Clinical Applications of 3D Printing: Primer for Radiologists

Academic Radiology

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 52-65

  Ballard, David H ^a   Trace, Anthony Paul ^b   Ali, Sayed ^c   Hodgdon, Taryn ^d   Zygmont, Matthew E ^e   DeBenedectis, Carolynn M ^f   Smith, Stacy E ^g   Richardson, Michael L ^h   Patel, Midhir J ⁱ   Decker, Summer J ⁱ   Lenchik, Leon ^j  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b EASTERN VIRGINIA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c TEMPLE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

^e EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^g BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^j WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

3D printing; additive manufacturing; personalized medicine; preoperative planning; radiology; three dimensional printing

Indexed keywords

CANCER SURGERY; CARDIOLOGY; CLINICAL PRACTICE; FINANCIAL STATEMENT; FRACTURE FIXATION; HUMAN; KIDNEY TUMOR; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICOLEGAL ASPECT; PATIENT EDUCATION; PERSONALIZED MEDICINE; PREOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIOLOGIST; REVIEW; SIMULATION TRAINING; SURGICAL ANATOMY; SURGICAL TRAINING; THORAX SURGERY; THREE DIMENSIONAL PRINTING; TREATMENT PLANNING; PATIENT CARE PLANNING; RADIOLOGY;

EDUCATION, MEDICAL; HUMANS; PATIENT CARE PLANNING; PRINTING, THREE-DIMENSIONAL; RADIOLOGY;

EID: 85030859374     PISSN: 10766332     EISSN: 18784046     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2017.08.004     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Sniderman, D., American Society Of Mechanical Engineers 3D printing takes off. American Society Of Mechanical Engineers website; Available at: http://bit.ly/2vAauKy, 2012. (Accessed 30 August 2017)
2. Hull, C.W., Apparatus for production of three-dimensional objects by stereolithography. Uvp, Inc., inventor; Uvp, Inc., assignee; United States patent US 4,575,330; Available at: http://www.google.com/patents/us4575330, 1986. (Accessed 30 August 2017)
3. Sachs, E., Cima, M., Cornie, J., Three-dimensional printing: rapid tooling and prototypes directly from a CAD model. CIRP Annals—Manuf Tech 39 (1990), 201–204, 10.1016/S0007-8506(07)61035-X.
4. Sachs, E.M., Haggerty, J.S., Cima, M.J., et al. Three-dimensional printing techniques. United States patent US 5,204,055; Available at: http://www.google.com/patents/US5204055, 1993. (Accessed 30 August 2017)
5. Gross, B.C., Erkal, J.L., Lockwood, S.Y., et al. Evaluation of 3D printing and its potential impact on biotechnology and the chemical sciences. Anal Chem 86 (2014), 3240–3253, 10.1021/ac403397r.
6. Curodeau, A., Sachs, E., Caldarise, S., Design and fabrication of cast orthopedic implants with freeform surface textures from 3-D printed ceramic shell. J Biomed Mater Res 53 (2000), 525–535.
7. Hong, S.B., Eliaz, N., Leisk, G.G., et al. A new Ti-5Ag alloy for customized prostheses by three-dimensional printing (3DP). J Dent Res 80 (2001), 860–863.
8. Melican, M.C., Zimmerman, M.C., Dhillon, M.S., et al. Three-dimensional printing and porous metallic surfaces: a new orthopedic application. J Biomed Mater Res 55 (2001), 194–202.
9. Rowe, C.W., Katstra, W.E., Palazzolo, R.D., et al. Multimechanism oral dosage forms fabricated by three dimensional printing. J Control Release 66 (2000), 11–17.
10. Sodian, R., Schmauss, D., Markert, M., et al. Three-dimensional printing creates models for surgical planning of aortic valve replacement after previous coronary bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 85 (2008), 2105–2108, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.12.033.
11. Sodian, R., Weber, S., Markert, M., et al. Pediatric cardiac transplantation: three-dimensional printing of anatomic models for surgical planning of heart transplantation in patients with univentricular heart. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 136 (2008), 1098–1099, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2008.03.055.
12. Wilasrusmee, C., Suvikrom, J., Suthakorn, J., et al. Three-dimensional aortic aneurysm model and endovascular repair: an educational tool for surgical trainees. Int J Angiol 17 (2008), 129–133.
13. Bruyère, F., Leroux, C., Brunereau, L., et al. Rapid prototyping model for percutaneous nephrolithotomy training. J Endourol 22 (2008), 91–96, 10.1089/end.2007.0025.
14. Protos Eyewear website. Available at: http://www.protoseyewear.com/, 2017. (Accessed 30 August 2017)
15. Natural Machines website. Available at: http://www.naturalmachines.com/, 2017. (Accessed 30 August 2017)
16. Kessler, A.M., A 3-D Printed Car, Ready for the Road. The New York Times. Available at: http://nyti.ms/2u6eiUj, 2015. (Accessed 30 August 2017)
17. Davies, C.T., Baird, L.M., Jacobson, M.D., et al. Reed Smith white paper: 3D printing of medical devices: when a novel technology meets traditional legal principles. Reed Smith website; Available at: http://bit.ly/2oH5PY4. (Accessed 30 August 2017)
18. SME Medical Additive Manufacturing/3D Printing Workgroup, Society for manufacturing engineers website. Available at: http://www.sme.org/medical-am3dp-workgroup/. (Accessed 30 August 2017)
19. RSNA 3D Printing Special Interest Group. Radiological society of North America website. Available at: http://www.rsna.org/3D-Printing-SIG/. (Accessed 30 August 2017)
20. Kijima, S., Sasaki, T., Nagata, K., et al. Preoperative evaluation of colorectal cancer using CT colonography, MRI, and PET/CT. World J Gastroenterol 20 (2014), 16964–16975, 10.3748/wjg.v20.i45.16964.
21. Sakamoto, T., Roles of universal three-dimensional image analysis devices that assist surgical operations. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 21 (2014), 230–234, 10.1002/jhbp.88.
22. Fayad, L.M., Patra, A., Fishman, E.K., Value of 3D CT in defining skeletal complications of orthopedic hardware in the postoperative patient. AJR Am J Roentgenol 193 (2009), 1155–1163, 10.2214/AJR.09.2610.
23. Farooqi, K.M., Saeed, O., Zaidi, A., et al. 3D printing to guide ventricular assist device placement in adults with Congenital Heart Disease and heart failure. JACC Heart Fail 4 (2016), 301–311, 10.1016/j.jchf.2016.01.012.
24. Schmauss, D., Haeberle, S., Hagl, C., et al. Three-dimensional printing in cardiac surgery and interventional cardiology: a single-centre experience. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 47 (2015), 1044–1052, 10.1093/ejcts/ezu310.
25. Costello, J.P., Olivieri, L.J., Su, L., et al. Incorporating three-dimensional printing into a simulation-based congenital heart disease and critical care training curriculum for resident physicians. Congenit Heart Dis 10 (2015), 185–190, 10.1111/chd.12238.
26. Dhir, V., Itoi, T., Fockens, P., et al. Novel ex vivo model for hands-on teaching of and training in EUS-guided biliary drainage: creation of “Mumbai EUS” stereolithography/3D printing bile duct prototype (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 81 (2015), 440–446, 10.1016/j.gie.2014.09.011.
27. Malik, H.H., Darwood, A.R.J., Shaunak, S., et al. Three-dimensional printing in surgery: a review of current surgical applications. J Surg Res 199 (2015), 512–522, 10.1016/j.jss.2015.06.051.
28. Itagaki, M.W., Using 3D printed models for planning and guidance during endovascular intervention: a technical advance. Diagn Interv Radiol 21 (2015), 338–341, 10.5152/dir.2015.14469.
29. Anderson, J.R., Thompson, W.L., Alkattan, A.K., et al. Three-dimensional printing of anatomically accurate, patient specific intracranial aneurysm models. J Neurointerv Surg 8 (2016), 517–520, 10.1136/neurintsurg-2015-011686.
30. Weinstock, P., Prabhu, S.P., Flynn, K., et al. Optimizing cerebrovascular surgical and endovascular procedures in children via personalized 3D printing. J Neurosurg Pediatr 16 (2015), 584–589, 10.3171/2015.3.PEDS14677.
31. Huang, W., Zhang, X., 3D Printing: print the future of ophthalmology. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 55 (2014), 5380–5381, 10.1167/iovs.14-15231.
32. Obregon, F., Vaquette, C., Ivanovski, S., et al. Three-dimensional bioprinting for regenerative dentistry and craniofacial tissue engineering. J Dent Res 94 (2015), 143–152, 10.1177/0022034515588885.
33. Groth, C., Kravitz, N.D., Jones, P.E., et al. Three-dimensional printing technology. J Clin Orthod 48 (2014), 475S–485S.
34. Eltorai, A.E.M., Nguyen, E., Daniels, A.H., Three-dimensional printing in orthopedic surgery. Lindeque BGP, ed Orthopedics 38 (2015), 684–687, 10.3928/01477447-20151016-05.
35. VanKoevering, K.K., Hollister, S.J., Green, G.E., Advances in 3-dimensional printing in otolaryngology: a review. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 143 (2017), 178–183, 10.1001/jamaoto.2016.3002.
36. Zopf, D.A., Hollister, S.J., Nelson, M.E., et al. Bioresorbable airway splint created with a three-dimensional printer. N Engl J Med 368 (2013), 2043–2045, 10.1056/NEJMc1206319.
37. Chae, M.P., Rozen, W.M., McMenamin, P.G., et al. Emerging applications of bedside 3D printing in plastic surgery. Front Surg, 2, 2015, 25, 10.3389/fsurg.2015.00025.
38. Jastifer, J.R., Gustafson, P.A., Three-dimensional printing and surgical simulation for preoperative planning of deformity correction in foot and ankle surgery. J Foot Ankle Surg 56 (2017), 191–195, 10.1053/j.jfas.2016.01.052.
39. Bustamante, S., Shravan Cheruku, M.D., 3D printing for simulation in thoracic anesthesia. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 30 (2016), 61–63, 10.1053/j.jvca.2016.05.044.
40. Burleson, S., Baker, J., Hsia, A.T., et al. Use of 3D printers to create a patient-specific 3D bolus for external beam therapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 16, 2015, 5247.
41. Zein, N.N., Hanouneh, I.A., Bishop, P.D., et al. Three-dimensional print of a liver for preoperative planning in living donor liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 19 (2013), 1304–1310, 10.1002/lt.23729.
42. Youssef, R.F., Spradling, K., Yoon, R., et al. Applications of three-dimensional printing technology in urological practice. BJU Int 116 (2015), 697–702, 10.1111/bju.13183.
43. Hoch, E., Tovar, G.E.M., Borchers, K., Bioprinting of artificial blood vessels: current approaches towards a demanding goal. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 46 (2014), 767–778, 10.1093/ejcts/ezu242.
44. Matsumoto, J.S., Morris, J.M., Rose, P.S., 3-Dimensional printed anatomic models as planning aids in complex oncology surgery. JAMA Oncol 2 (2016), 1121–1122, 10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.2469.
45. Tack, P., Victor, J., Gemmel, P., et al. 3D-printing techniques in a medical setting: a systematic literature review. Biomed Eng Online, 15, 2016, 115, 10.1186/s12938-016-0236-4.
46. Mao, Y., Xu, C., Xu, J., et al. The use of customized cages in revision total hip arthroplasty for Paprosky type III acetabular bone defects. Int Orthop 39 (2015), 2023–2030, 10.1007/s00264-015-2965-6.
47. Chung, K.J., Hong, D.Y., Kim, Y.T., et al. Preshaping plates for minimally invasive fixation of calcaneal fractures using a real-size 3D-printed model as a preoperative and intraoperative tool. Foot Ankle Int 35 (2014), 1231–1236, 10.1177/1071100714544522.
48. Huang, H., Hsieh, M.-F., Zhang, G., et al. Improved accuracy of 3D-printed navigational template during complicated tibial plateau fracture surgery. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 38 (2015), 109–117, 10.1007/s13246-015-0330-0.1.
49. Pacione, D., Tanweer, O., Berman, P., et al. The utility of a multimaterial 3D printed model for surgical planning of complex deformity of the skull base and craniovertebral junction. J Neurosurg 125 (2016), 1194–1197, 10.3171/2015.12.JNS151936.
50. Zeng, C., Xing, W., Wu, Z., et al. A combination of three-dimensional printing and computer-assisted virtual surgical procedure for preoperative planning of acetabular fracture reduction. Injury 47 (2016), 2223–2227, 10.1016/j.injury.2016.03.015.
51. Silberstein, J.L., Maddox, M.M., Dorsey, P., et al. Physical models of renal malignancies using standard cross-sectional imaging and 3-dimensional printers: a pilot study. Urology 84 (2014), 268–272, 10.1016/j.urology.2014.03.042.
52. Wake, N., Rude, T., Kang, S.K., et al. 3D printed renal cancer models derived from MRI data: application in pre-surgical planning. Abdom Radiol 42 (2017), 1501–1509, 10.1007/s00261-016-1022-2.
53. Pepper, J., Petrou, M., Rega, F., et al. Implantation of an individually computer-designed and manufactured external support for the Marfan aortic root. Multimed Man Cardiothorac Surg, 2013, 2013, 10.1093/mmcts/mmt004 mmt004.
54. Hossien, A., Gesomino, S., Maessen, J., et al. The interactive use of multi-dimensional modeling and 3D printing in preplanning of type A aortic dissection. J Card Surg 31 (2016), 441–445, 10.1111/jocs.12772.
55. Wang, Z., Luo, H., Gao, C., et al. Three-dimensional printing model for the postoperative follow-up of atrial septal defect. Int J Cardiol 222 (2016), 891–892, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.08.046.
56. Weisman, J.A., Nicholson, J.C., Tappa, K., et al. Antibiotic and chemotherapeutic enhanced three-dimensional printer filaments and constructs for biomedical applications. Int J Nanomedicine 10 (2015), 357–370, 10.2147/IJN.S74811.
57. Weisman, J.A., Jammalamadaka, U., Tappa, K., et al. 3D printing antibiotic and chemotherapeutic eluting catheters and constructs. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 26, 2015, S12, 10.1016/j.jvir.2014.12.040.
58. Ballard, D.H., Weisman, J.A., Jammalamadaka, U., et al. Three-dimensional printing of bioactive hernia meshes: in vitro proof of principle. Surgery 161 (2017), 1479–1481, 10.1016/j.surg.2016.08.033.
59. Tappa, K., Jammalamadaka, U., Ballard, D.H., et al. Medication eluting devices for the field of OBGYN (MEDOBGYN): 3D printed biodegradable hormone eluting constructs, a proof of concept study. PLoS ONE, 12, 2017, 10.1371/journal.pone.0182929 e0182929.
60. Rankin, T.M., Giovinco, N.A., Cucher, D.J., et al. Three-dimensional printing surgical instruments: are we there yet?. J Surg Res 189 (2014), 193–197, 10.1016/j.jss.2014.02.020.
61. Fuller, S.M., Butz, D.R., Vevang, C.B., et al. Application of 3-dimensional printing in hand surgery for production of a novel bone reduction clamp. J Hand Surg Am 39 (2014), 1840–1845, 10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.06.009.
62. Coletta, E.M., Care of the elderly patient with lower extremity amputation. J Am Board Fam Pract 13 (2000), 23–34.
63. Dillingham, T.R., Pezzin, L.E., MacKenzie, E.J., et al. Use and satisfaction with prosthetic devices among persons with trauma-related amputations: a long-term outcome study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 80 (2001), 563–571.
64. Cunha, J.A.M., Mellis, K., Sethi, R., et al. Evaluation of PC-ISO for customized, 3D printed, gynecologic 192-Ir HDR brachytherapy applicators. J Appl Clin Med Phys, 16, 2015, 5168.
65. Ricotti, R., Vavassori, A., Bazani, A., et al. 3D-printed applicators for high dose rate brachytherapy: dosimetric assessment at different infill percentage. Phys Med 32 (2016), 1698–1706, 10.1016/j.ejmp.2016.08.016.
66. Sethi, R., Cunha, A., Mellis, K., et al. Clinical applications of custom-made vaginal cylinders constructed using three-dimensional printing technology. J Contemp Brachytherapy 8 (2016), 208–214, 10.5114/jcb.2016.60679.
67. Ventola, C.L., Medical applications for 3D printing: current and projected uses. P T 39 (2014), 704–711.
68. Decker, S., Ford, J., Ching, J., Patient-specific jaw splint for edentulous and partially edentulous patients presenting with jaw fractures. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 9 (2014), S258–S259.
69. Mitsouras, D., Liacouras, P., Imanzadeh, A., et al. Medical 3D printing for the radiologist. Radiographics 35 (2015), 1965–1988, 10.1148/rg.2015140320.
70. Jin, Y., Plott, J., Chen, R., et al. Additive manufacturing of custom orthoses and prostheses—a review. Procedia CIRP 36 (2015), 199–204, 10.1016/j.procir.2015.02.125.
71. Tanaka, K.S., Lightdale-Miric, N., Advances in 3D-printed pediatric prostheses for upper extremity differences. J Bone Joint Surg Am 98 (2016), 1320–1326, 10.2106/JBJS.15.01212.
72. Christensen, A., Rybicki, F.J., Maintaining safety and efficacy for 3D printing in medicine. 3D Printing in Medicine, 3, 2017, 10.1186/s41205-016-0009-5.
73. Roundtable on Health Literacy, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Health and Medicine Division, et al. Relevance of health literacy to precision medicine: proceedings of a workshop. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK396049/. (Accessed 5 August 2017)
74. Michalski, M.H., Ross, J.S., The shape of things to come: 3D printing in medicine. JAMA 312 (2014), 2213–2214, 10.1001/jama.2014.9542.
75. Bernhard, J.C., Isotani, S., Matsugasumi, T., et al. Personalized 3D printed model of the kidney and tumor anatomy: a useful tool for patient education. World J Urol 34 (2016), 337–345, 10.1007/s00345-015-1632-2.
76. Tominaga, T., Takagi, K., Takeshita, H., et al. Usefulness of three-dimensional printing models for patients with stoma construction. Case Rep Gastroenterol 10 (2016), 57–62, 10.1159/000442663.
77. Andolfi, C., Plana, A., Kania, P., et al. Usefulness of three-dimensional modeling in surgical planning, resident training, and patient education. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 27 (2017), 512–515, 10.1089/lap.2016.0421.
78. Trace, A.P., Ortiz, D., Deal, A., et al. Radiology's emerging role in 3-D printing applications in health care. J Am Coll Radiol 13 (2016), 856–862, 10.1016/j.jacr.2016.03.025 e4.
79. McMenamin, P.G., Quayle, M.R., McHenry, C.R., et al. The production of anatomical teaching resources using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. Anat Sci Educ 7 (2014), 479–486, 10.1002/ase.1475.
80. Lim, K.H.A., Loo, Z.Y., Goldie, S.J., et al. Use of 3D printed models in medical education: a randomized control trial comparing 3D prints versus cadaveric materials for learning external cardiac anatomy: use of 3D prints in medical education. Anat Sci Educ 9 (2016), 213–221, 10.1002/ase.1573.
81. Adams, J.W., Paxton, L., Dawes, K., et al. 3D printed reproductions of orbital dissections: a novel mode of visualising anatomy for trainees in ophthalmology or optometry. Br J Ophthalmol 99 (2015), 1162–1167, 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-306189.
82. Wang, K., Wu, C., Qian, Z., et al. Dual-material 3D printed metamaterials with tunable mechanical properties for patient-specific tissue-mimicking phantoms. Addit Manuf 12 (2016), 31–37, 10.1016/j.addma.2016.06.006.
83. Yoo, S.-J., Spray, T., Austin, E.H., et al. Hands-on surgical training of congenital heart surgery using 3-dimensional print models. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 153 (2017), 1530–1540.
84. Cabalag, M.S., Chae, M.P., Miller, G.S., et al. Use of three-dimensional printed “haptic” models for preoperative planning in an Australian plastic surgery unit. ANZ J Surg, 2015, 10.1111/ans.13168.
85. Xu, Y., Fan, F., Kang, N., et al. Tissue engineering of human nasal alar cartilage precisely by using three-dimensional printing. Plast Reconstr Surg 135 (2015), 451–458, 10.1097/PRS.0000000000000856.
86. Nishimoto, S., Sotsuka, Y., Kawai, K., et al. Three-dimensional mock-up model for chondral framework in auricular reconstruction, built with a personal three-dimensional printer. Plast Reconstr Surg 134 (2014), 180–181, 10.1097/PRS.0000000000000263.
87. Bos, E.J., Scholten, T., Song, Y., et al. Developing a parametric ear model for auricular reconstruction: a new step towards patient-specific implants. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 43 (2015), 390–395, 10.1016/j.jcms.2014.12.016.
88. Chae, M.P., Lin, F., Spychal, R.T., et al. 3D-printed haptic “reverse” models for preoperative planning in soft tissue reconstruction: a case report. Microsurgery 35 (2015), 148–153, 10.1002/micr.22293.
89. Chae, M.P., Hunter-Smith, D.J., Spychal, R.T., et al. 3D volumetric analysis for planning breast reconstructive surgery. Breast Cancer Res Treat 146 (2014), 457–460, 10.1007/s10549-014-3028-1.
90. Hermsen, J.L., Burke, T.M., Seslar, S.P., et al. Scan, plan, print, practice, perform: development and use of a patient-specific 3-dimensional printed model in adult cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 153 (2017), 132–140, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.08.007.
91. Wang, H., Liu, J., Zheng, X., et al. Three-dimensional virtual surgery models for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) optimization strategies. Sci Rep, 5, 2015, 10945, 10.1038/srep10945.
92. Wurm, G., Tomancok, B., Pogady, P., et al. Cerebrovascular stereolithographic biomodeling for aneurysm surgery. J Neurosurg 100 (2004), 139–145, 10.3171/jns.2004.100.1.0139 Technical note.
93. Abdel-Sayed, P., Kalejs, M., von Segesser, L.K., A new training set-up for trans-apical aortic valve replacement. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 8 (2009), 599–601, 10.1510/icvts.2009.204149.
94. Bustamante, S., Bose, S., Bishop, P., et al. Novel application of rapid prototyping for simulation of bronchoscopic anatomy. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 28 (2014), 1122–1125, 10.1053/j.jvca.2013.08.015.
95. Bieniosek, M.F., Lee, B.J., Levin, C.S., Technical note: characterization of custom 3D printed multimodality imaging phantoms. Med Phys 42 (2015), 5913–5918, 10.1118/1.4930803.
96. Baron, K.B., Choi, A.D., Chen, M.Y., Low radiation dose calcium scoring: evidence and techniques. Curr Cardiovasc Imaging Rep, 9, 2016, 12, 10.1007/s12410-016-9373-1.
97. Mitsouras, D., Lee, T.C., Liacouras, P., et al. Three-dimensional printing of MRI-visible phantoms and MR image-guided therapy simulation. Magn Reson Med 77 (2017), 613–622, 10.1002/mrm.26136.
98. Ebert, L.C., Thali, M.J., Ross, S., Getting in touch—3D printing in forensic imaging. Forensic Sci Int 211 (2011), e1–e6, 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.04.022.
99. Woźniak, K., Rzepecka-Woźniak, E., Moskała, A., et al. Weapon identification using antemortem computed tomography with virtual 3D and rapid prototype modeling—a report in a case of blunt force head injury. Forensic Sci Int 222 (2012), e29–e32, 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.06.012.
100. Kettner, M., Schmidt, P., Potente, S., et al. Reverse engineering—rapid prototyping of the skull in forensic trauma analysis. J Forensic Sci 56 (2011), 1015–1017, 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01764.
101. Laronda, M.M., Rutz, A.L., Xiao, S., et al. A bioprosthetic ovary created using 3D printed microporous scaffolds restores ovarian function in sterilized mice. Nat Commun, 8, 2017, 15261.
102. Kang, H.-W., Lee, S.J., Ko, I.K., et al. A 3D bioprinting system to produce human-scale tissue constructs with structural integrity. Nat Biotechnol 34 (2016), 312–319.
103. United States Food and Drug Administration, Highlights of prescribing information—spritam. Available at: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/207958s000lbl.pdf. (Accessed 30 August 2017)
104. Goyanes, A., Det-Amornrat, U., Wang, J., et al. 3D scanning and 3D printing as innovative technologies for fabricating personalized topical drug delivery systems. J Control Release 234 (2016), 41–48, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.034.
105. Homan, K.A., Kolesky, D.B., Skylar-Scott, M.A., et al. Bioprinting of 3D convoluted renal proximal tubules on perfusable chips. Sci Rep, 6, 2016, 34845, 10.1038/srep34845.
106. Pourchet, L.J., Thepot, A., Albouy, M., et al. Human skin 3D bioprinting using scaffold-free approach. Adv Healthc Mater, 6, 2017, 10.1002/adhm.201601101.
107. Borovjagin, A.V., Ogle, B.M., Berry, J.L., et al. From microscale devices to 3D printing: advances in fabrication of 3D cardiovascular tissues. Circ Res 120 (2017), 150–165, 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308538.
108. Sawkins, M.J., Mistry, P., Brown, B.N., et al. Cell and protein compatible 3D bioprinting of mechanically strong constructs for bone repair. Biofabrication, 7, 2015, 035004, 10.1088/1758-5090/7/3/035004.
109. Hockaday, L.A., Kang, K.H., Colangelo, N.W., et al. Rapid 3D printing of anatomically accurate and mechanically heterogeneous aortic valve hydrogel scaffolds. Biofabrication, 4, 2012, 035005, 10.1088/1758-5082/4/3/035005.
110. Zhang, K., Fu, Q., Yoo, J., et al. 3D bioprinting of urethra with PCL/PLCL blend and dual autologous cells in fibrin hydrogel: an in vitro evaluation of biomimetic mechanical property and cell growth environment. Acta Biomater 50 (2017), 154–164, 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.12.008.
111. Mannoor, M.S., Jiang, Z., James, T., et al. 3D printed bionic ears. Nano Lett 13 (2013), 2634–2639, 10.1021/nl4007744.
112. Zuniga, J., Katsavelis, D., Peck, J., et al. Cyborg beast: a low-cost 3D-printed prosthetic hand for children with upper-limb differences. BMC Res Notes, 8, 2015, 10, 10.1186/s13104-015-0971-9.
113. Ripley, B., Levin, D., Kelil, T., et al. 3D printing from MRI data: harnessing strengths and minimizing weaknesses. J Magn Reson Imaging 45 (2017), 635–645, 10.1002/jmri.25526.
114. Matsumoto, J.S., Morris, J.M., Foley, T.A., et al. Three-dimensional physical modeling: applications and experience at Mayo Clinic. Radiographics 35 (2015), 1989–2006, 10.1148/rg.2015140260.
115. Soejima, Y., Shimada, M., Suehiro, T., et al. Outcome analysis in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation using the left lobe. Liver Transpl 9 (2003), 581–586, 10.1053/jlts.2003.50114.
116. Atala, A., Bauer, S.B., Soker, S., et al. Tissue-engineered autologous bladders for patients needing cystoplasty. Lancet 367 (2006), 1241–1246, 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68438-9.
117. Raya-Rivera, A., Esquiliano, D.R., Yoo, J.J., et al. Tissue-engineered autologous urethras for patients who need reconstruction: an observational study. Lancet 377 (2011), 1175–1182, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62354-9.
118. Chepelev, L., Giannopoulos, A., Tang, A., et al. Medical 3D printing: methods to standardize terminology and report trends. 3D Printing in Med, 3, 2017, 4, 10.1186/s41205-017-0012-5.
119. Javan, R., Herrin, D., Tangestanipoor, A., Understanding spatially complex segmental and branch anatomy using 3D printing. Acad Radiol 23 (2016), 1183–1189, 10.1016/j.acra.2016.04.010.
120. Leng, S., McGee, K., Morris, J., et al. Anatomic modeling using 3D printing: quality assurance and optimization. 3D Printing in Med, 3, 2017, 6, 10.1186/s41205-017-0014-3.
121. Di Prima, M., Coburn, J., Hwang, D., et al. Additively manufactured medical products—the FDA perspective. 3D Printing in Med, 2, 2015, 1, 10.1186/s41205-016-0005-9.
122. Morrison, R.J., Hollister, S.J., Niedner, M.F., et al. Mitigation of tracheobronchomalacia with 3D-printed personalized medical devices in pediatric patients. Sci Transl Med, 7, 2015, 10.1126/scitranslmed.3010825 285ra64.
123. Yu, A.W., Khan, M., On-demand three-dimensional printing of surgical supplies in conflict zones. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 78 (2015), 201–203, 10.1097/TA.0000000000000481.
124. Cheng, G.Z., San Jose Estepar, R., Folch, E., et al. Three-dimensional printing and 3D slicer: powerful tools in understanding and treating structural lung disease. Chest 149 (2016), 1136–1142, 10.1016/j.chest.2016.03.001.
125. DICOM approves new working group to address 3D printing. Medical Imaging and Technology Alliance website. Available at: http://bit.ly/2wIFTzm. (Accessed 30 August 2017)
126. Process Validation: General Principles and Practices. United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Center for Biologics Evaluation Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine; Available at: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/guidances/ucm070336.pdf. (Accessed 30 August 2017)
127. Preece, D., Williams, S.B., Lam, R., et al. “Let's get physical”: advantages of a physical model over 3D computer models and textbooks in learning imaging anatomy. Anat Sci Educ 6 (2013), 216–224, 10.1002/ase.1345.
128. Rogers-Vizena, C.R., Sporn, S.F., Daniels, K.M., et al. Cost-benefit analysis of three-dimensional craniofacial models for midfacial distraction: a pilot study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 54 (2016), 612–617, 10.1597/15-281.
129. Biglino, G., Capelli, C., Wray, J., et al. 3D-manufactured patient-specific models of congenital heart defects for communication in clinical practice: feasibility and acceptability. BMJ Open, 5, 2015, e007165, 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007165.
130. NIH 3D Print Exchange. National Institutes of Health; Available at: http://3dprint.nih.gov. (Accessed 30 August 2017)