Medical 3D printing for the radiologist

Radiographics

Volumn 35, Issue 7, 2015, Pages 1965-1988

  Mitsouras, Dimitris ^a   Liacouras, Peter ^b   Imanzadeh, Amir ^a   Giannopoulos, Andreas A ^a   Cai, Tianrun ^a   Kumamaru, Kanako K ^a   George, Elizabeth ^a   Wake, Nicole ^c   Caterson, Edward J ^a   Pomahac, Bohdan ^a   Ho, Vincent B ^b   Grant, Gerald T ^b   Rybicki, Frank J ^a  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b WALTER REED ARMY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

RESIN;

ANATOMIC MODEL; AUDIOVISUAL AID; COMPUTER ASSISTED SURGERY; DEVICES; ECONOMICS; FLOW KINETICS; HUMAN; IMAGING PHANTOM; PROCEDURES; PROSTHESIS DESIGN; RADIOLOGY; SOFTWARE; THREE DIMENSIONAL PRINTING; TISSUE ENGINEERING; TRENDS; X-RAY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY;

AUDIOVISUAL AIDS; HUMANS; MODELS, ANATOMIC; PHANTOMS, IMAGING; PRINTING, THREE-DIMENSIONAL; PROSTHESIS DESIGN; RADIOLOGY; RESINS, SYNTHETIC; RHEOLOGY; SOFTWARE; SURGERY, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; TISSUE ENGINEERING; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 84946905711     PISSN: 02715333     EISSN: 15271323     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1148/rg.2015140320     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Fishman EK, Drebin B, Magid D, et al. Volumetric rendering techniques: applications for three-dimensional imaging of the hip. Radiology 1987;163(3):737–738.
2. Rubin GD, Dake MD, Napel SA, McDonnell CH, Jeffrey RB Jr. Three-dimensional spiral CT angiography of the abdomen: initial clinical experience. Radiology 1993;186(1): 147–152.
3. Wohlers Associates, Inc. Wohlers report 2013: additive manufacturing and 3D printing state of the industry. Fort Collins, Colo: Wohlers Associates, Inc, 2013.
4. Mitsouras D, Dill KE, Kumamaru KK, Steigner ML, Rybicki FJ III. 3-D printing: bridging the gap between theory and practice [abstr]. In: Radiological Society of North America Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting Program. Oak Brook, Ill: Radiological Society of North America, 2013; 109.
5. Hiller J, Lipson H. STL 2.0: a proposal for a universal multimaterial Additive Manufacturing File format. Proceedings of the Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium 2009. Austin, Texas, 2009; 266–278.
6. Grant GT, Liacouras P, Kondor S. Maxillofacial imaging in the trauma patient. Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2013;21(1):25–36.
7. Liacouras P, Garnes J, Roman N, Petrich A, Grant GT. Designing and manufacturing an auricular prosthesis using computed tomography, 3-dimensional photographic imaging, and additive manufacturing: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 2011;105(2):78–82.
8. Werner H, dos Santos JR, Fontes R, et al. Additive manufacturing models of fetuses built from three-dimensional ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scan data. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2010;36(3): 355–361.
9. Mahesh M. Search for isotropic resolution in CT from conventional through multiple-row detector. RadioGraphics 2002;22(4):949–962.
10. Jacobs S, Grunert R, Mohr FW, Falk V. 3D-imaging of cardiac structures using 3D heart models for planning in heart surgery: a preliminary study. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2008;7(1):6–9.
11. Kozakiewicz M, Elgalal M, Loba P, et al. Clinical application of 3D pre-bent titanium implants for orbital floor fractures. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2009;37(4):229–234.
12. Harrysson OL, Hosni YA, Nayfeh JF. Custom-designed orthopedic implants evaluated using finite element analysis of patient-specific computed tomography data: femoral-component case study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2007;8:91.
13. Suzuki M, Ogawa Y, Kawano A, Hagiwara A, Yamaguchi H, Ono H. Rapid prototyping of temporal bone for surgical training and medical education. Acta Otolaryngol 2004;124(4):400–402.
14. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Public workshop: additive manufacturing of medical devices—an interactive discussion on the technical considerations of 3D printing. http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/NewsEvents/WorkshopsConferences/ucm397324.htm. Published 2014. Accessed February 2, 2015.
15. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services–National Institutes of Health. NIH 3D print exchange 2015. http://3dprint.nih.gov. Published 2015. Accessed February 2, 2015.
16. Huang Y, Leu MC. NSF additive manufacturing workshop report. NSF Workshop on Frontiers of Additive Manufacturing Research and Education. Arlington, Va: University of Florida Center for Manufacturing Innovation, 2013.
17. ASTM. F2792-12a standard terminology for additive manufacturing technologies. In: Electronics; declarable substances in materials; 3D imaging systems. West Conshohocken, Pa: ASTM, 2014.
18. Stevens B, Yang Y, Mohandas A, Stucker B, Nguyen KT. A review of materials, fabrication methods, and strategies used to enhance bone regeneration in engineered bone tissues. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2008;85(2):573–582.
19. Starosolski ZA, Kan JH, Rosenfeld SD, Krishnamurthy R, Annapragada A. Application of 3-D printing (rapid prototyping) for creating physical models of pediatric orthopedic disorders. Pediatr Radiol 2014;44(2):216–221.
20. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Use of International Standard ISO-10993, “Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices Part 1: Evaluation and Testing” (replaces #G87-1#8294) (blue book memo). Silver Spring, Md: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2013.
21. Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Guidelines for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/guidelines/disinfection_nov_2008.pdf. Published 2008. Accessed October 18, 2014.
22. Pruksakorn D, Chantarapanich N, Arpornchayanon O, Leerapun T, Sitthiseripratip K, Vatanapatimakul N. Rapidprototype endoprosthesis for palliative reconstruction of an upper extremity after resection of bone metastasis. Int J CARS 2015;10(3):343–350.
23. Bellanova L, Paul L, Docquier PL. Surgical guides (patientspecific instruments) for pediatric tibial bone sarcoma resection and allograft reconstruction. Sarcoma 2013;2013:787653.
24. Tumbleston JR, Shirvanyants D, Ermoshkin N, et al. Additive manufacturing: continuous liquid interface production of 3D objects. Science 2015;347(6228):1349–1352.
25. D’Urso PS, Earwaker WJ, Barker TM, et al. Custom cranioplasty using stereolithography and acrylic. Br J Plast Surg 2000;53(3):200–204.
26. McGurk M, Amis AA, Potamianos P, Goodger NM. Rapid prototyping techniques for anatomical modelling in medicine. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1997;79(3):169–174.
27. Kacl GM, Zanetti M, Amgwerd M, et al. Rapid prototyping (stereolithography) in the management of intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Eur Radiol 1997;7(2):187–191.
28. Nizam A, Gopal RN, Naing L, Hakim AB, Samsudin AR. Dimensional accuracy of the skull models produced by rapid prototyping technology using stereolithography apparatus. Arch Orofac Sci 2006;1:60–66.
29. Salmi M, Paloheimo KS, Tuomi J, Wolff J, Mäkitie A. Accuracy of medical models made by additive manufacturing (rapid manufacturing). J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2013;41(7):603–609.
30. Waran V, Devaraj P, Hari Chandran T, et al. Three-dimensional anatomical accuracy of cranial models created by rapid prototyping techniques validated using a neuronavigation station. J Clin Neurosci 2012;19(4):574–577.
31. Ibrahim D, Broilo TL, Heitz C, et al. Dimensional error of selective laser sintering, three-dimensional printing and PolyJet models in the reproduction of mandibular anatomy. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2009;37(3):167–173.
32. Taft RM, Kondor S, Grant GT. Accuracy of rapid prototype models for head and neck reconstruction. J Prosthet Dent 2011;106(6):399–408.
33. Huotilainen E, Jaanimets R, Valášek J, et al. Inaccuracies in additive manufactured medical skull models caused by the DICOM to STL conversion process. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2014;42(5):e259–e265.
34. Choi JY, Choi JH, Kim NK, et al. Analysis of errors in medical rapid prototyping models. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2002;31(1):23–32.
35. Hazeveld A, Huddleston Slater JJ, Ren Y. Accuracy and reproducibility of dental replica models reconstructed by different rapid prototyping techniques. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2014;145(1):108–115.
36. D’Urso PS, Barker TM, Earwaker WJ, et al. Stereolithographic biomodelling in cranio-maxillofacial surgery: a prospective trial. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1999;27(1):30–37.
37. Mavili ME, Canter HI, Saglam-Aydinatay B, Kamaci S, Kocadereli I. Use of three-dimensional medical modeling methods for precise planning of orthognathic surgery. J Craniofac Surg 2007;18(4):740–747.
38. Cui J, Chen L, Guan X, Ye L, Wang H, Liu L. Surgical planning, three-dimensional model surgery and preshaped implants in treatment of bilateral craniomaxillofacial post-traumatic deformities. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014;72(6):e1–e14.
39. Wagner JD, Baack B, Brown GA, Kelly J. Rapid 3-dimensional prototyping for surgical repair of maxillofacial fractures: a technical note. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004;62(7):898–901.
40. Waran V, Pancharatnam D, Thambinayagam HC, et al. The utilization of cranial models created using rapid prototyping techniques in the development of models for navigation training. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2014;75(1):12–15.
41. Wurm G, Tomancok B, Pogady P, Holl K, Trenkler J. Cerebrovascular stereolithographic biomodeling for aneurysm surgery: technical note. J Neurosurg 2004;100(1):139–145.
42. Faber J, Berto PM, Quaresma M. Rapid prototyping as a tool for diagnosis and treatment planning for maxillary canine impaction. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006;129(4):583–589.
43. Monfared A, Mitteramskogler G, Gruber S, Salisbury JK Jr, Stampfl J, Blevins NH. High-fidelity, inexpensive surgical middle ear simulator. Otol Neurotol 2012;33(9):1573–1577.
44. Soares PV, de Almeida Milito G, Pereira FA, et al. Rapid prototyping and 3D-virtual models for operative dentistry education in Brazil. J Dent Educ 2013;77(3):358–363.
45. Kono K, Shintani A, Okada H, Terada T. Preoperative simulations of endovascular treatment for a cerebral aneurysm using a patient-specific vascular silicone model. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2013;53(5):347–351.
46. Paiva WS, Amorim R, Bezerra DA, Masini M. Aplication of the stereolithography technique in complex spine surgery. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2007;65(2B):443–445.
47. Herlin C, Koppe M, Béziat JL, Gleizal A. Rapid prototyping in craniofacial surgery: using a positioning guide after zygomatic osteotomy—a case report. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2011;39(5):376–379.
48. Li J, Li P, Lu H, et al. Digital design and individually fabricated titanium implants for the reconstruction of traumatic zygomatico- orbital defects. J Craniofac Surg 2013;24(2):363–368.
49. Wang J, Liu JF, Liu W, Wang JC, Wang SY, Gui L. Application of computer techniques in repair of oblique facial clefts with outer-table calvarial bone grafts. J Craniofac Surg 2013;24(3):957–960.
50. Arora A, Datarkar AN, Borle RM, Rai A, Adwani DG. Custommade implant for maxillofacial defects using rapid prototype models. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013;71(2):e104–e110.
51. Zhou LB, Shang HT, He LS, et al. Accurate reconstruction of discontinuous mandible using a reverse engineering/computeraideddesign/rapid prototyping technique: a preliminary clinical study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010;68(9):2115–2121.
52. Müller A, Krishnan KG, Uhl E, Mast G. The application of rapid prototyping techniques in cranial reconstruction and preoperative planning in neurosurgery. J Craniofac Surg 2003;14(6):899–914.
53. Pomahac B, Pribaz J, Eriksson E, et al. Three patients with full facial transplantation. N Engl J Med 2012;366(8):715–722.
54. Soga S, Ersoy H, Mitsouras D, et al. Surgical planning for composite tissue allotransplantation of the face using 320-detector row computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2010;34(5):766–769.
55. Soga S, Pomahac B, Mitsouras D, et al. Preoperative vascular mapping for facial allotransplantation: four-dimensional computed tomographic angiography versus magnetic resonance angiography. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;128(4):883–891.
56. Kumamaru KK, Sisk GC, Mitsouras D, et al. Vascular communications between donor and recipient tissues after successful full face transplantation. Am J Transplant 2014;14(3):711–719.
57. Bullock P, Dunaway D, McGurk L, Richards R. Integration of image guidance and rapid prototyping technology in craniofacial surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013;42(8): 970–973.
58. Grant GT, Liacouras P, Santiago GF, et al. Restoration of the donor face after facial allotransplantation: digital manufacturing techniques. Ann Plast Surg 2014;72(6):720–724.
59. Gronet PM, Waskewicz GA, Richardson C. Preformed acrylic cranial implants using fused deposition modeling: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 2003;90(5):429–433.
60. Bustamante S, Bose S, Bishop P, Klatte R, Norris F. Novel application of rapid prototyping for simulation of bronchoscopic anatomy. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2014;28(4): 1134–1137.
61. Akiba T, Nakada T, Inagaki T. Simulation of the fissureless technique for thoracoscopic segmentectomy using rapid prototyping. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015;21(1):84–86.
62. Akiba T, Nakada T, Inagaki T. A three-dimensional mediastinal model created with rapid prototyping in a patient with ectopic thymoma. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015;21(1):87–89.
63. Giesel FL, Mehndiratta A, von Tengg-Kobligk H, et al. Rapid prototyping raw models on the basis of high resolution computed tomography lung data for respiratory flow dynamics. Acad Radiol 2009;16(4):495–498.
64. Zopf DA, Hollister SJ, Nelson ME, Ohye RG, Green GE. Bioresorbable airway splint created with a three-dimensional printer. N Engl J Med 2013;368(21):2043–2045.
65. Riesenkampff E, Rietdorf U, Wolf I, et al. The practical clinical value of three-dimensional models of complex congenitally malformed hearts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009;138(3):571–580.
66. Kim MS, Hansgen AR, Wink O, Quaife RA, Carroll JD. Rapid prototyping: a new tool in understanding and treating structural heart disease. Circulation 2008;117(18):2388–2394.
67. Sodian R, Schmauss D, Markert M, et al. Three-dimensional printing creates models for surgical planning of aortic valve replacement after previous coronary bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 2008;85(6):2105–2108.
68. Schievano S, Migliavacca F, Coats L, et al. Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation based on rapid prototyping of right ventricular outflow tract and pulmonary trunk from MR data. Radiology 2007;242(2):490–497.
69. Armillotta A, Bonhoeffer P, Dubini G, et al. Use of rapid prototyping models in the planning of percutaneous pulmonary valved stent implantation. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2007;221(4):407–416.
70. Schmauss D, Schmitz C, Bigdeli AK, et al. Three-dimensional printing of models for preoperative planning and simulation of transcatheter valve replacement. Ann Thorac Surg 2012;93(2):e31–e33.
71. Biglino G, Verschueren P, Zegels R, Taylor AM, Schievano S. Rapid prototyping compliant arterial phantoms for invitr studies and device testing. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013;15:2.
72. Mottl-Link S, Hübler M, Kühne T, et al. Physical models aiding in complex congenital heart surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2008;86(1):273–277.
73. Canstein C, Cachot P, Faust A, et al. 3D MR flow analysis in realistic rapid-prototyping model systems of the thoracic aorta: comparison with in vivo data and computational fluid dynamics in identical vessel geometries. Magn Reson Med 2008;59(3):535–546.
74. Markl M, Schumacher R, Küffer J, Bley TA, Hennig J. Rapid vessel prototyping: vascular modeling using 3T magneticresonance angiography and rapid prototyping technology. MAGMA 2005;18(6):288–292.
75. Ionita CN, Mokin M, Varble N, et al. Challenges and limitations of patient-specific vascular phantom fabrication using 3D Polyjet printing. In: Molthen RC, Weaver JB, eds. Proceedings of SPIE: medical imaging 2014—biomedical applications in molecular, structural, and functional imaging. Vol 9038. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE, 2014; 90380M.
76. Markert M, Weber S, Lueth TC. A beating heart model 3D printed from specific patient data. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2007;2007:4472–4775.
77. Kim MS, Hansgen AR, Carroll JD. Use of rapid prototyping in the care of patients with structural heart disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2008;18(6):210–216.
78. Håkansson A, Rantatalo M, Hansen T, Wanhainen A. Patient specific biomodel of the whole aorta: the importance of calcified plaque removal. Vasa 2011;40(6):453–459.
79. Gittard SD, Narayan RJ, Lusk J, et al. Rapid prototyping of scaphoid and lunate bones. Biotechnol J 2009;4(1):129–134.
80. Hurson C, Tansey A, O’Donnchadha B, Nicholson P, Rice J, McElwain J. Rapid prototyping in the assessment, classification and preoperative planning of acetabular fractures. Injury 2007;38(10):1158–1162.
81. Bagaria V, Deshpande S, Rasalkar DD, Kuthe A, Paunipagar BK. Use of rapid prototyping and three-dimensional reconstruction modeling in the management of complex fractures. Eur J Radiol 2011;80(3):814–820.
82. Giovinco NA, Dunn SP, Dowling L, et al. A novel combination of printed 3-dimensional anatomic templates and computer-assisted surgical simulation for virtual preoperative planning in Charcot foot reconstruction. J Foot Ankle Surg 2012;51(3):387–393.
83. Kunz M, Ma B, Rudan JF, Ellis RE, Pichora DR. Imageguided distal radius osteotomy using patient-specific instrument guides. J Hand Surg Am 2013;38(8):1618–1624.
84. Yang JC, Ma XY, Lin J, Wu ZH, Zhang K, Yin QS. Personalised modified osteotomy using computer-aided design– rapid prototyping to correct thoracic deformities. Int Orthop 2011;35(12):1827–1832.
85. Zhang YZ, Lu S, Chen B, Zhao JM, Liu R, Pei GX. Application of computer-aided design osteotomy template for treatment of cubitus varus deformity in teenagers: a pilot study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2011;20(1):51–56.
86. Du H, Tian XX, Li TS, et al. Use of patient-specific templates in hip resurfacing arthroplasty: experience from sixteen cases. Int Orthop 2013;37(5):777–782.
87. Faur C, Crainic N, Sticlaru C, Oancea C. Rapid prototyping technique in the preoperative planning for total hip arthroplasty with custom femoral components. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2013;125(5-6):144–149.
88. Tam MD, Laycock SD, Bell D, Chojnowski A. 3-D printout of a DICOM file to aid surgical planning in a 6 year old patient with a large scapular osteochondroma complicating congenital diaphyseal aclasia. J Radiol Case Rep 2012;6(1):31–37.
89. Grant GT, Taft RM, Wheeler ST. Practical application of polyurethane and Velcro in maxillofacial prosthetics. J Prosthet Dent 2001;85(3):281–283.
90. Woodfield TB, Guggenheim M, von Rechenberg B, Riesle J, van Blitterswijk CA, Wedler V. Rapid prototyping of anatomically shaped, tissue-engineered implants for restoring congruent articulating surfaces in small joints. Cell Prolif 2009;42(4):485–497.
91. Sun SP, Wu CJ. Using the full scale 3D solid anthropometric model in radiation oncology positioning and verification. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2004;5:3432–3435.
92. Zemnick C, Woodhouse SA, Gewanter RM, Raphael M, Piro JD. Rapid prototyping technique for creating a radiation shield. J Prosthet Dent 2007;97(4):236–241.
93. Melchels FP, Domingos MA, Klein TJ, Malda J, Bartolo PJ, Hutmacher DW. Additive manufacturing of tissues and organs. Prog Polym Sci 2012;37(8):1079–1104.
94. Ozbolat IT, Yu Y. Bioprinting toward organ fabrication: challenges and future trends. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2013;60(3):691–699.
95. Mironov V, Boland T, Trusk T, Forgacs G, Markwald RR. Organ printing: computer-aided jet-based 3D tissue engineering. Trends Biotechnol 2003;21(4):157–161.
96. Lee V, Singh G, Trasatti JP, et al. Design and fabrication of human skin by three-dimensional bioprinting. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014;20(6):473–484.
97. Gaetani R, Doevendans PA, Metz CH, et al. Cardiac tissue engineering using tissue printing technology and human cardiac progenitor cells. Biomaterials 2012;33(6):1782–1790.
98. Wang X, Yan Y, Zhang R. Rapid prototyping as a tool for manufacturing bioartificial livers. Trends Biotechnol 2007;25(11):505–513.
99. Mannoor MS, Jiang Z, James T, et al. 3D printed bionic ears. Nano Lett 2013;13(6):2634–2639.
100. Zein NN, Hanouneh IA, Bishop PD, et al. Three-dimensional print of a liver for preoperative planning in living donor liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2013;19(12):1304–1310.
101. Soejima Y, Shimada M, Suehiro T, et al. Outcome analysis in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation using the left lobe. Liver Transpl 2003;9(6):581–586.
102. Silberstein JL, Maddox MM, Dorsey P, Feibus A, Thomas R, Lee BR. Physical models of renal malignancies using standard cross-sectional imaging and 3-dimensional printers: a pilot study. Urology 2014;84(2):268–272.
103. Ebert LC, Thali MJ, Ross S. Getting in touch: 3D printing in forensic imaging. Forensic Sci Int 2011;211(1-3):e1–e6.
104. Schievano S, Sebire NJ, Robertson NJ, Taylor AM, Thayyil S. Reconstruction of fetal and infant anatomy using rapid prototyping of post-mortem MR images. Insights Imaging 2010;1(4):281–286.
105. Petersson H, Sinkvist D, Wang C, Smedby O. Web-based interactive 3D visualization as a tool for improved anatomy learning. Anat Sci Educ 2009;2(2):61–68.
106. Valdecasas AG, Correas AM, Guerrero CR, Juez J. Understanding complex systems: lessons from Auzoux’s and von Hagens’s anatomical models. J Biosci 2009;34(6):835–843.
107. Wurm G, Lehner M, Tomancok B, Kleiser R, Nussbaumer K. Cerebrovascular biomodeling for aneurysm surgery: simulation-based training by means of rapid prototyping technologies. Surg Innov 2011;18(3):294–306.
108. Abdel-Sayed P, Kalejs M, von Segesser LK. A new training set-up for trans-apical aortic valve replacement. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2009;8(6):599–601.
109. Wilasrusmee C, Suvikrom J, Suthakorn J, et al. Threedimensional aortic aneurysm model and endovascula repair: an educational tool for surgical trainees. Int J Angiol 2008;17(3):129–133.
110. Bruyère F, Leroux C, Brunereau L, Lermusiaux P. Rapid prototyping model for percutaneous nephrolithotomy training. J Endourol 2008;22(1):91–96.
111. Preece D, Williams SB, Lam R, Weller R. “Let’s get physical”: advantages of a physical model over 3D computer models and textbooks in learning imaging anatomy. Anat Sci Educ 2013;6(4):216–224.
112. Knox K, Kerber CW, Singel SA, Bailey MJ, Imbesi SG. Stereolithographic vascular replicas from CT scans: choosingtreatment strategies, teaching, and research from live patient scan data. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005;26(6): 1428–1431.
113. Cao P, Duhamel Y, Olympe G, Ramond B, Langevin F. A new production method of elastic silicone carotid phantom based on MRI acquisition using rapid prototyping technique. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2013;2013:5331–5334.
114. Steigner ML, Mitsouras D, Whitmore AG, et al. Iodinated contrast opacification gradients in normal coronary arteries imaged with prospectively ECG-gated single heart beat 320-detector row computed tomography. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2010;3(2):179–186.
115. Chung SK, Son YR, Shin SJ, Kim SK. Nasal airflow during respiratory cycle. Am J Rhinol 2006;20(4):379–384.
116. Mortier P, De Beule M, Dubini G, Hikichi Y, Murasato Y, Ormiston JA. Coronary bifurcation stenting: insights from in vitro and virtual bench testing. EuroIntervention 2010;6(Suppl J):J53–J60.