Starch-based nanocomposites for biomedical applications

Biodegradable Polymeric Nanocomposites: Advances in Biomedical Applications

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 73-94

  Torres, Fernando G ^a   Arce, Diego ^a  

^a PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL PERÚ   (Peru)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MEDICAL APPLICATIONS; SEED;

BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS; ENERGY RESERVES; ENERGY SOURCE; GRANULAR STRUCTURESS; HIGHER PLANTS; POTATO STARCHES; STARCH-BASED;

STARCH;

EID: 85054276046     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/b19314     Document Type: Chapter

References (116)

1. Bogracheva, T. Y., C. Meares and C. L. Hedley. 2006. The effect of heating on the thermodynamic characteristics of potato starch. Carbohydr. Polym. 63: 323-330.
2. Blennow, A., A. M. Bay-Smidt, P. Leonhardt, O. Bandsholm and M. H. Madsen. 2003. Starch paste stickiness is a relevant native starch selection criterion for wet-end paper manufacturing. Starch/Starke 55: 381-389.
3. Pareta, R. and M. J. Edirisinghe. 2006. A novel method for the preparation of starch films and coatings. Carbohydr. Polym. 63: 425-431.
4. Ramesh, M., J. R. Mitchell and S. E. Harding. 1999. Amylose content of rice starch. Starch 51: 311-313.
5. Castro, J. V., C. Dumas, H. Chiou, M. A. Fitzgerald and R. G. Gilbert. 2005. Mechanistic information from analysis of molecular weight distributions of starch. Biomacromolecules 6: 2248-2259.
6. Suortti, T., M. V. Gorenstein and P. Roger. 1998. Determination of the molecular mass of amylose. J. Chromatogr. A 828: 515-521.
7. Xie, F., E. Pollet, P. J. Halley and L. Averous. 2013. Starch-based nano-biocomposites. Progr. Polym. Sci. 38: 1590-1628.
8. Donald, A. M. 1994. Physics of foodstuffs. Rep. Progr. Phys. 57: 1081-1135.
9. Torres, F. G., O. P. Troncoso, C. Torres, D. A. Díaz and E. Amaya. 2011. Biodegradability and mechanical properties of starch films from Andean crops. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 48: 603-606.
10. Jenkins, P. J., R. E. Cameron and A. M. Donald. 1993. A universal feature in the structure of starch granules from different botanical sources. Starch/Starke 45: 417-420.
11. Perry, P. A. and A. M. Donald. 2000. The role of plasticization in starch granule assembly. Biomacromolecules 1: 424-432.
12. Gidley, M. J. 2001. Starch: Advances. In: Structure and Function, Royal Society of Chemistry, eds. T. L. Barsby, A. M. Donald and P. J. Frazier, pp. 1-7. Food Chemistry Group, London, U.K.
13. Saibene, D., H. F. Zobel, D. B. Thompson and K. Seetharaman. 2008. Iodine-binding in granular starch: Different effects of moisture content for corn and potato. Starch Starch-Stärke 60: 165-173.
14. Donovan, J. W. 1979. Phase transitions of the starch-water system. Biopolymers 18: 263-275.
15. Jane, J., Y. Y. Chen, L. F. Lee et al. 1999. Effects of amylopectin branch chain length and amylose content on the gelatinization and pasting properties of starch. Cereal Chem. 76: 629-637.
16. Biliaderis, C. G., C. M. Page, T. J. Maurice and B. O. Juliano. 1986. Thermal characterization of rice starches: A polymeric approach to phase transitions of granular starch. J. Agric. Food Chem. 34: 6-14.
17. Jenkins, P. J. and A. M. Donald. 1995. The influence of amylose on starch granule structure. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 17: 315-321.
18. Srichuwong, S., T. C. Sunarti, T. Mishima, N. Isono and M. Hisamatsu. 2005. Starches from different botanical sources I: Contribution of amylopectin fine structure to thermal properties and enzyme digestibility. Carbohydr. Polym. 60: 529-538.
19. Srichuwong, S., T. C. Sunarti, T. Mishima, N. Isono and M. Hisamatsu. 2005. Starches from different botanical sources II: Contribution of starch structure to swelling and pasting properties. Carbohydr. Polym. 62: 25-34.
20. Hoover, R. 2001. Composition molecular structure and physicochemical properties of tuber and root starches. Carbohydr. Polym. 45: 253-267.
21. Mweta, D. E., M. T. Labuschagne, S. Bonnet, J. Swarts and J. D. K. Saka. 2010. Isolation and physicochemical characterisation of starch from cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) grown in Malawi. J. Sci. Food Agric. 90: 1886-1896.
22. Torres, F. G., Troncoso, O. P., Díaz, D. A., Amaya, E. 2011. Morphological and thermal characterization of native starches from Adean crops. Starch/Stärke 63: 381-389.
23. Karlsson, M. E. and Eliasson, A. 2003. Gelatinization and retrogradation of potato (Solanum tuberosum) starch in situ as assessed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Lebensm. Wiss. Technol. 36: 735-741.
24. Sandhu, K. S. and Singh, N. 2007. Some properties of corn starches II: Physicochemical, gelatinization, retrogradation, pasting and gel textural properties. Food Chem. 101: 1499-1507.
25. Fleche, G. 1985. Chemical modification and degradation of starch. In: Starch Conversion Technology, eds. G. Van Beynum and J. A. Roels, pp. 73-100. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
26. Agboola, S. O., J. O. Akingbala and G. B. Oguntimein. 1991. Physicochemical and functional properties of low DS cassava starch acetates and citrates. Starch/Starke 43: 62-66.
27. Kaur, L., J. Singh and Q. Liu. 2007. Starch-A potential biomaterial for biomedical applications. In: Nanomaterials and Nanosystems for Biomedical Applications, ed. M. R. Mozafari, pp. 83-98. Springer, the Netherlands.
28. Shefer, A., S. Shefer, J. Kost and R. Langer. 1992. Structural characterization of starch networks in the solid state by cross-polarization magic-angle-spinning carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy and wide angle x-ray diffraction. Macromolecules 25: 6756-6760.
29. Van Soest, J. J. G. and J. F.G, Vliegenthart. 1997. Crystallinity in starch plastics: consequences for material properties. Trend Biotechnol. 15: 208-213.
30. Malafaya, P. B., F. Stappers and R. L. Reis. 2006. Starch-based microspheres produced by emulsion crosslinking with a potential media dependent responsive behavior to be used as drug delivery carriers. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 17: 371-377.
31. Singh, J., Kaur, L. and McCarthy, O. J. 2007. Factors influencing the physico-chemical, morphological, thermal and rheological properties of some chemically modified starches for food applications-A review. Food Hydrocoll. 21: 1-22.
32. Gustavsin, B. 1983. Cadexomer iodine: Introduction. In: Cadexomer Iodine, eds. J. A. Fox and H. Fischer. Schttauer, Stuttgart, New York.
33. Torres, F. G., S. Commeaux and O. P. Troncoso. 2013. Starch-based biomaterials for wound-dressing applications. Starch/Starke 65: 543-551.
34. Sundberg, J. and R. Meller. 1993. A retrospective review of the use of cadexomer iodine in the treatment of chronic wounds. Wounds: Compendium. Clin. Pract. Res. 9: 68-86.
35. Hillstrom, L. 1988. IODOSORB Compared to standard treatment in chronic venous leg ulcers-A multi centre study. Acta Chir. Scand. Suppl. 544: 53-56.
36. Holloway, G. A., K. H. Johansen, R. W. Barnes and G. E. Pierce. 1989. Multicenter trial of cadexomer iodine to treat venous stasis ulcer. West. J. Med. 151: 35-38.
37. Laudanska, H. and B. Gustavson. 1988. In-patients treatment of chronic varicose venous ulcers: A randomised trial of cadexomer-iodine versus standard dressing. J. Int. Med. Res. 16: 428-435.
38. Moberg, S., L. Hoffman, M. L. Grennert and A. Holst. 1983. A randomized trial of cadexomer iodine in decubitus ulcers. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 31: 462-465.
39. Ormiston, M. C., M. T. Seymour, G. E. Venn, R. I. Cohen and J. A. Fox. 1985. Controlled trial of IODOSORB in chronic venous ulcers. Br. Med. J. 291: 308-310.
40. Skog, E., B. Arnesjo, T. Troeng, et al., 1983. A randomised trial comparing cadexomer iodine and standard treatment in the out-patient management of chronic venous ulcers. Br. J. Dermatol. 109: 77-83.
41. Sangseethong, K., S. Lertphanich and K. Sriroth. 2009. Physicochemical properties of oxidized cassava starch prepared under various alkalinity levels. Starch/Stärke 61: 92-100.
42. Lawal, O. S., K. O. Adebowale, B. M. Ogunsanwo, L. L Barba and N. S. Ilo. 2005. Oxidized and acid thinned starch derivatives of hybrid maize: Functional characteristics, wide-angle X-ray diffractometry and thermal properties. Int. J Biol. Macromol 35: 71-79.
43. BeMiller, J. N. and R. L. Whistler. 1984. In: Starch Chemistry and Technology, 2nd edn., eds. R. L. Whustler, J. N. Bemiller and E. F. Paschall. Academic Press, New York.
44. Wang, H., Wang, W., Jiang, S., Jiang, S. et al. 2011. Poly(vinyl alcohol)/oxidized starch fibres via electrospinning technique: Fabrication and characterization. Iran. Polym. J. 20: 551-558.
45. Kesler, C. C. and E. T. Hjermstad. 1950. Preparation of starch ethers in original granule form. U.S. Pat. 2,516,633.
46. Gallandat, R. C. G., A. W. Siemons, D. Baus, et al. 2000. A novel hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4) for effective perioperative plasma volume substitution in cardiac surgery. Can. J. Anesth. 47: 1207-1215.
47. Marques A. P., R. L. Reis and J. A. Hunt. 2002. The biocompatibility of novel starch-based polymers and composites: In vitro studies. Biomaterials 23: 1471-1478.
48. Mendes S. C., R. L. Reis, Y. P. Bovell, A. M. Cunha, C. A. van Blitterswijk and J. D. de Bruijn. 2001. Biocompatibility testing of novel starch-based materials with potential application in orthopaedic surgery: A preliminary study. Biomaterials 22: 2057-2064.
49. Azevedo H. S., F. M. Gama and R. L. Reis. 2003. In vitro assessment of the enzymatic degradation of several starch-based biomaterials. Biomacromolecules 4: 1703-1712.
50. Defaye J. and E. Wong. 1986. Structural studies of gum arabic, the exudate polysaccharide from acacia senegal. Carbohydr. Res. 150: 221-231.
51. Reddy S. M., V. R. Sinha and D. S. Reddy. 1999. Novel oral colon-specific drug delivery systems for pharmacotherapy of peptides and nonpeptide drugs. Drugs Today 35: 537-580.
52. Sinha V. R. and R. Kumria. 2001. Polysaccharides in colon-specific drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm. 224: 19-38.
53. Williams, D. F. 1987. Definitions in Biomaterials. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
54. Williams, D. F. 2008. On the mechanisms of biocompatibility. Biomaterials 29: 2941-2953.
55. Marques, A. P., R. L. Reis and J. A. Hunt. 2005. An in vivo study of the host response to starch-based polymers and composites subcutaneously implanted in rats. Macromol. Biosci. 5: 775-785.
56. Kozlowska, M., K. Fryder and B. Wolko. 2001. Peroxidase involvement in the defense response of red raspberry to Didymella applanata. Acta Physiol. Plant. 23: 303-310.
57. Martins, A., S. Chung, A. J. Pedro, et al. 2009. Hierarchical starch-based fibrous scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications. J. Tissue Eng. Regener. Med. 3: 37-42.
58. Azevedo, H. S. and R. L. Reis. 2009. Encapsulation of a-amylase into starch-based biomaterials: An enzymatic approach to tailor their degradation rate. Acta Biomater. 5: 3021-3030.
59. Reddy, N. and Y. Yang. 2009. Preparation and properties of starch acetate fibers for potential tissue engineering applications. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 103: 1016-1022.
60. Tuzlakoglu, K., I. Pashkuleva, M. T. Rodrigues, et al. 2010. A new route to produce starch-based fiber mesh scaffolds by wet spinning and subsequent surface modification as a way to improve cell attachment and proliferation. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A 92: 369-377.
61. Alves, N. M., I. B. Leonor, H. S. Azevedo, R. L. Reis and J. F. Mano. 2010. Designing biomaterials based on biomineralization of bone. J. Mater. Chem. 20: 2911-2921.
62. Saikia, J. P., Banerjee, S., Konwar, B. K. and Kumar, A. 2010. Biocompatible novel starch/polyaniline composites: Characterization, anti-cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity. Colloid Surf B: Biointerf. 81: 158-164.
63. Aswathy, R. G., Sivakumar, B., Brahatheeswaran, D., Yoshida, Y., Maekawa, T. and Kumar, D. S. Green synthesis, characterization and in vitro biocompatibility of starch capped PbSe nanoparticles. Adv. Sci. Lett. 16: 69-75.
64. Lu, D. R., C. M. Xiao and S. J. Xu. 2009. Starch-based completely biodegradable polymer materials. Express Polym. Lett. 3: 366-375.
65. Boesel, L. F., J. F. Mano and R. L. Reis. 2004. Optimization of the formulation and mechanical properties of starch-based partially degradable bone cements. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 15: 73-83.
66. Gomes, M. E., V. I. Sikavitsas, E. Behravesh, R. L. Reis and A. G. Mikos. 2003. Effect of flow perfusion on the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells cultured on starch-based three-dimensional scaffolds. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A 67: 87-95.
67. Neves, N. M., A. Kouyumdzhiev and R. L. Reis. 2005. The morphology, mechanical properties and ageing behavior of porous injection molded starch-based blends for tissue engineering scaffolding. Mater. Sci. Eng: C 25: 195-200.
68. Gomes, M. E., J. S. Godinho, D. Tchalamov, A. M. Cunha and R. L Reis. 2002. Alternative tissue engineering scaffolds based on starch: Processing methodologies, morphology, degradation and mechanical properties. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 20: 19-26.
69. Yang, J., Huang, Y., Gao, C., Liu, M., Zhang, X. 2014. Fabrication and evaluation of the novel reduction-sensitive starch nanoparticles for controlled drug release. Coll. Surf. B. Biointerf. 115: 368-376.
70. Salgado, A. J., O. P. Coutinho, R. L. Reis and J. E. Davies. 2006. In vivo response to starch-based scaffolds designed for bone tissue engineering applications. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A 80: 983-989.
71. Darwish, L. R., M. Farag, M. T. El-Wakad and M. Emara. 2013. The use of starch matrix-banana fiber composites for biodegradable maxillofacial bone plates. In: Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Biology, Medical Physics, Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Innsbruck, Austria.
72. Gomes, M. E., H. S. Azevedo, A. R. Moreira, V. Ellä, M. Kellomäki and R. L. Reis. 2008. Starch-poly(ε-caprolactone) and starch-poly(lactic acid) fibre-mesh scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications: Structure, mechanical properties and degradation behaviour. J. Tissue Eng. Regenerative Med. 2: 243-252.
73. Santos, M. I., S. Fuchs, M. E. Gomes, R. E. Unger, R. L. Reis and C. J. Kirkpatrick. 2007. Response of micro- and macrovascular endothelial cells to starch-based fiber meshes for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 28: 240-248.
74. Wang, Y., M. A. Rodriguez-Perez, R. L. Reis and J. F. Mano. 2005. Thermal and thermomechanical behaviour of polycaprolactone and starch/polycaprolactone blends for biomedical applications. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 290: 792-801.
75. Chakraborty, S., B. Sahoo, I. Teraka, L. M. Miller and R. A. Gross. 2005. Enzyme-catalyzed regioselective modification of starch nanoparticles. Macromolecules 38: 61-68.
76. Lenaerts, V., I. Moussa, Y. Dumoulin, et al. 1998. Cross-linked high amylose starch for controlled release of drugs: Recent advances. J Controll. Rel. 53: 225-234.
77. Vandamme, Th. F., A. Lenourry, C. Charrueau and J. C. Chaumeil. 2002. The use of polysaccharides to target drugs to the colon. Carbohydr. Polym. 48: 219-231.
78. Kost, J. and S. Shefer. 1990. Chemically-modified polysaccharides for enzymatically-controlled oral drug delivery. Biomaterials 11: 695-698.
79. Simi, C. K. and E. T. Abraham. 2007. Hydrophobic grafted and cross-linked starch nanoparticles for drug delivery. Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 30: 173-180.
80. Shaikh, M. M. and S. V. Lonikar. 2009. Starch-acrylics graft copolymers and blends: Synthesis, characterization, and applications as matrix for drug delivery. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 114: 2893-2900.
81. Balmayor, E. R., K. Tuzlakoglu, A. P. Marques, H. S. Azevedo and R. L. Reis. 2008. A novel enzymatically mediated drug delivery carrier for bone tissue engineering applications: Combining biodegradable starch based microparticles and differentiation agents. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 19: 1617-1623.
82. Reis, A. V., M. R. Guilherme, T. A. Moia, L. H. C. Mattoso, E. C. Muniz and E. B. Tambourgi. 2008. Synthesis and characterization of a starch-modified hydrogel as potential carrier for drug delivery system. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 46: 2567-2574.
83. Peppas, N. A., P. Bures, W. Leobandung and H. Ichikawa. 2000. Hydrogels in pharmaceutical formulations. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 50: 27-46.
84. Kordestani, S. S. 2014. Natural biopolymers: Wound care applications. In: Encyclopedia of Biomedical Polymers and Polymeric Biomaterials, ed. M. Mishra, CRC Press, U.K.
85. Pal, K., A. Banthia and D. Majumdar. 2009. Starch-based hydrogel with potential biomedical application as artificial skin. ABNF J. 9: 23-29.
86. Shalviri, A., Q. Liu, M. J. Abdekhodaie and X. Y. Wu. 2010. Novel modified starch-xanthan gum hydrogels for controlled drug delivery: Synthesis and characterization. Carbohydr. Polym. 79: 898-907.
87. Elvira, C., J. F. Mano, J. San Roman and R. L. Reis. 2002. Starch-based biodegradable hydrogels with potential biomedical applications as drug delivery systems. Biomaterials 23: 1955-1966.
88. Wattanutchariya, W. and W. Changkowchai. 2012. Development of hemostatic agent from local material. In: Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Industrial Engineering & Management Systems, Phuket, Thailand.
89. Konwarh, R., N. Karak, C. E. Sawian, S. Baruah and M. Mandal. 2011. Effect of sonication and aging on the templating attribute of starch for “green” silver nanoparticles and their interactions at bio-interface. Carbohydr. Polym. 83: 1245-1252.
90. Chang, P. R., R. Jian, J. Yu and X. Ma. 2010. Starch-based composites reinforced with novel chitin nanoparticles. Carbohydr. Polym. 80: 420-425.
91. Chang, P. R., R. Jian, J. Yu and X. Ma. 2010. Fabrication and characterisation of chitosan nanoparticles/plasticised-starch composites. Food Chem. 120: 736-740.
92. Vigneshwaran, N., Nachane, R. P., Balasubramanya, R. H. and Varadarajan, P. V. 2006. A novel one-pot ‘green’ synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles using soluble starch. Carbohydr. Res. 341: 2012-2018.
93. Chung, Y., S. Ansari, L. Estevez, S. Hayrapetyan, E. P. Giannelis and H. Lai. 2010. Preparation and properties of biodegradable starch-clay nanocomposites. Carbohydr. Polym. 79: 391-396.
94. Grande, C. J., Torres, F. G., Gomez, C. M., Troncoso, O. P., Canet-Ferrer, J., Martinez-Pastor, J. 2009. Development of self-assembled bacterial cellulose-starch nanocomposites. Mat. Sci. Eng. C 29: 1098-1104.
95. Le Corre, D., J. Bras and A. Dufresne. 2010. Starch nanoparticles: A review. Biomacromolecules 11: 1139-1153.
96. García, N. L., L. Ribba, A. Dufresne, M. I. Aranguren and S. Goyanes. 2011. Effect of glycerol on the morphology of nanocomposites made from thermoplastic starch and starch nanocrystals. Carbohydr. Polym. 84: 203-210.
97. García, N. L., L. Ribba, A. Dufresne, M. I. Aranguren and S. Goyanes. 2009. Physico-mechanical properties of biodegradable starch nanocomposites. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 294: 169-177.
98. Viguié, J., S. Molina-Boisseau and A. Dufresne. 2007. Processing and characterization of waxy maize starch films plasticized by sorbitol and reinforced with starch nanocrystals. Macromol. Biosci. 7: 1206-1216.
99. Ma, X., R. Jian, P. R. Chang and J. Yu. 2008. Fabrication and characterization of citric acid-modified starch nanoparticles/plasticized-starch composites. Biomacromolecules 9: 3314-3320.
100. Angellier, H., S. Molina-Boisseau, P. Dole and A. Dufresne. 2006. Thermoplastic starch-waxy maize starch nanocrystals nanocomposites. Biomacromolecules 7: 531-539.
101. Angellier, H., S. Molina-Boisseau, L. Lebrun and A. Dufresne. 2005. Processing and structural properties of Waxy maize starch nanocrystals reinforced natural rubber. Macromolecules 38: 3783-3792.
102. Lane, M. E. 2011. Nanoparticles and the skin-applications and limitations. J. Microencapsul. 28: 709-716.
103. Hakansson, L., A. Hakansson, O. Morales, L. Thorelius and T. Warfving. 1997. Spherex (degradable starch microspheres) chemo-occlusion-Enhancement of tumor drug concentration and therapeutic efficacy: An overview. Semin. Oncol. 24: 100-109.
104. Gamucci, O., A. Bertero, M. Gagliardi and G. Bardi. 2014. Biomedical nanoparticles: Overview of their surface immune-compatibility. Coatings 4: 139-159.
105. Harrison, B. S. and A. Atala. 2007. Carbon nanotube applications for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 28: 344-353.
106. Valdés, M. G., A. C. V. González, J. A. G. Calzón and M. E. Díaz-García. 2009. Analytical nanotechnology for food analysis. Microchim. Acta 166: 1-19.
107. Famá, L. M., V. Pettarin, S. N. Goyanes and C. R. Bernal. 2011. Starch/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composites with improved mechanical properties. Carbohydr. Polym. 83: 1226-1231.
108. Mose, B. R. and S. M. Maranga. 2011. A review on starch-based nanocomposites for bioplastic materials. J. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 1: 239-245.
109. Janssen, L. and L. Moscicki. 2009. Thermoplastic Starch. Willey-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany.
110. Eid, M. 2011. Gamma radiation synthesis and characterization of starch-based polyelectrolyte hydrogels loaded silver nanoparticles. J. Inorg. Organometal. Polym. Mater. 21: 297-305.
111. Abdel-Halim, E. S., S. S. Al-Deyab. 2014. Antimicrobial activity of silver/starch/polyacrylamide nanocomposite. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 68: 33-38.
112. Yoksan, R. and Chirachanchai, S. 2010. Silver nanoparticle-loaded chitosan-starch-based films: Fabrication and evaluation of tensile, barrier and antimicrobial properties. Mater. Sci. Eng: C 30: 891-897.
113. Gao, X., L. Wei, H. Yan and B. Xu. 2011. Green synthesis and characteristic of core-shell structure silver/starch nanoparticles. Mater. Lett 65: 2963-2965.
114. Schmitt, H., K. Prashantha, J. Soulestin, M. F. Lacrampe and P. Krawczak. 2012. Preparation and properties of novel melt-blended halloysite nanotubes/wheat starch nanocomposites. Carbohydr. Polym. 89: 920-927.
115. Valodkar, M., P. Sharma, D. K. Kanchan and S. Thakore. 2010. Conducting and antimicrobial properties of silver nanowire-waxy starch nanocomposites. Int. J. Green Nanotechnol. Phys. Chem. 2: 10-19.
116. Valodkar, M., P. S. Rathore, R. N. Jadeja, M. Thounaojam, R. V. Devkar and S. Thakore. 2012. Cytotoxicity evaluation and antimicrobial studies of starch capped water soluble copper nanoparticles. J. Hazard. Mater. 201: 244-249.