Bringing cultured meat to market: Technical, socio-political, and regulatory challenges in cellular agriculture

Trends in Food Science and Technology

Volumn 78, Issue , 2018, Pages 155-166

  Stephens, Neil ^a   Di Silvio, Lucy ^c   Dunsford, Illtud ^b   Ellis, Marianne ^d   Glencross, Abigail ^e   Sexton, Alexandra ^f  

^a BRUNEL UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b Charcutier Ltd   (United Kingdom)

^c KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^d Dept of Chemical Engineering ^*  (United Kingdom)

^e Weston Park Farm   (United Kingdom)

^f UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cellular agriculture; Clean meat; Cultured meat; In vitro meat; Regulation; Society

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURE; ANIMAL CELL CULTURE; ANIMALS;

COMMERCIAL-SCALE PRODUCTION; IN-VITRO; INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAMS; PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCES; REGULATION; SOCIETY; SYNTHETIC MATERIALS; TECHNICAL CHALLENGES;

MEATS;

EID: 85048566593     PISSN: 09242244     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.04.010     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Alexander, P., Brown, C., Arneth, A., Dias, C., Finnigan, J., Moran, D., et al. Could consumption of insects, cultured meat or imitation meat reduce global agricultural land use?. Global Food Security 15:1 (2017), 22–32.
2. Allied Market Research, World meat substitute Market: Opportunities and forecasts, 2014-2020. https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/press-release/global-meat-substitute-market.html, 2014 Accessed 24.5.17.
3. Animal Welfare Act. (2006 Chapter 45). http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/45 Accessed 23.5.17.
4. Armaza-Armaza, J.A., Armaza-Galdos, J., Legal and ethical challenges regarding edible in vitro meat production. Casabona, C., Epifanio, L., Cirión, A., (eds.) Global food Security: Ethical and legal challenges, 2010, Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, 513–520.
5. Arora, M., Cell culture media: A review. Material Methods, 3, 2013, 175.
6. Arshad, M.S., et al. Tissue engineering approaches to develop cultured meat from cells: A mini review. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 3(1), 2017, 1320814.
7. Aswad, H., Jalabert, A., Rome, S., Depleting extracellular vesicles from fetal bovine serum alters proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle cells in vitro. BMC Biotechnology, 16, 2016, 32.
8. Bekker, G., Fischer, A., Tobi, H., van Trijp, H., Explicit and implicit attitude toward an emerging food technology: The case of cultured meat. Appetite 108 (2017), 245–254.
9. Benjaminson, M., Gilchriest, J., Lorenz, M., In-vitro edible muscle protein production system (MPPS): Stage 1, Fish. Acta Astronautica 51:12 (2002), 879–889.
10. Bentzinger, C., Wang, Y., Rudnicki, M., Building Muscle: Molecular regulation of myogenesis. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 4, 2012, a008342.
11. Bian, W., Bursac, N., Engineered skeletal muscle tissue networks with controllable architecture. Biomaterials 30 (2009), 1401–1412.
12. Birch, K., Levidow, L., Papaioannou, T., Sustainable Capital? The neoliberalisation of nature and knowledge in the European “Knowledge-based bio-economy”. Sustainability 2 (2010), 2898–2918.
13. Bonny, S., Gardner, G., Pethick, D., Hocquette, F., What is artificial meat and what does it mean for the future of the meat industry?. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 14:2 (2015), 255–263.
14. Bows, A., Dawkins, E., Gough, C., Mander, S., McLachlan, C., Röder, M., et al. What's cooking?. 2012, Sustainable Consumption Institute at The University of Manchester, UK.
15. Brunner, D., Frank, J., Appl, H., Schöffl, H., Pfaller, W., Gstraunthaler, G., Serum-free cell culture: The serum-free media interactive online database. ALTEX 27 (2010), 53–62.
16. Bryant, C., Barnett, J., Consumer acceptance of cultured meat: A systematic review. Meat Science 143 (2018), 8–17.
17. Burattini, S., Ferri, P., Battistelli, M., Curci, R., Luchetti, F., Falcieri, E., C2C12 murine myoblasts as a model of skeletal muscle development: Morpho-functional characterization. European Journal of Histochemistry 48 (2004), 223–233.
18. Burton, N.M., Vierck, J., Krabbenhoft, L., Bryne, K., Dodson, M.V., Methods for animal satellite cell culture under a variety of conditions. Methods in Cell Science 22 (2000), 51–61.
19. Business Wire, Global meat subsitutes market 2017-2023: A potential market value of $46 billion by 2020-research and markets. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180108006475/en/Global-Meat-Substitutes-Market-2017-2023-Potential-Market, 2018 Accessed 14.2.18.
20. Butler, M., Serum and protein free media. Animal Cell Culture 9 (2015), 223–236.
21. Caldwell, A., Rise of the Flexitarians: From dietary absolutes to daily decisions. 2015 Accessed 24/5/16.
22. Catts, O., Zurr, I., The ethics of experiential engagement with the manipulation of life. Costa, da B., Philip, K., (eds.) Tactical biopolitics. Art, activism and technoscience, 2010, MIT Press, Cambridge, 125–142.
23. Chan, B.P., Leong, K.W., Scaffolding in tissue engineering: General approaches and tissue-specific considerations. European Spine Journal 17:4 (2008), 467–479.
24. Chase, L.G., Lakshmipathy, U., Solchaga, L.A., Rao, M.S., Vemuri, M.C., A novel serum-free medium for the expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 1(1), 2010, 8.
25. Chauvet, D., Should cultured meat be refused in the name of animal dignity?. Ethical Theory & Moral Practice, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10677-018-9888-4 Online ahead of print 21/4/18.
26. Chen, S., Nakamoto, T., Kawazoe, N., Chen, G., Engineering multi-layered skeletal muscle tissue by using 3D microgrooved collagen scaffolds. Biomaterials 73 (2015), 23–31.
27. Chiron, S., Tomczak, C., Duperray, A., Lainé, J., Bonne, G., Eder, A., et al. Complex interactions between human myoblasts and the surrounding 3D fibrin-based matrix. PLoS One, 7, 2012, e36173.
28. Cole, M., Morgan, K., Engineering Freedom? A critique of biotechnological routes to animal liberation. Configurations 21:2 (2013), 201–229.
29. Commission Directive 2006/17/EC. (2006). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32006L0017 Accessed 23/5/16.
30. CookMyoSite, Skeletal muscle cells. http://research.cookmyosite.com/research-products/skeletal-muscle-cells/#details, 2016 Accessed 24.2.17.
31. Datar, I., In vitro meat is… cultured. Food Phreaking 2 (2016), 16–21.
32. Datar, I., Betti, M., Possibilities for an in-vitro meat production system. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies 11:13 (2010), 13–22.
33. Datar, I., Kim, E., d'Origny, G., New Harvest: Building the cellular economy. Donaldson, B., Carter, C., (eds.) The future of meat without animals, 2016, Rowman and Littlefields International, London, 121–132.
34. Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Irish consumer and industry acceptance of novel food Technologies: Research highlights, implications and recommendations report published by the department of agriculture, food and the marine. 2013.
35. Dilworth, T., McGregor, A., Moral steaks? Ethical discourses of in vitro meat in academia and Australia. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 28 (2015), 85–107.
36. Driessen, C., Korthals, M., Pig towers and in-vitro Meat: Disclosing moral worlds by design. Social Studies of Science 42:6 (2012), 797–820.
37. European Parliament, Laying down specific rules on official controls for Trichinella in meat. 2003 Edn. No. 2075.
38. Eva, R., Bram, D.C., Joery, D.K., Tamara, V., Geert, B., Vera, R., et al. Strategies for immortalization of primary hepatocytes. Journal of Hepatology 61:4 (2014), 925–943.
39. FAO, World livestock 2013 – changing disease landscapes. 2013 Rome.
40. FDA, Q&A on FDA regulation of intentionally altered genomic DNA in animals. https://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/GeneticEngineering/GeneticallyEngineeredAnimals/ucm113605.htm, 2017 Accessed 22/2/17.
41. FoodBevMedia, UK meat substitutes sales to grow by 25% in four years. https://www.foodbev.com/news/uk-meat-substitutes-sales-grow-25-four-years/, 2017 Accessed 14.2.18.
42. Friedrich, B., “Clean meat”: The “clean energy” of food. http://www.gfi.org/clean-meat-the-clean-energy-of-food, 2016 (accessed 3/1/17).
43. Fujita, H., Endo, A., Shimizu, K., Nagamori, E., Evaluation of serum-free differentiation conditions for C2C12 myoblast cells assessed as to active tension generation capability. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 107 (2010), 894–901.
44. Genovese, N.J., Domeier, T., Prakash, B., Telugu, V.L., Roberts, R.M., Enhanced development of skeletal myotubes from porcine induced pluripotent stem cells. Scientific Reports, 7, 2017, 41833.
45. Gerber, P.J., Steinfeld, H., Henderson, B., Mottet, A., Opio, C., Dijkman, J., et al. Tackling climate change through livestock: A global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities. 2013, FAO, Rome.
46. Gillies, A., Lieber, R., Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle & Nerve 44:3 (2011), 318–331.
47. Goodwin, J., Shoulders, C., The future of meat: A qualitative analysis of cultured meat media coverage. Meat Science 95 (2013), 445–450.
48. Grefte, S., Kuijpers-Jagtman, A., Torensma, R., Von Der Hoff, J.W., Skeletal muscle development and regeneration. Stem Cells and Development 16 (2007), 857–868.
49. Hart Research Associates, Perceptions of cellular agriculture. https://www.dropbox.com/s/8k8tx9fvkqn7h7y/Hart%20ELI%20NH%20Report.pdf, 2017 Accessed 25.3.17.
50. Hinds, S., Bian, W., Dennis, R.G., Bursac, N., The role of extracellular matrix composition in structure and function of bioengineered skeletal muscle. Biomaterials 32 (2011), 3575–3583.
51. Hinds, S., Tyhovych, N., Sistrunk, C., Terracio, L., Improved tissue culture conditions for engineered skeletal muscle sheets. Science World Journal, 2013, 370151.
52. Hocquette, A., Is it possible to save the environment and satisfy consumers with artificial meat?. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 14:2 (2015), 206–207.
53. Hocquette, A., Educated consumers don't believe artificial meat is the solution to the problems with the meat industry. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 14:2 (2015), 273–284.
54. Hocquette, F., Is in vitro meat the solution for the future?. Meat Science 120 (2016), 167–176.
55. Hopkins, P., Dacey, A., Vegetarian Meat: Could technology save animals and satisfy meat eaters?. Journal of Agricultural Ethics 21:6 (2008), 579–596.
56. Jönsson, E., Benevolent technotopias and hitherto unimaginable meats: Tracing the promises of in vitro meat. Social Studies of Science 46:5 (2016), 725–748.
57. Jung, S., Panchalingam, K., Rosenberg, L., Behie, L., Ex vivo expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells in defined serum-free media. Stem Cells International, 123030, 2012.
58. Just, Clean meat: A vision of the future. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GgP6jo5DTM, 2017 (accessed 3/1/17).
59. Kadim, I., Mahgoub, O., Baqir, S., Faye, B., Purchas, R., Cultured meat from muscle stem cells: A review of challenges and prospects. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 14:2 (2015), 222–233.
60. Kirouac, D.C., Zandstra, P.W., The systematic production of cells for cell therapies. Cell Stem Cell 3:4 (2008), 369–381.
61. Kolesky, D.B., Homan, K.A., Skylar-Scott, M.A., Lewis, J.A., Three-dimensional bioprinting of thick vascularized tissues. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States 113 (2016), 3179–3184.
62. Kramer, K., In vitro meat is… a name. Food Phreaking 2 (2016), 30–36.
63. Laestadius, L., Public perceptions of the ethics of in-vitro Meat: Determining an appropriate course of action. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 28:5 (2015), 991–1009.
64. Laestadius, L., Caldwell, M., Is the future of meat palatable? Perceptions of in vitro meat as evidenced by online news comments. Public Health Nutrition 18:13 (2015), 2457–2467.
65. Langelaan, M., Boonen, K., Rosaria-Chak, K., van der Schaft, D., Post, M., Baaijens, F., Advanced maturation by electrical stimulation: Differences in response between C2C12 and primary muscle progenitor cells. Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 5:7 (2011), 529–539.
66. Lee, A., An ecofeminist perspective on new food technologies. Canadian Food Studies 5:1 (2018), 63–89.
67. Legislation.go.uk, Human tissue (quality and safety for human application) regulations. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2007/1523/contents/made, 2007 Accessed 23/5/16.
68. Lovett, M., Lee, K., Edwards, A., Kaplan, D.L., Vascularization strategies for tissue engineering. Tissue Engineering Part B Reviews 15:3 (2009), 353–370.
69. Marcu, A., Gaspar, R., Rutsaert, P., Seibt, B., Fletcher, D., Verbeke, W., et al. Analogies, metaphors, and wondering about the future: Lay sense-making around synthetic meat. Public Understanding of Science 24:5 (2015), 547–562.
70. Mattick, C.S., Landis, A.E., Allenby, B.R., Genovese, N.J., Anticipatory life cycle analysis of in vitro biomass cultivation for cultured meat production in the United States. Environmental Science & Technology 49:19 (2015), 11941–11949.
71. McHugh, S., Real artificial: Tissue-cultured meat, genetically modified farm animals, and fictions. Configurations 18:1–2 (2010), 181–197.
72. Metcalf, J., Meet shmeat: Food system ethics, biotechnology and re-worlding technoscience. Parallax 19:1 (2013), 74–87.
73. Modern Meadow, & Marga, F. S. (2015). U.S. Patent No. PCT/US2015/014656. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
74. Mohanty, S., et al. Fabrication of scalable and structured tissue engineering scaffolds using water dissolvable sacrificial 3D printed moulds. Materials Science and Engineering C: Materials for Biological Applications 55 (2015), 569–578.
75. Mouat, M., Prince, Cultured meat and cowless milk: On making markets for animal-free food. Journal of Cultural Economy, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2018.02.030.
76. Mudera, V., Smith, A.S., Brady, M.A., Lewis, M.P., The effect of cell density on the maturation and contractile ability of muscle derived cells in a 3D tissue-engineered skeletal muscle model and determination of the cellular and mechanical stimuli required for the synthesis of a postural phenotype. Journal of Cellular Physiology 225 (2010), 646–653.
77. Muehleder, S., Ovsianikov, A., Zipperle, J., Redl, H., Holnthoner, W., Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2, 2014, 52.
78. Netherwood, T., Assessing the survival of transgenic plant DNA in the human gastrointestinal tract. Nature Biotechnology 22 (2004), 204–209.
79. O'Keefe, L., McLachlan, C., Gough, C., Mander, S., Bows-Larkin, A., Consumer responses to a future UK food system. British Food Journal 118:2 (2016), 412–428.
80. O'Riordan, K., Fotopoulou, A., Stephens, N., The first bite: Imaginaries, promotional publics and the laboratory grown burger. Public Understanding of Science 26:2 (2017), 148–163.
81. Official Journal of the European Union, Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 september 2003 on genetically modified food and feed. 2003, Official Journal of the European Union 18.10.2003 EN L 268/1.
82. Official Journal of the European Union, Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European parliament and of the council of 25 november 2015 on novel foods, amending regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European parliament and of the council and repealing regulation (EC) No 258/97 of the European parliament and of the council and commission regulation (EC) No 1852/2001. 2015, Official Journal of the European Union 11.12.2015 EN L 327/1.
83. Oikonomopoulos, A., van Deem, W.K., Manansala, A.-R., Lacey, P.N., Tomakili, T.A., Ziman, A., et al. Optimization of human mesenchymal stem cell manufacturing: The effects of animal/xeno-free media. Scientific Reports, 5, 2015, 16570.
84. Petetin, L., Frankenburgers, risks and approval European. Journal of Risk Regulation 5:2 (2014), 168–186.
85. Pluhar, E.B., Meat and morality: Alternatives to factory farming. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 23:5 (2010), 455–468.
86. Portiér, G.L., Benders, A.G., Oosterhof, A., Veerkamp, J.H., van Kuppevelt, T.H., Differentiation markers of mouse C2C12 and rat L6 myogenic cell lines and the effect of the differentiation medium. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal 35 (1999), 219–227.
87. Post, M., Cultured meat from stem cells: Challenges and prospects. Meat Science 92 (2012), 297–301.
88. Post, M., Cultured burger press conference footage. (2013). https://culturedbeef.org/media-resources/14044, 2013 accessed 2/1/17.
89. Post, M., Cultured beef: Medical technology to produce food. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 94 (2014), 1039–1041.
90. du Puy, L., Lopes, S., Haagsman, H., Roelen, B., Differentiation of porcine inner cell mass cells into proliferating neural cells. Stem Cells and Development 19:1 (2010), 61–70.
91. Roberts, R., China signs $300m deal to buy lab-grown meat from Israel in move welcomed by vegans. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-israel-trade-deal-lab-grown-meat-veganism-vegetarianism-a7950901.html, 2017 (accessed 3/1/17).
92. Ruddon, R.W., What makes a cancer cell a cancer cell?., 6th ed. Kufe, et al. (eds.) Cancer medicine, Vol. 2, 2003, BC Decker.
93. Sakar, M.S., et al. Formation and optogenetic control of engineered 3D skeletal muscle bioactuators. Lab on a Chip 12 (2012), 4976–4985.
94. Schaefer, O., Savulescu, J., The ethics of producing in vitro meat. Journal of Applied Philosophy 31:2 (2014), 188–202.
95. Schneider, Z., In vitro meat: Space travel, cannibalism, and federal regulation. Houston Law Review, 5(3), 2013, 991.
96. Schnitzler, A.C., Verma, A., Kehoe, D.E., Jing, D., Murrell, J.R., Der, K.A., et al. Bioprocessing of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells for therapeutic use: Current technologies and challenges. Biochemical Engineering Journal 108 (2016), 3–13.
97. Scollan, N.D., Greenwood, P.L., Newbold, C.J., Ruiz, D. R. Yáñez, Shingfield, K.J., Wallace, R.J., et al. Future research priorities for animal production in a changing world. Animal Production Science 51 (2011), 1–5.
98. Sexton, A., Alternative proteins and the (non)stuff of “meat”. Gastronomica 16:3 (2016), 66–78.
99. Sharples, A.P., Player, D.J., Martin, N.R.W., Mudera, V., Stewart, C., Lewis, M., Modelling in vivo skeletal muscle ageing in vitro using three-dimensional bioengineered constructs. Aging Cell 11 (2012), 986–995.
100. Shiozuka, M., Kimura, I., Improved serum-free defined medium for proliferation and differentiation of chick primary myogenic cells. Zoological Science 17 (2000), 201–207.
101. Smetana, S., Mathys, A., Knoch, A., Heinz, V., Meat Alternatives: Life cycle assessment of most known meat substitutes. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 20 (2015), 1254–1267.
102. Smith, A.S., Passey, S., Greensmith, L., Mudera, V., Lewis, M.P., Characterization and optimization of a simple, repeatable system for the long term in vitro culture of aligned myotubes in 3D. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 113 (2012), 1044–1053.
103. Snyman, C., Goetsch, K.P., Myburgh, K.H., Niesler, C.U., Simple silicone chamber system for in vitro three-dimensional skeletal muscle tissue formation. Frontiers in Physiology, 4, 2013, 349.
104. Spisák, S., et al. Complete genes may pass from food to human blood. PLoS One, 8, 2013, e69805.
105. Stephens, N., In vitro Meat: Zombies on the menu?. SCRITPed: A Journal of Law, Technology & Society 7 (2010), 394–401.
106. Stephens, N., Growing meat in laboratories: The promise, ontology and ethical boundary-work of using muscle cells to make food. Configurations: A Journal of Literature, Science and Technology 21:2 (2013), 159–183.
107. Stephens, N., King, E., Lyall, C., Blood, meat, and upscaling tissue engineering: Promises, anticipated markets, and performativity in the biomedical and agri-food sectors. Biosocieties, 2018 https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fs41292-017-0072-1 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41292-017-0072-1 online ahead of print, published 15/1/18.
108. Stephens, N., Lewis, J., Doing laboratory ethnography: Reflections on method in scientific workplaces. Qualitative Research 17:2 (2017), 202–216.
109. Stephens, N., Ruivenkamp, M., Promise and ontological ambiguity in the in vitro meat imagescape: From laboratory myotubes to the cultured burger. Science as Culture 25:3 (2016), 327–355.
110. Stern-Straeter, J., et al. Evaluation of the effects of different culture media on the myogenic differentiation potential of adipose tissue- or bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells. International Journal of Molecular Medicine 33 (2014), 160–170.
111. Sultan, K.R., Haagsman, H.P., Species-specific primary cell cultures: A research tool in veterinary science. Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow, 2001, 1–7.
112. ThermoFisher, Introduction to cell culture. 2017 https://www.thermofisher.com/uk/en/home/references/gibco-cell-culture-basics/introduction-to-cell-culture.html#. (Accessed 23 March 2017)
113. Tuomisto, H., de Mattos, M., Environmental impacts of cultured meat production. Environmental Science and Technology 45 (2011), 6117–6123.
114. Vandenburgh, H.H., Karlisch, P., Farr, L., Maintenance of highly contractile tissue-cultured avian skeletal myotubes in collagen gel. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology 24 (1988), 166–174.
115. Van der Weele, C., In vitro meat: Promises and responses: Cooperation between science, social research and ethics. Casabona, C., Epifanio, L., Cirión, A., (eds.) Global food Security: Ethical and legal challenges, 2010, Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, 507–512.
116. Van der Weele, C., Driessen, C., Emerging profiles for cultured meat; ethics through and as design. Animals 3:3 (2013), 647–662.
117. Verbeke, W., Marcub, A., Rutsaert, P., Gaspar, R., Seibt, B., Fletcher, D., et al. ‘Would you eat cultured meat?’: Consumers' reactions and attitude formation in Belgium, Portugal and the United Kingdom. Meat Science 102 (2015), 49–58.
118. Vinnari, M., Tapio, P., Future images of meat consumption in 2030. Futures 41 (2009), 269–278.
119. Weisberg, Z., Biotechnology as end game: Ontological and ethical collapse in the “Biotech Century” nanoethics, Vol. 9, 2015, 39–54.
120. Wiebe, M.G., Myco-protein from Fusarium venenatum: A well-established product for human consumption. Applied Microbial Biotechnology 58 (2002), 421–427.
121. Wilks, M., Phillips, C., Attitudes to in vitro meat: A survey of potential consumers in the United States. PLoS One, 12(2), 2017, e0171904.
122. Wilschut, K., Jaksani, S., Van Den Dolder, J., Haagsman, H., Roelen, B., Isolation and characterization of porcine adult muscle-derived progenitor cells. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 105:5 (2008), 1228–1239.
123. Wilsdon, J., Willis, R., See through Science: Why public engagement needs to move upstream. 2004, Demos, London.
124. Wu, S.M., Hochedlinger, K., Harnessing the potential of induced pluripotent stem cells for regenerative medicine. Nature Cell Biology 13 (2011), 497–505.
125. Xing, Z.Z., Kenty, B.N., Li, Z.J., Lee, S.S., Scale-up analysis for a CHO cell culture process in large-scale bioreactors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 103 (2009), 733–746.
126. Yin, H., Price, F., Rudnicki, M.A., Satellite cells and the muscle stem cell niche. Physiological Reviews 93 (2013), 23–67.
127. Zammit, P.S., Partridge, T.A., Yablonka-Reuveni, Z., The skeletal muscle satellite cell: The stem cell that came in from the cold. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 54 (2006), 1177–1191.