Role of cellular immunity in protection against HIV infection

Advances in Immunology

Volumn 65, Issue , 1997, Pages 277-346

  Rowland Jones, Sarah ^a   Tan, Rusung ^a   McMichael, Andrew ^a  

^a JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBODY TITER; CELL PROTECTION; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; MOLECULAR GENETICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEROCONVERSION;

EID: 0030843346     PISSN: 00652776     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (379)

1. Adjorlolo-Johnson, G., De Cock, K., Ekpini, E., Vetter, K., Sibailly, T., Brattegard, K., Yavo, D., Doorly, R., Whitaker, J. P., Ketsens, L., Ou, C.-Y., George, J. R., and Gayle, H. (1994). Prospective comparison of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 272, 462-466.
2. Aebischer, T., Moskophidis, D., Rohrer, U. H., Zinkernagel, R. M., and Hengartner, H. (1991). In vitro selection of lymphocytic chorio-meningitis virus escape mutants by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 11047-11051.
3. Albert, J., Abrahamsson, B., Nagy, K., Aurelius, E., Gaines, H., Krook, A., Nystrom, G., and Fenyo, E.-M. (1990). Rapid development of isolate-specific neutralizing antibodies after primary HIV-1 infection and consequent emergence of virus variants which resist neutralization by autologous sera. AIDS 4, 107.
4. Aldhous, M. C., Watret, K. C., Mok, J. Y., Bird, A. G., and Froebel, K. S. (1994). Cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and CD8 subpopulations in children at risk of HIV infection. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 97(1), 61-67.
5. Alkhatib, G., Combadiere, C., Broder, C. C., Feng, Y., Kennedy, P. E., Murphy, P. M., and Berger, E. A. (1996). CC CKR5: A RANTES, MlP-1å, MIP-1β receptor as a fusion cofactor for macrophage-tropic HIV-1. Science 272, 1955-1958.
6. Almond, N., Kent, K., Cranage, M., Rud, E., Clarke, B., and Stott, E. J. (1995). Protection by attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus in macaques against challenge with virus-infected cells. Lancet 345(8961), 1342-1344.
7. Alp, N., Sissons, J. G. P., and Borysiewicz, L. K. (1990). Automation of limiting dilution cytotoxicity assays. J. Immunol. Methods 129, 269.
8. Altman, J., Moss, P. A. H., Goulder, P., Barouch, D., McHeyzer-Williams, M., Bell, J. I., McMichael, A. J., and Davis, M. M. (1996). Phenotypic analysis of antigen-specific T lymphocytes. Science 274, 94-96.
9. Andersson, M., Paabo, S., Nilsson, T., and Peterson, P. A. (1985). Impaired intracellular transport of class I MHC antigens as a possible means for adenovirus to evade immune surveillance. Cell 43, 215.
10. Ariyoshi, K., Harwood, E., Chiengsong-Popov, R., and Weber, J. (1992). Is clearance of HIV-1 viraemia at seroconversion mediated by neutralising antibodies? Lancet 340, 1257-1258.
11. Ariyoshi, K., Cham, F., Berry, N., Jaffar, S., Sabally, S., Corrah, T., and Whittle, H. (1995). HIV-2-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity is inversely related to proviral load. AIDS (Philadelphia) 9(6), 555-559.
12. Autran, B., and Letvin, N. L. (1991). HIV epitopes recognized by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. AIDS 5, S145-S150.
13. Autran, B., Plata, F., Guillon, J. M., Joly, P., Mayaud, C, and Debre, P. (1990). HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes directed against alveolar macrophages in HIV-infected patients. Res. Virol. 141(2), 131-136.
14. Autran, B., Hadda, F., and Haas, G. (1996a). Evolution and plasticity of CTL responses against HIV. Curr. Opin. Immunol, 8(4), 546-553.
15. Baba, T. W., Jeong, Y. S., Pennick, D., Bronson, R., Greene, M. F., and Ruprecht, R. M. (1995). Pathogenicity of live, attenuated SIV after mucosal infection of neonatal macaques. Science 267(5205), 1820-1825.
16. Baier, M., Werner, A., Bannert, N., Metzner, K., and Kurth, R. (1995). HIV suppression by interleukin-16. Nature 378 (6557).
17. Bangham, C. R. M., and McMichael, A. J. (1989). T-cell immunity to viruses. In "T Cells." Wiley, New York.
18. Barin, F., McLane, M. F., Allan, J. S., Lee, T. H., Groopman, J. E., and Essex, M. (1985). Virus envelope protein of HTLV-III represents major target antigen for antibodies in AIDS patients. Science 228(4703), 1094-1096.
19. Barker, E., Mackewicz, C. E., and Levy, J. A. (1995). Effects of Thl and Th2 cytokines on CD8+ cell response against human immunodeficiency virus: Implications for long-term survival. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 11135-11139.
20. Battegay, M., Moskophidis, D., Rahemtulla, A., Hengartner, H., Mak, T. W., and Zinkernagel, R. M. (1994). Enhanced establishment of a virus carrier state in adult CD4+ T-celldeficient mice. J. Virol. 68(7), 4700-4704.
21. Beral, V., Peterman, T., Berkelman, R., and Jaffe, H. (1991). AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Lancet 337, 805-809.
22. Bex, F., Hermans, P., Sprecher, S., Achour, A., Badjou, R., Desgranges, C., Cogniaux, J., Franchioli, P., Vanhulle, C., Lachgar, A., et al. (1994). Syngeneic adoptive transfer of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) -primed lymphocytes from a vaccinated HIV-seronegative individual to his HIV-1-infected identical twin. Blood 84, 3317-3326.
23. Bhardwaj, N., Bender, A., Gonzalez, N., Bui, L. K., Garrett, M. C, and Steinman, R. M. (1994). Influenza virus-infected dendritic cells stimulate strong proliferative and cytolytic responses from human CD8+ T cells. J. Clin. Invest. 94(2), 797-807.
24. Biddison, W. E., Sharrow, S. O., and Shearer, G. M. (1981). T cell subpopulations required for the human cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to influenza virus: Evidence for T cell help. J. Immunol. 127, 487-491.
25. Bienzle, D., Smaill, F. M, and Rosenthal, K. L. (1996). Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes from HIV-infected individuals recognize an activation-dependent, non-polymorphic molecule on uninfected CD4+ lymphocytes. AIDS (London) 10(3), 247-254.
26. Bleul, C. C., Farzan, M., Choe, H., Parolin, C., Clark-Lewis, I., Sodroski, J., and Springer, T. (1996). The lymphocyte chemoattractant SDF-1 is a ligand for LESTR/fusin and blocks HIV-1 entry. Nature 382, 829-833.
27. Bodmer, W. F. (1972). Evolutionary significance of the HLA system. Nature 237, 139-143.
28. Bollinger, R. C., Quinn, T. C., Liu, A. Y., Stanhope, P. E., Hammond, S. A., Viveen, R., Clements, M. L., and Siliciano, R. F. (1993). Cytokines from vaccine-induced HIV-1 specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes: Effects on viral replication. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 9(11), 1067-1077.
29. Bonneau, R. H., and Jennings, S. R. (1990). Herpes simplex virus-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes restricted to a normally low responder H-2 allele are protective in vivo. Virology 174(2), 599-604.
30. Borrow, P., Lewicki, H., Hahn, B. H., Shaw, G. M., and Oldstone, M. B. (1994). Virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity associated with control of viremia in primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J. Virol. 68(9), 6103-6110.
31. Borrow, P., Lewicki, X, Wei, H., Horwitz, M. S., Peffer, N., Meyers, H., Nelson, J. A., Gairin, J. E., Hahn, B. H., Oldstone, M. B. A., and Shaw, G. M. (1997). Antiviral pressure exerted by HIV-1 specific CTL during primary infection demonstrated by rapid selection of CTL escape virus. Nature Med. 3, 205-211.
32. Borysiewicz, L. K., Graham, S., Hickling, J. K., Mason, P. D., and Sissons, J. G. P. (1988a). Human cytomegalovirus-specific cytotoxic T cells: Their precursor frequency and stage specificity. Eur. J. Immunol. 18, 269.
33. Borysiewicz, L. K., Hickling, J. K., Graham, S., Sinclair, J., Grange, M. P., Smith, G. L., and Sissons, J. G. P. (1988b). HCMV-specific cytotoxic T cells. Relative frequency of stage-specific CTL recognising the 72 kD immediate early protein and glycoprotein B expressed by recombinant vaccinia virus. J. Exp. Med. 168, 919.
34. Boudet, F., Lecoeur, H., and Gougeon, M.-L. (1996). Apoptosis associated with ex vivo downregulation of Bcl-2 and upregulation of Fas in potential cytotxic CD8+ T lymphocytes during HIV infection. J. Immunol. 156, 2282-2293.
35. Bowness, P., Moss, P. A. H., Rowland-Jones, S. L., Bell, J. I., and McMichael, A. J. (1993). Conservation of T cell receptor usage by HLA B27-restricted influenza-specific CTL suggests a general pattern for antigen-specific MHC class I-restricted responses. Eur. J. Immunol. 23, 1417-1421.
36. Brinchmann, J. E., Gaudemack, G., and Vartdal, F. (1990). CD8+ T cells inhibit HIV replication in naturally infected CD4+ T cells. Evidence for a soluble inhibitor. J. Immunol. 144, 2961-2966.
37. Brugnoni, D., Prati, E., Malacarne, F., Gorla, R., Airo, P., and Cattaneo, R. (1996). The primary response to HIV infection is characterised by an expansion of activated CD8+ CD28-cells. AIDS 10, 104-106.
38. Bruhl, P., Kerschbaum, A., Zimmerman, K., Eibl, M. M., and Mannhalter, J. W. (1996). Allostimulated lymphocytes inhibit replication of HIV-1. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 12, 31-37.
39. Buchmeier, M. J., Welsh, R. M., Dutko, F. J., and Oldstone, M. B. A. (1980). The virology and immunology of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Adv. Immunol. 30, 275-331.
40. Bunce, M., O'Neill, C. M., Bamardo, M. C., Krausa, P., Browning, M. J., Morris, P. J., and Welsh, K. I. (1995). Phototyping: Comprehensive DNA typing for HLA-A, B, C., DRB1, DRB3, DRB4, DRB5 & DQB1 by PCR with 144 primer mixes utilizing sequence-specific primers. Tissue Antigens 46, 355-367.
41. Bums, D. P., and Desrosiers, R. C. (1994). Envelope sequence variation, neutralizing antibodies, and primate lentivirus persistence. Curr. Topics Microbiol. Immunol. 188, 185-219.
42. Buseyne, F., Janvier, G., Fleury, B., Schmidt, D., and Riviere, Y. (1994). Multispecific and heterogeneous recognition of the gag protein by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) from HIV-infected patients: Factors other than the MHC control the epitopic specificities. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 97(3), 353-360.
43. Callan, M. F. C., Steven, N., Krausa, P., Wilson, J. D. K., Moss, P. A. H., Gillespie, G. M., Bell, J. I., Rikinson, A. B., and McMichael, A. J. (1996). Large clonal expansions of CD8+ T cells in acute infectious mononucleosis. Nature Med., 2(8), 906-911.
44. Cameron, P. U., Mallal, S. A., French, M. A., and Dawkins, R. L. (1990). Major histocompatibility complex genes influence the outcome of HIV infection. Ancestral haplotypes with C4 null alleles explain diverse HLA associations. Hum. Immunol. 29(4), 282-295.
45. Cameron, P. U., Freudenthal, P. S., Barker, J. M., Gezelter, S., Inaba, K., and Steinman, R. M. (1992). Dendritic cells exposed to HIV-1 transmit a vigorous cytopathic infection to CD4+ T cells. Science 257, 383-387.
46. Cannon, M. J., Openshaw, P. J. M., and Askonas, B. (1988). Cytotoxic cells clear virus but augment lung pathology in mice infected with respiratory syncytial virus. J. Exp. Med. 168, 1163-1168.
47. Cao, Y., Qin, L., Zhang, L., Safrit, J., and Ho, D. D. (1995). Virological and immunological characterisation of long-term survivors of HrV-1 infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 332, 201-208.
48. Carini, C, and Essex, M. (1994). Interleukin 2-independent interleukin 7 activity enhances cytotoxic immune response of HIV-1-infected individuals. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 10(2), 121-130.
49. Carini, C., McLane, M. F., Mayer, K. H., and Essex, M. (1994). Dysregulation of interleukin-7 receptor may generate loss of cytotoxic T cell response in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Eur. J. Immunol. 24(12), 2927-2934.
50. Carlson, J. R., McGraw, T. P., Keddie, E., Yee, J. L., Rosenthal, A., Langlois, A. J., Dickover, R., Donovan, R., Luciw, P. A., Jennings, M. B., et al. (1990). Vaccine protection of rhesus macaques against simian immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 6(11), 1239-1246.
51. Carmichael, A., Jin, X., Sissons, P., and Borysiewicz, L. (1993). Quantitative analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-l)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response at different stages of HrV-1 infection: Differential CTL responses to HIV-1 and Epstein-Barr virus in late disease. J. Exp. Med. 177(2), 249-256.
52. Cerundolo, V., Tse, A. G. D., Salter, R. D., Parham, P., and Townsend, A. (1991). CD8 independence and specificity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes restricted by HLA Aw68.1. Proc. R. Soc. London B 244, 169-177.
53. Chen, Z. W., Kou, Z. C., Lekutis, C., Shen, L., Zhou, D., Halloran, M., Li, J., Sodroski, J., Lee Parritz, D., and Letvin, N. L. (1995). T cell receptor V beta repertoire in an acute infection of rhesus monkeys with simian immunodeficiency viruses and a chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus. J. Exp. Med. 182(1), 21-31.
54. Chen, Z. W., Shen, L., Regan, J. D., Kou, Z., Ghim, S. H., and Letvin, N. L. (1996). The T cell receptor gene usage by simian immunodeficiency virus gag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in rhesus monkeys. J. Immunol. 156(4), 1469-1475.
55. Chenciner, N., Michel, F., Dadaglio, G., Langlade-Demoyen, P., Hoffenbach, A., Garcia-Pons, F., Rautmann, G., Guy, B., Guillon, J.-M., Mayaud, C., Girard, M., Autran, B., Kieny, M.-P., and Plata, F. (1989). Multiple subsets of HrV-spepcific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in humans and in mice. Eur. J. Immunol. 19, 1537-1544.
56. Cheynier, R., Langlade-Demoyen, P., Marescot, M.-R., Blanche, S., Blondin, G., Wain-Hobson, S., Griscelli, C., Vilmer, E., and Plata, F. (1992). Cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in the peripheral blood of children born to HIV-1-infected mothers. Eur. J. Immunol. 22, 2211-2217.
57. Cheynier, R., Henrichwark, S., Hadida, F., Pelletier, E., Oksenhendler, E., Autran, B., and Hobson, S. (1994). HIV and T cell expansion in splenic white pulps is accompanied by infiltration of HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Cell 78(3), 373-387.
58. Chia, W. K., Freedman, J., Li, X., Salit, I., Kardish, M., and Read, S. E. (1995). Programmed cell death induced by HIV type 1 antigen stimulation is associated with a decrease in cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity in advanced HIV type 1 infection. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 11(2), 249-256.
59. Choe, H., Farzan, M., Sun, Y., Sullivan, N., Rollins, B., Ponath, P. D., Wu, L., Mackay, C. R., LaRosa, G., Newman, W., Gerard, N., Gerard, C, and Sodroski, J. (1996). The β-chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR5 facilitate infection by primary HIV-1 isolates. Cell 85, 1135-1148.
60. Chun, T. W., Finzi, D., Margolick, J., Chadwick, K., Schwartz, D., and Siliciano, R. F. (1995). In vivo fate of HIV-1-infected T cells: Quantitative analysis of the transition to stable latency. Nature Med. 1(12), 1284-1290.
61. Clerici, M. and Shearer, G. (1993). A Thl→ Th2 switch is a critical step in the aetiology of HIV infection. Immunol. Today 14(3), 107-111.
62. Clerici, M., and Shearer, G. (1994). The Thl-Th2 hypothesis of HIV infection: New insights. Immunol. Today 15, 575-581.
63. Clerici, M., Stocks, N. I., Zajac, R. A., Boswell, R. N., Via, C. S., and Shearer, G. M. (1990). Circumvention of defective CD4 T helper cell function in HIV-infected individuals by stimulation with HLA alloantigens. J. Immunol. 144(9), 3266-3271.
64. Clerici, M., Giorgi, J. V., Chou, C. C., Gudeman, V. K., Zack, J. A., Gupta, P., Ho, H. N., Nishanian, P. G., Berzofsky, J. A., and Shearer, G. M. (1992). Cell-mediated immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 in seronegative homosexual men with recent sexual exposure to HIV-1. J. Infect. Dis. 165(6), 1012-1019.
65. Clerici, M., Hakim, F., Venzon, D., Blatt, S., Hendrix, C., Wynn, T., and Shearer, G. M. (1993a). Changes in IL-2 and IL-4 production in asymptomatic HrV-seropositive individuals. J. Clin. Invest. 91, 759.
66. Clerici, M., Sison, A. V., Berzofsky, J. A., Rakusan, T. A., Brandt, C. D., Ellaurie, M., Villa, M., Colie, C., Venzon, D. J., Sever, J. L., et al. (1993b). Cellular immune factors associated with mother-to-infant transmission of HIV. AIDS 7(11), 1427-1433.
67. Clerici, M., Levin, J. M., Kessler, H. A., Harris, A., Berzofsky, J. A., Landay, A. L., and Shearer, G. M. (1994a). HIV-specific T-helper activity in seronegative health care workers exposed to contaminated blood. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 271(1), 42-46.
68. Clerici, M., Sarin, A., Coffman, R. L., Wynn, T. A., Blatt, S. P., Hendrix, C. W., Wolf, S. F., Shearer, G. M., and Henkart, P. A. (1994b). Type 1/type 2 cytokine modulation of T-cell programmed cell death as a model for human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91(25), 11811-11815.
69. Clerici, M, Stocks, N. I., Zajac, R. A., Boswell, R. N., Via, C. S., and Shearer, G. M. (1990). Circumvention of defective CD4 T helper cell function in HIV-infected individuals by stimulation with HLA alloantigens. J. Immunol. 144(9), 3266-3271.
70. Clerici, M., Wynn, T. A., Berzofsky, J. A., Blatt, S. P., Hendrix, C. W., Sher, A., Coffman, R. L., and Shearer, G. M. (1994c). Role of interleukin-10 in T helper cell dysfunction in asymptomatic individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. J. Clin. Invest. 93(2), 768-785.
71. Cocchi, F., DeVico, A. L., Garzino, D. A., Arya, S. K., Gallo, R. C, and Lusso, P. (1995). Identification of RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells. Science 270(5243), 1811-1815.
72. Coffin, J. M. (1995). HIV population dynamics in vivo: Implications for genetic variation, pathogenesis, and therapy. Science 267(5197), 483-489.
73. Colbert, R. A., Rowland-Jones, S. L., McMichael, A. J., and Frelinger, J. A. (1994). Differences in peptide presentation between B27 subtypes: The importance of the PI side chain in maintaining high affinity peptide binding to B°2703. Immunity 1, 121-130.
74. Cooper, D., Gold, J., Maclean, P., Donovan, B., Finlayson, R., Barnes, T., Michelmore, H., Brooke, P., and Penny, R. (1985). Acute AIDS retrovirus infection. Definition of a clinical illness associated with seroconversion. Lancet 1, 537-540.
75. Copeland, K., McKay, P. J., and Rosenthal, K. L. (1995). Suppression of activation of the HIV LTR by CD8+ cells is not lentivirus specific. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 11, 1321-1325.
76. Couillin, I., Culmann, P. B., Gomard, E., Choppin, J., Levy, J. P., Guillet, J. G., and Saragosti, S. (1994). Impaired cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognition due to genetic variations in the main immunogenic region of the human immunodeficiency virus 1 NEF protein [see comments]. J. Exp. Med. 180(3), 1129-1134.
77. Couillin, I., Connan, F., Culmann, P. B., Gomard, E., Guillet, J. G., and Choppin, J. (1995). HLA-dependent variations in human immunodeficiency virus Nef protein alter peptide/HLA binding. Eur. J. Immunol. 25(3), 728-732.
78. Cruse, J. M., Brackin, M. N., Lewis, R. E., Meeks, W., Nolan, R., and Brackin, B. (1991). HLA disease association and protection in HIV infection among African Americans and Caucasians. Pathobiology 59(5), 324-328.
79. Culmann, B., Gomard, E., Kieny, M.-P., Guy, B., Dreyfus, F., Saimot, A.-G., Sereni, D., and Levy, J.-P. (1989). An antigenic peptide of HIV-1 NEF protein recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes of seropositive individuals in association with different HLA-B molecules. Eur. J. Immunol. 19, 2383-2386.
80. Culmann, B., Gomard, E., and Kieny, M.-P. (1991). Six epitopes reacting with human cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in the central region of the HIV-1 nef protein. J. Immunol. 146, 1560-1565.
81. Daniel, M. D., Kirchhoff, F., Czajak, S. C., Sehgal, P. K., and Desrosiers, R. C. (1992). Protective effects of a live attenuated SIV vaccine with a deletion in the nef gene. Science 258, 1938-1941.
82. Deacon, N. J., Tsykin, A., Smith, S. K., Ludford-Menting, M., Hooker, D. J., McPhee, D. A., Greenway, A. L., Ellett, A., Chatfield, C., Lawson, V. A., Crowe, S., Maerz, A., Sonza, S., Learmont, J., Sullivan, J. S., Cunningham, A., Dwyer, D., Dowton, D., and Mills, J. (1995). Genomic structure of an attenuated quasi species of HIV-1 from a blood transfusion donor and recipients. Science 270, 988-991.
83. De Campos Lima, P., Gavioli, R., Zhang, Q. J., Wallace, L. E., Dolcetti, R., Rowe, M., Rickinson, A. B., and Masucci, M. G. (1993). HLA-A11 epitope loss isolates of Epstein-Barr virus from a highly A11+ population. Science 260(5104), 98-100.
84. De Campos-Lima, P. O., Levitsky, V., Lee, S. P., Hu, L. F., Rickinson, A. B., and Masucci, M. G. (1994). T cell responses and virus evolution: Loss of HLA All-restricted CTL epitopes in EBV isolates from highly All-positive populations by selective mutation of anchor residues. J. Exp. Med. 179, 1297-1305.
85. De Campos Lima, P. O., Levitsky, V., Imreh, M., Gavioli, R., and Masucci, M. G. (1996). Epitope-dependent selection of highly restricted or diverse T-cell repertoires in response to persistent infection by Epstein Barr virus. Submitted for publication.
86. Del Mistro, A., Chotard, J., Hall, A. J., Whittle, H., De, R. A., and Chieco, B. L. (1992). HIV-1 and HIV-2 seroprevalence rates in mother-child pairs living in The Gambia (west Africa). J Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 5(1), 19-24.
87. De Maria, A., Pantaleo, G., Schnittman, S. M., Greenhouse, J. J., Baseler, M., Orenstein, J. M., and Fauci, A. S. (1991). Infection of CD8+ T lymphocytes with HIV. Requirement for interaction with infected CD4+ cells and induction of infectious virus from chronically infected CD8+ cells. J. Immunol. 146(7), 2220-2226.
88. De Maria, A., Cirillo, C, and Moretta, L. (1994). Occurrence of HIV-specific CTL activity in apparently uninfected children born to HW-1-infected mothers. J. Infect. Dis. 170, 1296-1299.
89. Deng, H., Liu, R., Ellmeier, W., Choe, S., Unutmaz, D., Burkhart, M.; Di Marzio, P., Marmon, S., Sutton, R. E., Hill, C. M., Davis, C. B., Peiper, S. C., Schall, T. J., Littman, D. R., and Landau, N. R. (1996). Identification of a major co-recptor for primary isolates of HIV-1. Nature 381, 661-666.
90. Desrosiers, R. C., Wyand, M. S., Kodama, T., Ringler, D. J., Arthur, L. O., Sehgal, P. K., Letvin, N. L., King, N. W., and Daniel, M. D. (1989). Vaccine protection against simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86(16), 6353-6357.
91. Devash, Y., Calvelli, T. A., Wood, D. G., Reagan, K. J., and Rubinstein, A. (1990). Vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus is correlated with the absence of high-affinity/avidity maternal antibodies to the gpl20 principal neutralizing domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87(9), 3445-3449.
92. De Vries, J. E., and Spits, H. (1984). Cloned human cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) lines reactive with autologous melanoma cells. I. In vitro generation, isolation, and analysis to phenotype and specificity. J Immunol. 132(1), 510-519.
93. Donald, J. A., Rudman, K., Cooper, D. W., Baumgart, K. W., Garsia, R. J., Gatenby, P. A., and Rickard, K. A. (1992). Progression of HIV-related disease is associated with HLA DQ and DR alleles defined by restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Tissue Antigens 39(5), 241-248.
94. Dong, T., Boyd, D., Rosenberg, W., Alp, N., Takiguchi, M., McMichael, A. J., and Rowland-Jones, S. L. (1996). Increased affinity for HLA-B35 of an influenza A epitope modified at an "anchor" residue results in an antagonist peptide. Eur. J. Immunol. 26, 335-339.
95. Doranz, B. J., Rucker, J., Yi, Y., Smyth, R. J., Samson, M., Peiper, S. C., Parmentier, M., Collman, R. G., and Doms, R. W. (1996). A dual-tropic primary HIV-1 isolate that uses Fusin and the β-chemokine receptors CKR-5, CKR-3 and CKR-2b as fusion cofactors. Cell 85, 1149-1158.
96. Dragic, T., Litwin, V., Allaway, G. P., Martin, S. R., Huang, Y., Nagashima, K. A., Cayanan, C., Maddon, P. J., Koup, R. A., Moore, J. P., and Paxton, W. A. (1996). HIV-1 entry into CD4+ cells is mediated by the chemokine receptor CC-CKR-5. Nature 381, 667-673.
97. Effros, R. B., Allsopp, R., Chiu, C.-P., Hausner, M. A., Hirji, K., Wang, L., Harley, C. B., Villeponteau, B., West, M. D., and Giorgi, J. V. (1996). Shortened telomeres in the expanded CD28-CD8+ subset in HIV disease implicate replicative sensecence in HIV pathogenesis. AIDS 10, F17-F22.
98. Elliott, T., Smith, M., Driscoll, P., and McMichael, A. (1993). Peptide selection by class I molecules of the MHC. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 3(12), 854-866.
99. Emilie, D., Maillot, M. D., Nicolas, J. F., Fior, R., and Galanaud, P. (1992). Antagonistic effect of interferon-gamma on tat-induced transactivation of HIV long terminal repeat. J. Biol. Chem. 267(29), 20565-20570.
100. Estaquier, J., Idziorek, T., Zou, W., Emilie, D., Farber, C. M., Bourez, J. M., and Ameisen, J. C. (1995). T helper type 1/T helper type 2 cytokines and T cell death: Preventive effect of interleukin 12 on activation-induced and CD95 (FAS/APO-l) -mediated apoptosis of CD4+ T cells from human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. J. Exp. Med. 182(6), 1759-1767.
101. Ewing, C., Allan, W., Daly, K., Hou, S., Cole, G. A., Doherty, P. C, and Blackman, M. A. (1994). Virus-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in mice transgenic for a T-cell receptor beta chain selected at random. J. Virol. 68(5), 3065-3070.
102. Fabio, G., Smeraldi, R. S., Gringeri, A., Marchini, M., Bonara, P., and Mannucci, P. M. (1990). Susceptibility to HIV infection and AIDS in Italian haemophiliacs is HLA associated. Br. J. Haematol. 75(4), 531-536.
103. Fauci, A. S. (1993). Immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. J. AIDS 6, 655-662.
104. Fauci, A. S., Pantaleo, G., Stanley, S., and Weissman, D. (1996). Immunopathogenic mechanisms of HIV infection. Ann. Internal Med. 124(7), 654-663.
105. Fayolle, C., Deriaud, E., and Leclerc, C. (1991). In vivo induction of cytotoxic T cell response by a free synthetic peptide requires CD4+ T cell help. J. Immunol. 147(12), 4069-4073.
106. Feng, Y., Broder, C. C., Kennedy, P. E., and Berger, E. A. (1996). HIV-1 entry cofactor: Functional cDNA cloning of a seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor. Science 272, 872-877.
107. Ferrari, G., King, K., Rathbun, K., Place, C. A., Packard, M. V., Bartlett, J. A., Bolognesi, D. P., and Weinhold, K. J. (1995). IL-7 enhancement of antigen-driven activation/expansion of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors (CTLp). Clin. Exp. Immunol. 101(2), 239-248.
108. Fowke, K., Nagelkerke, N., Kimani, N., Simonsen, N., Anzala, A. O., Bwayo, J., Oyugi, J., MacDonald, K., Ngugi, E., and Plummer, F. (1996). Resistance to HIV-1 infection amongst prostitutes. Lancet 348, 1347-1351.
109. Fruh, K., Ahn, K., Djaballah, H., Sempe, P., van Endert, P. M., Tampe, R., Peterson, P. A., and Yang, Y. (1995). A viral inhibitor of peptide transporters for antigen presentation. Nature 375(6530), 415-418.
110. Fultz, P. N., McClure, H. M., Swenson, R. B., et. al. (1986). Persistent infection of chimpanzees with human T-lymphotrophic virus type III/immunodeficiency syndrome. J. Virol. 58, 116-124.
111. Gallimore, A., Cranage, M., Cook, N., Almond, N., Bootman, J., Rud, E., Silvera, P., Dennis, M., Corcoran, T., Stott, J., and et al. (1995). Early suppression of SIV replication by CD8+ nef-specific cytotoxic T cells in vaccinated macaques. Nature Med. 1(11), 1167-1173.
112. Gao, X. M., Zheng, B., Liew, F. Y., Brett, S., and Tite, J. (1991). Priming of influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vivo by short synthetic peptides. J. Immunol. 147(10), 3268-3273.
113. Gehri, R., Hahn, S., Rothen, M., Steuerwald, M., Nuesch, R., and Erb, P. (1996). The Fas receptor in HIV infection: Expression on peripheral blood lymphocytes and role in the depletion of T cells. AIDS (Philadelphia) 10(1), 9-16.
114. Germain, R. N. (1991). Antigen presentation: The second class story. Nature 353, 605-606.
115. Goedert, J. J., Mendez, H., Drummond, J. E., Robert, G. M, Minkoff, H. L., Holman, S., Stevens, R., Rubinstein, A., Blattner, W. A., Willoughby, A., et al. (1989). Mother-to-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: Association with prematurity or low anti-gpl20. Lancet 2(8676), 1351-1354.
116. Goldberg, A. L., and Rock, K. L. (1992). Proteolysis, proteasomes and antigen presentation. Nature 357, 375-378.
117. Gotch, F. M., Nixon, D. F., Alp, N., McMichael, A. J., and Borysiewicz, L. K. (1990). High frequency of memory and effector gag specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in HIV seropositive individuals. Int. Immunol. 2, 707.
118. Gotch, F. M., Hovell, R., Delchambre, M., Silvera, P., and McMichael, A. J. (1991). Cytotoxic T-cell response to simian immunodeficiency virus by cynomolgus macaque monkeys immunized with recombinant vaccinia virus. AIDS 5(3), 317-320.
119. Goulder, P. J. R., Phillips, R. E., Colbert, R. A., McAdam, S., Ogg G., Nowak, M. A., Giongrande, P., Luzzi, G., Morgan, B., Edwards, A., McMichael, A. J., and Rowland-Jones, S. (1997). Late escape from an immunodominant cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response associated with progression to AIDS. Nature Med. 3, 212-217.
120. Goulder, P. J. R., Sewell, A. K., Lalloo, D. G., Price, D. A., Whelan, J. W., Evans, J., Taylor, G. P., Luzzi, G., Giangrande, P., Phillips, R. E., and McMichael, A. J. (1997). Patterns of immunodominance in HIV-1 specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in two HLA identical siblings with HLA-A°0201 are influenced by epitope mutations. J. Exp. Med. 185, 1-11.
121. Graham, B. S., and Wright, P. F. (1995). Candidate AIDS vaccines. N Engl. J. Med. 333(20), 1331-1339.
122. Grant, M. D., Smaill, F. M., Singal, D. P., and Rosenthal, K. L. (1992). The influence of lymphocyte counts and disease progression on circulating and inducible anti-HIV-1 cytotoxic T-cell activity in HIV-1-infected subjects. AIDS 6(10), 1085-1094.
123. Graziosi, C., Pantaleo, G., Gantt, K. R., Fortin, J.-P., Demarest, J. F., Cohen, O. J., Sekaly, R. P., and Fauci, A. S. (1994). Lack of evidence for the dichotomy of Thl and Th2 predominance in HIV-infected individuals. Science 265, 248-252.
124. Groopman, J. E., Benz, P. M., Ferriani, R., Mayer, K., Allan, J. D., and Weymouth, L. A. (1987). Characterization of serum neutralization response to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 3(1), 71-85.
125. Gupta, K. K. (1993). Acute immunosuppression with HIV seroconversion. N. Engl. J. Med. 328, 228-229.
126. Hadida, F., Parrot, A., Kieny, M. P., Sadat, S. B., Mayaud, C., Debre, P., and Autran, B. (1992). Carboxyl-terminal and central regions of human immunodeficiency virus-1 NEF recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes from lymphoid organs. An in vitro limiting dilution analysis. J. Clin. Invest. 89(1), 53-60.
127. Hadida, F., Haas, G., Zimmerman, N., Hosmalin, A., Spohn, R., Samri, A., Jung, G., Debre, P., and Autran, B. (1995). CTLs from lymphoid organs recognise an optimal HLA-A2-restricted and HLA-B52-restricted nonapeptide and several epitopes in the C-terminal region of HIV-1 nef. J. Immunol. 154, 4174-4186.
128. Hammond, S. A., Bollinger, R. C., Stanhope, P. E., Quinn, T. C., Schwartz, D., Clements, M. L., and Siliciano, R. F. (1992). Comparative clonal analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-l)-specific CD4+ and CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes isolated from seronegative humans immunized witli candidate HIV-1 vaccines. J. Exp. Med. 176(6), 1531-1542.
129. Harrer, E., Harrer, T., Buchbinder, S., Mann, D. L., Feinberg, M., Yilma, T., Johnson, R. P., and Walker, B. D. (1994). HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in healthy, long-term nonprogressing seropositive persons. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 10(2), 1889-2229.
130. Harrer, E., Harrer, T., Barbosa, P., Feinberg, M., Johnson, R. P., Buchbinder, S., and Walker, B. D. (1996). Recognition of the highly conserved YMDD region in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase by HLA-A2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes from an asymptomatic long-term nonprogressor. J. Infect. Dis. 173(2), 476-479.
131. Harrer, T., Jassoy, C., Harrer, E., Johnson, R. P., and Walker, B. D. (1993). Induction of HIV-1 replication in a chronically infected T-cell line by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 6(8), 865-871.
132. Harrer, T., Harrer, E., Kalams, S., Barbosa, P., Trocha, A., Johnson, R. P., Elbeik, T., Feinberg, M. B., Buchbinder, S. P., and Walker, B. D. (1996a). Cytotoxic T lymphocytes in asymptomatic long-term non-progressing HIV-1 infection. J. Immunol. 156, 2616-2623.
133. Harrer, T., Harrer, E., Kalams, S., Trocha, A., Johnson, R. P., Elbeik, T., Feinberg, M. B., Cao, H., Ho, D. D., Buchbinder, S. P., and Walker, B. D. (1996b). Strong cytotoxic T cells and weak neutralising antibodies in long-term non-progressing HIV-l infection. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 12, 585-592.
134. Haynes, B. F., Pantaleo, G., and Fauci, A. S. (1996). Toward an understanding of the correlates of protective immunity to HIV infection. Science 271(5247), 324-328.
135. Heinkelein, M., Euler-Konig, I., Klinker, H., Riickle-Lanz, H., and Jassey, C. (1996). Lysis of HIV-1 antigen-expressing cells by CD4 and CD8 T cells ex vivo. J. Inf. Dis. 174, 209-213.
136. Hill, A., and Ploegh, H. (1995). Getting the inside out: The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) and the presentation of viral antigen. Proa Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92(2), 341-343.
137. Hill, A., Jugovic, P., York, I., Russ, G., Bennink, J., Yewdell, J., Ploegh, H., and Johnson, D. (1995). Herpes simplex virus turns off the TAP to evade host immunity. Nature 375(6530), 411-415.
138. Hill, A. V. S. (1992). HLA and infection. J. R. Colloq. Phys. 26, 11-16.
139. Hill, A. V. S., Allsopp, C. E. M., Kwiatkowski, D., Anstey, N. M., Twumasi, P., Rowe, P. A., Bennett, S., Brewster, D., McMichael, A. J., and Greenwood, B. M. (1991). Common West African HLA antigens are associated with protection from severe malaria. Nature 352, 595-600.
140. Hill, A. V. S., Elvin, J. E., Willis, A. C., Aidoo, M., Allsopp, C. E. M., Gotch, F. M., Gao, X. M., Takiguchi, M., Greenwood, B. M., Townsend, A. R. M., McMichael, A. J., and Whittle, H. C. (1992). Molecular analysis of the association of HLA-B53 and resistance to severe malaria. Nature 360, 434-439.
141. Hilleman, M. (1995). Whether and when an AIDS vaccine? Nature Med. 1(11), 1126-1129.
142. Ho, D. D., Neumann, A. U., Perelson, A. S., Chen, W., Leonard, J. M., and Markowitz, M. (1995). Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Nature 373(6510), 123-126.
143. Ho, H. N., Hultin, L. E., Mitsuyasu, R. T., Matud, J. L., Hausner, M. A., Bockstoce, D., Chou, C. C., O'Rourke, S., Taylor, J. M., and Giorgi, J. V. (1993). Circulating HIV-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells express CD38 and HLA-DR antigens. J. Immunol. 150(7), 3070-3079.
144. Hoffenbach, A., Langlade-Demoyen, P., Dadaglio, G., Vilmer, E., Michel, F., Mayaud, C., Autran, B., and Plata, F. (1989). Unusually high frequencies of HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in humans. J. Immunol. 142, 452-462.
145. Holmes, E. C., Zhang, L. Q., Simmonds, P., Ludlam, C. A., and Leigh-Brown, A. J. (1992). Convergent and divergent sequence evolution in the surface envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type I within a single infected patient. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 4835-4839.
146. Hoth, D. F., Bolognesi, D. P., Corey, L., and Vermund, S. H. (1994). NIH conference. HIV vaccine development: A progress report. Ann. Intern. Med. 121(8), 603-611.
147. Hou, S., Mo, X. Y., Hyland, L., and Doherty, P. C. (1995). Host response to Sendai virus in mice lacking class II major histocompatibility complex glycoproteins. J. Virol. 69(3), 1429-1434.
148. Hsueh, F. W., Walker, C. M., Blackbourn, D. J., and Levy, J. A. (1994). Suppression of HIV replication by CD8+ cell clones derived from HIV-infected and uninfected individuals. Cell. Immunol. 159, 271-279.
149. Hu, S. L., Abrams, K., Barber, G. N., Moran, P., Zarling, J. M., Langlois, A. J., Kuller, L., Morton, W. R., and Benveniste, R. E. (1992). Protection of macaques against SIV infection by subunit vaccines of SIV envelope glycoprotein gpl60. Science 255(5043), 456-459.
150. Hu, S. L., Stallard, V., Abrams, K., Barber, G. N., Kuller, L., Langlois, A. J., Morton, W. R., and Benveniste, R. E. (1993). Protection of vaccinia-primed macaques against SIVmne infection by combination immunization with recombinant vaccinia virus and SIVmne gpl60. J. Med. Primatol. 22(2-3), 92-99.
151. Hurme, M., Hetherington, C. M., Chandler, P. R., and Simpson, E. (1978). Cytotoxic T-cell responses to H-Y: Mapping of the Ir genes. J. Exp. Med. 147(3), 758-767.
152. Israel Biet, D., Labrousse, F., Tourani, J. M., Sors, H., Andrieu, J. M., and Even, P. (1992). Elevation of IgE in HIV-infected subjects: A marker of poor prognosis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 89(Pt. 1), 68-75.
153. Itescu, S., Brancato, L. J., and Winchester. R. (1989). A sicca syndrome in HIV infection: Association with HLA-DR5 and CD8 lymphocytosis [see comments]. Lancet 2(8661), 466-468.
154. Itescu, S., Mathur, W. U., Skovron, M. L., Brancato, L. J., Marmor, M., Zeleniuch, J. A., and Winchester, R. (1992). HLA-B35 is associated with accelerated progression to AIDS. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 5(1), 37-45.
155. Itescu, S., Dalton, J., Zhang, H. Z., and Winchester, R. (1993). Tissue infiltration in a CD8 lymphocytosis syndrome associated with human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection has the phenotypic appearance of an antigenically driven response. J. Clin. Invest. 91(5), 2216-2225.
156. Itescu, S., Rose, S., Dwyer, E., and Winchester, R. (1994). Certain HLA-DR5 and -DR6 major histocompatibility complex class II alleles are associated with a CD8 lymphocytic host response to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 characterized by low lymphocyte viral strain heterogeneity and slow disease progression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91(24), 11472-11476.
157. Itescu, S., Rose, S., Dwyer, E., and Winchester, R. (1995). Grouping HLA-B locus serologic specificities according to shared structural motifs suggests that different peptide-anchoring pockets may have contrasting influences on the course of HIV-1 infection. Hum. Immunol. 42(1), 81-89.
158. Jacobson, S., Shida, H., McFarlin, D. E., Fauci, A., and Koenig, S. (1990). Circulating CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for HTLV-1 pX in patients with HTLV-1 associated neurological disease. Nature 348, 245-248.
159. Jardetzky, T. S., Lane, W. S., Robinson, R. A., Madden, D. R., and Wiley. D. C. (1991). Identification of self peptides bound to purified HLA-B27. Nature 353(6342), 326-329.
160. Jassoy, C., Johnson, R. P., Navia, B. A., Worth, J., and Walker, B. D. (1992). Detection of a vigorous HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in cerebrospinal fluid from infected persons with AIDS dementia complex. J. Immunol. 149(9), 3113-3119.
161. Jassoy, C., Harrer, T., Rosenthal, T., Navia, B. A., Worth, J., Johnson, R. P., and Walker, B. D. (1993). Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes release gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and TNF-beta when they encounter their target antigens. J. Virol. 67(5), 2844-2852.
162. Jeannet, M., Sztajzel, R., Carpentier, N., Hirschel, B., and Tiercy, J. M. (1989). HLA antigens are risk factors for development of AIDS. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 2(1), 28-32.
163. Johnson, P. R., Montefiori, D. C., Goldstein, S., Hamm, T. E., Zhou, J., Kitov, S., Haigwood, N. L., Misher, L., London, W. T., Germ J. L., et al. (1992). Inactivated whole SIV vaccine in macaques: evaluation of protective efficacy against challenge with cell-free virus or infected cells. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8(8), 1501-1505.
164. Johnson, R. P., Trocha, A., Yang, L., Mazzara, G. P., Panicali, D. L., Buchanan, T. M., and Walker, B. D. (1991). HIV-1 gag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize multiple highly conserved epitopes. Fine specificity of the gag-specific response defined by using unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cloned effector cells. J. Immunol. 147(5), 1512-1521.
165. Johnson, R. P., Trocha, A., Buchanan, T. M., and Walker, B. D. (1992). Identification of overlapping HLA class I-restricted cytotoxic T cell epitopes in a conserved region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein: Definition of minimum epitopes and analysis of the effects of sequence variation. J. Exp. Med. 175(4), 961-971.
166. Johnson, R. P., Trocha, A., Buchanan, T. M., and Walker, B. D. (1993). Recognition of a highly conserved region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gpl20 by an HLA-Cw4-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clone. J. Virol. 67(1), 438-445.
167. Joly, P., Guillon, J.-M, Mayaud, C., Plata, F., Theodorou, I., Denis, M., Debre, P., and Autran, B. (1989). Cell-mediated suppression of HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 143, 2193-2201.
168. Just, J. J., Abrams, E., Louie, L. G., Urbano, R., Wara, D., Nicholas, S. W., Stein, Z., and King, M. C. (1995). Influence of host genotype on progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome among children infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Pediatr. 127(4), 544-549.
169. Kagi, D., Ledermann, B., Burki, K., Seiler, P., Odermatt, B., Olsen, K. J., Podack, E. R., Zinkernagel, R. M., and Hengarrner, H. (1994). Cytotoxicity mediated by T cells and natural killer cells is greatly impaired in perforin-deficient mice. Nature 369, 31-37.
170. Kagi, D., Ledermann, B., Burki, K., Zinkemagel, R. M., and Hengartner, H. (1995). Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo: Mechanisms and significance. Immunol. Rev. 146, 95-115.
171. Kagi, D., Seiler, P., Pavlovic, J., Ledermann, B., Burki, K., Zinkemagel, R. M., and Hengartner, H. (1995). The roles of perforin- and Fas-dependent cytotoxicity in protection against cytopathic and noncytopathic viruses. Eur. J. Immunol. 25(12), 3256-3262.
172. Kalams, S. A. and Walker, B. D. (1995). Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and HIV-1 related neurologic disorders. Curr. Topics Microbiol. Immunol. 202(79), 79-88.
173. Kalams, S. A., Johnson, R. P., Trocha, A. K., Dynan, M. J., Ngo, S., D'Aquila, R. T., Kurnick, J. T., and Walker, B. D. (1994). Longitudinal analysis of TCR gene usage by HIV-1 envelope-specific CTL clones reveals a limited TCR repertoire. J. Exp. Med. 179, 1261-1271.
174. Kanki, P., Travers, K., M'Boup, S., Hsieh, C. C., Marlink, R., Gueye-NDiaye, A., Siby, T., Thior, I., Hernandez-Avila, M., Sankale, J. L., Doye, I., and Essex, M. E. (1994). Slower heterosexual spread of HIV-2 than HIV-1. Lancet 343, 943-946.
175. Kaplan, C., Midler, J. Y., Doinel, C., Lefrere, J. J., Paquez, F., Rouger, P., Salmon, D., and Salmon, C. (1990). HLA-associated susceptibility to acquired immune deficiency syndrome in HIV-1-seropositive subjects. Hum Heredity 40(5), 290-298.
176. Kaslow, R. A., Duquesnoy, R., VanRaden, M., Kingsley, L., Marrari, M., Friedman, H., Su, S., Saah, A. J., Detels, R., Phair, J., et al. (1990). Al, Cw7, B8, DR3 HLA antigen combination associated with rapid decline of T-helper lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. A report from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study [see comments]. Lancet 335(8695), 927-930.
177. Kaslow, R. A., Carrington, M., Apple, R., Park, L., Munoz, A., Saah, A. J., Goedert, J. J., Winkler, C., O'Brien, S. J., Rinaldo, C., Detels, R., Blatrner, W., Phair, J., Erlich, H., and Mann, D. L. (1996). Influence of combinations of human major histocompatibility complex genes on the course of HIV-1 infection. Nature Med. 2(4), 405-411.
178. Kent, S. J., Hu, S. L., Corey, L., Morton, W. R., and Greenberg, P. D. (1996). Detection of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CD8+ T cells in macaques protected from SIV challenge by prior SIV subunit vaccination. J. Virol. 70(8), 4941-4947.
179. Klein, M. R., Van, B. C. A., Holwerda, A. M., Garde, S. R. K., Bende, R. J., Keet, I. P. M., Eeftinck, S. J. K. M., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., Schuitemaker, H., and Miedema, F. (1995). Kinetics of Gag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses during the clinical course of HIV-1 infection: A longitudinal analysis of rapid progressors and long-term asymptomatics. J. Exp. Med. 181(4), 1365-1372.
180. Klenerman, P., Rowland-Jones, S., McAdam, S., Edwards, J., Daenke, S., Lalloo, D., Koppe, B., Edwards, A., Phillips, R. E., and McMichael, A. J. (1994). Naturally ocurring HIV-1 gag variants antagonise cytotoxic T-cell activity. Nature 369, 403-406.
181. Klenerman, P., Meier, U. C., Phillips, R. E., and McMichael, A. J. (1995). The effects of natural altered peptide ligands on the whole blood cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to human immunodeficiency virus. Eur. J. Immunol. 25(7), 1927-1931.
182. Klenerman, P., Phillips, R. E., Rinaldo, C. R., Wahl, L. M., Ogg, G., May, R. M., McMichael, A. J., and Nowak, M. A. (1996). Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and viral turnover in HTV-l infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 15323-15328.
183. Knight, S. C. and Macatonia, S. E. (1991). Effect of HIV on antigen presentation by dendritic cells and macrophages. Res. Virol. 142(2-), 123-128.
184. Koenig, S., Earl, P., Powell, D., Pantaleo, G., Merli, S., Moss, B., and Fauci, A. S. (1988). Group-specific, major histocompatibility complex class-I-restricted cytotoxic responses to human immunodeficiency virus 1 envelope proteins by cloned peripheral blood T cells from an HIV-1 infected individual. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85, 8638-8642.
185. Koenig, S., Fuerst, T. R., Wood, L. V., Woods, R. M., Suzich, J. A., Jones, G. M., de la Cruz, V. F., Davey, R. J., Venkatesan, S., and Moss, B. (1990). Mapping the fine specificity of a cytolytic T cell response to HIV-1 nef protein. J. Immunol. 145(1), 127-235.
186. Koenig, S., Conley, A. J., Brewah, Y. A., Jones, G. M., Leath, S., Boots, L. J., Davey, V., Pantaleo, G., Demarest, J. F., Carter, C., Wannebo, C., Yannelli, J. R., Rosenberg, S. A., and Lane, H. C. (1995). Transfer of HIV-1 specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes to an AIDS patient leads to selection for mutant HIV variants and subsequent disease progression. Nature Med. 1(4), 330-336.
187. Korber, B., Roup, R., Walker, B., Haynes, B., Moore, J., and Myers, G. (1995). HIV Mol. Immunol. Database. Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group T-10, Los Alamos National Laboratory.
188. Koup, R. A. (1994). Virus escape from CTL recognition. J. Exp. Med. 180(3), 779-782.
189. Koup, R. A., Sullivan, J. L., Levine, P. H., Brettler, D., Mahr, A., Mazzara, G., McKenzie, S., and Panicali, D. (1989). Detection of major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted, HrV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the blood of infected hemophiliacs. Blood 73(7), 1909-1914.
190. Koup, R. A., Safrit, J. T., Cao, Y., Andrews, C. A., McLeod, G., Borkowsky, W., Farthing, C., and Ho, D. D. (1994). Temporal association of cellular immune responses with the initial control of viremia in primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 syndrome. J Virol. 68(7), 4650-4655.
191. Kozal, M. J., Shah, N., Shen, N., Yang, R., Fucini, R., Merigan, T. C., Richman, D. D., Morris, D., Hubbell, E., Chee, M., and Gingeras, T. R. (1996). Extensive polymorphisms observed in HIV-1 clade B protease gene using high-density oligonucleotide arrays. Nature Med. 2(7), 753-759.
192. Kundu, S. K., and Merigan, T. C. (1992). CD8+ CD11+ suppressor cells in HIV-infected asymptomatic patients: Effect on HIV-specific cytotoxicity. Viral Immunol. 5(1), 15-25.
193. Lalvani, A., Aidoo, M., Allsopp, C. E., Plebanski, M., Whittle, H. C, and Hill, A. V. (1994). An HLA-based approach to the design of a CTL-inducing vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum. Res. Immunol. 145(6), 461-468.
194. Lamhamedi-Cherradi, S., Culmann-Penciolelli, B., Guy, B., Ly, T. D., Goujard, C., Guillet, J. G., and Gomard, E. (1995). Different patterns of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity after primary infection. AIDS (Philadelphia) 9(5), 421-426.
195. Landay, A. L., Mackewicz, C. E., and Levy. J. A. (1993). An activated CD8+ T cell phenotype correlates with anti-HIV activity and asymptomatic clinical status. Clin. Immunol. Immuno-pathol. 69, 106-116.
196. Lane, H. C., Zunich, K. M., Wilson, W., Cefali, F., Easter, M., Kovacs, J. A., Masur, H., Leitman, S. F., Klein, H. G., Steis, R. G., etal. (1990). Syngeneic bone marrow transplantation and adoptive transfer of peripheral blood lymphocytes combined with zidovudine in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Ann Internal Med. 113(7), 512-519.
197. Langlade-Demoyen, P., Ngo-Giang-Huong, N., Ferchal, F., and Oksenhendler, E. (1994). HIV nef-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in noninfected heterosexual contact of HIV-infected patients. J. Clin. Invest. 93, 1293-1297.
198. Lanzavecchia, A., Roosnek, E., Gregory, T., Berman, P., and Abrignani, S. (1988). T cells can present antigens such as HIV gpl20 targeted to their own surface molecules. Nature 334(6182), 530-532.
199. Lee, R. S., Grusby, M. J., Glimcher, L. H., Winn, H. J., and Auchincloss, H., Jr. (1994). Indirect recognition by helper cells can induce donor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 179(3), 865-872.
200. Levine, B. L., Mosca, J. D., Riley, J. L., Carroll, R. G., Vahey, M. T., Jagodzinski, L. L., Wagner, K. F., Mayers, D. L., Burke, D. S., Weislow, O. S., Louis, D. C. S., and June, C. H. (1996). Antiviral effect and ex vivo CD4+ T cell proliferation in HIV-positive patients as a result of CD28 costimulation. Science (Washington DC) 272(5270), 1939-1943.
201. Levitskaya, J., Coram, M., Levitsky, V., Imreh, S., Steigerwald Mullen, P. M., Klein, G., Kurilla, M. G., and Masucci, M. G. (1995). Inhibition of antigen processing by the internal repeat region of the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1. Nature 375(6533), 685-688.
202. Levy, J. A. (1993). HIV pathogenesis and long-term survival. AIDS 7, 1401-1410.
203. Levy, J. A. (1995). HIV research: A need to focus on the right target. Lancet 345, 1619-1621.
204. Levy, J. A., Mackewicz, C. E., and Barker, E. (1996). Controlling HIV pathogenesis: The role of noncytotoxic anti-HIV response of CD8+ T cells. Immunol. Today 17(5), 217-224.
205. Lightman, S., Cobbold, S., Waldmann, H., and Askonas, B. A. (1987). Do L3T4+ T cells act as effector cells in protection against influenza virus infection. Immunology 62(1), 139-144.
206. Lin, Y., and Askonas, B. A. (1981). Biological properties of an influenza A virus specific killer T cell clone. J. Exp. Med. 154, 225-234.
207. Littaua, R. A., Oldstone, M., Takeda, A., and Ennis, F. A. (1992). A CD4+ CTL clone to a conserved epitope on HIV-1 p24: Cytotoxic activity and secretion of IL-2 and IL-6. J. Virol. 66(1), 608-611.
208. Livingstone, W. J., Moore, M., Innes, D., Bell, J. E., Simmonds, P., and Group. (1996). Frequent infection of peripheral blood CD8+ T-lymphocytes with HIV-1. Lancet 348, 649-654.
209. Lohman, B. L., Miller, C. J., and McChesney, M. B. (1995). Antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vaginal mucosa of Simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques. J. Immunology. 155(12), 5855-5860.
210. Louwagie, J., McCutchan, F. E., Peeters, M., Brennan, T. P., Sanders Buell, E., Eddy, G. A., van der Groen, G., Fransen, K., Gershy Damet, G. M., Deleys, R., et al. (1993). Phylogenetic analysis of gag genes from 70 international HIV-1 isolates provides evidence for multiple genotypes. AIDS 7(6), 769-780.
211. Lubaki, M. N., Egan, M. A., Siliciano, R. F., Weinhold, K. J., and Bollinger, R. C. (1994). A novel method for detection and ex vivo expansion of HIV type 1-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 10(11), 1427-1431.
212. Lucey, D. R., Zajac, R. A., Melcher, G. P., Butzin, C. A., and Boswell, R. N. (1990). Serum IgE levels in 622 persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection: IgE elevation with marked depletion of CD4+ T-cells. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 6(4), 427-429.
213. Lukacher, A. E., Braciale, V. L., and Braciale, T. J. (1984). In vivo effector function of influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones is highly specific. J. Exp. Med. 160(3), 814-826.
214. Luzuriaga, K., Holmes, D., Hereema, A., Wong, J., Panicali, D. L., and Sullivan, J. L. (1995). HW-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in the first year of life. J. Immunol. 154(1), 433-443.
215. Mackewicz, C, and Levy, J. A. (1992). CD8+ cell anti-HIV activity: Nonlytic suppression of virus replication. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8(6), 1039-1050.
216. Mackewicz, C. E., Ortega, H. W., and Levy, J. A. (1991). CD8+ cell anti-HIV activity correlates with the clinical state of the infected individual. J. Clin. Invest. 87(4), 1462-1466.
217. Mackewicz, C. E., Ortega, H., and Levy, J. (1994a). Effect of cytokines on HIV replication: Lack of identity with the CD8+ antiviral factor. Cell. Immunol. 153, 329-343.
218. Mackewicz, C. E., Yang, L. C., Lifson, J. D., and Levy, J. A. (1994b). Non-cytolytic CD8 T-cell anti-HIV responses in primary HIV-1 infection. Lancet. 344, 1671-1674.
219. Mackewicz, C. E., J. A. Levy, W. W. Cruikshank, H. Komfeld and D. M. Center. (1996). "Role of IL-16 in HIV replication. " Nature 383, 488-489.
220. Maggi, E., Giudizi, M. G., Biagiotti, R., Annunziato, F., Manetti, R., Piccinni, M. P., Parronchi, P., Sampognaro, S., Giannarini, L., Zuccati, G., et al. (1994a). Th2-like CD8 + T cells showing B cell helper function and reduced cytolytic activity in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J. Exp. Med. 180(2), 489-495.
221. Maggi, E., Mazzetti, M., Ravina, A., Annunziato, F., de Carli, M., Piccinni, M. P., Manetti, R., Carbonari, M., Pesce, A. M., del Prete, G., and et al. (1994b). Ability of HIV to promote a TH1 to THO shift and to replicate preferentially in TH2 and THO cells [see comments]. Science 265(5169), 244-248.
222. Markovitz, D. M. (1993). Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 2. Ann. Internal. Med. 118(3), 211-218.
223. Mascola, J. R., Mathieson, B. J., Zack, P. M., Walker, M. C., Halstead, S. B., and Burke, D. S. (1993). Summary report: Workshop on the potential risks of antibody-dependent enhancement in human HIV vaccine trials. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 9(12), 1175-1184.
224. Matloubian, M., Concepcion, R. J., and Ahmed, R. (1994). CD4+ T cells are required to sustain CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell responses during chronic viral infection. J. Virol. 68(12), 8056-8063.
225. McAdam, S. N., Klenerman, P., Tussey, L., Rowland-Jones, S. L., Lalloo, D., Phillips, R. E., Leigh Brown, A., Gotch, F. M., and McMichael, A. J. (1995). Immunogenic HIV variants that bind to HLA-B8 but fail to stimulate CTL responses. J. Immunol. 155, 2729-2736.
226. McChesney, M., Tanneau, F., Regnault, A., Sansonetti, P., Montagnier, L., Kieny, M. P., and Riviere, Y. (1990). Detection of primary cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 by deletion of the env amino-terrninal signal sequence. Eur. J. Immunol. 20(1), 215-220.
227. McKeating, J. A., Gow, J., Goudsmit, J., Pearl, L. H., Mulder, C., and Weiss, R. A. (1989). Characterization of HIV-1 neutralization escape mutants. AIDS 3, 777-784.
228. McMichael, A. J., and Walker, B. D. (1994). Cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes: Implications for HIV vaccines. AIDS 8(suppl. 1), S155-S173.
229. McMichael, A. J., Gotch, F. M., Noble, G. R., and Beare, P. A. S. (1983). Cytotoxic T-cell immunity to influenza. IV. Eng. J. Med. 309, 13-17.
230. McMichael, A. J., Gotch, F., and Rothbard, J. (1986). HLA B37 determines an influenza A virus nucleoprotein epitope recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 164(1397), 1397-1406.
231. McMichael, A. J., Gotch, F. M., Santos-Aguado, J., and Strominger, J. L. (1988). Effect of mutations and variations of HLA-A2 on recognition of a virus peptide epitope by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85(9194), 9194-1006.
232. Meier, U.-C, Klenerman, P., Griffin, P., James, W., Koppe, B., Larder, B., McMichael, A. J., and Phillips, R. (1995). T cell receptor antagonism by variable human immunodeficiency viruses. Science 270, 1360-1362.
233. Mellors, J. W., Kingsley, L. A., Rinaldo, C., Todd, J., Hoo, V., Kokka, R., and Gupta, P. (1995). Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in plamsa predicts outcome after seroconversion. " Ann. Intern. Med. 122, 573-579.
234. Meyaard, L., Otto, S. A., Keet, I. P. M., Van Lier, R. A. W., and Miedema, F. (1994). Changes in cytokine secretion patterns of CD4+ T-cell clones in HIV infection. Blood 12, 4262-4268.
235. Meyerhans, A., Cheynier, R., Albert, J., Seth, M., Kwok, S., Sninsky, J., L., Morfeldt-Manson, Asjo, B., and Wain-Hobson, S. (1989). Temporal fluctuations in HIV quasispecies in vivo are not reflected by sequential HIV isolations. Cell 58, 901-910.
236. Meyerhans, A., Dadaglio, G., Vartanian, J. P., Langlade-Demoyen, P., Frank, R., Asjo, B., Plata, F., and Wain-Hobson, S. (1991). In vivo persistence of a HIV-1-encoded HLA-B27-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope despite specific in vitro reactivity. Eur. J. Immunol. 21(10), 2637-2640.
237. Miedema, F., and Klein, M. (1996). AIDS pathogenesis: A finite immune response to blame? Science 272, 505.
238. Miedema, F., Meyaard, L., and Klein, M. R. (1993). Protection from HIV or AIDS? Science 262, 1074-1075.
239. Montaner, L., and Gordon, S. (1995). Th2 down-regulation of macrophage HIV-1 replication. Science 267, 538-539.
240. Montefiori, D. C., Zhou, I. Y., Barnes, B., Lake, D., Hersh, E. M., Masuho, Y., and Lefkowitz, L. B., Jr. (1991). Homotypic antibody responses to fresh clinical isolates of human immunodeficiency virus. Virology 182(2), 635-643.
241. Moore, J. P., Cao, Y., Ho, D. D., and Koup, R. A. (1994). Development of the anti-gpl20 antibody response during seroconversion to human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 68(8), 5142-5155.
242. Morris, A. G., Lin, Y.-L., and Askonas, B. A. (1982). Immune interferon release when a cloned cytotoxic T cell meets its correct influenza-infected targtet cell. Nature 295, 150-152.
243. Moskophidis, D., Laine, E., and Zinkernagel, R. M. (1993a). Peripheral clonal deletion of antiviral memory CD8+ T cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 23(12), 3306-3311.
244. Moskophidis, D., Lechner, F., Pircher, H., and Zinkernagel, R. M. (1993b). Virus persistence in acutely infected immunocompetent mice by exhaustion of antiviral cytotoxic effector T cells. Nature 362(6422), 758-761.
245. Mosmann, T. R. (1994). Cytokine patterns during the progression to AIDS. Science 265, 193-194.
246. Mosmann, T. R., Cherwinski, H., Bond, M. W., Giedlin, M. A., and Coffman, R. L. (1986). Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. J. Immunol. 136(7), 2348-2357.
247. Moss, P. A. H., Moots, R. J., Rosenberg, W. M. C., Rowland-Jones, S. J., McMichael, A. J., and Bell, J. I. (1991). Extensive conservation of alpha and beta chains of the human T cell antigen receptor recognizing HLA-A2 and influenza matrix peptide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 8987-8991.
248. Moss, P. A. H., Rowland-Jones, S. L., Frodsham, P. M., McAdam, S., Giangrande, P., McMichael, A. J., and Bell, J. I. (1995). Persistent high frequency of human immunodeficiency virus-specific cytotoxic T cells in peripheral blood of infected donors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92(13), 5773-5777.
249. Murphey-Corb, M., Martin, L. N., Davison-Fairbum, B., Montelaro, C., Miller, M., West, M., Ohkawa, S., Baskin, G. B., Zhang, J.-Y., Putney, S. D., Allison, A. C., and Eppstein, D. A. (1989). A formalin-inactivated whole SIV vaccine confers protection in macaques. Science 246, 1293-1297.
250. Nara, P. L., Smit, L., Dunlop, N., Hatch, W., Merges, M., Waters, D., Kelliher, J., Gallo, R. C., Fischinger, P. J., and Goudsmit, J. (1990). Emergence of viruses resistant to neutralization by V3-specific antibodies in experimental human immunodeficiency virus type 1 IIIB infection of chimpanzees. J. Virol. 64(8), 3779-3791.
251. Neefjes, J. J., Momburg, F., and Hammerling, G. J. (1993). Selective and ATP-dependent translocation of peptides by the mHC-encoded transporter. Science 261, 769-771.
252. Nixon, D. F., Townsend, A. R. M., Elvin, J. G., Rizza, C. R., Gallwey, J., and McMichael, A. J. (1988). HIV-1 gag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes defined with recombinant vaccinia virus and synthetic peptides. Nature 336, 484-487.
253. Nowak, M. A., and Bangham, C. R. M. (1996). Population dynamics of immune responses to persistent viruses. Science 272, 74-79.
254. Nowak, M. A., and McMichael, A. J. (1995). How HIV defeats the immune system. Sci. Am. 273(2), 58-65.
255. Nowak, M. A., May, R. M., Phillips, R. E., Rowland-Jones, S., Lalloo, D. G., McAdam, S., Klenerman, P., Koeppe, B., Sigmund, K., Bangham, C. R. M., and McMichael, A. J. (1995). Antigenic oscillations and shifting immunodominance in HIV-1 infections. Nature 375(6532), 606-611.
256. Oberlin, E., Amara, A., Bachelerie, F., Bessia, C., Virelizier, J.-L., Arenzana-Seisdedos, F., Schwartz, O., Heard, J.-M., Clark-Lewis, I., Legler, D., Loetscher, M., Baggiolini, M., and Moser, B. (1996). The CXC chemokine SDF-1 is the ligand for LESTR/fusin and prevents infection by T-cell-line adapted HIV-1. Nature 382, 833-835.
257. Orentas, R. J., Hildreth, J. E., Obah, E., Polydefkis, M., Smith, G. E., Clements, M. L., and Siliciano, R. F. (1990). Induction of CD4+ human cytolytic T cells specific for HIV-infected cells by a gpl60 subunit vaccine. Science 248(4960), 1234-1237.
258. Pantaleo, G., and Fauci, A. S. (1995). New concepts in the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 13, 487-512.
259. Pantaleo, G., Graziosi, C., Butini, L., Pizzo, P. A., Schnittman, S. M., Kotler, D. P., and Fauci, A. S. (1991). Lymphoid organs function as major reservoirs for HIV. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 9838-9842.
260. Pantaleo, G., Graziosi, C., Demarest, J. F., Butini, L., Montroni, M., Fox, C. H., Orenstein, J. M., Kotler, D. P., and Fauci. A. S. (1993). HIV infection is active and progressive in lymphoid tissue during the clinically latent stage of disease.. 362, 355-358.
261. Pantaleo, G., Demarest, J. F., Soudeyns, H., Graziosi, C., F., Denis, J. W., Adelsberger, P., Borrow, Saag, M. S., Shaw, G. M., Sekaly, R. P., and Fauci, A. S. (1994). Major expansion of CD8+ T cells with a predominant Vb usage during the primary immune response to HIV. Nature 370, 463-467.
262. Pantaleo, G., Menzo, S., Vaccarezza, M., Graziosi, C., Cohen, O., Demarest, J., Montefiori, D., Orenstein, J., Fox, C., Schrager, L., Margolick, J., Buchbinder, S., Giorgi, J., and Fauci, A. S. (1994). Studies in subjects with long-term nonprogressive HIV infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 332, 209-216.
263. Pantaleo, G., Vaccarezza, M., Graziosi, C., Cohen, O. J., and Fauci, A. S. (1996). Antiviral immunity in HIV-1 infected long-term non-progressors. Sem. Virol. 7, 131-138.
264. Papadopoulos, E. B., Ladanyi, M., Emanuel, D., Mackinnon, S., Boulad, F., Carabisi, M. H., Castro-Malaspina, H., Childs, B. H., Gillio, A. P., Small, T. N., Young, J. W., Kernan, N. A., and O'Reilly, R. J. (1994). Infusions of donor leukocytes to treat EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 330, 1185-1191.
265. Parker, C. E., Daenke, S., Nightingale, S., and Bangham, C. R. (1992). Activated, HTLV-1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are found in healthy seropositives as well as in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis. Virology. 188(2), 628-636.
266. Pedersen, C., Dickmeiss, E., Gaub, J., Ryder, L. P., Platz, P., Lindhardt, B. O., and Lundgren, J. D. (1990). T-cell subset alterations and lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogens and antigen during severe primary infection with HIV: A case series of seven consecutive HIV seroconverters. AIDS 4(6), 523-526.
267. Pepin, J., Morgan, G., Dunn, D., Gevao, S., Mendy, M., Gaye, I., Scollen, N., Tedder, R., and Whittle, H. (1991). HIV-2-induced immunosuppression among asymptomatic West African prostitutes: Evidence that HIV-2 is pathogenic, but less so than HIV-1. AIDS 5(10), 1165-1172.
268. Perales, M. A., Schwartz, D. H., Fabry, J. A., and Lieberman, J. (1995). A vaccinia-gpl60-based vaccine but not a gpl60 protein vaccine elicits anti-gpl60 cytotoxic T lymphocytes in some HIV-1 seronegative vaccinees. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retroviral. 10(1), 27-35.
269. Perelson, A. S., Neumann, A. U., Markowitz, M., Leonard, J. M., and Ho, D. D. (1996). HIV-1 dynamics in vivo: Virion clearance rate, infected cell life-span, and viral generation time. Science 271(5255), 1582-1586.
270. Phillips, A. N. (1996). Reduction of HIV concentration during acute infection: Independence from a specific immune response. Science 271(5248), 497-499.
271. Phillips, R. E., Rowland-Jones, S. L., Nixon, D. F., Gotch, F. M., Edwards, J. P., Ogunlesi, A. O., Elvin, J. G., Rothbard, J. A., Bangham, C. R., Rizza, C. R., and McMichael, A. J. (1991). Human immunodeficiency virus genetic variation that can escape cytotoxic T cell recognition. Nature 354(6353), 453-459.
272. Pialoux, G., Excler, J. L., Riviere, Y., Gonzalez Canali, G., Feuillie, V., Coulaud, P., Gluckman, J. C., Matthews, T. J., Meignier, B., Kieny, M. P., et al. (1995). A prime-boost approach to HIV preventive vaccine using a recombinant canarypox virus expressing glycoprotein 160 (MN) followed by a recombinant glycoprotein 160 (MN/LAI). The AGIS Group, and l'Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDA. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 11(3), 373-381.
273. Piatak, M., Saag, M., and Yang, L. (1993). High levels of HIV-1 in plasma during all stages of infection determined by competitive PCR. Science 259, 1749-1754.
274. Pinto, L. A., Sullivan, J., Berzofsky, J. A., Clerici, M., Kessler, H. A., Landay, A. L., and Shearer. G. M. (1995). ENV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in HIV seronegative health care workers occupationally exposed to HIV-contaminated body fluids. J. Clin. Invest. 96(2), 867-876.
275. Pircher, H., Moskphidis, A., Rohrer, U., Burki, K., Hengartner, H., and Zinkernagel, R. M. (1990). Viral escape by selection of cytotoxic T cell-resistant variants in vivo. Nature 346, 629-633.
276. Plata, F., Autran, B., Martins, L. P., Wain-Hobson, S., Raphael, M., Mayaud, C., Denis, M., Guillon, J. M., and Debre, P. (1987). AIDS virus specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in lung disorders. Nature 328, 348-351.
277. Plum, G., Siebel, E., Bendick, C., Rasokat, H., Braun, M., Krickeberg, H., and Mauff, G. (1990). Major histocompatibility complex class I to III allotypes in patients with AIDS-related complex/Walter-Reed 5, disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma and in normal controls. The ARC-IVIG Study Group. Vox Sang 1, 15-20.
278. Price, D. A., Goulder, P. J. R., Klenerman, P., Sewell, A. K., Easterbrook, P. J., Troop, M., Bangham, C. R. M., and Phillips, R. E. (1997). Cytotoxic T lymphocyte escape variants during primary infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 1890-1895.
279. Putney, S. D., Matthews, T. J., Robey, W. G., Lynn, D. L., Robert Guroff, M., Mueller, W. T., Langlois, A. J., Ghrayeb, J., Petteway, S. R., Jr., Weinhold, K. J., et al. (1986). HTLV-III/LAV-neutralizing antibodies to an E. coli-produced fragment of the virus envelope. Science 234(4782), 1392-1395.
280. Rammensee, H. G., Friede, T., and Stevanoviic, S. (1995). MHC ligands and peptide motifs: First listing. Immunogeneties 41(4):178-228.
281. Redfield, R. R., Birx, D. L., Ketter, N., Tramont, Polonis, V., Davis, C., Brundage, J. F., Smith, G., Johnson, S., Fowler, A., et al. (1991). A phase I evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of vaccination with recombinant gpl60 in patients with early human immunodeficiency virus infection. Military Medical Consortium for Applied Retroviral Research [see comments]. N. Engl. J. Med. 324(24), 1677-1684.
282. Reid, S., et al. (1996). Antagonistic HIV-1 gag peptides induce structural changes in HLA-B8. J. Exp. Med., in press.
283. Reitz, M. S., Wilson, C., Naugle, C., Gallo, R. C, and Robert-Guroff, M. (1988). Generation of a nutralization-resistant variant of HIV-1 is due to selection for a point mutation in the envelope gene. Cell 54, 57-63.
284. Reusser, P., Riddell, S. R., Meyers, J. D., and Greenberg, P. D. (1991). Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response to cytomegalovirus after human allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: Pattern of recovery and correlation with cytomegalovirus infection and disease. Blood 78(5), 1373-1380.
285. Riddell, S. R., and Greenberg, P. D. (1995a). Cellular adoptive immunotherapy after bone marrow transplantation. Cancer Treatment Res. 76, 337-369.
286. Riddell, S. R., and Greenberg, P. D. (1995b). Principles for adoptive T cell therapy of human viral diseases. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 13, 545-586.
287. Riddell, S. R., Watanabe, K. S., Goodrich, J. M., Li, C. R., Agha, M. E., and Greenberg, P. D. (1992). Restoration of viral immunity in immunodeficient humans by the adoptive transfer of T cell clones. Science 257, 238-241.
288. Riddell, S. R., Elliott, M., Lewinsohn, D. A., Gilbert, M. J., Wilson, L., Manley, S. A., Lupton, S. D., Overell, R. W., Reynolds, T. C., Corey, L., and Greenberg, P. D. (1996). T-cell mediated rejection of gene-modified HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in HIV-infected patients. Nature Med. 2(2), 216-223.
289. Rinaldo, C., Huang, X.-L., Fan, Z., Ding, M., Beltz, L., Logar, A., Panicali, D., Mazzara, G., Liebmann, J., Cottrill, M., and Gupta, P. (1995a). High levels of anti-HIV-1 memory CTL activity and low viral load are associated with lack of disease in HIV-1-infected long-term non-progressors. J. Virol. 69, 5838-5842.
290. Rinaldo, C. J., Beltz, L. A., Huang, X. L., Gupta, P., Fan, Z., and Torpey, D. R. (1995b). Anti-HIV type 1 cytotoxic T lymphocyte effector activity and disease progression in the first 8 years of HIV type 1 infection of homosexual men. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 11(4), 481-489.
291. Riviere, Y., Tanneau, S. F., Regnault, A., Lopez, O., Sansonetti, P., Guy, B., Kieny, M. P., Fournel, J. J., and Montagnier, L. (1989a). Multiple cytotoxic effector cells are induced by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. Res. Immunol. 140(1), 110-115.
292. Riviere, Y., Tanneau-Salvadori, F., Regnault, A., Lopez, O., Sansonetti, P., Guy, B., Kieny, M.-P., Fournel, J.-J., and Montagnier, L. (1989b). Human immunodeficiency virus-specific cytotoxic responses of seropositive individuals: Distinct types of effector cells mediate killing of targets expressing gag and env products. J. Virol. 63, 2270-2277.
293. Riviere, Y., McChesney, M. B., Porrot, F., Tanneau, S. F., Sansonetti, P., Lopez, O., Pialoux, G, Feuillie, V., Mollereau, M., Chamaret, S., et al. (1995). Gag-specific cytotoxic responses to HIV type 1 are associated with a decreased risk of progression to AIDS-related complex or AIDS. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 11(8):903-907.
294. Rock, K. L., and Clark, K. (1996). Analysis of the role of MHC class II presentation in the stimulation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by antigens targeted into the exogenous antigen-MHC class I presentation pathway. J. Immunol. 156(10), 3721-3726.
295. Romagnani, S. (1994). Lymphokine production by human T cells in disease states. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12, 227-257.
296. Romagnani, S., Del Prete, G., Manetti, R., Ravina, A., Annunziato, F., De Carli, M., Mazzetti, M., Piccinni, M.-P., D'Elios, M., Parronchi, P., Sampognaro, S., and Maggi, E., (1994). Role of Thl/Th2 cytokines in HIV infection. Immunol. Rev. 140, 73-92.
297. Rooney, C. M., Smith, C. A., Ng, C. Y. C., Loftin, S., Li, C., Krance, R. A., Brenner, M. K., and Heslop, H. E. (1995). Use of gene-modified virus-specific T lymphocytes to control EBV-related lymphoproliferation. Lancet 345, 9-13.
298. Roos, M., De Leeuw, N., Claessen, F., Huisman, H., Kootstra, N., Meyaard, L., Schellekens, P., Schuitemaker, H., and Miedema, F. (1994). Viro-immunological studies in acute HIV-1 infection. AIDS 8, 1533-1538.
299. Rowe, M., Rowe, D. T., Gregory, C. D., Young, L. S., Farrelli, P. J., Rupani, H., and Rickinson, A. B. (1987). Differences in B cell growth phenotype reflect novel patterns of Epstein-Barr virus latent gene expression in Burkitt's lymphoma. EMBO J. 6, 2743.
300. Rowe, M., Young, L. S., Crocker, J., Stokes, H., Henderson, S., and Rickinson, A. B. (1991). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) -associated lymphoproliferative disease in the SCID mouse model: Implications for the pathogenesis of EBV-positive lymphomas in man. J. Exp. Med. 173, 147-158.
301. Rowland-Jones, S., and McMichael, A. (1993). Cytotoxic T lymphocytes in HIV infection. Sem. Virol. 4, 83-94.
302. Rowland-Jones, S. L., Phillips, R. E., Nixon, D. F., Gotch, F. M, Edwards, J. P., Ogunlesi, A. O., Elvin, J. G., Rothbard, J. A., Bangham, C. R., Rizza, C. R., et al. (1992). Human immunodeficiency virus variants that escape cytotoxic T-cell recognition. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8(8), 1353-1354.
303. Rowland-Jones, S. L., Nixon, D. F., Aldhous, M. C., Gotch, F., Ariyoshi, K., Hallam, N., Kroll, J. S., Froebel, K., and McMichael, A. J. (1993a). HIV-specific CTL activity in an HIV-exposed but uninfected infant. Lancet 341, 860-861.
304. Rowland-Jones, S. L., Powis, S. H., Sutton, J., Mockridge, I., Gotch, F. M., Murray, N., Hill, A. B., Rosenberg, W. M., Trowsdale, J., and McMichael, A. J. (1993b). An antigen processing polymorphism revealed by HLA-B8-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes which does not correlate with TAP gene polymorphism. Eur. J. Immunol. 23(8), 1999-2004.
305. Rowland-Jones, S. L., Sutton, J., Ariyoshi, K., Dong, T., Gotch, F. M., McAdam, S., Whitby, D., Sabally, S., Gallimore, A., Corrah, T., Takiguchi, M., Schultz, T., McMichael, A. J., and Whittle, H. (1995). HIV-specific cytotoxic T cells in HIV-exposed but uninfected Gambian women. Nature Med. 1(1), 59-64.
306. Ruprecht, R. M., Baba, T. W., and Liska, V. (1996). Attenuated HIV vaccine: Caveats. Science 271(5257), 1790-1792.
307. Sadat-Sowti, Debre, P., Idziorek, T., Guillon, J.-M., Hadida, F., Okzenhendler, E., Katlama, C., Mayaud, C, and Autran, B. (1991). A lectin-binding soluble factor released by CD8+ CD57+ lymphocytes from AIDS patients inhibits T cell cytotoxicity. Eur. J. Immunol. 21, 737-741.
308. Sadat-Sowti, B., Parrot, A., Quint, L., Mayaud, C., Debre, P., and Autran, B. (1994). Alveolar CD8+ CD57+ lymphocytes in HIV infection produce an inhibitor of cytotoxic functions. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 14, 9 972-980.
309. Safrit, J. T., and Koup, R. A. (1995). The immunology of primary HIV infection: Which immune responses control HIV replication? Curr. Opin. Immunol. 7, 456-461.
310. Safrit, J. T., Andrews, C. A., Zhu, T., Ho, D. D., and Koup, R. A. (1994a). Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones isolated during acute seroconversion: Recognition of autologous virus sequences within a conserved immunodominant epitope. J. Exp. Med. 179 (2),: 463-472.
311. Safrit, J. T., Lee, A. Y., Andrews, C. A., and Koup, R. A. (1994b). A region of the third variable loop of HIV-1 gpl20 is recognized by HLA-B7-restricted CTLs from two acute seroconversion patients. J. Immunol. 153(8), 3822-3830.
312. Sahmoud, T., Laurian, Y., Gazengel, C., Sultan, Y., Gautreau, C, and Costagliola. D. (1993). Progression to AIDS in French haemophiliacs: Association with HLA-B35. AIDS 7(4), 497-500.
313. Sauzet, J. P., Deprez, B., Martinon, F., Guillet, J. G., Gras Masse, H., and Gomard, E., (1995). Long-lasting anti-viral cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced in vivo with chimericmultirestricted lipopeptides. Vaccine 13(14), 1339-1345.
314. Schmidtmayerova, H., Sherry, B., and Bukrinsky, M. (1996). Chemokines and HIV replication. Nature 382, 767.
315. Schrager, L. K., Young, J. M., Glenn Fowler, M., Mathieson, B. J., and Vermund, S. H., (1994). Long-term survivors of HIV-1 infection: Definitions and research challenges. AIDS 8(Suppl. 1), S95-S108.
316. Sethi, K. K., Naher, H., and Stroehmann, I. (1988). Phenotypic heterogeneity of cerebrospinal fluid-derived HIV-specific and HLA-restricted cytotoxic T-cell clones. Nature 335(6186), 178-181.
317. Shaper, E. G., and Mullins, J. I. (1993). Rates of amino acid change in the envelope protein correlate with pathogenicity of primate lentiviruses. J. Mol. Evol. 37(1), 57-65.
318. Shen, L., Chen, Z. W., Miller, M. D., Stallard, V., Mazzara, G. P., Panicali, D. L., and Letvin, N. L. (1991). Recombinant virus vaccine-induced SIV-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Science 252(5004), 440-443.
319. Shirai, M., Pendleton, C. D., Ahlers, J., Takeshita, T., Newman, M., and Berzofsky, J. A. (1994). Helper-cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) determinant linkage required for priming of anti-HIV CD8+ CTL in vivo with peptide vaccine constructs. J. Immunol. 152(2), 549-556.
320. Shirai, M., Chen, M., Arichi, T., Masaki, T., Nishioka, M., Newman, M., Nakazawa, T., Feinstone, S. M. and Berzofsky, J. A. (1996). Use of intrinsic and extrinsic helper epitopes for in vivo induction of anti-hepatitis C virus cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) with CTL epitope peptide vaccines. J. Infect. Dis. 173(1), 24-31.
321. Siliciano, R. F., Lawton, T., Knall, C., Karr, R. W., Berman, P., Gregory, T., and Reinherz, E. L. (1988). Analysis of host-virus interactions in AIDS with anti-gpl20 T cell clones: Effect of HIV sequence variation and a mechanism for CD4+ cell depletion. Cell. 54, 561-575.
322. Steel, C. M., Ludlam, C. A., Beatson, D., Peutherer, J. F., Cuthbert, R. J., Simmonds, P., Morrison, H., and Jones, M. (1988). HLA haplotype Al B8 DR3 as a risk factor for HIV-related disease. Lancet 1(8596), 1185-1188.
323. Steimer, K. S., Scandella, C. J., Skiles, P. V., and Haigwood, N. L. (1991). Neutralization of divergent HIV-1 isolates by conformation-dependent human antibodies to Gpl20. Science 254(5028), 105-108.
324. Steinman, R. M. (1991). The dendritic cell system and its role in immunogenicity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9(271), 271-296.
325. Stott, E. J., Chan, W. L., Mills, K. H., Page, M., Taffs, F., Cranage, M., Greenaway, P. and Kitchin., P. (1990). Preliminary report: Protection of cynomolgus macaques against simian immunodeficiency virus by fixed infected-cell vaccine [see comments]. Lancet 336(8730), 1538-1541.
326. Stott, J., Kitchin, P., Page, M., Flanagan, B., Taffs, L., Chan, W., Mills, K., Silvera, P., and Rodgers, A. (1991). Anti-cell antibody in macaques. Nature 353, 393.
327. Street, N. E., Schumacher, J. H., Fong, T. A. T., Bass, H., Fiorentino, D. F., Leverah, J. A., and Mosmann, T. R. (1990). Heterogeneity of mouse helper T cells: Evidence from bulk cultures and limiting dilution cloning for precursors of Thl annd Th2 cells. J. Immunol. 144, 1629.
328. Thorsby, E. (1996). HLA associated diseases, a summary of the workshop component. Proc. 12th Int. Histocompatibility Workshop, in press.
329. Toso, J. F., Chen, C.-H., Mohr, J. R., Piglia, L., Oei, C., Ferrari, G., Greenberg, M. L., and Weinhold, K. J. (1995). Oligoclonal CD8 lymphocytes from persons with asymptomatic HIV-1 infection inhibit HIV-1 replication. JID 172, 964-973.
330. Townsend, A., and Bodmer, H. (1989). Antigen recognition by class I -restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 7, 601-624.
331. Townsend, A., and Trowsdale, J. (1993). The transporters associated with antigen presentation. Sem. Cell. Biol. 4(1), 53-61.
332. Townsend, A., Rothbard, J., Gotch, F., Bahadur, B., Wraith, D., and McMichael, A. (1986). The epitopes of influenza nucleoprotein recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes can be defined with short synthetic peptides. Cell 44(959), 959-968.
333. Tripp, R. A., Hou, S., McMickle, A., Houston, J., and Doherty, P. C. (1995). Recruitment and proliferation of CD8+ T cells in respiratory virus infections. J. Immunol. 154(11), 6013-6021.
334. Tsomides, T. J., Aldovini, A., Johnson, R. P., Walker, B. D., Young, R. A., and Eisen, H. N. (1994). Naturally processed viral peptides recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes on cells chronically infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Exp. Med. 180(4), 1283-1293.
335. Tsubota, H. C., Lord, C. I., Watkins, D. I., Morimoto, C, and Letvin, N. L. (1989). A cytotoxic T lymphocyte inhibits acquired immunodeficiency syndrome virus replication in peripheral blood lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 169, 1421-1434.
336. van Baalen, C. A., Klein, M. R., Geretti, A. M., Keet, R. I., Miedema, F., van Els, C. A., and Osterhaus, A. D. (1993). Selective in vitro expansion of HLA class I-restricted HIV-1 Gag-specific CD8+ T cells: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes and precursor frequencies. AIDS 7(6), 781-786.
337. Van Bleek, G. M., and Nathenson, S. M. (1990). Isolation of an endogenously processed immunodominant viral peptide from the class I H2Kb molecule. Nature 348, 213.
338. Venet, A., and Walker, B. D. (1993). Cytotoxic T-cell epitopes in HIV/SIV infection. AIDS. 7, Suppl, S117-S126.
339. Vigano, A., Principi, N., Crupi, L., Onorato, J., Vincenzo, Z. G., and Salvaggio, A. (1995). Elevation of IgE in HIV-infected children and its correlation with the progression of disease. J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol. 95(2), 627-632.
340. Von Gegerfelt, A., Albert, J., Morfeldt Manson, L., Broliden, K., and Fenyo, E. M. (1991). Isolate-specific neutralizing antibodies in patients with progressive HIV-1-related disease. Virology 185(1), 162-168.
341. von Herrath, M. G., Yokoyama, M., Dockter, J., Oldstone, M. B., and Whitton, J. L. (1996). CD4-deficient mice have reduced levels of memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes after immunization and show diminished resistance to subsequent virus challenge. J. Virol. 70(2), 1072-1079.
342. Vyakarnam, A., Matear, P. M., Martin, S. J., and Wagstaff, M. (1995). Thl cells specific for HIV-1 gag p24 are less efficient than ThO cells in supporting HIV replication, and inhibit virus replication in ThO cells. Immunology 86, 85-96.
343. Wain Hobson, S. (1995). AIDS. Virological mayhem. Nature 373(6510), 102.
344. Walker, B. D., Chakrabarti, S., Moss, B., Paradis, T. J., Flynn, T., Durno, A. G., Blumberg, R. S., Kaplan, J. C., Hirsch, M. S., and Schooley, R. T. (1987). HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in seropositive individuals. Nature 328(6128), 345-348.
345. Walker, B. D., Flexner, C., Paradis, T. J., Fuller, T. C., Hirsch, M. S., Schooley, R. T., and Moss, B. (1988). HIV-1 reverse transcriptase is a target for cytotoxic T lymphocytes in infected individuals. Science 240 (64-66).
346. Walker, B. D., Flexner, C., Birch, L. K., Fisher, L., Paradis, T. J., Aldovini, A., Young, R., Moss, B., and Schooley, R. T. (1989). Long-term culture and fine specificity of human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clones reactive with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86(23), 9514-9518.
347. Walker, C. M., Moody, D. J., Stites, D. P., and Levy, J. A. (1986). CD8+ lymphocytes can control HIV infection in vitro by suppressing virus replication. Science 234, 1563-1566.
348. Walker, C. M., Erickson, A. L., Hsueh, F. C, and Levy, J. A. (1991). Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus replication in acutely infected CD4 + cells by CD8+ cells involves a noncytotoxic mechanism. J. Virol. 65(11), 5921-5927.
349. Walker, R., Blaese, R. M., Carter, C. S., Chang, L., Klein, H., Lane, H. C., Leitman, S. F., Mullen, C. A., and Larson, M. (1993). A study of the safety and survival of the adoptive transfer of genetically marked syngeneic lymphocytes in HIV-infected identical twins. Hum. Gene. Ther. 4(5), 659-680.
350. Wallace, L. E., Rickinson, A. B., Rowe, M., and Epstein, M. A. (1982a). Epstein-Barr virus-specific cytotoxic T-cell clones restricted through a single HLA antigen. Nature 297(5865), 413-415.
351. Wallace, L. E., Rowe, M., Gaston, J. S., Rickinson, A. B., and Epstein, M. A. (1982b). Cytotoxic T cell recognition of Epstein-Barr virus-infected B cells. III. Establishment of HLA-restricted cytotoxic T cell lines using interleukin 2. Eur. J. Immunol. 12(12), 1012-1018.
352. Walter, E. A., Greenberg, P. D., Gilbert, M. J., Finch, R. J., Watanabe, K. S., Thomas, E. D., and Riddell, S. R. (1995a). Reconstitution of cellular immunity against cytomegalovirus in recipients of allogeneic bone marrow by transfer of T-cell clones from the donor. N. Engl. J. Med. 333(16), 1038-1044.
353. Watret, K. C., Whitelaw, J. A., Froebel, K. S., and Bird, A. G. (1993). Phenotypic characterization of CD8+ T cell populations in HIV disease and in anti-HIV immunity. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 92, 93-99.
354. Wei, X., Ghosh, S. K., Taylor, M. E., Johnson, V. A., Emini, E. A., Deutsch, P., Lifson, J. D., Bonhoeffer, S., Nowak, M. A., Hahn, B. H., et al. (1995). Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Nature 373(6510), 117-122.
355. Weinhold, K. J., Lyerly, H. K., Matthews, T. J., Tyler, D. S., Ahearne, P. M., Stine, K. C., Langlois, A. J., Durack, D. T., and Bolognesi, D. P. (1988). Cellular anti-GP120 cytolytic reactivities in HIV-1 seropositive individuals. Lancet 1(8591), 902-905.
356. Weiss, R. A. (1996). HIV receptors and the pathogenesis of AIDS. Science 272, 1885-1886.
357. Weiss, R. A., Clapham, P. R., Cheingsong Popov, R., Dalgleish, A. G., Carne, C. A., Weller, I. V., and Tedder, R. S. (1985). Neutralization of human T-lymphotropic virus type III by sera of AIDS and AIDS-risk patients. Nature 316(6023), 69-72.
358. Whittle, H., Morris, J., Todd, J., Corrah, T., Sabally, S., Bangali, J., Ngom, P., Rolfe, M., and Wilkins, A. (1994). HIV-2-infected patients survive longer than HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS 8, 1617-1620.
359. Wiertz, E. J. H. H., Jones, T. R., Sun, L., Bogyo, M., Geuze, H. J., and Ploegh, H. L. (1996). The human cytomegalovirus US11 gene product dislocates MHC class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Cell 84, 769-779.
360. Winchester, R., Chen, Y., Rose, S., Selby, J., and Borkowsky, W. (1995). Major histocompatibility complex class II DR alleles DRB1°1501 and those encoding HLA-DR13 are preferentially associated with a diminution in maternally transmitted human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection in different ethnic groups: Determination by an automated sequence-based typing method. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92(26), 12374-12378.
361. Wolfs, T. F., de Jong, J. J., Van den Berg, H., Tijnagel, J. M., Krone, W. J., and Goudsmit. J. (1990). Evolution of sequences encoding the principal neutralization epitope of human immunodeficiency virus 1 is host dependent, rapid, and continuous. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87(24), 9938-9942.
362. Wolinsky, S. M., Korber, B. T. M., Neumann, A. U., Daniels, M., Kunstman, K. J., Whetsell, A. J., Furtado, M. R., Cao, Y., Ho, D. D., Safrit, J. T., and Koup, R. A. (1996). Adaptive evolution of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 during the natural course of Infection. Science 272, 537-540.
363. Xu, X.-N., Screaton, G. R., Gotch, F. M., Dong, T., Tan, R., Almond, N., Stebbings, R., Kent, K., Nagata, S., Stott, J. E., and McMichael, A. J. (1997). Evasion of CTL responses by net-dependent induction of Fas ligand expression on SIV-infected cells. Submitted.
364. Yamamoto, H., Miller, M. D., Tsubota, H., Watkins, D. I., Mazzara, G. P., Stallard, V., Panicali, D. L., Aldovini, A., Young, R. A., and Letvin, N. L. (1990). Studies of cloned simian immunodeficiency virus-specific T lymphocytes. gag-Specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes exhibit a restricted epitope specificity. J. Immunol. 144(9), 3385-3391.
365. Yang, O., Kalams, S., Rosenweig, M., Trocha, A., Jones, N., Koziel, M., Walker, B. D., and Johnson, R. P. (1996). Efficient lysis of HRM-infected cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Virol. 70, 5799-5806.
366. Yasutomi, Y., Koenig, S., Haun, S. S., Stover, C. K., Jackson, R. K., Conard, P., Conley, A. J., Emini, E. A., Fuerst, T. R., and Letvin, N. L. (1993a). Immunization with recombinant BCG-SrV elicits SrV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in rhesus monkeys. J. Immunol. 150(7), 3101-3107.
367. Yasutomi, Y., Reimann, K. A., Lord, C. I., Miller, M. D., and Letvin, N. L. (1993b). Simian immunodeficiency virus-specific CD8+ lymphocyte response in acutely infected rhesus monkeys. J. Virol. 67(3), 1707-1711.
368. Yasutomi, Y., Robinson, H. L., Lu, S., Mustafa, F., Lekutis, C., Arthos, J., Mullins, J. I., Voss, G., Manson, K., Wyand, M., and Letvin, N. L. (1996). Simian immunodeficiency virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte induction through DNA vaccination of rhesus monkeys. J. Virol. 70(1), 678-681.
369. Young, J. W., and Steinman, R. M. (1990). Dendritic cells stimulate primary human cytolytic lymphocyte responses in the absence of CD4+ helper T cells. J. Exp. Med. 171(4), 1315-1332.
370. Young, L., Alfieri, C., Henessey, K., Evans, H., O'Hara, C., Anderson, K. C., Ritz, J., Shapiro, R. S., Rickinson, A., Kieff, E., and Cohen, J. I. (1989). Expression of Epstein-Barr virus transformation associated genes in tissues of patients with EBV lymphoproliferative disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 321, 1080.
371. Zarling, J. M., Ledbetter, J. A., Sias, J., Fultz, P., Eichberg, J., Gjerset, G., and Moran, P. A. (1990). HIV-infected humans, but not chimpanzees, have circulating cytotoxic T lymphocytes that lyse uninfected CD4+ cells. J. Immunol. 144(8), 2992-2998.
372. Zhang, L. Q., MacKenzie, P., Cleland, A., Holmes, E. C., Leigh Brown, A. J., and Simmonds, P. (1993). Selection for specific sequences in the external envelope protein of HIV-1 upon primary infection. J. Virol. 67, 3345-3356.
373. Zhu, T., Mo, H., Wang, N., Nam, D. S., Cao, Y., Roup, R. A., and Ho, D. D. (1993). Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of HIV-1 in patients with primary infection. Science. 261, 1179-1181.
374. Zinkernagel, R. (1995). Are HIV-specific CTL responses salutary or pathogenic? Curr. Opin. Immunol. 7, 462-470.
375. Zinkernagel, R. M. (1996). Immunology taught by viruses. Science 271(5246), 173-178.
376. Zinkernagel, R. M., and Doherty, P. C. (1974). Restriction of an in vitro T cell-mediated cytotoxicity in lymphocytic choriomeningitis within asyngeneic or semiallogeneic system. Nature 248, 701-702.
377. Zinkernagel, R. M., and Doherty, P. C. (1975). H-2 compatibility requirement for T-cell mediated lysis of target cells infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J. Exp. Med. 141, 1427-1436.
378. Zinkernagel, R. M., Haenseler, E., Leist, T., Cemy, A., Hengartner, H., and Althage, A. (1986). T cell-mediated hepatitis in mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Liver cell destruction by H-2 class I-restricted virus-specific cytotoxic T cells as a physiological correlate of the 51Cr-release assay? J. Exp. Med. 164(4), 1075-1092.
379. Zweerink, H. J., Coutneidge, S. A., Skehel, J. J., Crumpton, M. J., and Askonas, B. A. (1977). Cytotoxic T cells kill influenza virus infected cells but do not distinguish between serologically distinct type A viruses. Nature 267, 354-356.