine receptor connection. AIDS 11:(Suppl A) S3-S16
35. 35. Moore JP, Trkola A, Dragic T (1997) Co-receptors for HIV-1 entry. Curr Opin Immunol 9:551-562
36. 36. Alkhatib G, Combadiere C, Broder CC, Feng Y, Kennedy PE, Murphy PM, Berger EA (1996) CC CKR5: A RANTES, MIP-1α, MIP-1β receptor as a fusion cofactor for macrophage-tropic HIV-1. Science 272:1955-1958
37. 37. Deng HK, Liu R, Ellmeier W, Choe S, Unutmaz D, Burkhart M, Di Marzio P, Marmon S, Sutton RE, Hill CM, Davis CB, Peiper SC, Schall TJ, Littman DR, Landau NR (1996) Identification of a major co-receptor for primary isolates of HIV-1. Nature 381:661-666
38. + cells is mediated by the chemokine receptor CC-CKR-5. Nature 381:667-673
39. 39. Doranz BJ, Rucker J, Yi Y, Smyth RJ, Samson M, Peiper SC, Parmentier M, Collman RG, Doms RW (1996) A dual-tropic primary HIV-1 isolate that uses fusin and the β chemokine receptors CKR-5, CKR-3, and CKR-2b as fusion cofactors. Cell 85:1149-1158
40. 40. Choe H, Farzan M, Sun Y, Sullivan N, Rollins B, Ponath, PD, Wu L, Mackay CR, LaRosa G, Newman W, Gerard N, Gerard C, Sodroski J (1996) The β-chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR5 facilitate infection by primary HIV-1 isolates. Cell 85:1135-1148
41. 41. Feng Y, Broder CC, Kennedy PE, Berger EA (1996) HIV-1 entry cofactor: Functional cDNA cloning of a seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor. Science 272:872-877
42. 42. Huang Y, Paxton WA, Wolinsky SM, Neumann AU, Zhang L, He T, Kang S, Ceradini D, Jin Z, Yazdanbakhsh K, Kunstman K, Erickson D, Dragon E, Landau, NR, Phair J, Ho DD, Koup RA (1996) The role of a mutant CCR5 allele in HIV-1 transmission and disease progression. Nature Med 2:1240-1243
43. 43. Liu R, Paxton WA, Choe S, Ceradini D, Martin SR, Horuk R, MacDonald ME, Stuhlmann H, Koup RA, Landau NR (1996) Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection. Cell 86:367-377
44. 44. Samson M, Libert F, Doranz BJ, Rucker J, Liesnard C, Farber C-M, Saragosti S, Lapouméroulie C, Cognaux J, Forceille C, Muyldermans G, Verhofstede C, Burtonboy G, Georges M, Imai T, Rana S, Yi Y, Smyth RJ, Collman RG, Doms RW, Vassart G, Parmentier M (1996) Resistance to HIV-1 infection in Caucasian individuals bearing mutant alleles of the CCR-5 chemokine receptor gene. Nature 382:722-725
45. 45. Connor RI, Sheridan KE, Ceradini D, Choe S, Landau NR (1997) Change in coreceptor use correlates with disease progression in HIV-1-infected individuals. J Exp Med 185:621-628
46. 46. Björndal Å, Deng H, Jansson M, Fiore JR, Colognesi C, Karlsson A, Albert J, Scarlatti G, Littman DR, Fenyö EM (1997) Coreceptor usage of primary human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 isolates varies according to biological phenotype. J Virol 71:7478-7487
47. 47. Chen Z, Zhou P, Ho DD, Landau N, Marx P (1997) Genetically divergent strains of simian immunodeficiency virus use CCR5 as a coreceptor for virus entry. J Virol 71:2705-2714
48. mac239. J Virol 71:2522-2527
49. 49. Farzan M, Choe H, Martin K, Marcon L, Hofmann W, Karlsson G, Sun Y, Barrett P, Marchand N, Sullivan N, Gerard N, Gerard C, Sodroski J (1997) Two orphan seven-transmembrane segment receptors which are expressed in CD4-positive cells support simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J Exp Med 186:405-411
50. 50. Deng HK, Unutmaz D, KewalRamani VN, Littman DR (1997) Expression cloning of new receptors used by simian and human immunodeficiency viruses. Nature 388:296-300
51. 51. Liao F, Alkhatib G, Peden KWC, Sharma G, Berger EA, Farber JM (1997) STRL33, A novel chemokine receptor-like protein, functions as a fusion cofactor for both macrophage-tropic and T cell line-tropic HIV-1. J Exp Med 185:2015-2023
52. 52. Heiber M, Marchese A, Nguyen T, Heng HH, George SR, O'Dowd BF (1996) A novel human gene encoding a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPR15) is located on chromosome 3. Genomics 32:462-465
53. 53. Marchese A, Docherty JM, Nguyen T, Heiber M, Cheng R, Heng HH, Tsui LC, Shi X, George SR, O'Dowd BF (1994) Cloning of human genes encoding novel G protein-coupled receptors. 23:609-618
54. 54. Pleskoff O, Tréboute C, Brelot A, Heveker N, Seman M, Alizon M (1997) Identification of a chemokine receptor encoded by human cytomegalovirus as a cofactor for HIV-1 entry. Science 276:1874-1878
55. 55. Jansson M, Popovic M, Karlsson A, Cocchi F, Rossi P, Albert J, Wigzell H (1996) Sensitivity to inhibition by β-chemokines correlates with biological phenotypes of primary HIV-1 isolates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:15382-15387
56. 56. Simmons G, Wilkinson D, Reeves JD, Dittmar M, Beddows S, Weber J, Carnegie G, Desselberger U, Gray PW, Weiss RA, Clapham PR (1996) Primary, syncytium-inducing human immunodeficiency virus type I isolates are dual-tropic and most can use either LESTR or CCR5 as coreceptors for virus entry. J Virol 70:8355-8360
57. 57. Zhang L, Huang Y, He T, Cao Y, Ho DD (1996) HIV-1 subtype and second-receptor use. Nature 383:768
58. 58. Cocchi F, DeVico AL, Garzino-Demo A, Arya SK, Gallo RC, Lusso P (1995) Identification of RANTES, MIP-1 α, and MIP-1 β as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CDS + T cells. Science 270:1811-1815
59. 59. Bleul CC, Farzan M, Choe H, Parolin C, Clark-Lewis I, Sodroski J, Springer TA (1996) The lymphocyte chemo-attractant SDF-1 is a ligand for LESTR/fusin and blocks HIV-1 entry. Nature 382:829-833
60. 60. Oberlin E, Amara A, Bachelerie F, Bessia C, Virelizier J-L, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Schwartz O, Heard J-M, Clark-Lewis I, Legler DF, Loetscher M, Baggiolini M, Moser B (1996) The CXC chemokine SDF-1 is the ligand for LESTR/fusin and prevents infection by T-cell-line-adapted HIV-1. Nature 382:883-835
61. 61. Daugherty BL, Siciliano SJ, DeMartino JA, Malkowitz L, Sirotina A, Springer MS (1996) Cloning, expression, and characterization of the human eosinophil eotaxin receptor. J Exp Med 183:2349-2354
62. 62. Ponath P, Qin S, Post T, Wang J, Wu L, Newman W, Gerard C, Mackay CR (1996) Molecular cloning and characterization of a human eotaxin receptor expressed selectively on eosinophils. J Exp Med 183:2437-2448
63. 63. Bleul CC, Wu L, Hoxie JA, Springer TA, Mackay CR (1997) The HIV coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5 are differentially expressed and regulated on human T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:1925-1930
64. 64. Wu L, Paxton WA, Kassam N, Ruffing N, Rottman JB, Sullivan N, Choe H, Sodroski J, Newman W, Koup RA, Mackay CR (1997) CCR5 levels and expression pattern correlate with infectability by macrophage-tropic HIV-1, in vitro. J Exp Med 1185:1681-1691
65. 65. Federsppiel B, Melhado IG, Duncan AM, Delaney A, Schappert K, Clark-Lewis I, Jirik FR (1993) Molecular cloning of the cDNA and chromosomal localization of the gene for a putative seven-transmembrane segment (7-TMS) receptor isolated from human spleen. Genomics 16:707-712
66. 66. Jazin EE, Yoo H, Blomqvist AG, Yee F, Weng G, Walker MW, Salon J, Larhammar D, Wahlestedt C (1993) A proposed bovine neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor cDNA clone, or its human homologue, confers neither NPY binding sites nor NPY responsiveness on transfected cells. Regul Pept 47:247-258
67. 67. Loetscher M, Geiser T, O'Reilly T, Zwahlen R, Baggiolini M, Moser B (1994) Cloning of a human seven-transmembrane domain receptor, LESTR that is highly expressed in leukocytes. J Biol Chem 269:232-237
68. 68. Sallusto F, Mackay CR, Lanzavecchia A (1997) Selective expression of the eotaxin receptor CCR3 by human T helper 2 cells. Science 277:2005-2007
69. 69. Hesselgesser J, Halks-Miller M, DelVecchio V, Peiper SC, Hoxie J, Kolson DL, Taub D, Horuk R (1997) CD4-independent association between HIV-1 gp120 and CXCR4: functional chemokine receptors are expressed in human neurons. Curr Biol 7:112-121
70. 70. Horuk R, Martin AW, Wang Z-X, Schweitzer L, Gerassimides A, Guo H, Lu Z-H, Hesselgesser J, Perez HD, Kim J, Parker J, Hadley TJ, Peiper SC (1997) Expression of chemokine receptors by subsets of neurons in the central nervous system. J Immunol 158:2882-2890
71. 71. Peiper SC, Horuk R (1996) Chemokine receptors in the brain: hierarchical expression by subsets of neurons, in: Chemoattractant ligands and their receptors (Horuk R, ed.) pp. 353-366. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA
72. 72. He J, Chen Y, Farzan M, Choe H, Ohagen A, Gartner S, Buscigilo J, Yang X, Hofmann W, Newman W, Mackay CR, Sodroski J, Gabuzda D (1997) CCR3 and CCR5 are co-receptors for HIV-1 infection of microglia. Nature 385:645-649
73. 73. Lavi E, Strizki JM, Ulrich AM, Zhang W, Fu L, Wang Q, O'Connor M, Hoxie JA, González-Scarano F (1997) CXCR-4 (Fusin), a co-receptor for the Type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), is expressed in the human brain in a variety of cell types, including microglia and neurons. Am J Path 151: in press
74. 74. Charo IF, Myers SJ, Herman A, Franci C, Connolly AJ, Coughlin SR (1994) Molecular cloning and functional expression of two monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 receptors reveals alternative splicing of the carboxyl-terminal tails. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:2752-2756
75. 75. Kaiser E, Forster R, Wolf I, Ebensperger C, Kuehl WM, Lipp M (1993) The G protein-coupled receptor BLR1 is involved in murine B cell differentiation and is also expressed in neuronal tissues. Eur J Immunol 23:2532-2539
76. 76. Platt EJ, Madiani N, Kozak SL, Kabat D (1997) Infectious properties of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mutants with distinct affinities for the CD4 receptor. J Virol 71:883-890
77. 77. Kozak SL, Platt EJ, Madani N, Ferro Jr, FE, Peden K, Kabat D (1997) CD4, CXCR-4, and CCR-5 dependencies for infections by primary patient and laboratory-adapted isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 71:873-882
78. 78. Genis P, Jett M, Bernton EW, Boyle T, Gelbard HA, Dzenki K, Keane RW, Resnick L, Mizrachi Y, Volsky DJ, Epstein LG, Gendelman HW (1992) Cytokines and arachidonic metabolites produced during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected macrophage-astroglia interactions: Implications for the neuropathogenesis of HIV disease. J Exp Med 176:1703-1718
79. 79. Gendelman HE, Lipton SA, Tardieu M, Bukrinsky MI, Nottet HSLM (1994) The neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. J Leukoc Biol 56:389-398
80. 80. Heath H, Qin S, Rao P, Wu L, LaRosa G, Kassam N, Ponath P, Mackay CR (1997) The responses of human eosinophils to numerous CC chemokines occurs predominantly through one receptor, CCR3. J Clin Invest 99:178-184
81. 81. Schmidtmayerova H, Sherry B, Bukrinsky M (1996) Chemokines and HIV replication. Nature 382:767
82. 82. Endres MJ, Clapham PR, Marsh M, Ahuja M, Turner JD, McKnight A, Thomas JF, Stoebenau-Haggarty B, Choe S, Vance PJ, Wells TNC, Power CA, Sutterwala SS, Doms RW, Landau NR, Hoxie JA (1996) CD4-independent infection by HIV-2 is mediated by fusin/CXCR4. Cell 87:745-756
83. 83. Reeves JD, Schulz TF (1997) The CD4-independent tropism of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 involves several regions of the envelope protein and correlates with a reduced activation threshold for envelope-mediated fusion. J Virol 71:1453-1465
84. 84. Reeves JD, McKnight A, Potempa S, Simmons G, Gray PW, Power CA, Wells T, Weiss RA, Talbot SJ (1997) CD4-independent infection by HIV-2 (ROD/B): Use of the 7-transmembrane receptors CXCR-4, CCR-3, and V28 for entry. Virology 231:130-134
85. 85. Bleul CC, Fuhlbrigge RC, Casasnovas JM, Aiuti A, Springer TA (1996) A highly efficacious lymphocyte chemoattractant straomal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1). J Exp Med 184:1101-1109
86. gag and env genes. J Virol 71:1272-1280
87. mac chimeric virus whose env gene was derived from SIV-encephalitic brain is macrophage-tropic but not neurovirulent. J Virol 69:1367-1369
88. 88. Mankowski JL, Spelman JP, Ressetar HG, Strandberg JD, Laterra J, Carter DL, Clements JE, Zink MC (1994) Neurovirulent simian immunodeficiency virus replicates productively in endothelial cells of the central nervous system in vivo and in vitro. J Virol 68:8202-8208
89. 89. Strizki JM, Albright AV, Sheng H, O'Connor M, Perrin L, Gonzalez-Scarano F (1996) Infection of primary human microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates: evidence of differential tropism. J Virol 70:7654-7662
90. 90. Epstein L G, Kuiken C, Blumberg BM, Hartman S, Sharer LR, Clemint M, Goudsmit J (1991) HIV-1 V3 domain variation in brain and spleen of children with AIDS tissue-specific evolution within host determined quasi species. Virology 180:583-590
91. 91. Cocchi F, DeVico AL, Garzino-Demo A, Cara A, Gallo RC, Lusso P (1996) The V3 domain of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein is critical for chemokine-mediated blockade of infection. Nature Med 2:1244-1247
92. 92. Speck RF, Wehrly K, Platt EJ, Atchison RE, Charo IF, Kabat D, Chesebro B, Goldsmith MA (1997) J Virol 71:7136-7139
93. 93. Wu L, Gerard N, Wyatt R, Choe H, Parolin C, Ruffing N, Borsetti A, Cardoso A, Desjardin E, Newman W, Gerard C, Sodroski J (1996) CD4-induced interaction of primary HIV-1 gp120 glycoproteins with the chemokine receptor CCR-5. Nature 384:179-183
94. 94. Trkola A, Dragic T, Arthos J, Binley JM, Olson WC, Allaway GP, Cheng-Mayer C, Robinson J, Maddon PJ, Moore JP (1996) CD4-dependent, antibody-sensitive interactions between HIV-1 and its co-receptor CCR-5. Nature 384:184-187
95. 95. Schmidtmayerova H, Nottet HSLM, Nuovo G, Raabe T, Flanagan CR, Dubrovsky L, Gendelman HE, Cerami A, Bukrinsky M, Sherry B (1996) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection alters chemokine β peptide expression in human monocytes: amplifications for recruitment of leukocytes into brain and lymph nodes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:700-704
96. 96. Nuovo GJ, Alfieri ML (1996) AIDS dementia is associated with massive, activated HIV-1 infection and concomitant expression of several cytokines. Molec Med 2:358-366
97. + T cells. Science 276:273-276
98. 98. Bernasconi S, Cinque P, Peri G, Sozzani S, Crociati A, Torri W, Vicenzi E, Vago L, Lazzarin A, Poli G, Mantovani A (1996) Selective elevation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in the cerebrospinal fluid of AIDS patients with cytomegalovirus encephalitis. J Infect Disease 174:1098-1101
99. 99. Nottet HSLM, Persidsky Y, Sasseville VG, Nukuna AN, Bock P, Zhai Q-H, Sharer LR, McComb RD, Swindells S, Soderland C, Gendelman HE (1996) Mechanisms for the trans-endothelial migration of HIV-1-infected monocytes into brain. J Immunol 156:1284-1295
100. 100. Persidsky Y, Stins M, Way D, Witte MH, Weinand M, Kim KS, Bock P, Gendelman HE, Fiala M (1997) A model for monocyte migration through the blood-brain barrier during HIV-1 encephalitis. J Immunol 158:3499-3510
101. 101. Berman JW, Guida MP, Warren J, Amat J, Brosnan CF (1996) Localization of monocyte chemoattractant peptide-1 expression in the central nervous system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and trauma in the rat. J Immunol 156:3017-3023
102. 102. Godiska R, Chantry D, Dietsch GN, Gray PW (1995) Chemokine expression in murine experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 58:167-176
103. 103. Ransohoff RM, Hamilton TA, Tani M, Stoler MH, Shick HE, Major JA, Estes ML, Thomas DM, Tuohu VK (1993) Astrocyte expression of mRNA encoding cytokines IP-10 and JE/MCP-1 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. FASEB J 7:592-600
104. 104. Peterson PK, Hu S, Salak-Johnson J, Molitor TW, Chao CC (1997) Differential production of and migratory response to beta chemokines by human microglia and astrocytes. J Infect Dis 175:478-481
105. 105. Sasseville JG, Smith MM, Mackay CR, Pauley DR, Mensfield KG, Ringler DR, Lackner AA (1996) Chemokine expression in simian immunodeficiency virus-induced AIDS encephalitis 149:1459-1467