The western diet–microbiome-host interaction and its role in metabolic disease

Nutrients

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2018, Pages

  Zinöcker, Marit K ^a   Lindseth, Inge A ^b  

^a BJØRKNES UNIVERSITY COLLEGE   (Norway)

^b Balderklinikken   (Norway)

Author keywords

Acellular nutrients; Additives; Dietary guidelines; Food industry; Inflammation; Metabolic disease; Microbiome; Ultra processed food; Western diet; Whole foods

Indexed keywords

ACESULFAME; ASPARTAME; FOOD ADDITIVE; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; PHOSPHOLIPID; SACCHARIN; SILVER NANOPARTICLE; SUCRALOSE;

ANXIETY; BACTERIAL OVERGROWTH; BEHAVIOR CHANGE; CALORIC INTAKE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; COLITIS; DIETARY FIBER; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; ENTERITIS; ETHNIC GROUP; FOOD CRAVING; FOOD INDUSTRY; FOOD SAFETY; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERPHAGIA; INFLAMMATION; INTESTINE FLORA; MACRONUTRIENT; METABOLIC DISORDER; MICROBIOME; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY; OBESITY; REVIEW; UNITED STATES; WESTERN DIET; ANIMAL; FAST FOOD; FOOD HANDLING; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; MICROBIOLOGY; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; NUTRITIONAL VALUE; RISK FACTOR;

ANIMALS; DIET, WESTERN; FAST FOODS; FOOD ADDITIVES; FOOD HANDLING; GASTROINTESTINAL MICROBIOME; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; METABOLIC DISEASES; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; NUTRITIVE VALUE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 85044259126     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20726643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/nu10030365     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. Monteiro, C.A.; Levy, R.B.; Claro, R.M.; de Castro, I.R.R.; Cannon, G. A new classification of foods based on the extent and purpose of their processing. Cad. Saude Publica 2010, 26, 2039–2049. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2. Ministry of Health of Brazil. Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. Secretariat of Health Care Primary Health Care Department. 2015. Available online: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/dietary_guidelines_brazilian_population.pdf (accessed on on 1 February 2018).
3. Gibney, M.J.; Forde, C.G.; Mullally, D.; Gibney, E.R. Ultra-processed foods in human health: A critical appraisal. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2017, 106, 717–724. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. Monteiro, C.A.; Cannon, G.; Moubarac, J.-C.; Levy, R.B.; Louzada, M.L.C.; Jaime, P.C. The UN Decade of Nutrition, the NOVA food classification and the trouble with ultra-processing. Public Health Nutr. 2018, 21, 5–17. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. Monteiro, C.A.; Moubarac, J.-C.; Cannon, G.; Ng, S.W.; Popkin, B. Ultra-processed products are becoming dominant in the global food system. Obes. Rev. Off. J. Int. Assoc. Study Obes. 2013, 14 (Suppl. 2), 21–28. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6. Baker, P.; Friel, S. Food systems transformations, ultra-processed food markets and the nutrition transition in Asia. Glob. Health 2016, 12, 80. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7. De Mendonça, R.D.; Pimenta, A.M.; Gea, A.; de la Fuente-Arrillaga, C.; Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A.; Lopes, A.C.S.; Bes-Rastrollo, M. Ultraprocessed food consumption and risk of overweight and obesity: The University of Navarra Follow-Up (SUN) cohort study. Am. J. Clin Nutr. 2016, 104, 1433–1440. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
8. Costa, C.S.; Del-Ponte, B.; Assunção, M.C.F.; Santos, I.S. Consumption of ultra-processed foods and body fat during childhood and adolescence: A systematic review. Public Health Nutr. 2018, 21, 148–159. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9. De Melo, I.S.V.; Costa, C.A.C.B.; Santos, J.V.L.D.; Santos, A.F.D.; de Florêncio, T.M.; Bueno, N.B. Consumption of minimally processed food is inversely associated with excess weight in adolescents living in an underdeveloped city. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0188401.
10. Monteiro, C.A.; Moubarac, J.-C.; Levy, R.B.; Canella, D.S.; da Louzada, M.L.C.; Cannon, G. Household availability of ultra-processed foods and obesity in nineteen European countries. Public Health Nutr. 2018, 21, 18–26. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. Canella, D.S.; Levy, R.B.; Martins, A.P.B.; Claro, R.M.; Moubarac, J.-C.; Baraldi, L.G.; Cannon, G.; Monteiro, C.A. Ultra-processed food products and obesity in Brazilian households (2008–2009). PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e92752. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. Martínez Steele, E.; Popkin, B.M.; Swinburn, B.; Monteiro, C.A. The share of ultra-processed foods and the overall nutritional quality of diets in the US: Evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study. Popul. Health Metr. 2017, 15, 6. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. Moubarac, J.-C.; Batal, M.; Louzada, M.L.; Martinez Steele, E.; Monteiro, C.A. Consumption of ultra-processed foods predicts diet quality in Canada. Appetite 2017, 108, 512–520. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. Da Louzada, M.L.C.; Ricardo, C.Z.; Steele, E.M.; Levy, R.B.; Cannon, G.; Monteiro, C.A. The share of ultra-processed foods determines the overall nutritional quality of diets in Brazil. Public Health Nutr. 2018, 21, 94–102. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15. Mozaffarian, D.; Hao, T.; Rimm, E.B.; Willett, W.C.; Hu, F.B. Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011, 364, 2392–2404. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
16. Yip, C.S.C.; Lam, W.; Fielding, R. A summary of meat intakes and health burdens. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2018, 72, 18–29. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. Pan, A.; Sun, Q.; Bernstein, A.M.; Manson, J.E.; Willett, W.C.; Hu, F.B. Changes in red meat consumption and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Three cohorts of US men and women. JAMA Intern. Med. 2013, 173, 1328–1335. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
18. Pan, A.; Sun, Q.; Bernstein, A.M.; Schulze, M.B.; Manson, J.E.; Stampfer, M.J.; Willett, W.C.; Hu, F.B. Red meat consumption and mortality: Results from 2 prospective cohort studies. Arch. Intern. Med. 2012, 172, 555–563. [PubMed]
19. Chan, D.S.M.; Lau, R.; Aune, D.; Vieira, R.; Greenwood, D.C.; Kampman, E.; Norat, T. Red and processed meat and colorectal cancer incidence: Meta-analysis of prospective studies. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e20456. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. Larsson, S.C.; Orsini, N. Red meat and processed meat consumption and all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2014, 179, 282–289. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
21. Bouvard, V.; Loomis, D.; Guyton, K.Z.; Grosse, Y.; Ghissassi, F.E.; Benbrahim-Tallaa, L.; Guha, N.; Mattock, H.; Straif, K. International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group. Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat. Lancet Oncol. 2015, 16, 1599–1600. [CrossRef]
22. Micha, R.; Michas, G.; Mozaffarian, D. Unprocessed Red and Processed Meats and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease and Type 2 Diabetes–An Updated Review of the Evidence. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 2012, 14, 515–524. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23. Kouvari, M.; Notara, V.; Kalogeropoulos, N.; Panagiotakos, D.B. Diabetes mellitus associated with processed and unprocessed red meat: An overview. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2016, 67, 735–743. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24. Aune, D.; Norat, T.; Romundstad, P.; Vatten, L.J. Whole grain and refined grain consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2013, 28, 845–858. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
25. Aune, D.; Keum, N.; Giovannucci, E.; Fadnes, L.T.; Boffetta, P.; Greenwood, D.C.; Tonstad, S.; Vatten, L.J.; Riboli, E.; Nora, T. Whole grain consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all cause and cause specific mortality: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ 2016, 353, i2716. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
26. Tørris, C.; Molin, M.; Småstuen, M.C. Lean Fish Consumption Is Associated with Beneficial Changes in the Metabolic Syndrome Components: A 13-Year Follow-Up Study from the Norwegian Tromsø Study. Nutrients 2017, 9, 247. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
27. David, L.A.; Maurice, C.F.; Carmody, R.N.; Gootenberg, D.B.; Button, J.E.; Wolfe, B.E.; Ling, A.V.; Devlin, A.S.; Varma, Y.; Fischbach, M.A.; et al. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature 2014, 505, 559–563. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
28. Suez, J.; Korem, T.; Zeevi, D.; Zilberman-Schapira, G.; Thaiss, C.A.; Maza, O.; Israeli, D.; Zmora, N.; Gilad, S.; Weinberger, A.; et al. Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota. Nature 2014, 514, 181–186. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
29. Chassaing, B.; Koren, O.; Goodrich, J.K.; Poole, A.C.; Srinivasan, S.; Ley, R.E.; Gewirtz, A.T. Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome. Nature 2015, 519, 92–96. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
30. Turnbaugh, P.J.; Bäckhed, F.; Fulton, L.; Gordon, J.I. Diet-induced obesity is linked to marked but reversible alterations in the mouse distal gut microbiome. Cell. Host Microbe 2008, 3, 213–223. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
31. Stecher, B.; Maier, L.; Hardt, W.-D. “Blooming” in the gut: How dysbiosis might contribute to pathogen evolution. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2013, 11, 277–284. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
32. Penttinen, R.; Kinnula, H.; Lipponen, A.; Bamford, J.K.H.; Sundberg, L.-R. High Nutrient Concentration Can Induce Virulence Factor Expression and Cause Higher Virulence in an Environmentally Transmitted Pathogen. Microb. Ecol. 2016, 72, 955–964. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
33. Chassaing, B.; Van de Wiele, T.; Gewirtz, A. O-013 Dietary Emulsifiers Directly Impact the Human Gut Microbiota Increasing Its Pro-inflammatory Potential and Ability to Induce Intestinal Inflammation. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2017, 23 (Suppl. 1), S5.
34. Collins, J.; Robinson, C.; Danhof, H.; Knetsch, C.W.; van Leeuwen, H.C.; Lawley, T.D.; Auchtung, J.M.; Britton, R.A. Dietary trehalose enhances virulence of epidemic Clostridium difficile. Nature 2018, 553, 291–294. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
35. Sonnenburg, E.D.; Smits, S.A.; Tikhonov, M.; Higginbottom, S.K.; Wingreen, N.S.; Sonnenburg, J.L. Diet-induced extinctions in the gut microbiota compound over generations. Nature 2016, 529, 212–215. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
36. Thaiss, C.A.; Itav, S.; Rothschild, D.; Meijer, M.; Levy, M.; Moresi, C.; Dohnalová, L.; Braverman, S.; Rozin, S.; Malitsky, S.; et al. Persistent microbiome alterations modulate the rate of post-dieting weight regain. Nature 2016, 24. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
37. Krautkramer, K.A.; Kreznar, J.H.; Romano, K.A.; Vivas, E.I.; Barrett-Wilt, G.A.; Rabaglia, M.E.; Keller, M.P.; Attie, A.D.; Rey, F.E.; Denu, J.M. Diet-Microbiota Interactions Mediate Global Epigenetic Programming in Multiple Host Tissues. Mol. Cell 2016, 64, 982–992. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
38. Spreadbury, I. Comparison with ancestral diets suggests dense acellular carbohydrates promote an inflammatory microbiota, and may be the primary dietary cause of leptin resistance and obesity. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther. 2012, 5, 175–189. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
39. Grundy, M.M.-L.; Edwards, C.H.; Mackie, A.R.; Gidley, M.J.; Butterworth, P.J.; Ellis, P.R. Re-evaluation of the mechanisms of dietary fibre and implications for macronutrient bioaccessibility, digestion and postprandial metabolism. Br. J. Nutr. 2016, 116, 816–833. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
40. Anderson, I.H.; Levine, A.S.; Levitt, M.D. Incomplete absorption of the carbohydrate in all-purpose wheat flour. N. Engl. J. Med. 1981, 304, 891–892. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
41. Grundy, M.M.; Lapsley, K.; Ellis, P.R. A review of the impact of processing on nutrient bioaccessibility and digestion of almonds. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2016, 51, 1937–1946. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
42. Noah, L.; Guillon, F.; Bouchet, B.; Buléon, A.; Molis, C.; Gratas, M.; Champ, M. Digestion of Carbohydrate from White Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Healthy Humans. J. Nutr. 1998, 128, 977–985. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
43. Cohn, J.S.; Kamili, A.; Wat, E.; Chung, R.W.S.; Tandy, S. Dietary Phospholipids and Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption. Nutrients 2010, 2, 116–127. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
44. Pennings, B.; Groen, B.B.; Dijk, J.-W.; Van de Lange, A.; Kiskini, A.; Kuklinski, M.; Senden, J.M.; van Loon, L.J. Minced beef is more rapidly digested and absorbed than beef steak, resulting in greater postprandial protein retention in older men. Am. J. Clin Nutr. 2013, 98, 121–128. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
45. Lodish, H.; Berk, A.; Zipursky, S.L.; Matsudaira, P.; Baltimore, D.; Darnell, J. The Dynamic Plant Cell Wall. 2000. Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21709/(accessed on 29 November 2017).
46. Stecher, B. The Roles of Inflammation, Nutrient Availability and the Commensal Microbiota in Enteric Pathogen Infection. Microbiol. Spectr. 2015, 3. [CrossRef]
47. Sato, J.; Kanazawa, A.; Ikeda, F.; Yoshihara, T.; Goto, H.; Abe, H.; Komiya, K.; Kawaguchi, M.; Shimizu, T.; Ogihara, T.; et al. Gut dysbiosis and detection of “live gut bacteria” in blood of Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014, 37, 2343–2350. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
48. Mitra, S.; Drautz-Moses, D.I.; Alhede, M.; Maw, M.T.; Liu, Y.; Purbojati, R.W.; Yap, Z.H.; Kushwaha, K.K.; Gheorghe, A.G.; Bjarnsholt, T.; et al. In silico analyses of metagenomes from human atherosclerotic plaque samples. Microbiome 2015, 3, 38. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
49. Angelakis, E.; Armougom, F.; Carrière, F.; Bachar, D.; Laugier, R.; Lagier, J.-C.; Robert, C.; Michelle, C.; Henrissat, B.; Raoult, D.; et al. A Metagenomic Investigation of the Duodenal Microbiota Reveals Links with Obesity. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0137784. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
50. Jang, C.; Hui, S.; Lu, W.; Cowan, A.J.; Morscher, R.J.; Lee, G.; Liu, W.; Tesz, G.J.; Birnbaum, M.J.; Rabinowitz, J.D. The Small Intestine Converts Dietary Fructose into Glucose and Organic Acids. Cell Metab. 2018, 27, 351–361. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
51. Carocho, M.; Barreiro, M.F.; Morales, P.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R. Adding Molecules to Food, Pros and Cons: A Review on Synthetic and Natural Food Additives. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2014, 13, 377–399. [CrossRef]
52. Amini Sarteshnizi, R.; Mousavi Khaneghah, A.; Karimi, N. A review on application of hydrocolloids in meat and poultry products. Int. Food Res. J. 2015, 22, 872–887.
53. Li, J.-M.; Nie, S.-P. The functional and nutritional aspects of hydrocolloids in foods. Food Hydrocoll. 2016, 53, 46–61. [CrossRef]
54. Swidsinski, A.; Ung, V.; Sydora, B.C.; Loening-Baucke, V.; Doerffel, Y.; Verstraelen, H.; Fedorak, R.N. Bacterial overgrowth and inflammation of small intestine after carboxymethylcellulose ingestion in genetically susceptible mice. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2009, 15, 359–364. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
55. Singh, R.K.; Wheildon, N.; Ishikawa, S. Food Additive P-80 Impacts Mouse Gut Microbiota Promoting Intestinal Inflammation, Obesity and Liver Dysfunction. SOJ Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2016, 4, 1–10. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
56. Jiang, Z.; Zhao, M.; Zhang, H.; Li, Y.; Liu, M.; Feng, F. Antimicrobial Emulsifier-Glycerol Monolaurate Induces Metabolic Syndrome, Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Systemic Low-Grade Inflammation in Low-Fat Diet Fed Mice. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2017, 13. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
57. Viennois, E.; Merlin, D.; Gewirtz, A.T.; Chassaing, B. Dietary Emulsifier-Induced Low-Grade Inflammation Promotes Colon Carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 2017, 77, 27–40. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
58. Stremmel, W.; Gauss, A. Lecithin as a therapeutic agent in ulcerative colitis. Dig. Dis. Basel Switz. 2013, 31, 388–390. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
59. Palmnäs, M.S.A.; Cowan, T.E.; Bomhof, M.R.; Su, J.; Reimer, R.A.; Vogel, H.J.; Hittel, D.S. Low-dose aspartame consumption differentially affects gut microbiota-host metabolic interactions in the diet-induced obese rat. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e109841. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
60. Bian, X.; Chi, L.; Gao, B.; Tu, P.; Ru, H.; Lu, K. The artificial sweetener acesulfame potassium affects the gut microbiome and body weight gain in CD-1 mice. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0178426. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
61. Bian, X.; Tu, P.; Chi, L.; Gao, B.; Ru, H.; Lu, K. Saccharin induced liver inflammation in mice by altering the gut microbiota and its metabolic functions. Food Chem. Toxicol. Int. J. Publ. Br. Ind. Biol. Res. Assoc. 2017, 107, 530–539. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
62. Bian, X.; Chi, L.; Gao, B.; Tu, P.; Ru, H.; Lu, K. Gut Microbiome Response to Sucralose and Its Potential Role in Inducing Liver Inflammation in Mice. Front. Physiol. 2017, 8, 487. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
63. Guo, Z.; Martucci, N.J.; Moreno-Olivas, F.; Tako, E.; Mahler, G.J. Titanium dioxide nanoparticle ingestion alters nutrient absorption in an in vitro model of the small intestine. NanoImpact 2017, 5, 70–82. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
64. Van den Brule, S.; Ambroise, J.; Lecloux, H.; Levard, C.; Soulas, R.; De Temmerman, P.-J.; Palmai-Pallag, M.; Marbaix, E.; Lison, D. Dietary silver nanoparticles can disturb the gut microbiota in mice. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2016, 13, 38. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
65. Pendyala, S.; Walker, J.M.; Holt, P.R. A high-fat diet is associated with endotoxemia that originates from the gut. Gastroenterology 2012, 142, 1100. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
66. Ghosh, S.S.; Bie, J.; Wang, J.; Ghosh, S. Oral supplementation with non-absorbable antibiotics or curcumin attenuates western diet-induced atherosclerosis and glucose intolerance in LDLR-/- mice–role of intestinal permeability and macrophage activation. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e108577. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
67. Martinez, K.B.; Leone, V.; Chang, E.B. Western diets, gut dysbiosis, and metabolic diseases: Are they linked? Gut Microbes 2017, 6, 1–13. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
68. Chassaing, B.; Miles-Brown, J.; Pellizzon, M.; Ulman, E.; Ricci, M.; Zhang, L.; Patterson, A.D.; Vijay-Kumar, M.; Gewirtz, A.T. Lack of soluble fiber drives diet-induced adiposity in mice. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2015, 309, G528–G541. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
69. Everard, A.; Lazarevic, V.; Derrien, M.; Girard, M.; Muccioli, G.M.; Neyrinck, A.M.; Possemiers, S.; Van Holle, A.; François, P.; de Vos, W.M.; et al. Responses of Gut Microbiota and Glucose and Lipid Metabolism to Prebiotics in Genetic Obese and Diet-Induced Leptin-Resistant Mice. Diabetes N. Y. 2011, 60, 2775–2786. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
70. Roopchand, D.E.; Carmody, R.N.; Kuhn, P.; Moskal, K.; Rojas-Silva, P.; Turnbaugh, P.J.; Raskin, I. Dietary Polyphenols Promote Growth of the Gut Bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila and Attenuate High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome. Diabetes 2015, 64, 2847–2858. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
71. Herieka, M.; Faraj, T.A.; Erridge, C. Reduced dietary intake of pro-inflammatory Toll-like receptor stimulants favourably modifies markers of cardiometabolic risk in healthy men. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2016, 26, 194–200. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
72. Erridge, C. The capacity of foodstuffs to induce innate immune activation of human monocytes in vitro is dependent on food content of stimulants of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4. Br. J. Nutr. 2011, 105, 15–23. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
73. Erridge, C. Stimulants of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-4 are abundant in certain minimally-processed vegetables. Food Chem. Toxicol. Int. J. Publ. Br. Ind. Biol. Res. Assoc. 2011, 49, 1464–1467. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
74. Chen, H.-L.; Tung, Y.-T.; Tsai, C.-L.; Lai, C.-W.; Lai, Z.-L.; Tsai, H.-C.; Lin, Y.L.; Wang, C.H.; Chen, C.M. Kefir improves fatty liver syndrome by inhibiting the lipogenesis pathway in leptin-deficient ob/ob knockout mice. Int. J. Obes. 2014, 38, 1172–1179. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
75. Choi, J.-W.; Kang, H.W.; Lim, W.-C.; Kim, M.-K.; Lee, I.-Y.; Cho, H.-Y. Kefir prevented excess fat accumulation in diet-induced obese mice. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2017, 81, 958–965. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
76. Kim, D.-H.; Kim, H.; Jeong, D.; Kang, I.-B.; Chon, J.-W.; Kim, H.-S.; Song, K.Y.; Seo, K.H. Kefir alleviates obesity and hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet-fed mice by modulation of gut microbiota and mycobiota: Targeted and untargeted community analysis with correlation of biomarkers. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2017, 44, 35–43. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
77. Unno, T.; Choi, J.-H.; Hur, H.-G.; Sadowsky, M.J.; Ahn, Y.-T.; Huh, C.-S.; Kim, G.B.; Cha, C.J. Changes in human gut microbiota influenced by probiotic fermented milk ingestion. J. Dairy Sci. 2015, 98, 3568–3576. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
78. Peña, J.A.; Li, S.Y.; Wilson, P.H.; Thibodeau, S.A.; Szary, A.J.; Versalovic, J. Genotypic and Phenotypic Studies of Murine Intestinal Lactobacilli: Species Differences in Mice with and without Colitis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2004, 70, 558–568. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
79. Ménard, S.; Candalh, C.; Bambou, J.C.; Terpend, K.; Cerf-Bensussan, N.; Heyman, M. Lactic acid bacteria secrete metabolites retaining anti-inflammatory properties after intestinal transport. Gut 2004, 53, 821–828. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
80. Bermudez-Brito, M.; Muñoz-Quezada, S.; Gomez-Llorente, C.; Romero, F.; Gil, A. Lactobacillus rhamnosus and its cell-free culture supernatant differentially modulate inflammatory biomarkers in Escherichia coli-challenged human dendritic cells. Br. J. Nutr. 2014, 111, 1727–1737. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
81. Goldberg, T.; Cai, W.; Peppa, M.; Dardaine, V.; Baliga, B.S.; Uribarri, J.; Vlassara, H. Advanced glycoxidation end products in commonly consumed foods. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 2004, 104, 1287–1291. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
82. Seiquer, I.; Rubio, L.A.; Peinado, M.J.; Delgado-Andrade, C.; Navarro, M.P. Maillard reaction products modulate gut microbiota composition in adolescents. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2014, 58, 1552–1660. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
83. Yacoub, R.; Nugent, M.; Cai, W.; Nadkarni, G.N.; Chaves, L.D.; Abyad, S.; Honan, A.M.; Thomas, S.A.; Zheng, W.; Valiyaparambil, S.A.; et al. Advanced glycation end products dietary restriction effects on bacterial gut microbiota in peritoneal dialysis patients; a randomized open label controlled trial. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0184789. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
84. Delgado-Andrade, C.; de la Pastoriza Cueva, S.; Peinado, M.J.; Rufián-Henares, J.Á.; Navarro, M.P.; Rubio, L.A.Modifications in bacterial groups and short chain fatty acid production in the gut of healthy adult rats after long-term consumption of dietary Maillard reaction products. Food Res. Int. 2017, 100 Pt 1, 134–142. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
85. Qu, W.; Yuan, X.; Zhao, J.; Zhang, Y.; Hu, J.; Wang, J.; Li, J. Dietary advanced glycation end products modify gut microbial composition and partially increase colon permeability in rats. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2017, 61. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
86. ALJahdali, N.; Gadonna-Widehem, P.; Delayre-Orthez, C.; Marier, D.; Garnier, B.; Carbonero, F.; Anton, P.M. Repeated Oral Exposure to Nε-Carboxymethyllysine, a Maillard Reaction Product, Alleviates Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Colitic Mice. Dig. Dis Sci. 2017, 62, 3370–3384. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
87. Anton, P.M.; Craus, A.; Niquet-Léridon, C.; Tessier, F.J. Highly heated food rich in Maillard reaction products limit an experimental colitis in mice. Food Funct. 2012, 3, 941–949. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
88. Borrelli, R.C.; Fogliano, V. Bread crust melanoidins as potential prebiotic ingredients. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2005, 49, 673–678. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
89. Moreno-Indias, I.; Sánchez-Alcoholado, L.; García-Fuentes, E.; Cardona, F.; Queipo-Ortuño, M.I.; Tinahones, F.J. Insulin resistance is associated with specific gut microbiota in appendix samples from morbidly obese patients. Am. J. Transl. Res. 2016, 8, 5672–5684. [PubMed]
90. Allin, K.H.; Tremaroli, V.; Caesar, R.; Jensen, B.A.H.; Damgaard, M.T.F.; Bahl, M.I.; Licht, T.R.; Hansen, T.H.; Nielsen, T.; Dantoft, T.M.; et al. Aberrant intestinal microbiota in individuals with prediabetes. Diabetologia 2018, 61, 810–820. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
91. Qin, J.; Li, Y.; Cai, Z.; Li, S.; Zhu, J.; Zhang, F.; Liang, S.; Zhang, W.; Guan, Y.; Shen, D.; et al. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 2012, 490, 55–60. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
92. Larsen, N.; Vogensen, F.K.; Berg, F.W.J.; van den Nielsen, D.S.; Andreasen, A.S.; Pedersen, B.K.; Al-Soud, W.A.; Sørensen, S.J.; Hansen, L.H.; Jakobsen, M. Gut Microbiota in Human Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Differs from Non-Diabetic Adults. PLoS ONE 2010, 5, e9085. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
93. Ley, R.E.; Turnbaugh, P.J.; Klein, S.; Gordon, J.I. Microbial ecology: Human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature 2006, 444, 1022–1023. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
94. Turnbaugh, P.J.; Ley, R.E.; Mahowald, M.A.; Magrini, V.; Mardis, E.R.; Gordon, J.I. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 2006, 444, 1027–1031. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
95. Sharma, S.; Fernandes, M.F.; Fulton, S. Adaptations in brain reward circuitry underlie palatable food cravings and anxiety induced by high-fat diet withdrawal. Int. J. Obes. 2013, 37, 1183–1191. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
96. De La Serre, C.B.; de Lartigue, G.; Raybould, H.E. Chronic exposure to low dose bacterial lipopolysaccharide inhibits leptin signaling in vagal afferent neurons. Physiol. Behav. 2015, 139, 188–194. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
97. De Lartigue, G.; Barbier de la Serre, C.; Espero, E.; Lee, J.; Raybould, H.E. Diet-induced obesity leads to the development of leptin resistance in vagal afferent neurons. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011, 301, E187–E195. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
98. Sen, T.; Cawthon, C.R.; Ihde, B.T.; Hajnal, A.; DiLorenzo, P.M.; de La Serre, C.B.; Czaja, K. Diet-driven microbiota dysbiosis is associated with vagal remodeling and obesity. Physiol. Behav. 2017, 173, 305–317. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
99. Byrne, C.S.; Chambers, E.S.; Alhabeeb, H.; Chhina, N.; Morrison, D.J.; Preston, T.; Tedford, C.; Fitzpatrick, J.; Irani, C.; Busza, A.; et al. Increased colonic propionate reduces anticipatory reward responses in the human striatum to high-energy foods. Am. J. Clin Nutr. 2016, 11, 5–14. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
100. Byrne, C.S.; Chambers, E.S.; Morrison, D.J.; Frost, G. The role of short chain fatty acids in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis. Int. J. Obes. 2015, 39, 1331–1338. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
101. Kasahara, K.; Tanoue, T.; Yamashita, T.; Yodoi, K.; Matsumoto, T.; Emoto, T.; Mizoguchi, T.; Hayashi, T.; Kitano, N.; Sasaki, N.; et al. Commensal Bacteria at the Crossroad between Cholesterol Homeostasis and Chronic Inflammation in Atherosclerosis. J. Lipid Res. 2017, 58, 519–528. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
102. Chan, Y.K.; Brar, M.S.; Kirjavainen, P.V.; Chen, Y.; Peng, J.; Li, D.; Leung, F.C.; El-Nezam, H. High fat diet induced atherosclerosis is accompanied with low colonic bacterial diversity and altered abundances that correlates with plaque size, plasma A-FABP and cholesterol: A pilot study of high fat diet and its intervention with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) or telmisartan in ApoE(-/-) mice. BMC Microbiol. 2016, 16, 264. [CrossRef]
103. Warden, C.H.; Fisler, J.S. Comparisons of diets used in animal models of high fat feeding. Cell Metab. 2008, 7, 277. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
104. Aune, D.; Chan, D.S.M.; Lau, R.; Vieira, R.; Greenwood, D.C.; Kampman, E. Dietary fibre, whole grains, and risk of colorectal cancer: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ 2011, 343. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
105. Schatzkin, A.; Mouw, T.; Park, Y.; Subar, A.F.; Kipnis, V.; Hollenbeck, A.; Leitzmann, M.F.; Thompson, F.E. Dietary fiber and whole-grain consumption in relation to colorectal cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007, 85, 1353–1360. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
106. Delgado-Nieblas, C.I.; Zazueta-Morales, J.J.; Gallegos-Infante, J.A.; Aguilar-Palazuelos, E.; Camacho-Hernández, I.L.; Ordorica-Falomir, C.A. Elaboration of functional snack foods using raw materials rich in carotenoids and dietary fiber: Effects of extrusion processing. CyTA J. Food. 2015, 13, 69–79. [CrossRef]
107. Moen, B.; Berget, I.; Rud, I.; Hole, A.S.; Kjos, N.P.; Sahlstrøm, S. Extrusion of barley and oat influence the fecal microbiota and SCFA profile of growing pigs. Food Funct. 2016, 7, 1024–1032. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
108. Chassaing, B.; Gewirtz, A.T. Has provoking microbiota aggression driven the obesity epidemic? BioEssays News Rev. Mol. Cell Dev. Biol. 2016, 38, 122–128. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
109. Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available online: http://www.fao.org/nutrition/education/food-dietary-guidelines/regions/brazil/en/(accessed on 3 February 2017).
110. United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition. A Spotlight on the Nutrition Decade. Available online: https://www.unscn.org/(accessed on 1 February 2018).