메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 17, Issue 20, 1998, Pages 5998-6009

Cooperative DNA-binding by Bicoid provides a mechanism for threshold-dependent gene activation in the Drosophila embryo

Author keywords

Anterior posterior; Bicoid; Cooperativity; knirps

Indexed keywords

DNA; MORPHOGEN;

EID: 0032531831     PISSN: 02614189     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/emboj/17.20.5998     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (148)

References (73)
  • 1
    • 0001422329 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative model for gene regulation by λ phage represser
    • Ackers, G.K., Johnson, A.D. and Shea, M.A. (1982) Quantitative model for gene regulation by λ phage represser. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 79, 1129-1133.
    • (1982) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.79 , pp. 1129-1133
    • Ackers, G.K.1    Johnson, A.D.2    Shea, M.A.3
  • 2
    • 0020510997 scopus 로고
    • Free energy coupling within macrumolecules. the chemical work of ligand binding at the individual sites in co-operative systems
    • Ackers, G.X., Shea, M.A. and Smith, F.R. (1983) Free energy coupling within macrumolecules. The chemical work of ligand binding at the individual sites in co-operative systems. J. Mol. Biol., 170, 223-242.
    • (1983) J. Mol. Biol. , vol.170 , pp. 223-242
    • Ackers, G.X.1    Shea, M.A.2    Smith, F.R.3
  • 3
    • 0027372533 scopus 로고
    • Cooperative binding of an Ultrabithrorax homeodomain protein to nearby and distant DNA sites
    • Beachy, P.A., Varkey, J., Young, K.E., Kessler, D.P.v., Sun, B.I. and Ekker, S.C. (1993) Cooperative binding of an Ultrabithrorax homeodomain protein to nearby and distant DNA sites. Mol. Cell. Biol., 13, 6941-6956.
    • (1993) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.13 , pp. 6941-6956
    • Beachy, P.A.1    Varkey, J.2    Young, K.E.3    Kessler, D.P.V.4    Sun, B.I.5    Ekker, S.C.6
  • 4
    • 0027874441 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of λ represser mutants with defects in cooperative operator binding
    • Beckett, D., Burz, D.S., Ackers, G.K. and Sauer, R.T. (1993) Isolation of λ represser mutants with defects in cooperative operator binding Biochemistry, 32, 9073-9079.
    • (1993) Biochemistry , vol.32 , pp. 9073-9079
    • Beckett, D.1    Burz, D.S.2    Ackers, G.K.3    Sauer, R.T.4
  • 5
    • 0022437260 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative DNase footprint titration: A method for studying proteinDNA interactions
    • Brenowitz, M., Senear, D.R, Shea, M.A. and Ackers, G.K. (1986) Quantitative DNase footprint titration: a method for studying proteinDNA interactions. Methods Enzymol., 130, 132-181.
    • (1986) Methods Enzymol. , vol.130 , pp. 132-181
    • Brenowitz, M.1    Senear, D.R.2    Shea, M.A.3    Ackers, G.K.4
  • 7
    • 0029940132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cooperativity mutants of bacteriophage λcI represser: Temperature dependence of self-assembly
    • Burz, D.S. and Ackers, G.K. (1996) Cooperativity mutants of bacteriophage λcI represser: temperature dependence of self-assembly. Biochemistry, 35, 3341-3350.
    • (1996) Biochemistry , vol.35 , pp. 3341-3350
    • Burz, D.S.1    Ackers, G.K.2
  • 8
    • 84978066301 scopus 로고
    • Part III: The behavior of biological macromolecules
    • W.H.Freeman and Co., San Francisco
    • Cantor, C.R. and Schimmel, P.R. (1980a) Part III: The behavior of biological macromolecules. In Biophysical Chemistry, W.H.Freeman and Co., San Francisco, pp. 852-856.
    • (1980) Biophysical Chemistry , pp. 852-856
    • Cantor, C.R.1    Schimmel, P.R.2
  • 9
    • 0000702636 scopus 로고
    • Part II: Techniques for the study of biological structure and function
    • W.H.Freeman and Co., San Francisco
    • Cantor, C.R. and Schimmel, P.R. (1980b) Part II: Techniques for the study of biological structure and function. In Biophysical Chemistry. W.H.Freeman and Co., San Francisco, p. 380.
    • (1980) Biophysical Chemistry , pp. 380
    • Cantor, C.R.1    Schimmel, P.R.2
  • 10
    • 0025349305 scopus 로고
    • A mechanism for synergistic activation of a mammalian gene by GAL4 derivatives
    • Carcy, M., Lin, Y.S., Green, M. and Ptashne, M. (1990) A mechanism for synergistic activation of a mammalian gene by GAL4 derivatives. Nature, 345, 361-364.
    • (1990) Nature , vol.345 , pp. 361-364
    • Carcy, M.1    Lin, Y.S.2    Green, M.3    Ptashne, M.4
  • 11
    • 0027173716 scopus 로고
    • Highly cooperative DNA binding by the Coliphage HK022 repressor
    • Carlson, N.G. and Little, J.W. (1993) Highly cooperative DNA binding by the Coliphage HK022 repressor. J. Mol. Biol., 230, 1108-1130.
    • (1993) J. Mol. Biol. , vol.230 , pp. 1108-1130
    • Carlson, N.G.1    Little, J.W.2
  • 12
    • 0029939199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pbx modulation of Hox homeodomain ammo-terminal arms establishes different DNA-binding specifications across the Hox locus
    • Chang, CP., Brocchieri, L., Shen, W.F., Largman, C. and Cleary, M.L. (1996) Pbx modulation of Hox homeodomain ammo-terminal arms establishes different DNA-binding specifications across the Hox locus. Mol. Cell Biol., 16, 1734-1745.
    • (1996) Mol. Cell Biol. , vol.16 , pp. 1734-1745
    • Chang, C.P.1    Brocchieri, L.2    Shen, W.F.3    Largman, C.4    Cleary, M.L.5
  • 13
    • 0001650641 scopus 로고
    • Maternal control of anterior development in the Drosophila embryo
    • Bate, M. and Arias, A.M, (eds), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
    • Driever, W. (1993) Maternal control of anterior development in the Drosophila embryo. In Bate, M. and Arias, A.M, (eds), The development of Drosophila melamogaster. Vol. 1. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, pp. 301-324.
    • (1993) The Development of Drosophila Melamogaster , vol.1 , pp. 301-324
    • Driever, W.1
  • 14
    • 0023677769 scopus 로고
    • A gradient of bicoid protein in Drosophila embryos
    • Driever, W. and Nüsslein-Volhard, C. (1988a) A gradient of bicoid protein in Drosophila embryos. Cell, 54, 83-93.
    • (1988) Cell , vol.54 , pp. 83-93
    • Driever, W.1    Nüsslein-Volhard, C.2
  • 15
    • 0023679744 scopus 로고
    • The bicoid protein determines position in the Drosophila embryo in a concentrationdependent mannet
    • Driever, W. and Nüsslein-Volhard, C. (1988b) The bicoid protein determines position in the Drosophila embryo in a concentrationdependent mannet Cell, 54, 95-104.
    • (1988) Cell , vol.54 , pp. 95-104
    • Driever, W.1    Nüsslein-Volhard, C.2
  • 16
    • 0024569785 scopus 로고
    • The bicoid protein is a positive regulator of hunchback transcription in the Drosophila embryo
    • Driever, W. and Nüsslein-Volhard, C. (1989) The bicoid protein is a positive regulator of hunchback transcription in the Drosophila embryo. Nature, 337, 138-143.
    • (1989) Nature , vol.337 , pp. 138-143
    • Driever, W.1    Nüsslein-Volhard, C.2
  • 17
    • 0024323615 scopus 로고
    • Determination of spatial domains of zygotic gene expression in the Drosophila embryo by the affinity of binding sites for the Bicoid morphogen
    • Driever, W., Thoma, G. and Nüssfein- Volhard, C. (1989) Determination of spatial domains of zygotic gene expression in the Drosophila embryo by the affinity of binding sites for the Bicoid morphogen. Nature, 340, 363-367.
    • (1989) Nature , vol.340 , pp. 363-367
    • Driever, W.1    Thoma, G.2    Nüssfein Volhard, C.3
  • 18
    • 0023028249 scopus 로고
    • Organization of anterior pattern in the Drosophila embryo by the maternal gene bicoid
    • Frohnhöfer, H.G. and Nüsslein-Volhard, C. (1986) Organization of anterior pattern in the Drosophila embryo by the maternal gene bicoid. Nature, 324, 120-125.
    • (1986) Nature , vol.324 , pp. 120-125
    • Frohnhöfer, H.G.1    Nüsslein-Volhard, C.2
  • 19
  • 20
    • 0024320441 scopus 로고
    • DNA specificity of the Bicoid activator protein is determined by homeodomain recognition helix residue 9
    • Hanes, S.D. and Brent, R. (1989) DNA specificity of the Bicoid activator protein is determined by homeodomain recognition helix residue 9. Cell, 57, 1275-1283.
    • (1989) Cell , vol.57 , pp. 1275-1283
    • Hanes, S.D.1    Brent, R.2
  • 21
    • 0026023608 scopus 로고
    • A genetic model for interaction of the homeodomain recognition helix with DNA
    • Hanes, S.D. and Brent, R. (1991) A genetic model for interaction of the homeodomain recognition helix with DNA. Science, 251, 426-430.
    • (1991) Science , vol.251 , pp. 426-430
    • Hanes, S.D.1    Brent, R.2
  • 22
    • 0028206856 scopus 로고
    • Specific DNA recognition and intersite spacing are critical for action of the Bicoid morphogen
    • Hanes, S.D., Riddihough, G., Ish-Horowiez, D. and Brent, R. (1994) Specific DNA recognition and intersite spacing are critical for action of the Bicoid morphogen. Mol. Cell. Biol., 14, 3364-3375.
    • (1994) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.14 , pp. 3364-3375
    • Hanes, S.D.1    Riddihough, G.2    Ish-Horowiez, D.3    Brent, R.4
  • 23
    • 0020529962 scopus 로고
    • Transformation of intact yeast cells treated with alkali cations
    • Ito, H., Fukada, Y., Murata, K. and Kimura, A. (1983) Transformation of intact yeast cells treated with alkali cations. J. Bacteriol., 53, 163-168.
    • (1983) J. Bacteriol. , vol.53 , pp. 163-168
    • Ito, H.1    Fukada, Y.2    Murata, K.3    Kimura, A.4
  • 24
    • 77957095245 scopus 로고
    • Nonlinear least-squares analysis
    • Johnson, M.L. and Frasier, S. (1985) Nonlinear least-squares analysis. Methods Enzymol., 117, 301-342.
    • (1985) Methods Enzymol. , vol.117 , pp. 301-342
    • Johnson, M.L.1    Frasier, S.2
  • 25
    • 0026528848 scopus 로고
    • Dimerization of a specific DNA-binding protein on the DNA
    • Kim, B. and Little, J.W. (1992) Dimerization of a specific DNA-binding protein on the DNA. Science, 255, 203-206.
    • (1992) Science , vol.255 , pp. 203-206
    • Kim, B.1    Little, J.W.2
  • 26
    • 0027451576 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of runt transcription by Drosophila segmentation genes
    • Klingler, M. and Gergen, J.P. (1993) Regulation of runt transcription by Drosophila segmentation genes. Mech. Dev., 43, 3-19.
    • (1993) Mech. Dev. , vol.43 , pp. 3-19
    • Klingler, M.1    Gergen, J.P.2
  • 27
    • 0343247787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism and Bicoid-dependent control of hairy stripe 7 expression in the posterior region of the Drosophila embryo
    • La Rosee, A., Häder, T., Taubert, H., Rivera-Pomar, R. and Jackle, H. (1997) Mechanism and Bicoid-dependent control of hairy stripe 7 expression in the posterior region of the Drosophila embryo. EMBO J. 16, 4403-4411.
    • (1997) EMBO J. , vol.16 , pp. 4403-4411
    • La Rosee, A.1    Häder, T.2    Taubert, H.3    Rivera-Pomar, R.4    Jackle, H.5
  • 28
    • 0026321622 scopus 로고
    • DNA binding specificity of homeodomains
    • Laughon, A. (1991) DNA binding specificity of homeodomains. Biochemistry, 30, 11357-11368.
    • (1991) Biochemistry , vol.30 , pp. 11357-11368
    • Laughon, A.1
  • 30
    • 0025318699 scopus 로고
    • How different eukaryotic transcriptional activators can cooperate promiscuously
    • Lin, Y.S., Carey, M., Ptashne, M. and Green, M.R. (1990) How different eukaryotic transcriptional activators can cooperate promiscuously. Nature, 345, 359-361.
    • (1990) Nature , vol.345 , pp. 359-361
    • Lin, Y.S.1    Carey, M.2    Ptashne, M.3    Green, M.R.4
  • 31
    • 0027240004 scopus 로고
    • Fusion of GAL4-VP16 to a steroid-binding domain provides a tool for gratuitous induction of galactose-respunsive genes in yeast
    • Louvion, J.-F., Havaux-Copf, B. and Picard, D. (1993) Fusion of GAL4-VP16 to a steroid-binding domain provides a tool for gratuitous induction of galactose-respunsive genes in yeast. Gene, 131, 129-134.
    • (1993) Gene , vol.131 , pp. 129-134
    • Louvion, J.-F.1    Havaux-Copf, B.2    Picard, D.3
  • 32
    • 0029966661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural determinants within Pbx1 that mediate cooperative DNA binding with pentapeptide-containing Hox proteins: Proposal for a model of a Pbx1-Hox-DNA complex
    • Lu, Q. and Kamps, M.P. (1996) Structural determinants within Pbx1 that mediate cooperative DNA binding with pentapeptide-containing Hox proteins: proposal for a model of a Pbx1-Hox-DNA complex. Mol. Cell. Biol., 16, 1632-1640.
    • (1996) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.16 , pp. 1632-1640
    • Lu, Q.1    Kamps, M.P.2
  • 33
    • 0029917071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Drosophila moiphogenetic protein Bicoid binds DNA cooperatively
    • Ma, X, . Yuan, D., Diepold, K., Scarborough, T, and Ma, J. (1996) The Drosophila moiphogenetic protein Bicoid binds DNA cooperatively. Development, 122, 1195-1206.
    • (1996) Development , vol.122 , pp. 1195-1206
    • Ma, X.1    Yuan, D.2    Diepold, K.3    Scarborough, T.4    Ma, J.5
  • 34
    • 0027496093 scopus 로고
    • The carboxy-terminal tail of the homeodomain protein alpha2 is required for function with a second homeodomain protein
    • Mak, A. and Johnson, A.D. (1993) The carboxy-terminal tail of the homeodomain protein alpha2 is required for function with a second homeodomain protein. Genes Dev., 7, 1862-1870.
    • (1993) Genes Dev. , vol.7 , pp. 1862-1870
    • Mak, A.1    Johnson, A.D.2
  • 35
    • 0029379593 scopus 로고
    • The specificity of homeotic gene function
    • Mann, R.S. (1995) The specificity of homeotic gene function. BioEssays, 17, 855-863.
    • (1995) BioEssays , vol.17 , pp. 855-863
    • Mann, R.S.1
  • 36
    • 0028121003 scopus 로고
    • Cooperative DNA-protein interactions. Effects of changing the spacing between adjacent binding sites
    • Mao, C., Carlson, N.G. and Little, J.W. (1994) Cooperative DNA-protein interactions. Effects of changing the spacing between adjacent binding sites. J. Moi Biol. 235, 532-544.
    • (1994) J. Mol. Biol. , vol.235 , pp. 532-544
    • Mao, C.1    Carlson, N.G.2    Little, J.W.3
  • 37
    • 0018846636 scopus 로고
    • Sequencing end-labeled DNA with base-specific chemical cleavages
    • Maxam, A.M. and Gilben, W. (1980) Sequencing end-labeled DNA with base-specific chemical cleavages. Methods Enzymol., 65, 499-560.
    • (1980) Methods Enzymol. , vol.65 , pp. 499-560
    • Maxam, A.M.1    Gilben, W.2
  • 38
    • 0026507562 scopus 로고
    • Spatial control of the gap gene knirps in the Drosophila embryo by posterior morphogen system
    • Pankratz, M.J., Busch, M., Hoch, M., Seifert, E. and Juckle, H. (1992) Spatial control of the gap gene knirps in the Drosophila embryo by posterior morphogen system. Science, 255, 986-989.
    • (1992) Science , vol.255 , pp. 986-989
    • Pankratz, M.J.1    Busch, M.2    Hoch, M.3    Seifert, E.4    Juckle, H.5
  • 39
    • 0030894303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specific residues in the Pbx homeodomain differentially modulate the DNA-binding activity of Hox and Engrailed proteins
    • Peltenburg, L.T, and Murre, C. (1997) Specific residues in the Pbx homeodomain differentially modulate the DNA-binding activity of Hox and Engrailed proteins. Development. 124, 1089-1098.
    • (1997) Development , vol.124 , pp. 1089-1098
    • Peltenburg, L.T.1    Murre, C.2
  • 40
    • 0028142407 scopus 로고
    • Heterodimerization of the yeast homeodomain transcriptional regulators α2 and al induces an interfacial helix in α2
    • Phillips, C.L., Stark, M.R., Johnson, A.D. and Dahlquist, F.W. (1994) Heterodimerization of the yeast homeodomain transcriptional regulators α2 and al induces an interfacial helix in α2. Biochemistry, 33, 9294-9302.
    • (1994) Biochemistry , vol.33 , pp. 9294-9302
    • Phillips, C.L.1    Stark, M.R.2    Johnson, A.D.3    Dahlquist, F.W.4
  • 41
    • 0029988195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of transcription in Drosophila embryos is a gradual process mediated by the nucleocytoplasmic ratio
    • Pritchard, D.K. and Schubiger, G. (1996) Activation of transcription in Drosophila embryos is a gradual process mediated by the nucleocytoplasmic ratio. Genes Dev., 10, 1131-1142.
    • (1996) Genes Dev. , vol.10 , pp. 1131-1142
    • Pritchard, D.K.1    Schubiger, G.2
  • 44
    • 0027402497 scopus 로고
    • Pattern of aromatic and Hydrophobic amino acids critical for one of two subdomains of the VP16 transcriptional activator
    • Regier, J.L., Shen, F. and Triesenberg, S.J. (1993) Pattern of aromatic and Hydrophobic amino acids critical for one of two subdomains of the VP16 transcriptional activator. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 883-887.
    • (1993) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.90 , pp. 883-887
    • Regier, J.L.1    Shen, F.2    Triesenberg, S.J.3
  • 45
    • 0344696389 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins. in Creighton, T.E. (ed.)
    • IRL Press, Oxford, UK
    • Rhodes, D. (1989) Analysis of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins. In Creighton, T.E. (ed.). Protein Function: A Practical Approach. IRL Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 177-198.
    • (1989) Protein Function: a Practical Approach , pp. 177-198
    • Rhodes, D.1
  • 46
    • 0025853591 scopus 로고
    • Individual stripe regulatory elements in the Drosophila hairy promoter respond to maternal, gap and pair-rule genes
    • Riddihough, G. and Ish-Horowicz, D. (1991) Individual stripe regulatory elements in the Drosophila hairy promoter respond to maternal, gap and pair-rule genes. Genes Dev., 5, 840-854.
    • (1991) Genes Dev. , vol.5 , pp. 840-854
    • Riddihough, G.1    Ish-Horowicz, D.2
  • 47
    • 0030281034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From gradients to stripes in Drosophila embryogenesis: Tilling in the gaps
    • Rivera-Pomar, R. and Jäckle, H. (1996) From gradients to stripes in Drosophila embryogenesis: tilling in the gaps. Trends Genet., 12, 478-483.
    • (1996) Trends Genet. , vol.12 , pp. 478-483
    • Rivera-Pomar, R.1    Jäckle, H.2
  • 48
    • 0029015420 scopus 로고
    • Activation of posterior gap gene expression in the Drosophila blastoderm
    • Rivera-Pomar, R., Lu, X., Perrimon, N., Taubert, H. and Jäckle, H. (1995) Activation of posterior gap gene expression in the Drosophila blastoderm. Nature, 376, 253-256.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.376 , pp. 253-256
    • Rivera-Pomar, R.1    Lu, X.2    Perrimon, N.3    Taubert, H.4    Jäckle, H.5
  • 49
    • 0024834128 scopus 로고
    • A gradient of nuclear localization of the dorsal protein determines dorsoventral pattern in the Drosophila embryo
    • Roth, S., Stein, D. and Nüsslein-Volhard, C. (1989) A gradient of nuclear localization of the dorsal protein determines dorsoventral pattern in the Drosophila embryo. Cell, 59, 1189-1202.
    • (1989) Cell , vol.59 , pp. 1189-1202
    • Roth, S.1    Stein, D.2    Nüsslein-Volhard, C.3
  • 50
    • 0019945644 scopus 로고
    • Genetic transformation of Drosophila with transposable element vectors
    • Rubin, G.M. and Spradling, A.C. (1982) Genetic transformation of Drosophila with transposable element vectors. Science, 218, 348-353.
    • (1982) Science , vol.218 , pp. 348-353
    • Rubin, G.M.1    Spradling, A.C.2
  • 52
    • 0029618433 scopus 로고
    • DNA template and activator-coactivator requirements for transcriptional synergism by Drosophila bicoid
    • Sauer, F., Hansen, S.K. and Tjian, R. (1995) DNA template and activator-coactivator requirements for transcriptional synergism by Drosophila bicoid. Science, 270, 1825-1828.
    • (1995) Science , vol.270 , pp. 1825-1828
    • Sauer, F.1    Hansen, S.K.2    Tjian, R.3
  • 53
    • 0030451171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S mediate activation of transcription in the Drosophila embryo
    • S mediate activation of transcription in the Drosophila embryo. Cell, 87, 1271-1284.
    • (1996) Cell , vol.87 , pp. 1271-1284
    • Sauer, F.1    Wassarman, D.A.2    Rubin, G.M.3    Tjian, R.4
  • 54
    • 0029112981 scopus 로고
    • Heterodimeric Drosophila gap gene protein complexes acting as transcriptional repressors
    • Sauer.G. and Jäckle, H. (1995) Heterodimeric Drosophila gap gene protein complexes acting as transcriptional repressors. EMBO J., 14, 4773-4780.
    • (1995) EMBO J. , vol.14 , pp. 4773-4780
    • Sauer, G.1    Jäckle, H.2
  • 55
    • 0028021851 scopus 로고
    • Synergy between the Hunchback and Bicoid morphogens is required for anterior patterning in Drosophila
    • Simpson-Brose, M., Treisman, J. and Desplan, C. (1994) Synergy between the Hunchback and Bicoid morphogens is required for anterior patterning in Drosophila. Cell, 78, 855-865.
    • (1994) Cell , vol.78 , pp. 855-865
    • Simpson-Brose, M.1    Treisman, J.2    Desplan, C.3
  • 56
    • 0025865166 scopus 로고
    • Transcriptional regulation of a pair-rule gene stripe in Drosophila
    • Small, S., Kraut, R., Hoey, T., Warrior, R. and Levine, M. (1991) Transcriptional regulation of a pair-rule gene stripe in Drosophila. Genes Dev., 5, 827-839.
    • (1991) Genes Dev. , vol.5 , pp. 827-839
    • Small, S.1    Kraut, R.2    Hoey, T.3    Warrior, R.4    Levine, M.5
  • 57
    • 0026571502 scopus 로고
    • A molecular mechanism for combinatorial control in yeast: MCM1 protein sets the spacing and orientation of the homeodomains of an α2 dimec
    • Smith, D.L. and Johnson, A.D. (1992) A molecular mechanism for combinatorial control in yeast: MCM1 protein sets the spacing and orientation of the homeodomains of an α2 dimec Cell, 68, 133-142.
    • (1992) Cell , vol.68 , pp. 133-142
    • Smith, D.L.1    Johnson, A.D.2
  • 59
    • 0026355632 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of a segmentation stripe by overlapping activators and repressers in the Drosophila embryo
    • Stanojevic, D., Small, S. and Levine, M. (1991) Regulation of a segmentation stripe by overlapping activators and repressers in the Drosophila embryo. Science, 254, 1385-1387.
    • (1991) Science , vol.254 , pp. 1385-1387
    • Stanojevic, D.1    Small, S.2    Levine, M.3
  • 60
    • 0024380401 scopus 로고
    • The gradient morphogen bicoid is a concentration-dependent transcriptional activator
    • Struhl, G., Struhl, K. and Macdonald, P.M. (1989) The gradient morphogen bicoid is a concentration-dependent transcriptional activator Cell, 57, 1259-1273.
    • (1989) Cell , vol.57 , pp. 1259-1273
    • Struhl, G.1    Struhl, K.2    Macdonald, P.M.3
  • 61
    • 0023042283 scopus 로고
    • Use of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase to direct selective high-level expression of cloned genes
    • Studier, F.W. and Moffatt, B.A. (1986) Use of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase to direct selective high-level expression of cloned genes. J. Mol. Biol., 189, 113-130.
    • (1986) J. Mol. Biol. , vol.189 , pp. 113-130
    • Studier, F.W.1    Moffatt, B.A.2
  • 62
    • 0029976446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of promoter occupancy by cooperative DNA binding and activation-domain function is a major determinant of transcriptional regulation by activators in vivo
    • Tanaka, M. (1996) Modulation of promoter occupancy by cooperative DNA binding and activation-domain function is a major determinant of transcriptional regulation by activators in vivo. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci, USA, 93, 4311-4315.
    • (1996) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.93 , pp. 4311-4315
    • Tanaka, M.1
  • 63
    • 0027191976 scopus 로고
    • Cooperative binding at a distance by even-skipped protein correlates with repression and suggests a mechanism of silencing
    • TenHarmsel, A., Austin, R.J., Savenelli, N. and Biggin, M.D. (1993) Cooperative binding at a distance by even-skipped protein correlates with repression and suggests a mechanism of silencing. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 2742-2752.
    • (1993) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.13 , pp. 2742-2752
    • Tenharmsel, A.1    Austin, R.J.2    Savenelli, N.3    Biggin, M.D.4
  • 64
    • 0001228529 scopus 로고
    • Technical notes: New pCaSpeR P- Element vectors
    • Thummel, C.S. and Pirrotta, V. (1992) Technical notes: new pCaSpeR P- element vectors. Dros. Inf. Serv., 71, 150.
    • (1992) Dros. Inf. Serv. , vol.71 , pp. 150
    • Thummel, C.S.1    Pirrotta, V.2
  • 65
    • 0024342867 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the gap segmentation gene hunchback between Drosophila melanogaster and Drvsophila virilis reveals novel modes of evolutionary change
    • Treier, M., Pfeifle, C. and Tautz, D. (1989) Comparison of the gap segmentation gene hunchback between Drosophila melanogaster and Drvsophila virilis reveals novel modes of evolutionary change. EMBO J., 8, 1517-1525.
    • (1989) EMBO J. , vol.8 , pp. 1517-1525
    • Treier, M.1    Pfeifle, C.2    Tautz, D.3
  • 66
    • 0001268975 scopus 로고
    • Hydroxyl radical 'footprinting': High-resolution information about DNA-protein contacts and application to λ repressor and cro protein
    • Tullius, T.D. and Dombrowski, B.A. (1986) Hydroxyl radical 'footprinting': high-resolution information about DNA-protein contacts and application to λ repressor and cro protein. Proc. Natl Acad, Sci USA. 83, 5469-5473.
    • (1986) Proc. Natl Acad, Sci USA , vol.83 , pp. 5469-5473
    • Tullius, T.D.1    Dombrowski, B.A.2
  • 67
    • 0029160039 scopus 로고
    • Hox gene products modulate the DNA bindine activity of Pbxl and Pbx2
    • van Dijk, M.A., Peltenburg, L.T. and Murre, C. (1995) Hox gene products modulate the DNA bindine activity of Pbxl and Pbx2. Mech. Dev., 52, 99-108.
    • (1995) Mech. Dev. , vol.52 , pp. 99-108
    • Van Dijk, M.A.1    Peltenburg, L.T.2    Murre, C.3
  • 68
    • 0030249382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TAFs mediate transcriptional activation and promoter selectivity
    • Verrijzer, C.P. and Tjian, R. (1996) TAFs mediate transcriptional activation and promoter selectivity. Trends Biochem. Sci., 21, 338-342.
    • (1996) Trends Biochem. Sci. , vol.21 , pp. 338-342
    • Verrijzer, C.P.1    Tjian, R.2
  • 70
    • 0027332476 scopus 로고
    • Cooperative dimerization of Paired class homeo domains on DNA
    • Wilson, D., Sheng, G., Lecuit, T., Dostatni, N. and Desplan, C. (1993) Cooperative dimerization of Paired class homeo domains on DNA. Genes Dev., 7, 2120-2134.
    • (1993) Genes Dev. , vol.7 , pp. 2120-2134
    • Wilson, D.1    Sheng, G.2    Lecuit, T.3    Dostatni, N.4    Desplan, C.5
  • 71
    • 0029109864 scopus 로고
    • Cooperating to be different
    • Wilson, D.S. and Desplan, C. (1995) Cooperating to be different. Curr. Biol., 5, 32-34.
    • (1995) Curr. Biol. , vol.5 , pp. 32-34
    • Wilson, D.S.1    Desplan, C.2
  • 72
    • 0029098314 scopus 로고
    • A single GAL4 dimer can maximally activate transcription under physiological conditions
    • Xu, H.E., Kodadek, T. and Johnston, S.A. (1995) A single GAL4 dimer can maximally activate transcription under physiological conditions. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 92, 7677-7680.
    • (1995) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.92 , pp. 7677-7680
    • Xu, H.E.1    Kodadek, T.2    Johnston, S.A.3
  • 73
    • 0027892020 scopus 로고
    • Cooperative interactions between the Caenorhabditis elextins homeoproteins UNC-86 and MEC-3
    • Xue, D., Tu, Y. and Chaltie, M, (1993) Cooperative interactions between the Caenorhabditis elextins homeoproteins UNC-86 and MEC-3. Science. 261, 1324-1328.
    • (1993) Science , vol.261 , pp. 1324-1328
    • Xue, D.1    Tu, Y.2    Chaltie, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.