Appetite and protein intake strata of older adults in the European union: Socio-demographic and health characteristics, diet-related and physical activity behaviours

Nutrients

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2019, Pages

  Hung, Yung ^a   Wijnhoven, Hanneke A H ^b   Visser, Marjolein ^b   Verbeke, Wim ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^b VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Aged; Consumer; Eating behaviour; Elderly; Food; Geriatric health; Physical activity; Protein energy malnutrition (PEM); Segmentation

Indexed keywords

ADULT; APPETITE; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; BEHAVIOR; BODY MASS; CALORIC INTAKE; CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE; CAREGIVER SUPPORT; FEMALE; FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE; FOOD INTAKE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL PHYSICAL ACTIVITY QUESTIONNAIRE; KNOWLEDGE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MALNUTRITION; MIDDLE AGED; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PROTEIN CALORIE MALNUTRITION; PROTEIN INTAKE; QUESTIONNAIRE; SIMPLIFIED NUTRITIONAL APPETITE QUESTIONNAIRE; TRAVEL RELATED DISEASE; ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE; AGE; AGED; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; EUROPE; EUROPEAN UNION; EXERCISE; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; HEALTHY AGING; HEALTHY DIET; NUTRITION; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROTECTION; PSYCHOLOGY; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH; SOCIOECONOMICS;

AGE FACTORS; AGED; APPETITE REGULATION; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DIETARY PROTEINS; EUROPE; EUROPEAN UNION; EXERCISE; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; HEALTHY AGING; HEALTHY DIET; HUMANS; MALE; NUTRITION SURVEYS; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PROTECTIVE FACTORS; PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 85064908404     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20726643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/nu11040777     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Eurostat. Population Age Structure by Major Age Groups, 2007 and 2017. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Population_structure_and_ageing (accessed on 15 February 2019).
2. Giacalone, D.; Wendin, K.; Kremer, S.; Frøst, M.B.; Bredie, W.L.; Olsson, V.; Otto, M.H.; Skjoldborg, S.; Linberg, U.; Risvik, E. Health and quality of life in an aging population-Food and beyond. Food Qual. Prefer. 2016, 47, 166-170.
3. Paddon-Jones, D.; Campbell, W.W.; Jacques, P.F.; Kritchevsky, S.B.; Moore, L.L.; Rodriguez, N.R.; van Loon, L.J. Protein and healthy aging. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2015, 101, 1339S-1345S.
4. Baumeister, S.E.; Fischer, B.; Döring, A.; Koenig, W.; Zierer, A.; John, J.; Heier, M.; Meisinger, C. The geriatric nutritional risk index predicts increased healthcare costs and hospitalization in a cohort of community-dwelling older adults: Results from the MONICA/KORA Augsburg cohort study, 1994-2005.Nutrition 2011, 27, 534-542.
5. Correia, M.I.T.D.; Waitzberg, D.L. The impact of malnutrition on morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay and costs evaluated through a multivariate model analysis. Clin. Nutr. 2003, 22, 235-239.
6. Freijer, K.; Tan, S.S.; Koopmanschap, M.A.; Meijers, J.M.; Halfens, R.J.; Nuijten, M.J. The economic costs of disease related malnutrition. Clin. Nutr. 2013, 32, 136-141.
7. Wolfe, R.R. The role of dietary protein in optimizing muscle mass, function and health outcomes in older individuals. Br. J. Nutr. 2012, 108, S88-S93.
8. Deer, R.R.; Volpi, E. Protein intake and muscle function in older adults. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2015, 18, 248.
9. Volkert, D. Malnutrition in older adults-urgent need for action: A plea for improving the nutritional situation of older adults. Gerontology 2013, 59, 328-333.
10. Tieland, M.; Franssen, R.; Dullemeijer, C.; Van Dronkelaar, C.; Kim, H.K.; Ispoglou, T.; Zhu, K.; Prince, R.L.; van Loon, L.J.C.; de Groot, L.C. The impact of dietary protein or amino acid supplementation on muscle mass and strength in elderly people: Individual participant data and meta-analysis of RCT’s. J. Nutr. Health Aging 2017, 21, 994-1001.
11. Methven, L.; Rahelu, K.; Economou, N.; Kinneavy, L.; Ladbrooke-Davis, L.; Kennedy, O.B.; Mottram, D.S.; Gosney, M.A. The effect of consumption volume on profile and liking of oral nutritional supplements of varied sweetness: Sequential profiling and boredom tests. Food Qual. Prefer. 2010,21, 948-955.
12. Banovic, M.; Arvola, A.; Pennanen, K.; Duta, D.E.; Brückner-Gühmann, M.; Lähteenmäki, L.; Grunert, K.G. Foods with increased protein content: A qualitative study on European consumer preferences and perceptions. Appetite 2018, 125, 233-243.
13. Volkert, D.; Beck, A.M.; Cederholm, T.; Cruz-Jentoft, A.; Goisser, S.; Hooper, L.; Kiesswettera, E.; Maggiog, M.; Raynaud-Simoni, A.; Sieber, C.C. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics. Clin. Nutr. 2019, 38, 10-47.
14. Shad, B.J.; Thompson, J.L.; Breen, L. Does the muscle protein synthetic response to exercise and amino acid-based nutrition diminish with advancing age? A systematic review. Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab. 2016, 311, E803-E817.
15. Bauer, J.; Biolo, G.; Cederholm, T.; Cesari, M.; Cruz-Jentoft, A.J.; Morley, J.E.; Phillips, S.; Sieber, C.; Stehle, P.; Teta, D, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: A position paper from the PROT-AGE study group. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2013, 14, 542-559.
16. Deutz, N.E.; Bauer, J.M.; Barazzoni, R.; Biolo, G.; Boirie, Y.; Bosy-Westphal, A.; Cederholm, T.; Cruz-Jentoft, A.; Krznariçi, Z.; Nair, K.S, et al. Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: Recommendations from the ESPEN Expert Group. Clin. Nutr. 2014, 33, 929-936.
17. Mendonça, N.; Hill, T.R.; Granic, A.; Davies, K.; Collerton, J.; Mathers, J.C.; Siervo, M.; Wrieden, W.L.; Seal, C.J.; Kirkwood, T.B.L, et al. Macronutrient intake and food sources in the very old: Analysis of the Newcastle 85+ Study. Br. J. Nutr. 2016, 115, 2170-2180.
18. Cruz-Jentoft, A.J.; Landi, F.; Schneider, S.M.; Zúñiga, C.; Arai, H.; Boirie, Y.; Chen, L.-K.; Fielding, R.A.; Martin, F.C.; Micheal, J.-P, et al. Prevalence of and interventions for sarcopenia in ageing adults: A systematic review. Report of the International Sarcopenia Initiative (EWGSOP and IWGS).Age Ageing 2014, 43, 748-759.
19. Fulgoni, V.L., III. Current protein intake in America: Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2004. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 87, 1554S-1557S.
20. Conklin, A.I.; Forouhi, N.G.; Surtees, P.; Khaw, K.T.; Wareham, N.J.; Monsivais, P. Social relationships and healthful dietary behaviour: Evidence from over-50 s in the EPIC cohort, UK. Soc. Sci. Med. 2014, 100, 167-175.
21. Mann, T.; Heuberger, R.; Wong, H. The association between chewing and swallowing difficulties and nutritional status in older adults. Aust. Dent. J. 2013, 58, 200-206.
22. Bloom, I.; Lawrence, W.; Barker, M.; Baird, J.; Dennison, E.; Sayer, A.A.; Cooper, C.; Robinson, S. What influences diet quality in older people? A qualitative study among community-dwelling older adults from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study, UK. Public Health Nutr. 2017, 20, 2685-2693.
23. de Boer, A.; Ter Horst, G.J.; Lorist, M.M. Physiological and psychosocial age-related changes associated with reduced food intake in older persons. Ageing Res. Rev. 2013, 12, 316-328.
24. Drolet, A.; Bodapati, A.V.; Suppes, P.; Rossi, B.; Hochwarter, H. Habits and free associations: Free your mind but mind your habits. J. Assoc. Consum. Res. 2017, 2, 293-305.
25. Drolet, A.; Schwarz, N.; Yoon, C. The Aging Consumer: Perspectives from Psychology and Economics; Routledge: Abingdon, UK, 2011.
26. Yoon, C.; Cole, C.A.; Lee, M.P. Consumer decision making and aging: Current knowledge and future directions. J. Consum. Psychol. 2009, 19, 2-16.
27. Tsubota-Utsugi, M.; Kikuya, M.; Satoh, M.; Inoue, R.; Hosaka, M.; Metoki, H.; Hirose, T.; Asayama, K.; Imai, Y.; Ohkubo, T. Living situations associated with poor dietary intake among healthy Japanese elderly: The Ohasama study. J. Nutr. Health Aging 2015, 19, 375-382.
28. Hanna, K.L.; Collins, P.F. Relationship between living alone and food and nutrient intake. Nutr. Rev.2015, 73, 594-611.
29. Franco, M.R.; Tong, A.; Howard, K.; Sherrington, C.; Ferreira, P.H.; Pinto, R.Z.; Ferreira, M.L. Older people’s perspectives on participation in physical activity: A systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative literature. Br. J. Sports Med. 2015, 49, 1268-1276.
30. Lonnie, M.; Hooker, E.; Brunstrom, J.; Corfe, B.; Green, M.; Watson, A.; Williams, E.A.; Stevenson, E.J.; Penson, S.; Johnstone, A. Protein for life: Review of optimal protein intake, sustainable dietary sources and the effect on appetite in ageing adults. Nutrients 2018, 10, 360.
31. Doets, E.L.; Kremer, S. The silver sensory experience—A review of senior consumers’ food perception, liking and intake. Food Qual. Prefer. 2016, 48, 316-332.
32. Hengeveld, L.M.; Pelgröm, A.D.; Visser, M.; Boer, J.M.; Haveman-Nies, A.; Wijnhoven, H.A. Comparison of protein intake per eating occasion, food sources of protein and general characteristics between community-dwelling older adults with a low and high protein intake. Clin. Nutr. ESPEN 2019,29, 165-174.
33. Stula, S. Living in Old Age in Europe-Current Developments and Challenges; German Association for Public and Private Welfare (DV): Berlin, Germany, 2012.
34. Schilp, J.; Kruizenga, H.M.; Wijnhoven, H.A.; Leistra, E.; Evers, A.M.; van Binsbergen, J.J.; Deeg, D.J.H.; Visser, M. High prevalence of undernutrition in Dutch community-dwelling older individuals.Nutrition 2012, 28, 1151-1156.
35. van der Meij, B.S.; Wijnhoven, H.A.; Lee, J.S.; Houston, D.K.; Hue, T.; Harris, T.B.; Kritchevsky, S.B.; Newman, S.B.; Visser, M. Poor appetite and dietary intake in community-dwelling older adults. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2017, 65, 2190-2197.
36. Van der Pols-Vijlbrief, R.; Wijnhoven, H.A.; Schaap, L.A.; Terwee, C.B.; Visser, M. Determinants of protein-energy malnutrition in community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review of observational studies. Ageing Res. Rev. 2014, 18, 112-131.
37. Houston, D.K.; Nicklas, B.J.; Ding, J.; Harris, T.B.; Tylavsky, F.A.; Newman, A.B.; Lee, J.S.; Sahyoun, N.R.; Visser, M.; Kritchevsky, S.B, et al. Dietary protein intake is associated with lean mass change in older, community-dwelling adults: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 87, 150-155.
38. Eurostat. People in the EU—Statistics on an Ageing Society. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=People_in_the_EU_-_statistics_on_an_ageing_society&oldid=417833 (accessed on 15 February 2019).
39. Wilson, M.-M.G.; Thomas, D.R.; Rubenstein, L.Z.; Chibnall, J.T.; Anderson, S.; Baxi, A.; Diebold, M.R.; Morley, J.E. Appetite assessment: Simple appetite questionnaire predicts weight loss in community-dwelling adults and nursing home residents. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 82, 1074-1081.
40. Young, A.M.; Kidston, S.; Banks, M.D.; Mudge, A.M.; Isenring, E.A. Malnutrition screening tools: Comparison against two validated nutrition assessment methods in older medical inpatients. Nutrition 2013, 29, 101-106.
41. Hanisah, R.; Shahar, S.; Lee, F. Validation of screening tools to assess appetite among geriatric patients. J. Nutr. Health Aging 2012, 16, 660-665.
42. Rolland, Y.; Perrin, A.; Gardette, V.; Filhol, N.; Vellas, B. Screening older people at risk of malnutrition or malnourished using the simplified nutritional appetite questionnaire (SNAQ): A comparison with the Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA) tool. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2012, 13, 31-34.
43. Beukers, M.; Dekker, L.H.; De Boer, E.J.; Perenboom, C.W.M.; Meijboom, S.; Nicolaou, M.; de Vries, J.H.M.; Brants, H.A.M. Development of the HELIUS food frequency questionnaires: Ethnic-specific questionnaires to assess the diet of a multiethnic population in The Netherlands. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.2015, 69, 579-584.
44. Wijnhoven, H.A.; Elstgeest, L.E.; de Vet, H.C.; Nicolaou, M.; Snijder, M.B.; Visser, M. Development and validation of a short food questionnaire to screen for low protein intake in community-dwelling older adults: The Protein Screener 55+(Pro55+). PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0196406.
45. Craig, C.L.; Marshall, A.L.; Sjöström, M.; Bauman, A.E.; Booth, M.L.; Ainsworth, B.E.; Pratt, M.; Ekelund, U.; Yngve, A.; Sallis, J, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2003, 35, 1381-1395.
46. Hurtig-Wennlöf, A.; Hagströmer, M.; Olsson, L.A. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire modified for the elderly: Aspects of validity and feasibility. Public Health Nutr. 2010, 13, 1847-1854.
47. Committee, I.R. Guidelines for Data Processing and Analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)—short and long forms. Available online: https://sites.google.com/site/theipaq/scoring-protocol (accessed on 15 February 2019).
48. Hall, M.H.; Smagula, S.F.; Boudreau, R.M.; Ayonayon, H.N.; Goldman, S.E.; Harris, T.B.; Naydeck, B.L.; Rubin, S.M.; Samuelsson, L.; Satterfield, S, et al. Association between sleep duration and mortality is mediated by markers of inflammation and health in older adults: The health, aging and body composition study. Sleep 2015, 38, 189-195.
49. Trost, S.G.; Owen, N.; Bauman, A.E.; Sallis, J.F.; Brown, W. Correlates of adults’ participation in physical activity: Review and update. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2002, 34, 1996-2001.
50. Bandura, A. Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. Self-Effic. Beliefs Adolesc. 2006, 5, 307-337.
51. Everett, B.; Salamonson, Y.; Davidson, P.M. Bandura’s exercise self-efficacy scale: Validation in an Australian cardiac rehabilitation setting. Int. J. Nurs. Studies 2009, 46, 824-829.
52. Wardle, J.; Guthrie, C.A.; Sanderson, S.; Rapoport, L. Development of the children’s eating behaviour questionnaire. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. 2001, 42, 963-970.
53. den Uijl, L.C.; Jager, G.; de Graaf, C.; Waddell, J.; Kremer, S. It is not just a meal, it is an emotional experience—A segmentation of older persons based on the emotions that they associate with mealtimes. Appetite 2014, 83, 287-296.
54. Elia, M. The ‘MUST’report. Nutritional screening for adults: A multidisciplinary responsibility. In Development and Use of the ‘Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool’(‘MUST’) for Adults. A Report by the Malnutrition Advisory Group of the British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition; BAPEN: Worcestershire, UK, 2003; p. 127.
55. Poulia, K.-A.; Yannakoulia, M.; Karageorgou, D.; Gamaletsou, M.; Panagiotakos, D.B.; Sipsas, N.V.; Zampelas, A. Evaluation of the efficacy of six nutritional screening tools to predict malnutrition in the elderly. Clin. Nutr. 2012, 31, 378-385.
56. Leistra, E.; Langius, J.A.; Evers, A.M.; Visser, M.; de Vet, H.C.; Kruizenga, H.M. Validity of nutritional screening with MUST and SNAQ in hospital outpatients. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2013, 67, 738-742.
57. Hengeveld, L.M.; Wijnhoven, H.A.; Olthof, M.R.; Brouwer, I.A.; Harris, T.B.; Kritchevsky, S.B.; Newman, A.B.; Visser, M.; Health ABC Study. Prospective associations of poor diet quality with long-term incidence of protein-energy malnutrition in community-dwelling older adults: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2018, 107, 155-164.
58. Levine, T.R.; Hullett, C.R. Eta squared, partial eta squared, and misreporting of effect size in communication research. Hum. Commun. Res. 2002, 28, 612-625.
59. Olivier, J.; Bell, M.L. Effect sizes for 2 × 2 contingency tables. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e58777.
60. Harlow, L.L. The Essence of Multivariate Thinking: Basic Themes and Methods; Routledge: Abingdon, UK, 2014.
61. Campbell, I. Chi-squared and Fisher-Irwin tests of two-by-two tables with small sample recommendations. Stat. Med. 2007, 26, 3661-3675.
62. Houston, D.K.; Tooze, J.A.; Garcia, K.; Visser, M.; Rubin, S.; Harris, T.B.; Newman, A.B.; Kritchevsky, S.B.; Health ABC Study. Protein intake and mobility limitation in community-dwelling older adults: The health ABC Study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2017, 65, 1705-1711.
63. Mendonça, N.; Granic, A.; Mathers, J.C.; Hill, T.R.; Siervo, M.; Adamson, A.J.; Jagger, C. Prevalence and determinants of low protein intake in very old adults: Insights from the Newcastle 85+ study. Eur. J. Nutr. 2018, 57, 2713-2722.
64. Raatz, S.K.; Jahns, L.; Johnson, L.K.; Scheett, A.; Carriquiry, A.; Lemieux, A.; Nakajimad, M.; al’Absid, M. Smokers report lower intake of key nutrients than nonsmokers, yet both fall short of meeting recommended intakes. Nutr. Res. 2017, 45, 30-37.
65. Ahn, J.A.; Park, J.; Kim, C.J. Effects of an individualised nutritional education and support programme on dietary habits, nutritional knowledge and nutritional status of older adults living alone. J. Clin. Nurs.2018, 27, 2142-2151.
66. Irz, X.; Fratiglioni, L.; Kuosmanen, N.; Mazzocchi, M.; Modugno, L.; Nocella, G.; Shakersain, B.; Traill, W.B.; Xu, W.; Zanello, G. Sociodemographic determinants of diet quality of the EU elderly: A comparative analysis in four countries. Public Health Nutr. 2014, 17, 1177-1189.
67. Wijnhoven, H.A.; Schilp, J.; de Vet, H.C.; Kruizenga, H.M.; Deeg, D.J.; Ferrucci, L.; Visser, M. Development and validation of criteria for determining undernutrition in community-dwelling older men and women: The short nutritional assessment questionnaire 65+. Clin. Nutr. 2012, 31, 351-358.
68. Schilp, J.; Wijnhoven, H.A.; Deeg, D.J.; Visser, M. Early determinants for the development of undernutrition in an older general population: Longitudinal aging study amsterdam. Br. J. Nutr. 2011,106, 708-717.
69. Nyberg, M.; Olsson, V.; Pajalic, Z.; Örtman, G.; Andersson, H.S.; Blücher, A.; Wendin, K.; Westergren, A. Eating difficulties, nutrition, meal preferences and experiences among elderly: A literature overview from a Scandinavian context. J. Food Res. 2015, 4, 22-37.
70. van der Zanden, L.D.; van Kleef, E.; de Wijk, R.A.; van Trijp, H.C. Knowledge, perceptions and preferences of elderly regarding protein-enriched functional food. Appetite 2014, 80, 16-22.
71. Capacci, S.; Mazzocchi, M.; Shankar, B.; Brambila Macias, J.; Verbeke, W.; Pérez-Cueto, F.J.; Kozioł-Kozakowska, A.; Piórecka, B.; Niedzwiedzka, B.; D’Addesa, D, et al. Policies to promote healthy eating in Europe: A structured review of policies and their effectiveness. Nutr. Rev. 2012, 70, 188-200.
72. Chung, L.M.Y.; Chung, J.W.Y. Effectiveness of a food education program in improving appetite and nutritional status of elderly adults living at home. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2014, 23, 315-320.
73. Almoosawi, S.; Vingeliene, S.; Gachon, F.; Voortman, T.; Palla, L.; Johnston, J.D.; Dam, R.M.V.; Darimont, C.; Karagounis, L.G. Chronotype: Implications for epidemiologic studies on chrono-nutrition and cardiometabolic health. Adv. Nutr. 2018.
74. Paddon-Jones, D.; Leidy, H. Dietary protein and muscle in older persons. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2014, 17, 5.
75. Bouillanne, O.; Curis, E.; Hamon-Vilcot, B.; Nicolis, I.; Chrétien, P.; Schauer, N.; Vicent, J.-P.; Cynpober, L.; Aussel, C. Impact of protein pulse feeding on lean mass in malnourished and at-risk hospitalized elderly patients: A randomized controlled trial. Clin. Nutr. 2013, 32, 186-192.
76. Kim, I.-Y.; Schutzler, S.; Schrader, A.M.; Spencer, H.J.; Azhar, G.; Wolfe, R.R.; Ferrando, A.A. Protein intake distribution pattern does not affect anabolic response, lean body mass, muscle strength or function over 8 weeks in older adults: A randomized-controlled trial. Clin. Nutr. 2018, 37, 488-493.
77. De Castro, J.M. When, how much and what foods are eaten are related to total daily food intake. Br. J. Nutr. 2009, 102, 1228-1237.
78. Flood-Obbagy, J.E.; Rolls, B.J. The effect of fruit in different forms on energy intake and satiety at a meal. Appetite 2009, 52, 416-422.
79. Slavin, J.L.; Lloyd, B. Health benefits of fruits and vegetables. Adv. Nutr. 2012, 3, 506-516.
80. Spence, C. Mouth-watering: The influence of environmental and cognitive factors on salivation and gustatory/flavor perception. J. Texture Stud. 2011, 42, 157-171.
81. Dormenval, V.; Mojon, P.; Budtz-Jørgensen, E. Associations between self-assessed masticatory ability, nutritional status, prosthetic status and salivary flow rate in hospitalized elders. Oral Dis. 1999,5, 32-38.
82. Rhodus, N.L. Nutritional intake in both free-living and institutionalized older adults with xerostomia. J. Nutr. Elder. 1991, 10, 1-32.
83. Luo, S.; Monterosso, J.R.; Sarpelleh, K.; Page, K.A. Differential effects of fructose versus glucose on brain and appetitive responses to food cues and decisions for food rewards. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2015, 112, 6509-6514.
84. Cha, S.H.; Wolfgang, M.; Tokutake, Y.; Chohnan, S.; Lane, M.D. Differential effects of central fructose and glucose on hypothalamic malonyl-CoA and food intake. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105, 16871-16875.
85. Page, K.A.; Melrose, A.J. Brain, hormone and appetite responses to glucose versus fructose. Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci. 2016, 9, 111-117.
86. Tappy, L.; Tappy, L.; Lê, K.A.; Tran, C.; Paquot, N. Fructose and metabolic diseases: new findings, new questions. Nutrition, 26(11-12), 1044-1049. Fructose and metabolic diseases: New findings, new questions. Nutrition 2010, 26, 1044-1049.
87. Fulton, S.L.; McKinley, M.C.; Neville, C.E.; Baldrick, F.R.; Mulligan, C.; McCall, D.O.; Edgar, J.D.; Elborn, J.S.; Young, I.S.; Patterson, C.C, et al. The effect of increased fruit and vegetable consumption on selected macronutrient and micronutrient intakes in four randomised-controlled trials.Br. J. Nutr. 2017, 117, 1270-1278.
88. Taaffe, D.R. Sarcopenia: Exercise as a treatment strategy. Aust. Fam. Phys. 2006, 35, 130.
89. Paddon-Jones, D.; Short, K.R.; Campbell, W.W.; Volpi, E.; Wolfe, R.R. Role of dietary protein in the sarcopenia of aging. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 87, 1562S-1566S.
90. Sparling, P.B.; Howard, B.J.; Dunstan, D.W.; Owen, N. Recommendations for physical activity in older adults. Br. Med. J. 2015, 350, h100.
91. Bauman, A.E.; Reis, R.S.; Sallis, J.F.; Wells, J.C.; Loos, R.J.; Martin, B.W.; Lancet physical activity series working group. Correlates of physical activity: Why are some people physically active and others not? Lancet 2012, 380, 258-271.
92. Carlson, J.A.; Sallis, J.F.; Conway, T.L.; Saelens, B.E.; Frank, L.D.; Kerr, J.; Cain, K.L.; King, A.C. Interactions between psychosocial and built environment factors in explaining older adults’ physical activity. Prev. Med. 2012, 54, 68-73.
93. Ashford, S.; Edmunds, J.; French, D.P. What is the best way to change self-efficacy to promote lifestyle and recreational physical activity? A systematic review with meta-analysis. Br. J. Health Psychol. 2010, 15, 265-288.
94. Werle, C.O.C.; Wansink, B.; Payne, C.R. Is it fun or exercise? The framing of physical activity biases subsequent snacking. Mark. Lett. 2015, 26, 691-702.
95. van Uffelen, J.G.Z.; Heesch, K.C.; Hill, R.L.; Brown, W.J. A qualitative study of older adults’ responses to sitting-time questions: Do we get the information we want? BMC Public Health 2011, 11, 458.
96. Dashti, H.S.; Scheer, F.A.; Jacques, P.F.; Lamon-Fava, S.; Ordovás, J.M. Short sleep duration and dietary intake: Epidemiologic evidence, mechanisms, and health implications. Adv. Nutr. 2015, 6, 648-659.
97. Garfield, V.; Llewellyn, C.H.; Kumari, M. The relationship between physical activity, sleep duration and depressive symptoms in older adults: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). Prev. Med. Rep. 2016, 4, 512-516.
98. Buman, M.P.; Hekler, E.B.; Bliwise, D.L.; King, A.C. Moderators and mediators of exercise-induced objective sleep improvements in mid life and older adults with sleep complaints. Health Psychol. 2011,30, 579-587.
99. Dunn, A.L.; Trivedi, M.H.; O’Neal, H.A. Physical activity dose-response effects on outcomes of depression and anxiety. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2001, 33, S587-S597.
100. Becker, N.B.; de Jesus, S.N.; Viseu, J.N.; Stobäus, C.D.; Guerreiro, M.; Domingues, R.B. Depression and quality of life in older adults: Mediation effect of steep quality. Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol. 2018,18, 8-17.
101. Doty, R.L.; Kamath, V. The influences of age on olfaction: A review. Front. Psychol. 2014, 5, 20.
102. Remillard, M.L.; Mazor, K.M.; Cutrona, S.L.; Gurwitz, J.H.; Tjia, J. Systematic review of the use of online questionnaires of older adults. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2014, 62, 696-705.
103. Fisher, R.J. Social Desirability Bias and the Validity of Indirect Questioning. J. Consum. Res. 1993, 20, 303-315.