Anterior-posterior patterning in the Drosophila embryo

Advances in Developmental Biology and Biochemistry

Volumn 12, Issue C, 2002, Pages 155-204

  Nasiadka, Andrzej ^a   Dietrich, Bruce H ^a   Krause, Henry M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0013439842     PISSN: 15691799     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1569-1799(02)12027-2     Document Type: Article

References (390)

1. Akam M.E. The location of Ultrabithorax transcripts in Drosophila tissue sections. EMBO J. 2 (1983) 2075-2084
2. Akam M.E., and Martinez Arias A. The distribution of Ultrabithorax transcripts in Drosophila embryos. EMBO J. 4 (1985) 1689-1700
3. Akhtar A., Zink D., and Becker P.B. Chromodomains are protein-RNA interaction modules. Nature 407 (2000) 405-409
4. Akimaru H., Chen Y., Dai P., Hou D.X., Nonaka M., Smolik S.M., Armstrong S., Goodman R.H., and Ishii S. Drosophila CBP is a co-activator of cubitus interruptus in hedgehog signalling. Nature 386 (1997) 735-738
5. Akoulitchev S., and Reinberg D. The molecular mechanism of mitotic inhibition of TFIIH is mediated by phosphorylation of CDK7. Genes Dev. 12 (1998) 3541-3550
6. Anderson K.V. Pinning down positional information: dorsal-ventral polarity in the Drosophila embryo. Cell 95 (1998) 439-442
7. Anderson K.V., and Lengyel J.A. Rates of synthesis of major classes of RNA in Drosophila embryos. Dev. Biol. 70 (1979) 217-231
8. Anderson K.V., and Lengyel J.A. Changing rates of histone mRNA synthesis and turnover in Drosophila embryos. Cell 21 (1980) 717-727
9. Anderson K.V., and Lengyel J.A. Changing rates of DNA and RNA synthesis in Drosophila embryos. Dev. Biol. 82 (1981) 127-138
10. Arnosti D.N., Barolo S., Levine M., and Small S. The eve stripe 2 enhancer employs multiple modes of transcriptional synergy. Development 122 (1996) 205-214
11. Arnosti D.N., Gray S., Barolo S., Zhou J., and Levine M. The gap protein knirps mediates both quenching and direct repression in the Drosophila embryo. EMBO J. 15 (1996) 3659-3666
12. Aronson B.D., Fisher A.L., Blechman K., Caudy M., and Gergen J.P. Groucho-dependent and -independent repression activities of Runt domain proteins. Mol. Cell Biol. 17 (1997) 5581-5587
13. Bae S.C., Ogawa E., Maruyama M., Oka H., Shatake M., Shigesada K., Jenkins N.A., Gilbert D.J., Copeland N.G., and Ito Y. PEBP2 alpha B/mouse AML1 consists of multiple isoforms that possess differential transactivation potentials. Mol. Cell Biol. 14 (1994) 3242-3252
14. Baker N.E. Localization of transcripts from the wingless gene in whole Drosophila embryos. Development 103 (1988) 289-298
15. Barolo S., and Levine M. hairy mediates dominant repression in the Drosophila embryo. EMBO J. 16 (1997) 2883-2891
16. Bateson W. Materials for the Study of Variation with Especial Regard to Discontinuity in the Origin of the Species (1894), McMillan, London
17. Baumgartner S., Bopp D., Burri M., and Noll M. Structure of two genes at the gooseberry locus related to the paired gene and their spatial expression during Drosophila embryogenesis. Genes Dev. 1 (1987) 1247-1267
18. Beachy P.A., Helfand S.L., and Hogness D.S. Segmental distribution of bithorax complex proteins during Drosophila development. Nature 313 (1985) 545-551
19. Becker P.B., and Wu C. Cell-free system for assembly of transcriptionally repressed chromatin from Drosophila embryos. Mol. Cell Biol. 12 (1992) 2241-2249
20. Bejsovec A., and Martinez Arias A. Roles of wingless in patterning the larval epidermis of Drosophila. Development 113 (1991) 471-485
21. Bender W., Akam M.E., Karch F., Beachy P.A., Peifer M., Spierer P., and Lewis E.B. Molecular genetics of the bithorax complex in Drosophila melanogaster. Science 221 (1983) 23-29
22. Benedyk M.J., Mullen J.R., and DiNardo S. odd-paired: a zinc finger pair-rule protein required for the timely activation of engrailed and wingless in Drosophila embryos. Genes Dev. 8 (1994) 105-117
23. Berleth T., Burri M., Thoma G., Bopp D., Richstein S., Frigerio G., Noll M., and Nusslein-Volhard C. The role of localization of bicoid RNA in organizing the anterior pattern of the Drosophila embryos. EMBO J. 7 (1988) 1749-1756
24. Bienz M., and Tremmi G. Domain of Ultrabithorax expression in Drosophila visceral mesoderm from autoregulation and exclusion. Nature 333 (1988) 576-578
25. Biggin M.D., and McGinnis W. Regulation of segmentation and segmental identity by Drosophila homeoproteins: the role of DNA binding in functional activity and specificity. Development 124 (1997) 4425-4433
26. Biggin M.D., and Tjian R. A purified Drosophila homeodomain protein represses transcription in vitro. Cell 58 (1989) 433-440
27. Bird A.P., and Wolffe A.P. Methylation-induced repression-belts, braces, and chromatin. Cell 99 (1999) 451-454
28. Botas J., and Auwers L. Chromosomal binding sites of Ultrabithorax homeotic proteins. Mech. Dev. 56 (1996) 129-138
29. Breen T.R., and Harte P.J. Trithorax regulates multiple homeotic genes in the bithorax and Antennapedia complexes and exerts different tissue-specific, parasegment-specific and promoter-specific effects on each. Development 117 (1993) 119-134
30. Brehm A., Langst G., Kehle J., Clapier C.R., Imhof A., Eberharter A., Muller J., and Becker P.B. dMi-2 and ISWI chromatin remodelling factors have distinct nucleosome binding and mobilization properties. EMBO J. 19 (2000) 4332-4341
31. Bridges C., and Morgan T.H. The Third-Chromosome Group of Mutant Characters of Drosophila Melanogaster 327 (1923), Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications 1-251
32. Bronner G., and Jackle H. Control and function of terminal gap gene activity in the posterior pole region of the Drosophila embryo. Mech. Dev. 35 (1991) 205-211
33. Brunner E., Peter O., Schweizer L., and Basler K. Pangolin encodes a Lef-1 homologue that acts downstream of Armadillo to transduce the Wingless signal in Drosophila. Nature 385 (1997) 829-833
34. Burz D.S., and Hanes S.D. Isolation of mutations that disrupt cooperative DNA binding by the Drosophila bicoid protein. J. Mol. Biol. 305 (2001) 219-230
35. Burz D.S., Rivera-Pomar R., Jackle H., and Hanes S.D. Cooperative DNA-binding by Bicoid provides a mechanism for threshold-dependent gene activation in the Drosophila embryo. EMBO J. 17 (1998) 5998-6009
36. Bustin M., and Reeves R. High-mobility-group chromosomal proteins: architectural components that facilitate chromatin function. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 54 (1996) 35-100
37. Cadigan K.M., Grossniklaus U., and Gehring W.J. Functional redundancy: the respective roles of the two sloppy paired genes in Drosophila segmentation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 (1994) 6324-6328
38. Cadigan K.M., Grossniklaus U., and Gehring W.J. Localized expression of sloppy paired protein maintains the polarity of Drosophila parasegments. Genes Dev. 8 (1994) 899-913
39. Cai H.N., Arnosti D.N., and Levine M. Long-range repression in the Drosophila embryo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 (1996) 9309-9314
40. Campos-Ortega J.A., and Hartenstein V. The Embryonic Development of Drosophila Melanogaster (1997), Springer, Berlin xvii
41. Campos-Ortega J.A., and Hartenstein V. The Embryonic Development of Drosophila Melanogaster (1997) 405 New York
42. Capovilla M., Eldon E.D., and Pirrotta V. The giant gene of Drosophila encodes a b-ZIP DNA-binding protein that regulates the expression of other segmentation gap genes. Development 114 (1992) 99-112
43. Carr A., and Biggin M.D. A comparison of in vivo and in vitro DNA-binding specificities suggests a new model for homeoprotein DNA binding in Drosophila embryos. EMBO J. 18 (1999) 1598-1608
44. Carroll S.B., Laymon R.A., McCutcheon M.A., Riley P.D., and Scott M.P. The localization and regulation of Antennapedia protein expression in Drosophila embryos. Cell 47 (1986) 113-122
45. Carroll S.B., and Scott M.P. Zygotically active genes that affect the spatial expression of the fushi tarazu segmentation gene during early Drosophila embryogenesis. Cell 45 (1986) 113-126
46. Carroll S.B., and Vavra S.H. The zygotic control of Drosophila pair-rule gene expression. II. Spatial repression by gap and pair-rule gene products. Development 107 (1989) 673-683
47. Casanova J., and White R.A. Trans-regulatory functions in the Abdominal-B gene of the bithorax complex. Development 101 (1987) 117-122
48. Cavalli G., and Paro R. Epigenetic inheritance of active chromatin after removal of the main transactivator. Science 286 (1999) 955-958
49. Cavallo R.A., Cox R.T., Moline M.M., Roose J., Polevoy G.A., Clevers H., Peifer M., and Bejsovec A. Drosophila Tcf and Groucho interact repress Wingless signalling activity. Nature 395 (1998) 604-608
50. Chadwick R., and McGinnis W. Temporal and spatial distribution of transcripts from the Deformed gene of Drosophila. EMBO J. 6 (1987) 779-789
51. Chan C.S., Rastelli L., and Pirrotta V. A Polycomb response element in the Ubx gene that determines an epigenetically inherited state of repression. EMBO J. 13 (1994) 2553-2564
52. Chan S.K., Jaffe L., Capovilla M., Botas J., and Mann R.S. The DNA binding specificity of Ultrabithorax is modulated by cooperative interactions with extradenticle, another homeoprotein. Cell 78 (1994) 603-615
53. Chan S.K., and Mann R.S. A structural model for a homeotic protein-extradenticle-DNA complex accounts for the choice of HOX protein in the heterodimer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 (1996) 5223-5228
54. Chan S.K., Ryoo H.D., Gould A., Krumlauf R., and Mann R.S. Switching the in vivo specificity of a minimal Hox-responsive element. Development 124 (1997) 2007-2014
55. Chang C.P., Brocchieri L., Shen W.F., Largman C., and Cleary M.L. Pbx modulation of Hox homeodomain amino-terminal arms establishes different DNA-binding specificities across the Hox locus. Mol. Cell Biol. 16 (1996) 1734-1745
56. Chang C.P., Shen W.F., Rozenfeld S., Lawrence H.J., Largman C., and Cleary M.L. Pbx proteins display hexapeptide-dependent cooperative DNA binding with a subset of Hox proteins. Genes Dev. 9 (1995) 663-674
57. Chen G., Fernandez J., Mische S., and Courey A.J. A functional interaction between the histone deacetylase Rpd3 and the corepressor groucho in Drosophila development. Genes Dev. 13 (1999) 2218-2230
58. Chen H., Lin R.J., Xie W., Wilpitz D., and Evans R.M. Regulation of hormone-induced histone hyperacetylation and gene activation via acetylation of an acetylase. Cell 98 (1999) 675-686
59. Chiang A., O'Connor M.B., Paro R., Simon J., and Bender W. Discrete Polycomb-binding sites in each parasegmental domain of the bithorax complex. Development 121 (1995) 1681-1689
60. Chouinard S., and Kaufman T.C. Control of expression of the homeotic labial (lab) locus of Drosophila melanogaster: evidence for both positive and negative autogenous regulation. Development 113 (1991) 1267-1280
61. Clegg R.M. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 6 (1995) 103-110
62. Cohen S.M., and Jurgens G. Mediation of Drosophila head development by gap-like segmentation genes. Nature 346 (1990) 482-485
63. Copeland J.W., Nasiadka A., Dietrich B.H., and Krause H.M. Patterning of the Drosophila embryo by a homeodomain-deleted Ftz polypeptide. Nature 379 (1996) 162-165
64. Coulter D.E., Swaykus E.A., Beran-Koehn M.A., Goldberg D., Wieschaus E., and Schedl P. Molecular analysis of odd-skipped, a zinc finger encoding segmentation gene with a novel pair-rule expression pattern. EMBO J. 9 (1990) 3795-3804
65. Criqui-Filipe P., Ducret C., Maira S.M., and Wasylyk B. Net, a negative Ras-switchable TCF, contains a second inhibition domain, the CID, that mediates repression through interactions with CtBP and de-acetylation. EMBO J. 18 (1999) 3392-3403
66. Dahanukar A., and Wharton R.P. The Nanos gradient in Drosophila embryos is generated by translational regulation. Genes Dev. 10 (1996) 2610-2620
67. Dalton D., Chadwick R., and McGinnis W. Expression and embryonic function of empty spiracles: a Drosophila homeo box gene with two patterning functions on the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo. Genes Dev. 3 (1989) 1940-1956
68. Davidson E.H. Gene activity in early development (1986), Academic Press, Orlando xiv
69. Davidson E.H. Gene activity in early development (1986), Academic Press, Orlando 670 [2] folded leaves of plates
70. Davis G.K., and Patel N.H. The origin and evolution of segmentation. Trends Cell Biol. 9 (1999) M68-M72
71. Desplan C., Theis J., and O'Farrell P.H. The sequence specificity of homeodomain-DNa interaction. Cell 54 (1988) 1081-1090
72. Diederich R.J., Merrill V.K., Pultz M.A., and Kaufman T.C. Isolation, structure, and expression of labial, a homeotic gene of the Antennapedia Complex involved in Drosophila head development. Genes Dev. 3 (1989) 399-414
73. DiNardo S., and O'Farrell P.H. Establishment and refinement of segmental pattern in the Drosophila embryo: spatial control of engrailed expression by pair-rule genes. Genes Dev. 1 (1987) 1212-1225
74. DiNardo S., Sher E., Heemskerk-Jongens J., Kassis J.A., and O'Farrell P.H. Two-tiered regulation of spatially patterned engrailed gene expression during Drosophila embryogenesis. Nature 332 (1988) 604-609
75. Dorsett D. Distant liaisons: long-range enhancer-promoter interactions in Drosophila. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 9 (1999) 505-514
76. Dranginis A.M. Binding of yeast a1 and alpha 2 as a heterodimer to the operator DNA of a haploid-specific gene. Nature 347 (1990) 682-685
77. Drees B., Ali Z., Soeller W.C., Coleman K.G., Polle S.J., and Kornberg T. The transcription unit of the Drosophila engrailed locus: an unusually small portion of a 70,000 bp gene. EMBO J. 6 (1987) 2803-2809
78. Driever W., and Nusslein-Volhard C. A gradient of bicoid protein in Drosophila embryos. Cell 54 (1988) 83-93
79. Driever W., and Nusslein-Volhard C. The bicoid protein is a positive regulator of hunchback transcription in the early Drosophila embryo. Nature 337 (1989) 138-143
80. Driever W., Thoma G., and Nusslein-Volhard C. Determination of spatial domains of zygotic gene expression in the Drosophila embryo by the affinity of binding sites for the bicoid morphogen. Nature 340 (1989) 363-367
81. Dubnau J., and Struhl G. RNA recognition and translational regulation by a homeodomain protein [see comments]. Nature 388 6643 (1996) 697 1997 Aug 14
82. Dubnau J., and Struhl G. Nature 379 (1996) 694-699
83. Eaton S., and Kornberg T.B. Repression of ci-D in posterior compartments of Drosophila by engrailed. Genes Dev. 4 (1990) 1068-1077
84. Edgar B.A., and Datar S.A. Zygotic degradation of two maternal Cdc25 mRNAs terminates Drosophila's early cell cycle program. Genes Dev. 10 (1996) 1966-1977
85. Edgar B.A., Kiehle C.P., and Schubiger G. Cell cycle control by the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio in early Drosophila development. Cell 44 (1986) 365-372
86. Edgar B.A., and Schubiger G. Parameters controlling transcriptional activation during early Drosophila development. Cell 44 (1986) 871-877
87. Edgar B.A., Sprenger F., Duronio R.J., Leopold P., and O'Farrell P.H. Distinct molecular mechanism regulate cell cycle timing at successive stages of Drosophila embryogenesis. Genes Dev. 8 (1994) 440-452
88. Ekker S.C., Jackson D.G., von Kessler D.P., Sun B.I., Young K.E., and Beachy P.A. The degree of variation in DNA sequence recognition among four Drosophila homeotic proteins. EMBO J. 13 (1994) 3551-3560
89. Elgin S.C., and Hood L.E. Chromosomal proteins of Drosophila embryos. Biochemistry 12 (1973) 4984-4991
90. Ephrussi A., Dickinson L.K., and Lehmann R. Oskar organizes the germ plasm and directs localization of the posterior determinant nanos. Cell 66 (1991) 37-50
91. Finkelstein R., and Perrimon N. The orthodenticle gene is regulated by bicoid and torso and specifies Drosophila head development. Nature 346 (1990) 485-488 [see comments]
92. Finkelstein R., Smouse D., Capaci T.M., Spradling A.C., and Perrimon N. The orthodenticle gene encodes a novel homeo domain protein involved in the development of the Drosophila nervous system and ocellar visual structures. Genes Dev. 4 (1990) 1516-1527
93. Fisher A.L., Ohsako S., and Caudy M. The WRPW motif of the hairy-related basic helix-loop-helix repressor proteins acts as a 4-amino-acid transcription repression and protein- protein interaction domain. Mol. Cell Biol. 16 (1996) 2670-2677
94. Fitzpatrick V.D., Percival-Smith A., Ingles C.J., and Krause H.M. Homeodomain-independent activity of the fushi tarazu polypeptide in Drosophila embryos. Nature 356 (1992) 610-612
95. Fjose A., McGinnis W.J., and Gehring W.J. Isolation of a homoeo box-containing gene from the engrailed region of Drosophila and the spatial distribution of its transcripts. Nature 313 (1985) 284-289
96. Flores-Saaib R.D., and Courey A.J. Regulation of dorso/ventral patterning in the Drosophila embryo by multiple dorsal-interacting proteins. Cell Biochem. Biophys. 33 (2000) 1-17
97. Foe V.E., and Alberts B.M. Studies of nuclear and cytoplasmic behaviour during the five mitotic cycles that precede gastrulation in Drosophila embryogenesis. J. Cell Sci. 61 (1983) 31-70
98. Francis N.J., and Kingston R.E. Mechanisms of transcriptional memory. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2 (2001) 409-421
99. Frasch M., and Levine M. Complementary patterns of even-skipped and fushi tarazu expression involve their differential regulation by a common set of segmentation genes in Drosophila. Genes Dev. 1 (1987) 981-995
100. Freedman L.P. Increasing the complexity of coactivation in nuclear receptor signaling. Cell 97 (1999) 5-8
101. Frigerio G., Burri M., Bopp D., Baumgartner S., and Noll M. Structure of the segmentation gene paired and the Drosophila PRD gene set as part of a gene network. Cell 47 (1986) 735-746
102. Fromont-Racine M., Mayes A.E., Brunet-Simon A., Rain J.C., Colley A., Dix I., Decourty L., Joly N., Ricard F., Beggs J.D., and Legrain P. Genome-wide protein interaction screens reveal functional networks involving Sm-like proteins. Yeast 17 (2000) 95-110
103. Fujioka M., Emi-Sarker Y., Yusibova G.L., Goto T., and Jaynes J.B. Analysis of an even-skipped rescue transgene reveals both composite and discrete neuronal and early blastoderm enhancers, and multi-stripe positioning by gap gene repressor gradients. Development 126 (1999) 2527-2538
104. Fujioka M., Jaynes J.B., and Goto T. Early even-skipped stripes act as morphogenetic gradients at the single cell level to establish engrailed expression. Development 121 (1995) 4371-4382
105. Fujioka M., Yusibova G.L., Sackerson C.M., Tillib S., Mazo A., Satake M., and Goto T. Runt domain partner proteins enhance DNA binding and transcriptional repression in cultured Drosophila cells. Genes Cell 1 (1996) 741-754
106. Furnari B., Rhind N., and Russell P. Cdc25 nitotic inducer targeted by chk1 DNA damage checkpoint kinase. Science 277 (1997) 1495-1497
107. Gao Q., and Finkelstein R. Targeting gene expression to the head: the Drosophila orthodenticle gene is a direct target of the Bicoid morphogen. Development 125 (1998) 4185-4193
108. Garber R.L., Kuroiwa A., and Gehring W.J. Genomic and cDNA clones of the homeotic locus Antennapedia in Drosophila. EMBO J. 2 (1983) 2027-2036
109. Garcia-Bellido A. Genetic control of wing disc development in Drosophila. CIBA Foundation Symp. 29 (1975) 161-183
110. Garcia-Bellido A., Lawrence P.A., and Morata G. Compartments in animal development. Sci. Amer. 241 (1979) 102-110
111. Garcia-Bellido A., Ripoll P., and Morata G. Developmental compartmentalisation of the wing disk of Drosophila. Nat. New Biol. 245 (1973) 251-253
112. Gaul U., and Jackle H. Pole region-dependent repression of the Drosophila gap gene Kruppel by maternal gene products. Cell 51 (1987) 549-555
113. Gaul U., and Jackle H. Analysis of maternal effect mutant combinations elucidates regulation and function of the overlap of hunchback and Kruppel gene expression in the Drosophila blastoderm embryo. Development 107 (1989) 651-662
114. Gaul U., and Jackle H. Role of gap genes in early Drosophila development. Adv. Genet. 27 (1991) 239-272
115. Ge H., and Roeder R.G. The high mobility group protein HMG1 can reversibly inhibit class II gene transcription by interaction with the TATA-binding protein. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 17136-17140
116. Gergen J.P., and Butler B.A. Isolation of the Drosophila segmentation gene runt and analysis of its expression during embryogenesis. Genes Dev. 2 (1988) 1179-1193
117. Goldstein R.E., Jimenez G., Cook O., Gur D., and Paroush Z. Huckebein repressor activity in Drosophila terminal patterning is mediated by Groucho. Development 126 (1999) 3747-3755
118. Golling G., Li L., Pepling M., Stebbins M., and Gergen J.P. Drosophila homologs of the proto-oncogene product PEBP2/CBF beta regulate the DNA-binding properties of Runt. Mol. Cell Biol. 16 (1996) 932-942
119. Gonzalez-Reyes A., and St Johnston D. Role of oocyte position in establishment of anterior-posterior polarity in Drosophila. Science 266 (1994) 639-642
120. Gorman M., Franke A., and Baker B.S. Molecular characterization of the male-specific lethal-3 gene and investigations of the regulation of dosage compensation in Drosophila. Development 121 (1995) 463-475
121. Goto T., Macdonald P., and Maniatis T. Early and late periodic patterns of even skipped expression are controlled by distinct regulatory elements that respond to different spatial cues. Cell 57 (1989) 413-422
122. Gottesfeld J.M., and Forbes D.J. Mitotic repression of the transcriptional machinery. Trends Biochem. Sci. 22 (1997) 197-202
123. Goutte C., and Johnson A.D. a1 protein alters the DNA binding specificity of alpha 2 repressor. Cell 52 (1988) 875-882
124. Govind S. Control of development and immunity by rel transcription factors in Drosophila. Oncogene 18 (1999) 6875-6887
125. Gray S., Cai H., Barolo S., and Levine M. Transcriptional repression in the Drosophila embryo. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 349 (1995) 257-262
126. Gray S., and Levine M. Short-range transcriptional repressors mediate both quenching and direct repression within complex loci in Drosophila. Genes Dev. 10 (1996) 700-710
127. Gray S., and Levine M. Transcriptional repression in development. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 8 (1996) 358-364
128. Gray S., Szymanski P., and Levine M. Short-range repression permits multiple enhancers to function autonomously within a complex promoters. Genes Dev. 8 (1994) 1829-1838
129. Grossniklaus U., Pearson R.K., and Gehring W.J. The Drosophila sloppy paired locus encodes two proteins involved in segmentation that show homology to mammalian transcription factors. Genes Dev. 6 (1992) 1030-1051
130. Guichet A., Copeland J.W., Erdelyi M., Hlousek D., Zavorszky P., Ho J., Brown S., Percival-Smith A., Krause H.M., and Ephrussi A. The nuclear receptor homologue Ftz-F1 and the homeodomain protein Ftz are mutually dependent cofactors. Nature 385 (1997) 548-552
131. Gutjahr T., Frei E., and Noll M. Complex regulation of early paired expression: initial activation by gap genes and pattern modulation by pair-rule genes. Development 117 (1993) 609-623
132. Hader T., La Rosee A., Ziebold U., Busch M., Taubert H., Jackle H., and Rivera-Pomar R. Activation of posterior pair-rule stripe expression in response to maternal caudal and zygotic knirps activities. Mech. Dev. 71 (1998) 177-186
133. Hafen E., Kuroiwa A., and Gehring W.J. Spatial distribution of transcripts from the segmentation gene fushi tarazu during Drosophila embryonic development. Cell 37 (1984) 833-841
134. Hafen E., Levine M., and Gehring W.J. Regulation of Antennapedia transcript distribution by the bithorax complex in Drosophila. Nature 307 (1984) 287-289
135. Han K., Levine M.S., and Manley J.L. Synergistic activation and repression of transcription by Drosophila homeobox protein. Cell 56 (1989) 573-583
136. Han K., and Manley J.L. Transcriptional repression by the Drosophila even-skipped protein: definition of a minimal repression domain. Genes Dev. 7 (1993) 491-503
137. Hanes S.D., Riddihough G., Ish-Horowicz D., and Brent R. Specific DNA recognition and intersite spacing are critical for action of the bicoid morphogen. Mol. Cell Biol. 14 (1994) 3364-3375
138. Harding K., Hoey T., Warrior R., and Levine M. Autoregulatory and gap gene response elements of the even-skipped promoter of Drosophila. EMBO J. 8 (1989) 1205-1212
139. Harding K., and Levine M. Gap genes define the limits of antennapedia and bithorax gene expression during early development in Drosophila. EMBO J. 7 (1988) 205-214
140. Harding K., Rushlow C., Doyle H.J., Hoey T., and Levine M. Cross-regulatory interactions among pair-rule genes in Drosophila. Science 233 (1986) 953-959
141. Harding K., Wedeen C., McGinnis W., and Levine M. Spatially regulated expression of homeotic genes in Drosophila. Science 229 (1985) 1236-1242
142. Hartmann C., Taubert H., Jackle H., and Pankratz M.J. A two-step mode of stripe formation in the Drosophila blastoderm requires interactions among primary pair rule genes. Mech. Dev. 45 (1994) 3-13
143. Hayashi S., and Scott M.P. What determines the specificity of action of Drosophila homeodomain proteins?. Cell 63 (1990) 883-894
144. Heemskerk J., DiNardo S., Kostriken R., and O'Farrell P.H. Multiple modes of engrailed regulation in the progression towards cell fate determination. Nature 352 (1991) 404-410
145. Hewitt G.F., Strunk B.S., Margulies C., Priputin T., Wang X.D., Amey R., Pabst B.A., Kosman D., Reinitz J., and Arnosti D.N. Transcriptional repression by the Drosophila giant protein: cis element positioning provides an alternative means of interpreting an effector gradient. Development 126 (1999) 1201-1210
146. Hilfiker A., Hilfiker-Kleiner D., Pannuti A., and Lucchesi J.C. mof, a putative acetyl transferase gene related to the Tip60 and MOZ human genes and to the SAS genes of yeast, is required for dosage compensation in Drosophila. EMBO J. 16 (1997) 2054-2060
147. Hiromi Y., and Gehring W.J. Regulation and function of the Drosophila segmentation gene fushi tarazu. Cell 50 (1987) 963-974
148. Hiromi Y., Kuroiwa A., and Gehring W.J. Control elements of the Drosophila segmentation gene fushi tarazu. Cell 43 (1985) 603-613
149. Hoey T., and Levine M. Divergent homeo box proteins recognize similar DNA sequences in Drosophila. Nature 332 (1988) 858-861
150. Holmgren R. Cloning sequences from the hairy gene of Drosophila. EMBO J. 3 (1984) 569-573
151. Hooper K.L., Parkhurst S.M., and Ish-Horowicz D. Spatial control of hairy protein expression during embryogenesis. Development 107 (1989) 489-504
152. Howard K., and Ingham P. Regulatory interactions between the segmentation genes fushi tarazu, hairy, and engrailed in the Drosophila blastoderm. Cell 44 (1986) 949-957
153. Howard K., Ingham P., and Rushlow C. Region-specific alleles of the Drosophila segmentation gene hairy. Genes Dev. 2 (1988) 1037-1046
154. Howard K.R., and Struhl G. Decoding positional information: regulation of the pair-rule gene hairy. Development 110 (1990) 1223-1231
155. Hughes S., and Krause H.M. Establishment and maintenance of parasegmental compartments. Development 128 (2001) 1109-1118
156. Hulskamp M., Pfeifle C., and Tautz D. A morphogenetic gradient of hunchback protein organizes the expression of the gap genes Kruppel and knirps in the early Drosophila embryo. Nature 346 (1990) 577-580
157. Hung M.S., Karthikeyan N., Huang B., Koo H.C., Kiger J., and Shen C.J. Drosophila proteins related to vertebrate DNA (5-cytosine) methyltransferases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999) 11940-11945
158. Hyduk D., and Percival-Smith A. Genetic characterization of the homeodomain-independent activity of the Drosophila fushi tarazu gene product. Genetics 142 (1996) 481-492
159. Ingham P., and Gergen J.P. Interactions between the pair-rule genes runt, hairy, even-skipped and fushi tarazu and the establishment of periodic pattern in the Drosophila embryo. Development 104 (1988) 51-60 (suppl.)
160. Ingham P.W. A clonal analysis of the requirement for the trithorax gene in the diversification of segments in Drosophila. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 89 (1985) 349-365
161. Ingham P.W., Baker N.E., and Martinez-Arias A. Regulation of segment polarity genes in the Drosophila blastoderm by fushi tarazu and even skipped. Nature 331 (1988) 73-75
162. Ingham P.W., Howard K., and Ish-Horowicz D. Transcription pattern of the Drosophila segmentation gene hairy. Nature 318 (1985) 443-445
163. Ingham P.W., Ish-Horowicz D., and Howard K.R. Correlative changes in homeotic and segmentation gene expression in Kruppel embryos of Drosophila. EMBO J. 5 (1986) 1527-1537
164. Ingham P.W., and Martinez-Arias A. The correct activation of Antennapedia and bithorax complex genes requires the fushi tarazu gene. Nature 324 (1986) 592-597
165. Irish V.F., Martinez-Arias A., and Akam M. Spatial regulation of the Antennapedia and Ultrabithorax homeotic genes during Drosophila early development. EMBO J. 8 (1989) 1527-1537
166. Ish-Horowicz D., Howard K.R., Pinchin S.M., and Ingham P.W. Molecular and genetic analysis of the hairy locus in Drosophila. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 50 (1985) 135-144
167. Ish-Horowicz D., Pinchin S.M., Ingham P.W., and Gyurkovics H.G. Autocatalytic ftz activation and metameric instability induced by ectopic ftz expression. Cell 57 (1989) 223-232
168. Ito T., Tashiro K., Muta S., Ozawa R., Chiba T., Nishizawa M., Yamamoto K., Kuhara S., and Sakaki Y. Toward a protein-protein interaction map of the budding yeast: A comprehensive system to examine two-hybrid interaction in all possible combinations between the yeast proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 (2000) 1143-1147
169. Iyer V.R., Horak C.E., Scafe C.S., Botstein D., Snyder M., and Brown P.O. Genomic binding sites of the yeast cell-cycle transcription factors SBF and MBF. Nature 409 (2001) 533-538
170. Jack T., Regulski M., and McGinnis W. Pair-rule sementation genes regulate the expression of the homoeotic selector gene Deformed. Genes Dev. 2 (1988) 645-651
171. Jackle H., Tautz D., Schuh R., Seifert E., and Lehmann R. Cross-regulatory interactions among the gap genes of Drosophila. Nature 324 (1986) 668-670
172. Jackson J.B., Pollock Jr. J.M., and Rill R.L. Chromatin fractionation procedure that yields nucleosomes containing near-stoichiometric amounts of high mobility group nonhistone chromosomal proteins. Biochemistry 18 (1979) 3739-3748
173. Jagla K., Bellard M., and Frasch M. A cluster of Drosophila homeobox genes involved in mesoderm differentiation programs. Bioessays 23 (2001) 125-133
174. Jimenez G., Paroush Z., and Ish-Horowicz D. Groucho acts as a corepressor for a subset of negative regulators, including Hairy and Engrailed. Genes Dev. 11 (1997) 3072-3082
175. Johnson F.B., and Krasnow M.A. Differential regulation of transcription preinitiation complex assembly by activator and repressor homeo domain proteins. Genes Dev. 6 (1992) 2177-2189
176. Jurgens G. A group of genes controlling spatial expression of the bithorax complex of Drosophila. Nature 316 (1985) 1533-1535
177. Jurgens G., Wieschaus E., Nusslein-Volhard C., and Kluding H. Mutations affecting the pattern of the larval cuticle of Drosophila melanogaster. II. Zygotic loci on the third chromosome. Roux's Archives of Developmental Biology 193 (1984) 283-295
178. Kagoshima H., Akamatsu Y., Ito Y., and Shigesada K. Functional dissection of the alpha and beta subunits of transcription factor PEBP2 and the redox susceptibility of its DNA binding activity. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 33074-33082
179. Kalionis B., and O'Farrell P.H. A universal target sequence is bound in vitro by diverse homeodomains. Mech. Dev. 43 (1993) 57-70
180. Kaminker J.S., Singh R., Lebestky T., Yan H., and Banerjee U. Redundant function of Runt Domain binding partners, Big brother and Brother, during Drosophila development. Development 128 (2001) 2639-2648
181. Kania M.A., Bonner A.S., Duffy J.B., and Gergen J.P. The Drosophila segmentation gene runt encodes a novel nuclear regulatory protein that is also expressed in the developing nervous system. Genes Dev. 4 (1990) 1701-1713
182. Karch F., Weiffenbach B., Peifer M., Bender W., Duncan I., Celniker S., Crosby M., and Lewis E.B. The abdominal region of the bithorax complex. Cell 43 (1985) 81-96
183. Karr T.L., and Kornberg T.B. fushi tarazu protein expression in the cellular blastoderm of Drosophila detected using a novel imaging technique. Development 106 (1989) 95-103
184. Kaufman T.C., Lewis R., and Wakimoto B.T. Cytogenetic analysis of chromosome 3 in Drosophila melanogaster: The homeotic gene complex in polytene chromosome 84A-B. Genetics 94 (1980) 115-133
185. Kehle J., Beuchle D., Treuheit S., Christen B., Kennison J.A., Bienz M., and Muller J. dMi-2, a hunchback-interacting protein that functions in polycomb repression. Science 282 (1998) 1897-1900
186. Keleher C.A., Goutte C., and Johnson A.D. The yeast cell-type-specific repressor alpha 2 acts cooperatively with a non-cell-type-specific protein. Cell 53 (1988) 927-936
187. Keleher C.A., Passmore S., and Johnson A.D. Yeast repressor alpha 2 binds to its operator cooperatively with yeast protein Mcm1. Mol. Cell Biol. 9 (1989) 5228-5230
188. Keller S.A., Mao Y., Struffi P., Margulies C., Yurk C.E., Anderson A.R., Amey R.L., Moore S., Ebels J.M., Foley K., Corado M., and Arnosti D.N. dCtBP-dependent and -independent repression activities of the Drosophila Knirps protein. Mol. Cell Biol. 20 (2000) 7247-7258
189. Kellerman K.A., Mattson D.M., and Duncan I. Mutations affecting the stability of the fushi tarazu protein of Drosophila. Genes Dev. 4 (1990) 1936-1950
190. Kennison J.A., and Tamkun J.W. Dosage-dependent modifiers of polycomb and antennapedia mutations in Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85 (1988) 8136-8140
191. Kilchherr F., Baumgartner S., Bopp D., Frei E., and Noll M. Isolation of the paired gene of Drosophila and its spatial expression during early embryogenesis. Nature 321 (1986) 493-499
192. Kim-Ha J., Smith J.L., and Macdonald P.M. oskar mRNA is localized to the posterior pole of the Drosophila oocyte. Cell 66 (1991) 23-35
193. Klingler M., and Gergen J.P. Regulation of runt transcription by Drosophila segmentation genes. Mech. Dev. 43 (1993) 3-19
194. Klingler M., Soong J., Butler B., and Gergen J.P. Disperse versus compact elements for the regulation of runt stripes in Drosophila. Dev. Biol. 177 (1996) 73-84
195. Knipple D.C., Seifert E., Rosenberg U.B., Preiss A., and Jackle H. Spatial and temporal patterns of Kruppel gene expression in early Drosophila embryos. Nature 317 (1985) 40-44
196. Knoepfler P.S., and Kamps M.P. The pentapeptide motif of Hox proteins is required for cooperative DNA binding with Pbx1, physically contacts Pbx1, and enhances DNA binding by Pbx1. Mol. Cell Biol. 15 (1995) 5811-5819
197. Kobayashi M., Goldstein R.E., Fujioka M., Paroush Z., and Jaynes J.B. Groucho augments the repression of multiple Even skipped target genes in establishing parasegment boundaries. Development 128 (2001) 1805-1815
198. Kornberg T., Siden I., O'Farrell P., and Simon M. The engrailed locus of Drosophila: in situ localization of transcripts reveals compartment-specific expression. Cell 40 (1985) 45-53
199. Kosman D., and Small S. Concentration-dependent patterning by an ectopic expression domain of the Drosophila gap gene knirps. Development 124 (1997) 1343-1354
200. Krause H.M., Klemenz R., and Gehring W.J. Expression, modification, and localization of the fushi tarazu protein in Drosophila embryos. Genes Dev. 2 (1988) 1021-1036
201. Kraut R., and Levine M. Mutually repressive interactions between the gap genes giant and Kruppel define middle body regions of the Drosophila embryo. Development 111 (1991) 611-622
202. Kuroiwa A., Hafen E., and Gehring W.J. Cloning and transcriptional analysis of the segmentation gene fushi tarazu of Drosophila. Cell 37 (1984) 825-831
203. Kuroiwa A., Kloter U., Baumgartner P., and Gehring W. Cloning of the homoeotic Sex combs reduced gene in Drosophila and in situ localization of its transcripts. EMBO J. (1985) 4
204. Kuziora M.A., and McGinnis W. Autoregulation of a Drosophila homeotic selector gene. Cell 55 (1988) 477-485
205. La Rosee A., Hader T., Taubert H., Rivera-Pomar R., and Jackle H. Mechanism and Bicoid-dependent control of hairy stripe 7 expression in the posterior region of the Drosophila embryo. EMBO J. 16 (1997) 4403-4411
206. Lamb M.M., and Laird C.D. Increase in nuclear poly(A)-containing RNA at syncytial blastoderm in Drosophila melanogaster embryos. Dev. Biol. 52 (1976) 31-42
207. Lamka M.L., Boulet A.M., and Sakonju S. Ectopic expression of UBX and ABD-B proteins during Drosophila embryogenesis: competition, not a functional hierarchy, explains phenotypic suppression. Development 116 (1992) 841-854
208. Langeland J.A., Attai S.F., Vorwerk K., and Carroll S.B. Positioning adjacent pair-rule stripes in the posterior Drosophila embryo. Development 120 (1994) 2945-2955
209. Langeland J.A., and Carroll S.B. Conservation of regulatory elements controlling hairy pair-rule stripe formation. Development 117 (1993) 585-596
210. Lardelli M., and Ish-Horowicz D. Drosophila hairy pair-rule gene regulates embryonic patterning outside its apparent stripe domains. Development 118 (1993) 255-266
211. Lawrence P.A. The Making of a Fly: The Genetics of Animal Design (1992), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
212. Lawrence P.A., and Johnston P. Pattern formation in the Drosophila embryo: allocation of cells to parasegments by even-skipped and fushi tarazu. Development 105 (1989) 761-767
213. Lawrence P.A., Johnston P., Macdonald P., and Struhl G. Borders of parasegments in Drosophila embryos are delimited by the fushi tarazu and even-skipped genes. Nature 328 (1987) 440-442
214. Leemans R., Loop T., Egger B., He H., Kammermeier L., Hartmann B., Certa U., Reichert H., and Hirth F. Identification of candidate downstream genes for the homeodomain transcription factor Labial in Drosophila through oligonucleotide-array transcript imaging. Genome. Biol. 2 (2001) RESEARCH0015
215. Leresche A., Wolf V.J., and Gottesfeld J.M. Repression of RNA polymerase II and III transcription during M phase of the cell cycle. Exp. Cell Res. 229 (1996) 282-288
216. Levine M., Hafen E., Garber R.L., and Gehring W.J. Spatial distribution of Antennapedia transcripts during Drosophila development. EMBO J. 2 (1983) 2037-2046
217. Lewis E.B. A gene complex controlling segmentation in Drosophila. Nature 276 (1978) 565-570
218. Lewis R.A., Kaufman T., Denell R.E., and Tallerico P. Genetic analysis of the Antennapedia Gene Complex (ANT-C) and adjacent chromosomal regions of Drosophila melanogaster. I. Polytene chromosome segments 84B-D. Genetics 95 (1980) 367-381
219. Lewis R.A., Wakimoto B.T., Denell R.E., and Kaufman T. Genetic analysis of the Antennapedia Gene Complex (ANT-C) and adjacent chromosomal regions of Drosophila melanogaster. II. Polytene chromosome segments 84A-84B1,2. Genetics 95 (1980) 383-397
220. Li L.H., and Gergen J.P. Differential interactions between Brother proteins and Runt domain proteins in the Drosophila embryo and eye. Development 126 (1999) 3313-3322
221. Li X., Murre C., and McGinnis W. Activity regulation of a Hox protein and a role for the homeodomain in inhibiting transcriptional activation. EMBO J. 18 (1999) 198-211
222. Liang Z., and Biggin M.D. Eve and ftz regulate a wide array of genes in blastoderm embryos: the selector homeoproteins directly or indirectly regulate most genes in Drosophila. Development 126 5 (1998) following table of contents
223. Liang Z., and Biggin M.D. Development 125 (1998) 4471-4482
224. Lipshitz H.D., Peattie D.A., and Hogness D.S. Novel transcripts from the Ultrabithorax domain of the bithorax complex. Genes Dev. 1 (1987) 307-322
225. Long J.J., Leresche A., Kriwacki R.W., and Gottesfeld J.M. Repression of TFIIH transcriptional activity and TFIIH-associated cdk7 kinase activity at mitosis. Mol. Cell Biol. 18 (1998) 1467-1476
226. Lu Q., and Kamps M.P. Structural determinants within Pbx1 that mediate cooperative DNA binding with pentapeptide-containing Hox proteins: proposal for a model of a Pbx1-Hox-DNA complex. Mol. Cell Biol. 16 (1996) 1632-1640
227. Lu Q., Knoepfler P.S., Scheele J., Wright D.D., and Kamps M.P. Both Pbx1 and E2A-Pbx1 bind the DNA motif ATCAATCAA cooperatively with the products of multiple murine Hox genes, some of which are themselves oncogenes. Mol. Cell Biol. 15 (1995) 3786-3795
228. Lyko F., Ramsahoye B.H., and Jaenisch R. DNA methylation in Drosophila melanogaster. Nature 408 (2000) 538-540
229. Ma X., Yuan D., Diepold K., Scarborough T., and Ma J. The Drosophila morphogenetic protein Bicoid binds DNA cooperatively. Development 122 (1996) 1195-1206
230. Macdonald P.M., Ingham P., and Struhl G. Isolation, structure, and expression of even-skipped: a second pair-rule gene of Drosophila containing a homeo box. Cell 47 (1986) 721-734
231. Macdonald P.M., and Struhl G. A molecular gradient in early Drosophila embryos and its role in specifying the body pattern. Nature 324 (1986) 537-545
232. Mahajan N.P., Linder K., Berry G., Gordon G.W., Heim R., and Herman B. Bcl-2 and Bax interactions in mitochondria probed with green fluorescent protein and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Nat. Biotechnol. 16 (1998) 547-552
233. Mann R.S., and Chan S.K. Extra specificity from extradenticle: the partnership between HOX and PBX/EXD homeodomain proteins. Trends Genet. 12 8 (1996) 328 1996 Augs
234. Mann R.S., and Chan S.K. Trends Genet. 12 (1996) 258-262
235. Mann R.S., and Morata G. The developmental and molecular biology of genes that subdivide the body of Drosophila. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 16 (2000) 243-271
236. Mannervik M., and Levine M. The Rpd3 histone deacetylase is required for segmentation of the Drosophila embryo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999) 6797-6801
237. Manoukian A.S., and Krause H.M. Concentration-dependent activities of the even-skipped protein in Drosophila embryos. Genes Dev. 6 (1992) 1740-1751
238. Manoukian A.S., and Krause H.M. Control of segmental asymmetry in Drosophila embryos. Development 118 (1993) 785-796
239. Martinez Arias A. The Antennapedia gene is required and expressed in parasegments 4 and 5 of the Drosophila embryo. EMBO J. 4 (1986) 135-141
240. Martinez-Arias A., Ingham P.W., Scott M.P., and Akam M.E. The spatial and temporal deployment of Dfd and Scr transcripts throughout development of Drosophila. Development 100 (1987) 673-683
241. Martinez-Arias A., and Lawrence P.A. Parasegments and compartments in the Drosophila embryo. Nature 313 (1985) 639-642
242. Martinez Arias A., Baker N.E., and Ingham P.W. Role of segment polarity genes in the definition and maintenance of cell states in the Drosophila embryo. Development 103 (1988) 157-170
243. McGinnis W., and Krumlauf R. Homeobox genes and axial patterning. Cell 68 (1992) 283-302
244. McKnight S.L., and Miller Jr. O.L. Ultrastructural patterns of RNA synthesis during early embryogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster. Cell 8 (1976) 305-319
245. McKnight S.L., and Miller Jr. O.L. Post-replicative nonribosomal transcription units in D. melanogaster embryos. Cell 17 (1979) 551-563
246. Merrill V.K., Turner F.R., and Kaufman T.C. A genetic and developmental analysis of mutations in the Deformed locus in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev. Biol. 122 (1987) 379-395
247. Mlodzik M., De Montrion C.M., Hiromi Y., Krause H.M., and Gehring W. The influence on the blastoderm fate map of maternal-effect genes that affect the antero-posterior pattern in Drosophila. Genes Dev. 1 (1987) 603-614
248. Mlodzik M., Fjose A., and Gehring W. Isolation of caudal, a Drosophila homeobox containing gene with maternal expression, whose transcripts form a concentration gradient at the pre-blastoderm stage. EMBO J. 4 (1985) 2961-2969
249. Mlodzik M., Fjose A., and Gehring W.J. Molecular structure and spatial expression of a homeobox gene from the labial region of the Antennapedia-complex. EMBO J. 7 (1988) 2569-2578
250. Mlodzik M., and Gehring W.J. Expression of the caudal gene in the germ line of Drosophila: formation of an RNA and protein gradient during early embryogenesis. Cell 48 (1987) 465-478
251. Mohler J., Eldon E.D., and Pirrotta V. A novel spatial transcription pattern associated with the segmentation gene, giant, of Drosophila. EMBO J. 8 (1989) 1539-1558
252. Morcillo P., Rosen C., Baylies M.K., and Dorsett D. Chip, a widely expressed chromosomal protein required for segmentation and activity of a remote wing margin enhancer in Drosophila. Genes Dev. 11 (1997) 2729-2740
253. Morcillo P., Rosen C., and Dorsett D. Genes regulating the remote wing margin enhancer in the Drosophila cut locus. Genetics 144 (1996) 1143-1154
254. Morrissey D., Askew D., Raj L., and Weir M. Functional dissection of the paired segmentation gene in Drosophila embryos. Genes Dev. 5 (1991) 1684-1696
255. Mullen J.R., and DiNardo S. Establishing parasegments in Drosophila embryos: roles of the odd-skipped and naked genes. Dev. Biol. 169 (1995) 295-308
256. Muller J., and Bienz M. Long range repression conferring boundaries of Ultrabithorax expression in the Drosophila embryo. EMBO J. 10 (1991) 3147-3155
257. Muller J., and Bienz M. Sharp anterior boundary of homeotic gene expression conferred by the fushi tarazu protein. EMBO J. 11 (1992) 3653-3661
258. Murata Y., and Wharton R.P. Binding of pumilio to maternal hunchback mRNA is required for posterior patterning in Drosophila embryos. Cell 80 (1995) 747-756
259. Murray A. Cyclin ubiquitination: the destructive end of mitosis. Cell 81 (1995) 149-152
260. Nan X., Meehan R.R., and Bird A. Dissection of the methyl-CpG binding domain from the chromosomal protein MeCP2. Nucleic Acids Res. 21 (1993) 4886-4892
261. Nasiadka A., Grill A., and Krause H.M. Mechanisms regulating target gene selection by the homeodomain-containing protein Fushi tarazu. Development 127 (2000) 2965-2976
262. Nasiadka A., and Krause H.M. Kinetic analysis of segmentation gene interactions in Drosophila embryos. Development 126 (1999) 1515-1526
263. Nauber U., Pankratz M.J., Kienlin A., Seifert E., Klemm U., and Jackle H. Abdominal segmentation of the Drosophila embryo requires a hormone receptor-like protein encoded by the gap gene knirps. Nature 336 (1988) 489-492
264. Ner S.S., and Travers A.A. HMG-D, the Drosophila melanogaster homologue of HMG 1 protein, is associated with early embryonic chromatin in the absence of histone H1. EMBO J. 13 (1994) 1817-1822
265. Nauteboom S.T., Peltenburg L.T., van Dijk M.A., and Murre C. The hexapeptide LFPWMR in Hoxb-8 is required for cooperative DNA binding with Pbx1 and Pbx2 proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 (1995) 9166-9170
266. Newport J., and Kirschner M. A major developmental transition in early Xenopus embryos: I. characterization and timing of cellular changes at the midblastula stage. Cell 30 (1982) 675-686
267. Newport J., and Kirschner M. A major developmental transition in early Xenopus embryos: II. Control of the onset of transcription. Cell 30 (1982) 687-696
268. Nibu Y., and Levine M.S. CtBP-dependent activities of the short-range Giant repressor in the Drosophila embryo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 (2001) 6204-6208
269. Nibu Y., Zhang H., Bajor E., Barolo S., Small S., and Levine M. dCtBP mediates transcriptional repression by Knirps, Kruppel and Snail in the Drosophila embryo. EMBO J. 17 (1998) 7009-7020
270. Nibu Y., Zhang H., and Levine M. Interaction of short-range repressors with Drosophila CtBP in the embryo. Science 280 (1998) 101-104
271. Nibu Y., Zhang H., and Levine M. Local action of long-range repressors in the Drosophila embryo. EMBO J. 20 (2001) 2246-2253
272. Nurse P. Universal control mechanism regulating onset of M-phase. Nature 344 (1990) 503-508
273. Nusslein-Volhard C., and Weischaus E. Mutations affecting segment number and polarity in Drosophila. Nature 287 (1980) 795-801
274. Nusslein-Volhard C., Wieschaus E., and Kluding H. Mutations affecting the pattern of the larval cuticle of Drosophila melanogaster. I Zygotic loci on the second chromosome. Roux's Archives of Developmental Biology 193 (1984) 267-282
275. Ogawa E., Maruyama M., Kagoshima H., Inuzuka M., Lu J., Satake M., Shigesada K., and Ito Y. PEBP2/PEA2 represents a family of transcription factors homologous to the products of the Drosophila runt gene and the human AML1 gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (1993) 6859-6863
276. Orenic T.V., Slusarski D.C., Kroll K.L., and Holmgren R.A. Cloning and characterization of the segment polarity gene cubitus interruptus Dominant of Drosophila. Genes Dev. 4 (1990) 1053-1067
277. Pankratz M.J., and Jackle H. Blatoderm segmentation. In: Bate M., and Martinez-Arias A. (Eds). The Development of Drosophila Melanogaster (1993), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 467-516
278. Pankratz M.J., Seifert E., Gerwin N., Billi B., Nauber U., and Jackle H. Gradients of Kruppel and knirps gene products direct pair-rule gene stripe patterning in the posterior region of the Drosophila embryo. Cell 61 (1990) 309-317
279. Paro R. Imprinting a determined state into the chromatin of Drosophila. Trends Genet. 6 (1990) 416-421
280. Paroush Z., Finley Jr. R.L., Kidd T., Wainwright S.M., Ingham P.W., Brent R., and Ish-Horowicz D. Groucho is required for Drosophila neurogenesis, segmentation, and sex determination and interacts directly with hairy-related bHLH proteins. Cell 79 (1994) 805-815
281. Passner J.M., Ryoo H.D., Shen L., Mann R.S., and Aggarwal A.K. Structure of a DNA-bound Ultrabithorax-Extradenticle homeodomain complex. Nature 397 (1999) 714-719 [see comments]
282. Peifer M., Karch F., and Bender W. The bithorax complex: Control of segmental identity. Genes Dev. 1 (1987) 891-898
283. Perrimon N., and Mahowald A.P. Multiple functions of segment polarity genes in Drosophila. Dev. Biol. 119 (1987) 587-600
284. Perrimon N., and Smouse D. Multiple functions of a Drosophila homeotic gene, zeste-white 3, during segmentation and neurogenesis. Dev. Biol. 135 (1989) 287-305
285. Perrimon N., Lu X., Hou X.S., Hsu J.C., Melnick M.B., Chou T.B., and Perkins L.A. Dissection of the Torso signal transduction pathway in Drosophila. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 42 (1995) 515-522
286. Petruk S., Sedkov Y., Smith S., Tillib S., Kraevski V., Nakamura T., Canaani E., Croce C.M., and Mazo A. Trithorax and dCBP Acting in a Complex to Maintain Expression of a Homeotic Gene. Science 294 (2001) 1331-1334
287. Phelan M.L., Rambaldi I., and Featherstone M.S. Cooperative interactions between HOX and PBX proteins mediated by a conserved peptide motif. Mol. Cell Biol. 15 (1995) 3989-3997
288. Phizicky E.M., and Fields S. Protein-protein interactions: methods for detection and analysis. Microbiol. Rev. 59 (1995) 94-123
289. Pignoni F., Baldarelli R.M., Steingrimsson E., Diaz R.J., Patapoutian A., Merriam J.R., and Lengyel J.A. The Drosophila gene tailless is expressed at the embryonic termini and is a member of the steroid receptor superfamily. Cell 62 (1990) 151-163
290. Pinsonneault J., Florence B., Vaessin H., and McGinnis W. A model for extradenticle function as a switch that changes HOX proteins from repressors to activators. EMBO J. 16 (1997) 2032-2042
291. Piper D.E., Batchelor A.H., Chang C.P., Cleary M.L., and Wolberger C. Structure of a HoxB1-Pbx1 heterodimer bound to DNA: role of the hexapeptide and a fourth homeodomain helix in complex formation. Cell 96 (1999) 587-597
292. Poortinga G., Watanabe M., and Parkhurst S.M. Drosophila CtBP: a Hairy-interacting protein required for embryonic segmentation and hairy-mediated transcriptional repression. EMBO J. 17 (1998) 2067-2078
293. Popperl H., Bienz M., Studer M., Chan S.K., Aparicio S., Brenner S., Mann R.S., and Krumlauf R. Segmental expression of Hoxb-1 is controlled by a highly conserved autoregulatory loop dependent upon exd/pbx. Cell 81 (1995) 1031-1042
294. Price D., Rabinovitch S., O'Farrell P.H., and Campbell S.D. Drosophila wee1 has an essential role in the nuclear divisions of early embryogenesis. Genetics 155 (2000) 159-166
295. Pritchard D.K., and Schubiger G. Activation of transcription in Drosophila embryos is a gradual process mediated by the nucleocytoplasmic ratio. Genes Dev. 10 (1996) 1131-1142
296. Puig O., Caspary F., Rigaut G., Rutz B., Bouveret E., Bragado-Nilsson E., Wilm M., and Seraphin B. The tandem affinity purification (TAP) method: a general procedure of protein complex purification. Methods 24 (2001) 218-229
297. Pultz M.A., Diederich R.J., Cribbs D.L., and Kaufman T.C. The proboscipedia locus of the Antennapedia complex: a molecular and genetic analysis. Genes Dev. 2 (1988) 901-920
298. Qian S., Capovilla M., and Pirrotta V. The bx region enhancer, a distant cis-control element of the Drosophila Ubx gene and its regulation by hunchback and other segmentation genes. EMBO J. 10 (1991) 1415-1425
299. Regulski M., McGinnis N., Chadwick R., and McGinnis W. Developmental and molecular analysis of Deformed: A homeotic gene controlling Drosophila head development. EMBO J. 6 (1987) 767-777
300. Ren B., Robert F., Wyrick J.J., Aparicio O., Jennings E.G., Simon I., Zeitlinger J., Schreiber J., Hannett N., Kanin E., Volkert T.L., Wilson C.J., Bell S.P., and Young R.A. Genome-wide location and function of DNA binding proteins. Science 290 (2000) 2306-2309
301. Riddihough G., and Ish-Horowicz D. Individual stripe regulatory elements in the Drosophila hairy promoter respond to maternal, gap, and pair-rule genes. Genes Dev. 5 (1991) 840-854
302. Rigaut G., Shevchenko A., Rutz B., Wilm M., Mann M., and Seraphin B. A generic protein purification method for protein complex characterization and proteome exploration. Nat. Biotechnol. 17 (1999) 1030-1032
303. Riggleman B., Wieschaus E., and Schedl P. Molecular analysis of the armadillo locus: uniformly distributed transcripts and a protein with novel internal repeats are associated with a Drosophila segment polarity gene. Genes Dev. 3 (1989) 96-113
304. Rivera-Pomar R., Niessing D., Schmidt-Ott U., Gehring W.J., and Jackle H. RNA binding and translational suppression by bicoid. Nature 379 (1996) 746-749 [see comments]
305. Rosenberg U., Schroder C., Preiss A., Kienlin A., Cote S., Riede I., and Jackle H. Structural homology of the product of the Drosophila Kruppel gene with Xenopus transcription factor IIIA. Nature 319 (1986) 336-339
306. Rothe M., Pehl M., Taubert H., and Jackle H. Loss of gene function through rapid mitotic cycles in the Drosophila embryo. Nature 359 (1992) 156-159
307. Ruden D.M., and Jackle H. Mitotic delay dependent survival identifies components of cell cycle control in the Drosophila blastoderm. Development 121 (1995) 63-73
308. Ryoo H.D., and Mann R.S. The control of trunk Hox specificity and activity by Extradenticle. Genes Dev. 13 (1999) 1704-1716
309. Sackerson C., Fujioka M., and Goto T. The even-skipped locus is contained in a 16-kb chromatin domain. Dev. Biol. 211 (1999) 39-52
310. Sanchez Y., Wong C., Thoma R.S., Richman R., Wu Z., Piwnica-Worms H., and Elledge S.J. Conservation of the Chk1 checkpoint pathway in mammals: linkage of DNA damage to Cdk regulation through Cdc25. Science 277 (1997) 1497-1501
311. Sanchez-Herrero E., Vernas I., Marco R., and Morata G. Genetic organization of Drosophila bithorax complex. Nature 313 (1985) 108-113
312. Sasai Y., Kageyama R., Tagawa Y., Shigemoto R., and Nakanishi S. Two mammalian helix-loop-helix factors structurally related to Drosophila hairy and Enhancer of split. Genes Dev. 6 (1992) 2620-2634
313. Sauer F., Hansen S.K., and Tjian R. DNA template and activator-coactivator requirements for transcriptional synergism by Drosophila bicoid. Science 270 (1995) 1825-1828 [see comments]
314. Sauer F., and Jackle H. Concentration-dependent transcriptional activation or repression by Kruppel from a single binding site. Nature 353 (1991) 563-566
315. Sauer F., and Jackle H. Dimerization and the control of transcription by Kruppel. Nature 364 (1993) 454-457
316. Sauer F., Rivera-Pomar R., Hoch M., and Jackle H. Gene regulation in the Drosophila embryo. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 351 (1996) 579-587
317. Saulier-Le Drean B., Nasiadka A., Dong J., and Krause H.M. Dynamic changes in the functions of Odd-skipped during early Drosophila embryogenesis. Development 125 (1998) 4851-4861
318. Schulz C., and Tautz D. Autonomous concentration-dependent activation and repression of Kruppel by hunchback in the Drosophila embryo. Development 120 (1994) 3043-3049
319. Schwartz C.J., Sampson H.M., Hlousek D., Percival-Smith A., Copeland J.W., Simmonds A.J., and Krause H.M. FTZ-Factor1 and Fushi tarazu interact via conserved nuclear receptor and coactivator motifs. EMBO J. 20 (2001) 510-519
320. Segil N., Guermah M., Hoffmann A., Roeder R.G., and Heintz N. Mitotic regulation of TFIID: inhibition of activator-dependent transcription and changes in subcellular localization. Genes Dev. 10 (1996) 2389-2400
321. Sewalt R.G., Gunster M.J., van der Vlag J., Satijn D.P., and Otte A.P. C-Terminal binding protein is a transcriptional repressor that interacts with a specific class of vertebrate Polycomb proteins. Mol. Cell Biol. 19 (1999) 777-787
322. Shen W.F., Chang C.P., Rozenfeld S., Sauvageau G., Humphries R.K., Lu M., Lawrence H.J., Cleary M.L., and Largman C. Hox homeodomain proteins exhibit selective complex stabilities with Pbx and DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 24 (1996) 898-906
323. Shermoen A.W., and O'Farrell P.H. Progression of the cell cycle through mitosis leads to abortion of nascent transcripts. Cell 67 (1991) 303-310
324. Sibon O.C., Laurencon A., Hawley R., and Theurkauf W.E. The Drosophila ATM homologue Mei-41 has an essential checkpoint function at the midblastula transition. Curr. Biol. 9 (1999) 302-312
325. Sibon O.C., Stevenson V.A., and Theurkauf W.E. DNA-replication checkpoint control at the Drosophila midblastula transition. Nature 388 (1997) 93-97
326. Sigrist S., Jacobs H., Stratmann R., and Lehner C.F. Exit from mitosis is regulated by Drosophila fizzy and the sequential destruction of cyclins A, B and B3. EMBO J. 14 (1995) 4827-4838
327. Simpson-Brose M., Treisman J., and Desplan C. Synergy between the hunchback and bicoid morphogens is required for anterior patterning in Drosophila. Cell 78 (1994) 855-865
328. Small S., Blair A., and Levine M. Regulation of even-skipped stripe 2 in the Drosophila embryo. EMBO J. 11 (1992) 4047-4057
329. Small S., Blair A., and Levine M. Regulation of two pair-rule stripes by a single enhancer in the Drosophila embryo. Dev. Biol. 175 (1996) 314-324
330. Small S., Kraut R., Hoey T., Warrior R., and Levine M. Transcriptional regulation of a pair-rule stripe in Drosophila. Genes Dev. 5 (1991) 827-839
331. Speck N.A., and Terryl S. A new transcription factor family associated with human leukemias. Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene. Expr. 5 (1995) 337-364
332. St. Johnston D., Driever W., Berleth T., Richstein S., and Nusslein-Volhard C. Multiple steps in the localization of bicoid RNA to the anterior pole of the Drosophila oocyte. Development 107 (1989) 13-19
333. Stanojevic D., Small S., and Levine M. Regulation of a segmentation stripe by overlapping activators and repressors in the Drosophila embryo. Science 254 (1991) 1385-1387
334. Steingrimsson E., Pignoni F., Liaw G.J., and Lengyel J.A. Dual role of the Drosophila pattern gene tailless in embryonic termini. Science 254 (1991) 418-421
335. Struhl G. A gene product required for correct initiation of segmental determination in Drosophila. Nature 293 (1981) 36-41
336. Struhl G. A homoeotic mutation transforming leg to antenna in Drosophila. Nature 292 (1981) 635-638
337. Struhl G., Johnston P., and Lawrence P.A. Control of Drosophila body pattern by the hunchback morphogen gradient. Cell 69 (1992) 237-249
338. Struhl G., Struhl K., and Macdonald P.M. The gradient morphogen bicoid is a concentration-dependent transcriptional activator. Cell 57 (1989) 1259-1273
339. Struhl G., and White R.A. Regulation of the Ultrabithorax gene of Drosophila by other bithorax complex genes. Cell 43 (1985) 507-519
340. Sundqvist A., Sollerbrant K., and Svensson C. The carboxy-terminal region of adenovirus E1A activates transcription through targeting of a C-terminal binding protein-histone deacetylase complex. FEBS Lett. 429 (1998) 183-188
341. Suzuki T., Kawsaki H., Yu R.T., Ueda H., and Umesono K. Segmentation gene product Fushi tarazu is an LXXLL motif-dependent coactivator for orphan receptor FTZ-F1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 (2001) 12403-12408
342. Tamkun J.W., Deuring R., Scott M.P., Kissinger M., Pattatucci A.M., Kaufman T.C., and Kennison J.A. brahma: a regulator of Drosophila homeotic genes structurally related to the yeast transcriptional activator SNF2/SWI2. Cell 68 (1992) 561-572
343. Tautz D. Regulation of the Drosophila segmentation gene hunchback by two maternal morphogenetic centres. Nature 332 (1988) 281-284
344. Tautz D., Lehmann R., Schnurch R., Schuh E., Seifert A., Kienlin K., Jones K., and Jackle H. Finger protein of novel structure encoded by hunchback, a second member of the gap class of Drosophila segmentation genes. Nature 327 (1987) 383-389
345. Tautz D., and Sommer R.J. Evolution of segmentation genes in insects. Trends Genet. 11 (1995) 23-27
346. Tie F., Furuyama T., Prasad-Sinha J., Jane E., and Harte P.J. The Drosophila Polycomb Group proteins ESC and E(Z) are present in a complex containing the histone-binding protein p55 and the histone deacetylase RPD3. Development 128 (2001) 275-286
347. Tiong S., Bone L.M., and Whittle J.R. Recessive lethal mutations within the bithorax-complex in Drosophila. Mol. Gen. Genet. 200 (1985) 335-342
348. Torigoi E., Bennani-Baiti I.M., Rosen C., Gonzalez K., Morcillo P., Ptashne M., and Dorsett D. Chip interacts with diverse homeodomain proteins and potentiates bicoid activity in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 (2000) 2686-2691
349. Tremml G., and Bienz M. Induction of labial expression in the Drosophila endoderm: response elements for dpp signalling and for autoregulation. Development 116 (1992) 447-456
350. Tsai C., and Gergen P. Pair-rule expression of the Drosophila fushi tarazu gene: a nuclear receptor response element mediates the opposing regulatory effects of runt and hairy. Development 121 (1995) 453-462
351. Uetz P., Giot L., Cagney G., Mansfield T.A., Judson R.S., Knight J.R., Lockshon D., Narayan V., Srinivasan M., Pochart P., Qureshi-Emili A., Li Y., Godwin B., Conover D., Kalbfleisch T., Vijayadamodar G., Yang M., Johnston M., Fields S., and Rothberg J.M. A comprehensive analysis of protein-protein interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nature 403 (2000) 623-627
352. Vachon G., Cohen B., Pfeifle C., McGuffin M.E., Botas J., and Cohen S.M. Homeotic genes of the Bithorax complex repress limb development in the abdomen of the Drosophila embryo through the target gene Distalless. Cell 71 (1992) 437-450
353. van de Wetering M., Cavallo R., Dooijes D., van Beest M., van Es J., Loureiro J., Ypma A., Hursh D., Jones T., Bejsovec A., Peifer M., Mortin M., and Clevers H. Armadillo coactivates transcription driven by the product of the Drosophila segment polarity gene dTCF. Cell 88 (1997) 789-799
354. van den Heuvel M., Nusse R., Johnston P., and Lawrence P.A. Distribution of the wingless gene product in Drosophila embryos: a protein involved in cell-cell communication. Cell 59 (1989) 739-749
355. van der Vlag J., and Otte A.P. Transcriptional repression mediated by the human polycomb-group protein EED involves histone deacetylation. Nat. Genet. 23 (1999) 474-478
356. van Dijk M.A., and Murre C. Extradenticle raises the DNA binding specificity of homeotic selector gene products. Cell 78 (1994) 617-624
357. van Dijk M.A., Peltenburg L.T., and Murre C. Hox gene products modulate the DNA binding activity of Pbx1 and Pbx2. Mech. Dev. 52 (1995) 99-108
358. van Steensel B., Delrow J., and Henikoff S. Chromatin profiling using targeted DNA adenine methyltransferase. Nat. Genet. 27 (2001) 304-308
359. van Steensel B., and Henikoff S. Identification of in vivo DNA targets of chromatin proteins using tethered dam methyltransferase. Nat. Biotechnol. 18 (2000) 424-428
360. Vincent J.P., Kassis J.A., and O'Farrell P.H. A synthetic homeodomain binding site acts as a cell type specific, promoter specific enhancer in Drosophila embryos. EMBO J. 9 (1990) 2573-2578
361. Wade P.A., Jones P.L., Vermaak D., and Wolffe A.P. A multiple subunit Mi-2 histone deacetylase from Xenopus laevis cofractionates with an associated Snf2 superfamily ATPase. Curr. Biol. 8 (1998) 843-846
362. Wagner C.R., Hamana K., and Elgin S.C. A high-mobility-group protein and its cDNAs from Drosophila melanogaster. Mol. Cell Biol. 12 (1992) 1915-1923
363. Wakimoto B.T., and Kaufman T.C. Analysis of larval segmentation in lethal genotypes associated with the antennapedia gene complex in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev. Biol. 81 (1981) 51-64
364. Walhout A.J., Sordella R., Lu X., Hartley J.L., Temple G.F., Brasch M.A., Thierry-Mieg N., and Vidal M. Protein interaction mapping in C. elegans using proteins involved in vulval development. Science 287 (2000) 116-122
365. Walldorf U., and Gehring W.J. Empty spiracles, a gap gene containing a homeobox involved in Drosophila head development. EMBO J. 11 (1992) 2247-2259
366. Walter J., and Biggin M.D. DNA binding specificity of two homeodomain proteins in vitro and in Drosophila embryos. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 (1996) 2680-2685
367. Walter J., Dever C.A., and Biggin M.D. Two homeo domain proteins bind with similar specificity to a wide range of DNA sites in Drosophila embryos. Genes Dev. 8 (1994) 1678-1692
368. Waltzer L., and Bienz M. Drosophila CBP represses the transcription factor TCF to antagonize Wingless signalling. Nature 395 (1998) 521-525
369. Wang C., and Lehmann R. Nanos is the localized posterior determinant in Drosophila. Cell 68 6 (1991) 1177 1992 Mar. 20
370. Wang C., and Lehmann R. Cell 66 (1991) 637-647
371. Wang Z., and Lindquist S. Developmentally regulated nuclear transport of transcription factors in Drosophila embryos enable the heat shock response. Development 125 (1998) 4841-4850
372. Weigel D., Jurgens G., Klingler M., and Jackle H. Two gap genes mediate maternal terminal pattern information in Drosophila. Science 248 (1990) 495-498
373. Weiner A.J., Scott M.P., and Kaufman T.C. A molecular analysis of fushi tarazu, a gene in Drosophila melanogaster that encodes a product affecting embryonic segment number and cell fate. Cell 37 (1984) 843-851
374. Weir M.P., and Kornberg T. Patterns of engrailed and fushi tarazu transcripts reveal novel intermediate stages in Drosophila segmentation. Nature 318 (1985) 433-439
375. Wheeler J.C., Shigesada K., Gergen J.P., and Ito Y. Mechanisms of transcriptional regulation by Runt domain proteins. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 11 (2000) 369-375
376. White R.A., and Lehmann R. A gap gene, hunchback, regulates the spatial expression of Ultrabithorax. Cell 47 (1986) 311-321
377. Wieschaus E., Nusslein-Volhard C., and Jurgens G. Mutations affecting the pattern of the larval cuticle of Drosophila melanogaster. III Zygotic loci on the X- chromosome and the fourth chromosome. Roux's Archives of Developmental Biology 193 (1984) 296-307
378. Wimmer E.A., Jackle H., Pfeifle C., and Cohen S.M. A Drosophila homologue of human Sp1 is a head-specific segmentation gene. Nature 366 (1993) 690-694
379. Wu X., Vakani R., and Small S. Two distinct mechanisms for differential positioning of gene expression borders involving the Drosophila gap protein giant. Development 125 (1998) 3765-3774
380. Wu X., Vasisht V., Kosman D., Reinitz J., and Small S. Thoracic patterning by the Drosophila gap gene hunchback. Dev. Biol. 237 (2001) 79-92
381. Xu L., Glass C.K., and Rosenfeld M.G. Coactivator and corepressor complexes in nuclear receptor function. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 9 (1999) 140-147
382. Yu Y., Li W., Su K., Yussa M., Han W., Perrimon N., and Pick L. The nuclear hormone receptor Ftz-F1 is a cofactor for the Drosophila homeodomain protein Ftz. Nature 385 (1997) 552-555
383. Yu Y., and Pick L. Non-periodic cues generate seven ftz stripes in the Drosophila embryo. Mech. Dev. 50 (1995) 163-175
384. Yuan D., Ma X., and Ma J. Sequences outside the homeodomain of bicoid are required for protein-protein interaction. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 21660-21665
385. Yuan D., Ma X., and Ma J. Recognition of multiple patterns of DNA sites by Drosophila homeodomain protein Bicoid. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 125 (1999) 809-817
386. Zakany J., Kmita M., Alarcon P., de la Pompa J.L., and Duboule D. Localized and transient transcription of Hox genes suggests a link between patterning and the segmentation clock. Cell 106 (2001) 207-217
387. Zalokar M. Autoradiographic study of protein and RNA formation during early development of Drosophila eggs. Dev. Biol. 49 (1976) 425-437
388. Zalokar M., and Erk I. Division and migration of nuclei during early embryogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Microsc. Biol. Cell 25 (1976) 97-106
389. Zhang C.C., Muller J., Hoch M., Jackle H., and Bienz M. Target sequences for hunchback in a control region conferring Ultrabithorax expression boundaries. Development 113 (1991) 1171-1179
390. Zhang H., and Levine M. Groucho and dCtBP mediate separate pathways of transcriptional repression in the Drosophila embryo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999) 535-540