Dietary compounds as modulators of metals and metalloids toxicity

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

Volumn 58, Issue 12, 2018, Pages 2055-2067

  Jadán Piedra, Carlos ^a   Chiocchetti, Gabriela Matuoka ^a   Clemente, María Jesús ^a   Vélez, Dinoraz ^a   Devesa, Vicenta ^a  

^a INSTITUTO DE AGROQUÍMICA Y TECNOLOGÍA DE ALIMENTOS CSIC   (Spain)

Author keywords

Arsenic; cadmium; diet; lead; mercury; toxicity; toxicokinetics

Indexed keywords

ARSENIC; CADMIUM; LEAD; MERCURY (METAL); METALS; NUTRITION; POTABLE WATER; TOXICITY;

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; FOOD CONTAMINANTS; INTESTINAL ABSORPTION; INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION; METALS AND METALLOIDS; TISSUE ACCUMULATION; TOXIC CHEMICALS; TOXICOKINETICS;

CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION;

METAL; METALLOID;

ANIMAL; DIET; FOOD; FOOD CONTAMINATION; HUMAN;

ANIMALS; DIET; FOOD; FOOD CONTAMINATION; HUMANS; METALLOIDS; METALS;

EID: 85021928628     PISSN: 10408398     EISSN: 15497852     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1302407     Document Type: Article

References (184)

1. Abi-Ghanem, C., Khalaf, G., and Najjar, E., (2014). Distribution of lead, cadmium, and vanadium in Lebanese coastal sediments and mussels. J. Coast. Res. 30:1074–1080.
2. Ahmad, M., Wadaan, M. A., Farooq, M., Daghestani, M. H., and Sami, A. S., (2013). Effectiveness of zinc in modulating perinatal effects of arsenic on the teratological effects in mice offspring. Biol. Res. 46:131–138.
3. Almela, C., Algora, S., Benito, V., Clemente, M. J., Devesa, V., Suñer, M. A., Velez, D., and Montoro, R., (2002). Heavy metal, total arsenic, and inorganic arsenic contents of algae food products. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50:918–923.
4. Amara, S., Abdelmelek, H., Garrel, C., Guiraud, P., Douki, T., Ravanat, J. L., Favier, A., Sakly, M., and Ben Rhouma, K., (2008). Preventive effect of zinc against cadmium-induced oxidative stress in the rat testis. Reprod. Dev. 54:129–134.
5. Ambrose, T. M., Al-Lozi, M., and Scott, M. G., (2000). Bone lead concentrations assessed by in vivo X-ray fluorescence. Clin. Chem. 46:1171–1178.
6. Argüelles, N., Alvarez-González, I., Chamorro, G., and Madrigal-Bujaidar, E., (2012). Protective effect of grapefruit juice on the teratogenic and genotoxic damage induced by cadmium in mice. J. Med. Food 15:887–893.
7. Asadpour, R., Azari, M., Hejazi, M., Tayefi, H., and Zaboli, N., (2013). Protective effects of garlic aqueous extract (Allium sativum), vitamin E, and N-acetylcysteine on reproductive quality of male rats exposed to lead. Vet. Res. Forum 4:251–257.
8. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). (2007). Toxicological Profile for Lead. U.S. Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA. Available from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp13.pdf. Accessed July2, 2016.
9. Ayakeme, T., Ibeh, G. O., Nwinuka, M. N., and Nwachoko, N. C., (2012). Effects of garlic extract on cadmium-induced toxicity in Wistar Albino rat. Indian J. Drugs Dis. 1:68–73.
10. Bannon, D., Portnoy, M. E., Olivi, L., Lees, P. S., Culotta, V. C., and Bressler, J. P., (2002). Uptake of lead and iron by divalent metal transporter 1 in yeast and mammalian cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 295:978–984.
11. Barltrop, D., and Khoo, H. E., (1975). The influence of nutritional factors on lead absorption. Postgrad. Med. J. 51:795–800.
12. Barltrop, D., and Khoo, H. E., (1976). The influence of dietary minerals and fat on the absorption of lead. Sci. Total Environ. 6:265–273.
13. Barton, J. C., and Conrad, M. E., (1981). Effect of phosphate on the absorption and retention of lead in the rat. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34:2192–2198.
14. Bekhet, G. M., Al-Kahtani, M. A., and Abdel-Moneim, A. M., (2013). The protective effects of vitamin C and folic acid against methylmercury teratogenicity in chick embryo. J. Cell Anim. Biol. 7:77–84.
15. Berglund, M., Akesson, A., Bjellerup, P., and Vahter, M., (2000). Metal-bone interactions. Toxicol. Lett. 112–113:219–225.
16. Berglund, M., Akesson, A., Nermell, B., and Vahter, M., (1994). Intestinal absorption of dietary cadmium in women depends on body iron stores and fiber intake. Environ. Health Perspect. 102:1058–1066.
17. Bernhoft, R. A., (2013). Cadmium toxicity and treatment. Sci. World J. 2013:394652.
18. Bisanz, J., Enos, M., Mwanga, J., Changalucha, J., Jeremy, P., Burton, J. P., Gloor, G. B., and Reid, G., (2014). Randomized open-label pilot study of the influence of probiotics and the gut microbiome on toxic metal levels in Tanzanian pregnant women and school children. mBio 5:e01580–14.
19. Biswas, J., Sinha, D., Mukherjee, S., Roy, S., Siddiqi, M., and Roy, M., (2010). Curcumin protects DNA damage in a chronically arsenic exposed population of West Bengal. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 29:513–524.
20. Bradman, A., Eskenazi, B., Sutton, P., Athanasoulis, M., and Goldman, L. R., (2001). Iron deficiency associated with higher blood lead in children living in contaminated environments. Environ. Health Perspect. 109:1079–1084.
21. Brewer, M. S., (2011). Natural antioxidants: Sources, compounds, mechanisms of action, and potential applications. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 10:221–247.
22. Brzóska, M. M., Rogalska, J., Galazyn-Sidorczuk, M., Jurczuk, M., Roszczenko, A., and Tomczyk, M., (2015). Protective effect of Aronia melanocarpa polyphenols against cadmium-induced disorders in bone metabolism: A study in a rat model of lifetime human exposure to this heavy metal. Chem. Biol. Interact. 229:132–146.
23. Calatayud, M., Barrios, J. A., Vélez, D., and Devesa, V., (2012). In vitro study of transporters involved in intestinal absorption of inorganic arsenic. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 25:446–453.
24. Calder, P. C., (1998). Immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 31:467–490.
25. Chen, Y., Hall, M., Graziano, J. H., Slavkovich, V., van Geen, A., Parvez, F., and Ahsan, H., (2007). A prospective study of blood selenium levels and the risk of arsenic-related premalignant skin lesions. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 16:207–213.
26. Christakos, S., (2012). Mechanism of action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on intestinal calcium absorption. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. 13:39–44.
27. Clemente, M. J., Devesa, V., and Vélez, D., (2016). Dietary strategies to reduce the bioaccessibility of arsenic from food matrices. J. Agric. Food Chem. 64:923–931.
28. Colacino, J. A., Arthur, A. E., Ferguson, K. K., and Rozek, L. S., (2014). Dietary antioxidant and anti-inflammatory intake modifies the effect of cadmium exposure on markers of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Environ. Res. 131:6–12.
29. Dalley, J. W., Gupta, P. K., Lam, F. C., and Hung, C. T., (1989). Interaction of L-ascorbic acid on the disposition of lead in rats. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 64:360–364.
30. Das, R., Das, A., Roy, A., Kumari, U., Bhattacharya, S., and Haldar, P. K., (2015). β-Carotene ameliorates arsenic-induced toxicity in albino mice. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 164:226–233.
31. Diamond, G. L., (2000). Transport of metals in the gastrointestinal system and kidneys. In: Molecular Biology and Toxicology of Metals, pp. 300–345. Zalups, R. K., and Koropatnick, D. J., Eds., New York: Taylor and Francis Ltd.
32. Drobna, Z., Narenmandura, H., Kubachka, K. M., Edwards, B. C., Herbin-Davis, K., Styblo, M., Le, X. C., Creed, J. T., Maeda, N., Hughes, M. F., and Thomas, D. J., (2009). Disruption of the arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase gene in the mouse alters the phenotype for methylation of arsenic and affects distribution and retention of orally administered arsenate. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 22:1713–1720.
33. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). (2009). Cadmium in food. Scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain (Question No EFSA-Q-2007-138). EFSA J. 80:1–139.
34. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). (2012a). Scientific opinion on the risk for public health related to the presence of mercury and methylmercury in food. EFSA J. 10:1–2985.
35. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). (2012b). Lead dietary exposure in the European population. EFSA J. 10:1–2831.
36. El-Desoky, G. E., Bashandy, S. A., Alhazza, I. M., Al-Othman, Z. A., Aboul-Soud, M. A., and Yusuf, K., (2013). Improvement of mercuric chloride-induced testis injuries and sperm quality deteriorations by Spirulina platensis in rats. PLoS One 8:e59177.
37. Elsenhans, B., Strugala, G. J., and Schäfer, S. G., (1997). Small-intestinal absorption of cadmium and the significance of mucosal metallothionein. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 16:429–434.
38. El-Tohami, A. A., and Ali, E. K., (2014). Effect of vitamin E supplementation on testicular tissues of mice exposed to sub-chronic lead intoxication. Trends Med. Res. 9:33–43.
39. Fang, Y. Z., Yang, S., and Wu, G., (2002). Free radicals, antioxidants, and nutrition. Nutrition 18:872–879.
40. Flanagan, P. R., Hamilton, D. L., Haist, J., and Valberg, L. S., (1979). Interrelationships between iron and lead absorption in iron-deficient mice. Gastroenterology 77:1074–1081.
41. Flanagan, P. R., McLellan, J. S., Haist, J., Cherian, G., Chamberlain, M. J., and Valberg, L. S., (1978). Increased dietary cadmium absorption in mice and human subjects with iron deficiency. Gastroenterology 74:841–846.
42. Flora, G., Gupta, D., and Tiwari, A., (2012). Toxicity of lead: A review with recent updates. Interdiscip. Toxicol. 5:47–58.
43. Franciscato, C., Moraes-Silva, L., Duarte, F. A., Oliveira, C. S., Ineu, R. P., Flores, E. M., Dressler, V. L., Peixoto, N. C., and Pereira, M. E., (2011). Delayed biochemical changes induced by mercury intoxication are prevented by zinc pre-exposure. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 74:480–486.
44. Fransson, M. N., Barregard, L., Sallsten, G., Akerstrom, M., and Johanson, G., (2014). Physiologically-based toxicokinetic model for cadmium using Markov-chain Monte Carlo analysis of concentrations in blood, urine, and kidney cortex from living kidney donors. Toxicol. Sci. 141:365–376.
45. Fredriksson, A., Gårdlund, A. T., Bergman, K., Oskarsson, A., Ohlin, B., Danielsson, B., and Archer, T., (1993). Effects of maternal dietary supplementation with selenite on the postnatal development of rat offspring exposed to methyl mercury in utero. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 72:377–382.
46. Fukino, H., Hirai, M., Hsueh, Y. M., and Yamane, Y., (1984). Effect of zinc pretreatment on mercuric chloride-induced lipid peroxidation in the rat kidney. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 73:395–401.
47. Fullmer, C. S., (1990). Intestinal lead and calcium absorption: Effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and lead status. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 194:258–264.
48. Fullmer, C. S., (1997). Lead-calcium interactions: Involvement of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Environ. Res. 72:45–55.
49. Gailer, J., George, G. N., Pickering, I. J., Prince, R. C., Ringwald, S. C., Pemberton, J. E., Glass, R. S., Younis, H. S., DeYoung, J. D. W., and Aposhian, H. V., (2000). A metabolic link between arsenite and selenite: The seleno-bis(S-glutathionyl) arsinium ion. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122:4637–4639.
50. Gamble, M. V., Liu, X., Ahsan, H., Pilsner, J. R., Ilievski, V., Slavkovich, V., Parvez, F., Chen, Y., Levy, D., Factor-Litvak, P., and Graziano, J. H., (2006). Folate and arsenic metabolism: A double-blind, placebo-controlled folic acid-supplementation trial in Bangladesh. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84:1093–1101.
51. Gamble, M. V., Liu, X., Ahsan, H., Pilsner, R., Ilievski, V., Slavkovich, V., Parvez, F., Levy, D., Litvak, P., and Graziano, J. H., (2005). Folate, homocysteine, and arsenic metabolism in arsenic-exposed individuals in Bangladesh. Environ. Health Perspect. 113:1683–1688.
52. Gao, S., Duan, X., Wang, X., Dong, D., Liu, D., Li, X., Sun, G., and Li, B., (2013). Curcumin attenuates arsenic-induced hepatic injuries and oxidative stress in experimental mice through activation of Nrf2 pathway, promotion of arsenic methylation and urinary excretion. Food Chem. Toxicol. 59:739–747.
53. Goering, P. L., and Klaassen, C. D., (1983). Altered subcellular distribution of cadmium following cadmium pretreatment: Possible mechanism of tolerance to cadmium-induced lethality. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 70:195–203.
54. González, M. J., Aguilar, M. V., and Martinez Para, M. C., (1995). Gastrointestinal absorption of inorganic arsenic (V): The effect of concentration and interactions with phosphate and dichromate. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 37:131–136.
55. González, R., Ballester, I., López-Posadas, R., Suárez, M. D., Zarzuelo, A., Martínez-Augustin, O., and Sánchez de Medina, F., (2011). Effects of flavonoids and other polyphenols on inflammation. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 51:331–362.
56. Grandjean, P., Weihe, P., White, R. F., Debes, F., Araki, S., Yokoyama, K., Murata, K., Sørensen, N., Dahl, R., and Jørgensen, P. J., (1997). Cognitive deficit in 7-year-old children with prenatal exposure to methylmercury. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 19:417–428.
57. Gregus, Z., Gyurasics, A., and Koszorú, S. L., (1998). Interactions between selenium and group Va-metalloids (arsenic, antimony and bismuth) in the biliary excretion. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 5:89–99.
58. Groten, J. P., Sinkeldam, E. J., Muys, T., Luten, J. B., and van Bladeren, P. J., (1991). Interaction of dietary Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn and Se with the accumulation and oral toxicity of cadmium in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 29:249–258.
59. Gurer, H., Ozgunes, H., Oztezcan, S., and Ercal, N., (1999). Antioxidant role of alpha-lipoic acid in lead toxicity. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 27:75–81.
60. Habeebu, S. S., Liu, J., Liu, Y., and Klaassen, C. D., (2000). Metallothionein-null mice are more sensitive than wild-type mice to liver injury induced by repeated exposure to cadmium. Toxicol. Sci. 55:223–232.
61. Hart, M. H., and Smith, J. L., (1981). Effect of vitamin D and low dietary calcium on lead uptake and retention in rats. J. Nutr. 111:694–698.
62. Heck, J. E., Gamble, M. V., Chen, Y., Graziano, J. H., Slavkovich, V., Parvez, F., Baron, J. A., Howe, G. R., and Ahsan, H., (2007). Consumption of folate-related nutrients and metabolism of arsenic in Bangladesh. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85:1367–1374.
63. Hernández-Avila, M., Gonzalez-Cossio, T., Hernandez-Avila, J. E., Romieu, I., Peterson, K. E., Aro, A., Palazuelos, E., and Hu, H., (2003). Dietary calcium supplements to lower blood lead levels in lactating women: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Epidemiology 14:206–212.
64. Hiratsuka, H., Satoh, S. I., Satoh, M., Nishijima, M., Katsuki, Y., Suzuki, J., Nakagawa, J. I., Sumiyoshi, M., Shibutani, M., Mitsumori, K., Tanaka-Kagawa, T., and Ando, M., (1999). Tissue distribution of cadmium in rats given minimum amounts of cadmium-polluted rice or cadmium chloride for 8 months. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 160:183–191.
65. Højbjerg, S., Nielsen, J. B., and Andersen, O., (1992). Effects of dietary lipids on whole-body retention and organ distribution of organic and inorganic mercury in mice. Food Chem. Toxicol. 30:703–708.
66. Honda, A., Komuro, H., Shimada, A., Hasegawa, T., Seko, Y., Nagase, H., Hozumi, I., Inuzuka, T., Hara, H., Fujiwara, Y., and Satoh, M., (2010). Attenuation of cadmium-induced testicular injury in metallothionein-III null mice. Life Sci. 87:545–550.
67. House, W. A., Hart, J. J., Norvell, W. A., and Welch, R. M., (2003). Cadmium absorption and retention by rats fed durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) grain. Br. J. Nutr. 89:499–508.
68. Hsu, P. C., and Guo, Y. L., (2002). Antioxidant nutrients and lead toxicity. Toxicology 180:33–44. DOI: 10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00380-3.
69. Huang, Y. K., Pu, Y. S., Chung, C. J., Shiue, H. S., Yang, M. H., Chen, C. J., and Hsueh, Y. M., (2008). Plasma folate level, urinary arsenic methylation profiles, and urothelial carcinoma susceptibility. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46:929–938.
70. Hughes, M. F., (2002). Arsenic toxicity and potential mechanisms of action. Toxicol. Lett. 133:1–16.
71. Hughes, M. F., Kenyon, E. M., Edwards, B. C., Mitchell, C. T., Razo, L. M., and Thomas, D. J., (2003). Accumulation and metabolism of arsenic in mice after repeated oral administration of arsenate. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 191:202–210.
72. Huq, M. A., Awal, M. A., Mostofa, M., Ghosh, A., and Das, A. R., (2008). Effects of vitamin E and vitamin C on mercury induced toxicity in mice. Progress Agric. 19:93–100.
73. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). (1993). Beryllium, cadmium, mercury, and exposures in the glass manufacturing industry. In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans, Vol. 58, IARC, Lyon. WHO Press, 1–444.
74. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). (2004). Summaries and evaluations: Arsenic in drinking-water (Group 1). In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans, Vol. 84, IARC, Lyon. WHO Press, 1–9.
75. IARC (International Agency for the Research on Cancer). (2006). Inorganic and organic lead compounds. In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 87, IARC, Lyon. WHO Press, 1–529.
76. Jama, A. M., Mitić-Ćulafić, D., Kolarević, S., Đurašević, S. F., and Knežević-Vukčević, J., (2012). Protective effect of probiotic bacteria against cadmium-induced genotoxicity in rat hepatocytes in vivo and in vitro. Arch. Biol. Sci. 64:1197–1206.
77. Jamakala, O., and Rani, A. U., (2014). Mitigating role of zinc and iron against cadmium induced toxicity in liver and kidney of male albino rat: A study with reference to metallothionein quantification. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. 6:411–417.
78. Jaya Prasanthi, R. P., Hariprasad Reddy, G., Bhuvaneswari Devi, C., and Rajarami Reddy, G., (2005). Zinc and calcium reduce lead induced perturbations in the aminergic system of developing brain. Biometals 18:615–626.
79. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). (2011). Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food. Seventy-second meeting of JECFA. In: FAO JECFA Monographs, Vol. 8, JECFA, Rome.
80. Jin, X., Lok, E., Bondy, G., Caldwell, D., Mueller, R., Kapal, K., Armstrong, C., Taylor, M., Kubow, S., Mehta, R., and Chan, H. M., (2007). Modulating effects of dietary fats on methylmercury toxicity and distribution in rats. Toxicology 230:22–44.
81. Juhasz, A. L., Smith, E., Weber, J., Rees, M., Rofe, A., Kuchel, T., Sansom, L., and Naidu, R., (2006). In vivo assessment of arsenic bioavailability in rice and its significance for human health risk assessment. Environ. Health Perspect. 114:1826–1831.
82. Kadirvel, R., Sundaram, K., Mani, S., Samuel, S., Elango, N., and Panneerselvam, C., (2007). Supplementation of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol prevents arsenic-induced protein oxidation and DNA damage induced by arsenic in rats. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 26:939–946.
83. Kalač, P., and Svoboda, L., (2000). A review of trace element concentrations in edible mushrooms. Food Chem. 69:273–281.
84. Kenyon, E. M., Del Razo, L. M., and Hughes, M. F., (2005). Tissue distribution and urinary excretion of inorganic arsenic and its methylated metabolites in mice following acute oral administration of arsenate. Toxicol. Sci. 85:468–475.
85. Kenyon, E. M., Hughes, M. F., and Levander, O. A., (1997). Influence of dietary selenium on the disposition of arsenate in the female B6C3F1 mouse. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 51:279–299.
86. Kile, M. L., Hoffman, E., Rodrigues, E. G., Breton, C. V., Quamruzzaman, Q., Rahman, M., Mahiuddin, G., Hsueh, Y. M., and Christiani, D. C., (2011). A pathway-based analysis of urinary arsenic metabolites and skin lesions. Am. J. Epidemiol. 173:778–786.
87. Kile, M. L., and Ronnenberg, A. G., (2008). Can folate intake reduce arsenic toxicity? Nutr. Rev. 66:349–353.
88. Kim, M. K., and Lee, H. Y., (1990). Effect of high dietary fiber diet on lead absorption and metabolic changes in growing rats. Korean J. Nutr. 23:492–503.
89. Klaassen, C. D., Liu, J., and Diwan, B. A., (2009). Metallothionein protection of cadmium toxicity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 238:215–220.
90. Kojima, S., Kiyozumi, M., Mishima, M., Honda, T., and Nakagawa, M., (1985). Effects of three proteins on absorption of cadmium in rats. Toxicology 34:161–171.
91. Krohn, R. M., Lemaire, M., Negro Silva, L. F., Lemarie, C., Bolt, A., Mann, K. K., and Smits, J. E., (2016a). High-selenium lentil diet protects against arsenic-induced atherosclerosis in a mouse model. J. Nutr. Biochem. 27:9–15.
92. Krohn, R. M., Raqib, R., Akhtar, E., Vandenberg, A., and Smits, J. E., (2016b). A high-selenium lentil dietary intervention in Bangladesh to counteract arsenic toxicity: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 17:218–225.
93. Lamont, W. H., (2003). Concentration of inorganic arsenic in samples of white rice from the United States. J. Food Compost. Anal. 16:689–695.
94. Landry, T. D., Doherty, R. A., and Gates, A. H., (1979). Effects of three diets on mercury excretion after methylmercury administration. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 22:151–158.
95. Li, W. H., Shi, Y. C., Tseng, I. L., and Liao, V. H. C., (2013). Protective efficacy of selenite against lead-induced neurotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS ONE 8:e62387.
96. Lindboe, M., Henrichsen, E. N., Høgåsen, H. R., and Bernhoft, A., (2012). Lead concentration in meat from lead-killed moose and predicted human exposure using Monte Carlo simulation. Food Addit. Contamin. Part A 29:1052–1057.
97. Liu, C. M., Sun, Y. Z., Sun, J. M., Ma, J. Q., and Cheng, C., (2012). Protective role of quercetin against lead-induced inflammatory response in rat kidney through the ROS-mediated MAPKs and NF-κB pathway. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1820:1693–1703.
98. Liu, Y., Liu, J., and Klaassen, C. D., (2001). Metallothionein-null and wild-type mice show similar cadmium absorption and tissue distribution following oral cadmium administration. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 175:253–259.
99. Magos, L., and Webb, M., (1977). The effect of selenium on the brain uptake of methylmercury. Arch. Toxicol. 38:201–207.
100. Mahaffey, K. R., (1990). Environmental lead toxicity: Nutrition as a component of intervention. Environ. Health Perspect. 89:75–78.
101. Mahaffey, K. R., Gartside, P. S., and Glueck, C. J., (1986). Blood lead levels and dietary calcium intake in 1- to 11-year-old children: The Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1976 to 1980. Pediatrics 78:257–262.
102. Matović, V., Buha, A., Bulat, Z., and Đurić-Ćosić, D., (2011). Cadmium toxicity revisited: Focus on oxidative stress induction and interactions with zinc and magnesium. Arh. Hig. Rada. Toksikol. 62:65–76.
103. Mehana, E. E., Meki, A. R., and Fazili, K., (2012). Ameliorated effects of green tea extract on lead induced liver toxicity in rats. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 64:291–295.
104. Mitsumori, K., Hirano, M., Ueda, H., Maita, K., and Shirasu, Y., (1990). Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of methylmercury chloride in B6C3F1 mice. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 14:179–190.
105. Mounicou, S., Szpunar, J., Andrey, D., Blake, C., and Lobinski, R., (2003). Concentrations and bioavailability of cadmium and lead in cocoa powder and related products. Food Addit. Contam. 20:343–352.
106. Muhammed, Z. I., (2014). Effect of phenolic compound extract of green tea to ameliorate the cadmium sulphate toxicity on the female rat kidneys. IOSR J. Pharm. Biol. Sci. 9:44–50.
107. 203Pb) in chicks. J. Nutr. 114:68–74.
108. Nemsadze, K., Sanikidze, T., Ratiani, L., Gabunia, L., and Sharashenidze, T., (2009). Mechanisms of lead-induced poisoning. Georgian Med. News 172–173:92–96.
109. NRC (United States National Research Council). (2000). Commission on Life Sciences, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury, Vol. 22, pp. 568–577, Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
110. NTP (National Toxicology Program). (1993). Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of mercuric chloride (CAS No. 7487-94-7) in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies). Natl. Toxicol. Program Tech. Rep. Ser. 408:1–260.
111. Oguzturk, H., Ciftci, O., Aydin, M., Timurkaan, N., Beytur, A., and Yilmaz, F., (2012). Ameliorative effects of curcumin against acute cadmium toxicity on male reproductive system in rats. Andrologia 44:243–-249.
112. Ohta, H., and Cherian, M. G., (1991). Gastrointestinal absorption of cadmium and metallothionein. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 107:63–72.
113. Orct, T., Lazarus, M., Jurasović, J., Blanusa, M., Piasek, M., and Kostial, K., (2009). Influence of selenium dose on mercury distribution and retention in suckling rats. J. Appl. Toxicol. 29:585–589.
114. Park, J. D., Cherrington, N. J., and Klaassen, C. D., (2002). Intestinal absorption of cadmium is associated with divalent metal transporter 1 in rats. Toxicol. Sci. 68:288–294.
115. Patra, R. C., Swarup, D., and Dwivedi, S. K., (2001). Antioxidant effects of alpha tocopherol, ascorbic acid and L-methionine on lead induced oxidative stress to the liver, kidney and brain in rats. Toxicology 162:81–88.
116. 2-delta-ALA-D inhibition and Hg levels in tissues of suckling rats. Toxicol. Lett. 146:17–25.
117. Piotrowski, J. K., Orlowski, C., Bem, E. M., Brys, M., and Baran, E., (1996). The monitoring of cadmium, zinc and copper in the kidneys and liver of humans deceased in the region of Cracow (Poland). Environ. Monit. Assess. 43:227–236.
118. Prasanthi, R. P., Devi, C. B., Basha, D. C., Reddy, N. S., and Reddy, G. R., (2010). Calcium and zinc supplementation protects lead (Pb)-induced perturbations in antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in developing mouse brain. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 28:161–167.
119. Prasanthi, R. P. J., Reddy, G. H., and Reddy, G. R., (2006). Calcium or zinc supplementation reduces lead toxicity: Assessment of behavioral dysfunction in young and adult mice. Nutr. Res. 26:537–545.
120. Rabinowitz, M. B., Kopple, J. D., and Wetherill, G. W., (1980). Effect of food intake and fasting on gastrointestinal lead absorption in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33:1784–1788.
121. Raihan, S. Z., Chowdhury, A. K., Rabbani, G. H., Marni, F., Ali, M. S., Nahar, L., and Sarker, S. D., (2009). Effect of aqueous extracts of black and green teas in arsenic-induced toxicity in rabbits. Phytother. Res. 23:1603–1608. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2827.
122. Ralston, N. V., Blackwell, J. L., and Raymond, L. J., (2007). Importance of molar ratios in selenium-dependent protection against methylmercury toxicity. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 119:255–268.
123. Ralston, N. V., and Raymond, L. J., (2010). Dietary selenium's protective effects against methylmercury toxicity. Toxicology 278:112–123.
124. Reeves, P. G., Chaney, R. L., Simmons, R. W., and Cherian, M. G., (2005). Metallothionein induction is not involved in cadmium accumulation in the duodenum of mice and rats fed diets containing high-cadmium rice or sunflower kernels and a marginal supply of zinc, iron, and calcium. J. Nutr. 135:99–108.
125. Renugadevi, J., and Prabu, S. M., (2009). Naringenin protects against cadmium-induced oxidative renal dysfunction in rats. Toxicology 256:128–134.
126. Renugadevi, J., and Prabu, S. M., (2010). Quercetin protects against oxidative stress-related renal dysfunction by cadmium in rats. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 62:471–481.
127. Revis, N. W., and Osborne, T. R., (1984). Dietary protein effects on cadmium and metallothionein accumulation in the liver and kidney of rats. Environ. Health Perspect. 54:83–91.
128. Roberts, S. M., Weimar, W. R., Vinson, J. R., Munson, J. W., and Bergeron, R. J., (2002). Measurement of arsenic bioavailability in soil using a primate model. Toxicol. Sci. 67:303–310.
129. Rodríguez-Sosa, M., García-Montalvo, E. A., Del Razo, L. M., and Vega, L., (2013). Effect of selenomethionine supplementation in food on the excretion and toxicity of arsenic exposure in female mice. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 156:279–287.
130. Rosado, J. L., López, P., Kordas, K., García-Vargas, G., Ronquillo, D., Alatorre, J., and Stoltzfus, R. J., (2006). Iron and/or zinc supplementation did not reduce blood lead concentrations in children in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J. Nutr. 136:2378–2383.
131. Rowland, I. R., Davies, M. J., and Evans, J. G., (1980). Tissue content of mercury in rats given methylmercuric chloride orally: influence of intestinal flora. Arch. Environ. Health 35:155–160.
132. Rowland, I. R., Mallett, A. K., Flynn, J., and Hargreaves, R. J., (1986). The effect of various dietary fibres on tissue concentration and chemical form of mercury after methylmercury exposure in mice. Arch. Toxicol. 59:94–98.
133. Roy, A., Bellinger, D., Hu, H., Schwartz, J., Ettinger, A. S., Wright, R. O., Bouchard, M., Palaniappan, K., and Balakrishnan, K., (2009). Lead exposure and behavior among young children in Chennai, India. Environ. Health Perspect. 117:1607–1611.
134. Roy, A., Das, A., Das, R., Haldar, S., Bhattacharya, S., and Haldar, P. K., (2014). Naringenin, a citrus flavonoid, ameliorates arsenic-induced toxicity in Swiss albino mice. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 33:195–204.
135. Roy, M., Sinha, D., Mukherjee, S., and Biswas, J., (2011). Curcumin prevents DNA damage and enhances the repair potential in a chronically arsenic-exposed human population in West Bengal, India. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 20:123–131.
136. Ruoff, W. L., Diamond, G. L., Velazquez, S. F., Stiteler, W. M., and Gefell, D. J., (1994). Bioavailability of cadmium in food and water: A case study on the derivation of relative bioavailability factors for inorganics and their relevance to the reference dose. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 20:139–160.
137. Ryu, D. Y., Lee, S. J., Park, D. W., Choi, B. S., Klaassen, C. D., and Park, J. D., (2004). Dietary iron regulates intestinal cadmium absorption through iron transporters in rats. Toxicol. Lett. 152:19–25.
138. Sah, S., Vandenberg, A., and Smits, J., (2013). Treating chronic arsenic toxicity with high selenium lentil diets. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 272:256–262. DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.06.008.
139. Sakamoto, M., Yasutake, A., Kakita, A., Ryufuku, M., Chan, H. M., Yamamoto, M., Oumi, S., Kobayashi, S., and Watanabe, C., (2013). Selenomethionine protects against neuronal degeneration by methylmercury in the developing rat cerebrum. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47:2862–2868.
140. Sarić, M. M., Blanusa, M., Piasek, M., Varnai, V. M., Juresa, D., and Kostial, K., (2002). Effect of dietary calcium on cadmium absorption and retention in suckling rats. Biometals 15:175–182.
141. Sener, G., Sehirli, O., Tozan, A., Velioğlu-Ovunç, A., Gedik, N., and Omurtag, G. Z., (2007). Ginkgo biloba extract protects against mercury(II)-induced oxidative tissue damage in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 45:543–550.
142. Sharma, M. K., Kumar, M., and Kumar, A., (2002). Ocimum sanctum aqueous leaf extract provides protection against mercury induced toxicity in Swiss albino mice. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 40:1079–1082.
143. Shen, S., Li, X.-F., Cullen, W. R., Weinfeld, M., and Le, X. C., (2013). Arsenic binding to proteins. Chem. Rev. 113:7769–7792.
144. Simon, J. A., and Hudes, E. S., (1999). Relationship of ascorbic acid to blood lead levels. JAMA 281:2289–2293.
145. Sloth, J. J., and Julshamn, K., (2008). Survey of total and inorganic arsenic content in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) from Norwegian fiords: Revelation of unusual high levels of inorganic arsenic. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56:1269–1273.
146. Smith, A. H., Biggs, M.L, Moore, L., Haque, R., Steinmaus, C., Chung, J., Hernandez, A., and Lopipero, P., (1999). Cancer risks from arsenic in drinking water: Implication for drinking water standards. In: Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects, pp. 191–199. Chappell, W. R., Abernathy, C. O., and Calderon, R. L., Eds., New York: Elsevier Science.
147. Song, X., Geng, Z., Li, C., Hu, X., and Wang, Z., (2010). Transition metal ions and selenite modulate the methylation of arsenite by the recombinant human arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase (hAS3MT). J. Inorg. Biochem. 104:541–550.
148. Steenland, K., and Boffetta, P., (2000). Lead and cancer in humans: Where are we now? Am. J. Ind. Med. 38:295–299.
149. Stokes-Riner, A., Thurston, S. W., Myers, G. J., Duffy, E. M., Wallace, J., Bonham, M., Robson, P., Shamlaye, C. F., Strain, J. J., Watson, G., and Davidson, P. W., (2011). A longitudinal analysis of prenatal exposure to methylmercury and fatty acids in the Seychelles. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 33:325–328.
150. Styblo, M., and Thomas, D. J., (2001). Selenium modifies the metabolism and toxicity of arsenic in primary rat hepatocytes. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 172:52–61.
151. Sumathi, T., Shobana, C., Christinal, J., and Anusha, C., (2012). Protective effect of Bacopa monniera on methyl mercury-induced oxidative stress in cerebellum of rats. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 32:979–987.
152. Sun, H.-J., Rathinasabapathi, B., Wu, B., Luo, J., Puc, L.-P., and Ma, L. Q., (2014). Arsenic and selenium toxicity and their interactive effects in humans. Environ. Int. 69:148–158.
153. Syversen, T., and Kaur, P., (2012). The toxicology of mercury and its compounds. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 26:215–226.
154. Tawfik, D. S., and Viola, R. E., (2011). Arsenate replacing phosphate: Alternative life chemistries and ion promiscuity. Biochemistry 50:1128–1134.
155. Téllez-Rojo, M. M., Bellinger, D. C., Arroyo-Quiroz, C., Lamadrid-Figueroa, H., Mercado-García, A., Schnaas-Arrieta, L., Wright, R. O., Hernández-Avila, M., and Hu, H., (2006). Longitudinal associations between blood lead concentrations lower than 10 microg/dL and neurobehavioral development in environmentally exposed children in Mexico City. Pediatrics 118:e323–e330.
156. Thomas, D. J., Li, J., Waters, S. B., Xing, W., Adair, B. M., Drobna, Z., Devesa, V., and Styblo, M., (2007). Arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase and the methylation of arsenicals. Exp. Biol. Med. 232:3–13.
157. Thompson, J., and Bannigan, J., (2008). Cadmium: Toxic effects on the reproductive system and the embryo. Reprod. Toxicol. 25:304–315.
158. Tian, F., Zhai, Q., Zhao, J., Liu, X., Wang, G., Zhang, H., Zhang, H., and Chen, W., (2012). Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM8661 alleviates lead toxicity in mice. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 150:264–271.
159. Torres-Escribano, S., Leal, M., Vélez, D., and Montoro, R., (2008). Total and inorganic arsenic concentrations in rice sold in Spain, effect of cooking, and risk assessments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42:3867–3872.
160. Tseng, C. H., Huang, Y. K., Huang, Y. L., Chung, C. J., Yang, M. H., Chen, C. J., and Hsueh, Y. M., (2005). Arsenic exposure, urinary arsenic speciation, and peripheral vascular disease in blackfoot disease-hyperendemic villages in Taiwan. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 206:299–308.
161. Turecki, T. R. C., Ewan, R. C., and Stahr, H. M., (1994). Effect of phytic acid and calcium on the intestinal absorption of cadmium in vitro. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 53:464–470.
162. Tyler, C. R., and Allan, A. M., (2014). The effects of arsenic exposure on neurological and cognitive dysfunction in human and rodent studies: A review. Curr. Environ. Health Rpt. 1:132–147.
163. UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). (2010). Final review of scientific information on cadmium, Chemicals Branch, DTIE. Available from http://www.unep.org/hazardoussubstances/Portals/9/Lead_Cadmium/docs/Interim_reviews/UNEP_GC26_INF_11_Add_2_Final_UNEP_Cadmium_review_and_apppendix_Dec_2010.pdf. Accessed June27, 2016.
164. US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). (1997). Mercury study report to Congress. Vol. V. Health effects of mercury and mercury compounds (EPA-452/R-97-007), Available from https://www3.epa.gov/airtoxics/112nmerc/volume5.pdf. Accessed June30, 2016.
165. Vahter, M., Berglund, M., Nermell, B., and Akesson, A., (1996). Bioavailability of cadmium from shellfish and mixed diet in women. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 136:332–341.
166. Vahter, M. E., (2007). Interactions between arsenic-induced toxicity and nutrition in early life. J. Nutr. 137:2798–2804.
167. Vance, T. M., and Chun, O. K., (2015). Zinc intake is associated with lower cadmium burden in U.S. adults. J. Nutr. 145:2741–2748.
168. Varnai, V. M., Piasek, M., Blanusa, M., Juresa, D., Sarić, M., and Kostial, K., (2003). Ascorbic acid supplementation does not improve efficacy of meso-dimercaptosuccinic acid treatment in lead-exposed suckling rats. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 93:180–185.
169. Villa-Bellosta, R., and Sorribas, V., (2010). Arsenate transport by sodium/phosphate cotransporter type IIb. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 247:36–40.
170. Waalkes, M. P., (1986). Effect of dietary zinc deficiency on the accumulation of cadmium and metallothionein in selected tissues of the rat. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 18:301–313.
171. Waisberg, M., Joseph, P., Hale, B., and Beyersmann, D., (2003). Molecular and cellular mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis. Toxicology 192:95–117.
172. Wang, C., Liang, J., Zhang, C., Bi, Y., Shi, X., and Shi, Q., (2007). Effect of ascorbic acid and thiamine supplementation at different concentrations on lead toxicity in liver. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 51:563–569.
173. Wang, H. L., Chen, X. T., Yin, S. T, Liu, J., Tang, M. L., Wu, C. Y., and Ruan, D. Y., (2008). Opposite effects of alpha-lipoic acid on antioxidation and long-term potentiation in control and chronically lead-exposed rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs. Arch. Pharmacol. 378:303–310.
174. Wang, W., Xie, Z., Lin, Y., and Zhang, D., (2014). Association of inorganic arsenic exposure with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 68:176–184.
175. Wang, Y., Wang, S., Cui, W., He, J., Wang, Z., and Yang, X., (2013). Olive leaf extract inhibits lead poisoning-induced brain injury. Neural Regen. Res. 8:2021–2029.
176. WHO (World Health Organization). (1995). Environmental Health Criteria 165. Inorganic lead. International Programme on Chemical Safety, Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
177. WHO (World Health Organization). (2001). Lead. In: Air Quality Guidelines-Second Edition, Chapter 6.7. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark. WHO Regional Publications, European Series, No. 91.
178. Wing, A. M., (1993). The effects of whole wheat, wheat bran and zinc in the diet on the absorption and accumulation of cadmium in rats. Br. J. Nutr. 69:199–209.
179. Yadav, A., Lomash, V., Samim, M., and Flora, S. J., (2012). Curcumin encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles: A novel strategy for the treatment of arsenic toxicity. Chem. Biol. Interact. 199:49–61.
180. Yip, R. K., and Chang, L. W., (1982). Protective effects of vitamin E on methylmercury toxicity in the dorsal root ganglia. Environ. Res. 28:84–95.
181. Yu, H., Wu, B., Zhang, X. X., Liu, S., Yu, J., Cheng, S., Ren, H. Q., and Ye, L., (2016). Arsenic metabolism and toxicity influenced by ferric iron in simulated gastrointestinal tract and the roles of gut microbiota. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50:7189–7197.
182. Zalups, R. K., (2000). Molecular interactions with mercury in the kidney. Pharmacol. Rev. 52:113–143.
183. Zhai, Q., Wang, G., Zhao, J., Liu, X., Narbad, A., Chen, Y. Q., Zhang, H., Tian, F., and Chen, W., (2014). Protective effects of Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM8610 against chronic cadmium toxicity in mice indicate routes of protection besides intestinal sequestration. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 80:4063–4071.
184. Zhai, Q., Wang, G., Zhao, J., Liu, X., Tian, F., Zhang, H., and Chen, W., (2013). Protective effects of Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM8610 against acute cadmium toxicity in mice. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 79:1508–1515.