Molecular interactions with mercury in the kidney

Pharmacological Reviews

Volumn 52, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 113-143

  Zalups, Rudolfs K ^a  

^a MERCER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE (POTASSIUM SODIUM); AQUAPORIN; CAPTOPRIL; CYSTEINYLGLYCINE; DITHIOERYTHRITOL; DITHIOL DERIVATIVE; DITHIOTHREITOL; GAMMA GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE; GLUTATHIONE; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN; HEME; MERCURY; METALLOTHIONEIN; SUCCIMER; THIOL DERIVATIVE; UNITHIOL;

ANION TRANSPORT; HUMAN; LIPID PEROXIDATION; MERCURIALISM; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; NEPHROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; URINARY EXCRETION;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; KIDNEY; KIDNEY DISEASES; MERCURY;

EID: 0034006391     PISSN: 00316997     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (233)

1. Adam KR (1951) The effects of dithiols on the distribution of mercury in rabbits. Br J Pharmacol 6:483-491.
2. Addya A, Chakravarti K, Basu A, Santra M, Haldar S and Chatterjee GC (1984) Effects of mercuric chloride on several scavenging enzymes in rat kidney and influence of vitamin E supplementation. Acta Vitaminol Enzymol 6:103-107.
3. Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (1999) Toxicological Profile for Mercury US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry, Bethesda, MD, publication no. TP-93/10.
4. Aleo MD, Taub ML and Kostyniak PJ (1992) Primary cultures of rabbit renal proximal tubule cells. III. Comparative cytotoxicity of inorganic and organic mercury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 112:310-317.
5. Aleo MD, Taub ML, Olson JR, Nickerson PA and Kostyniak PJ (1987) Cellular uptake and response of primary cultures of rabbit renal proximal tubule cells exposed to mercuric chloride and methylmercury chloride, in In Vitro Toxicology: Approaches to Validation (Goldberg AM ed) pp 211-226, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, New York.
6. Anner BM and Moosmayer M (1992) Mercury inhibits Na-K-ATPase primarily at the cytosolic side. Am J Physiol 262:F843-F848.
7. Anner BM, Moosmayer M and Imesch E (1992) Mercury blocks Na-K-ATPase by a ligand-dependent and reversible mechanism. Am J Physiol 262:F830-F836.
8. Aposhian HV (1983) DMSA and DMPS: Water soluble antidotes for heavy metal poisoning. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 23:193-215.
9. Aposhian HV and Aposhian MM (1990) meso-2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic acid: Chemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of an orally effective metal chelating agent. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 30:279-306.
10. Ashe WF, Largent EJ, Dutra FR, Hubbard DM and Blackstone M (1953) Behavior of mercury in the animal organism following inhalation. Arch Ind Hygiene 7:19-43.
11. Aschner M and Clarkson TW (1989) Methyl mercury uptake across bovine brain capillary endothelial cells in vitro: The role of amino acids. Pharmacol Toxicol 64:293-297.
12. Aschner M, Eberle NB, Goderie S and Kimelberg HK (1990) Methylmercury uptake in rat primary astrocyte cultures: The role of the neutral amino acid transport system. Brain Res 521:221-228.
13. Aw TY, Wierzbicka G and Jones DP (1991) Oral glutathione increases tissue glutathione in vivo. Chem-Biol Interact 80:89-97.
14. 203Hg]mercuric chloride in rats. Toxicol Lett 29:115-121.
15. Baggett J McC and Berndt WO (1986) The effect of depletion of nonprotein sulfhydryls by diethyl maleate plus buthionine sulfoximine on renal uptake of mercury in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 83:556-562.
16. Ban M and de Ceaurriz J (1988) Probenecid-induced protection against hexachloro1,3-butadiene and methylmercury toxicity to the mouse kidney. Toxicol Lett 40: 71-76.
17. Barenberg RL, Solomon S, Papper S and Anderson R (1968) Clearance and micropuncture study of renal function in mercuric chloride treated rats. J Lab Clin Med 72:473-484.
18. Barfuss DW, Robinson MK and Zalups RK (1990) Inorganic mercury transport in the proximal tubule of the rabbit. J Am Soc Nephrol 1:910-917.
19. Barnes JL, McDowell EM, McNeil JS, Flamenbaum W and Trump BF (1980) Studies on the pathophysiology of acute renal failure. IV. Protective effect of dithiothreitol following administration of mercuric chloride in the rat. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol 32:201-232.
20. Bergstrand A, Friberg L, Mendel L and Odeblad E (1959) The localization of subcutaneously administered radioactive mercury in the rat kidney. J Ultrastruct Res 3:238-239.
21. Berlin M (1963) Accumulation and retention of mercury in the mouse. III. An autoradiographic comparison of methylmercuric dicyandiamide with inorganic mercury. Arch Environ Health 6:610-616.
22. Berlin M and Gibson S (1963) Renal uptake, excretion, and retention of mercury. I. A study in the rabbit during infusion of mercuric chloride. Arch Environ Health 6:617-625.
23. Berlin M and Ullberg S (1963a) Accumulation and retention of mercury in the mouse. I. An autoradiographic study after a single intravenous injection of mercuric chloride. Arch Environ Health 6:582-601.
24. Berlin M and Ullberg S (1963b) Accumulation and retention of mercury in the mouse. II. An autoradiographic comparison of phenylmercuric acetate with inorganic mercury. Arch Environ Health 6:602-609.
25. Berndt WO, Baggett J McC, Blacker A and Houser M (1985) Renal glutathione and mercury uptake by kidney. Fundam Appl Toxicol 5:832-839.
26. Bigazzi PE (1988) Autoimmunity induced by chemicals. Clin Toxicol 26:125-156.
27. Bigazzi PE (1992) Lessons from animal models: The scope of mercury-induced autoimmunity. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 65:81-84.
28. Bowers MA, Aicher LD, Davis HA and Woods JS (1992) Quantitative determination of porphyrins in rat and human urine and evaluation of urinary porphyrin profiles during mercury and lead exposures. J Lab Clin Med 120:272-281.
29. Brown DL, Reuhl KR, Bormann S and Little JE (1988) Effects of methyl mercury on the microtubule system of mouse lymphocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 94:66-75.
30. Brown JR and Shockley P (1982) Serum albumin: Structure and characterization of its ligand binding sites, in Lipid-Protein Interactions (Jost PC and Griffith eds) vol 1, pp 25-68, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York.
31. Buchet JP, Reels H, Bernard A and Lauwreys R (1980) Assessment of renal function of workers exposed to inorganic lead, cadmium or mercury vapor. J Occup Med 22:741-750.
32. Cannon VT, Barfuss DW and Zalups RK (1998a) The role of γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) on the disappearance of mercury from the lumen of proximal tubular segments perfused with GSH and mercury. Toxicol Sci 42:377.
33. 2-Hg in the proximal tubule. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:592A.
34. ++ in the renal proximal tubule. J Am Soc Nephrol, in press.
35. 2-Hg) in the rabbit proximal tubule. Toxicologist 48:332.
36. Cardenas A, Reels H, Bernard AM, Barbon R, Buchet JP, Lauwreys RR, Rosello J, Hotter G, Mutti A, Franchini I, et al. (1993) Markers of early renal changes induced by industrial pollutants. I. Application to workers exposed to mercury vapour. Br J Ind Med 50:17-27.
37. Cember H, Gallagher P and Faulkner A (1968) Distribution of mercury among blood fractions and serum proteins. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 29:233-237.
38. Chan HM, Satoh M, Zalups RK and Cherian MG (1992) Exogenous metallothionein and renal toxicity of cadmium and mercury in rats. Toxicology 76:15-26.
39. Chang LW, Ware RA and Desnoyers PA (1973) A histochemical study on some enzymes changes in the kidney, liver and brain after chronic mercury intoxication in the rat. Food Cos Toxicol 11:283-286.
40. 2+. J Biol Chem 283:3582-3587.
41. ++-induced toxicity on kidney mitochondria: In vivo and in vitro experiments. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 256:385-390.
42. Cherian MG and Clarkson TW (1976) Biochemical changes in rat kidney on exposure to elemental mercury vapor: Effect on biosynthesis of metallothionein. Chem-Biol Interact 12:109-120.
43. Chung A-S, Maines MD and Reynolds WA (1982) Inhibition of the enzymes of glutathione metabolism by mercuric chloride in the rat kidney: Reversal by selenium. Biochem Pharmacol 31:3093-3100.
44. Clarkson TW (1972) The pharmacology of mercury compounds. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 12:375-406.
45. Clarkson TW (1993) Molecular and ionic mimicry of toxic metals. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 32:545-571.
46. Clarkson TW and Magos L (1967) The effect of sodium maleate on the renal disposition and excretion of mercury. Br J Pharmacol Chemother 31:560-567.
47. Conner EA and Fowler BA (1993) Mechanisms of metal-induced nephropathy, in Toxicity of the Kidney, 2nd ed (Hook JB and Goldstein RS eds) pp 437-457, Raven Press, New York.
48. Cuppage PE, Chiga M and Tate A (1972) Cell cycle studies in the regenerating rat nephron following injury with mercuric chloride. Lab Invest 26:122-126.
49. Cuppage PE and Tate A (1967) Repair of the nephron following injury with mercuric chloride. Am J Pathol 51:405-429.
50. Danscher G, Horsted-Bindslev P and Rungby J (1990) Traces of mercury in organs from primates with amalgam fillings. Exp Mol Pathol 52:291-299.
51. Dantzler WH (1996) Comparative aspects of renal organic anion transport. Cell Physiol Biochem 6:28-38.
52. Dantzler WH, Evans KK and Wright SH (1995) Kinetics of interactions of paraaminohippurate, probenecid, cysteine conjugates and N-acetylcysteine conjugates with basolateral organic anion transporter in isolated rabbit proximal renal tubules. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 272:663-672.
53. de Ceaurriz J, Payan JP, Morel G and Brondeau MT (1994) Role of extracellular glutathione and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase in the disposition and kidney toxicity of inorganic mercury in rats. J Appl Toxicol 14:201-206.
54. Diamond GL (1988) Biological monitoring of urine for exposure to toxic metals, in Biological Monitoring of Toxic Metals (Clarkson TW, Friberg L, Nordberg GF and Sager PR eds) pp 515-529, Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York.
55. 2 in the Brown-Norway rat. Ann Immunol (Institute Pasteur) 129:C777-C792.
56. Dunn JD and Clarkson TW (1980) Does mercury exhalation signal demethylation of methylmercury? Health Phys 38:411-414.
57. Ellis BG, Price RG and Topham JC (1973) The effect of tubular damage by mercuric chloride on kidney function and some urinary enzymes in the dog. Chem-Biol Interact 7:101-113.
58. Enestrom S and Hultman P (1984) Immune-mediated glomerulonephritis induced by mercuric chloride in mice. Experientia 40:1234-1240.
59. Ferner B, Martin M and Roch-Ramel F (1983) Effects of p-aminohippurate and pyrazinoate on the renal excretion of salicylate in the rat: A micropuncture study. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 224:451-458.
60. Fitzgerald WF and Clarkson TW (1991) Mercury and monomethylmercury: Present and future concerns. Environ Health Perspectives 96:159-166.
61. Foulkes EC (1974) Excretion and retention of cadmium, zinc, and mercury by rabbit kidney. Am J Physiol 227:1356-1360.
62. Fowler BA (1972) The morphological effects of dieldrin and methyl mercuric chloride on pars recta segments of the rat kidney proximal tubules. Am J Pathol 69:163-178.
63. 203Hg) after prolonged subcutaneous administration to rats. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 12:411-427.
64. 203Hg). AMA Arch Ind Health 20:42-49.
65. Friberg L, Odeblad E and Forssman S (1957) Distribution of 2 mercury compounds in rabbits after a single subcutaneous injection. AMA Arch Ind Health 16:163-168.
66. Friedman HL (1957) Relationship between chemical structure and biological activity in mercurial compounds. Ann NY Acad Sci 65:461-470.
67. Fuhr BJ and Rabenstein DL (1973) Nuclear magnetic-resonance studies of solution chemistry of metal-complexes. 9. Binding of cadmium, zinc, lead and mercury by glutathione. J Am Chem Soc 95:6944-6950.
68. Fukino H, Hirai M, Hsueh YM, Moriyasu S and Yamane Y (1986) Mechanism of protection by zinc against mercuric chloride toxicity in rats: Effects of zinc and mercury on glutathione metabolism. J Toxicol Environ Health 19:75-89.
69. Fukino H, Hirai M, Hsueh YM and Yamane Y (1984) Effect of zinc pretreatment on mercuric chloride-induced lipid peroxidation in the rat kidney. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 73:395-401.
70. Gage JC (1964) Distribution and excretion of methyl and phenylmercury salts. Br J Ind Med 21:197-202.
71. Ganote CE, Reimer KA and Jennings RB (1974) Acute mercuric chloride nephrotoxicity: An electron microscopic and metabolic study. Lab Invest 31:633-647.
72. Girardi G and Elias MM (1991) Effectiveness of N-acetylcysteine in protecting against mercuric chloride-induced nephrotoxicity. Toxicology 67:155-164.
73. Girardi G and Elias MM (1993) Effect of different renal glutathione levels on renal mercury disposition and excretion in the rat. Toxicology 81:57-67.
74. Gleason MN, Gosselin RE and Hodge DC (1957) Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products p 154, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
75. Goering PL, Fisher BR, Chaudhary PP and Dick CA (1992) Relationship between stress protein induction in rat kidney by mercuric chloride and nephrotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 113:184-191.
76. Gottelli CA, Astolfi E, Cox C, Cernichiari E and Clarkson TW (1985) Early biochemical effects of organic mercury fungicide on infants: "Dose makes the poison." Science (Wash DC) 227:638-640.
77. Gritzka TL and Trump BF (1968) Renal tubular lesions caused by mercuric chloride: Electron microscopic observations: Degeneration of the pars recta. Am J Pathol 52:1225-1277.
78. Gstraunthaler G, Pfaller W and Kotanko P (1983) Glutathione depletion and in vitro lipid peroxidation in mercury or maleate-induced acute renal failure. Biochem Pharmacol 32:2969-2972.
79. Hahn LJ, Kloiber R, Leininger RW, Vimy MJ and Lorscheider FL (1990) Whole-body imaging of the distribution of mercury released from dental fillings into monkey tissues. FASEB J 4:3256-3260.
80. Hahn LJ, Kloiber R, Vimy MJ, Takahashi Y and Lorscheider FL (1989) Dental "silver" tooth fillings: A source of mercury exposure revealed by whole-body image scan and tissue analysis. FASEB J 3:2641-2646.
81. Hernandez-Pando R, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Orozco-Estevez H, Silva-Serna P, Moreno I, Rondan-Zarate A, Elinos M, Correa-Rotter R and Larriva-Sahd J (1995) Histological and subcellular distribution of 65 and 70 kD heat shock proteins in experimental nephrotoxic injury. Exp Toxicol Pathol 47:501-508.
82. Houser MT and Berndt WO (1986) The effect of unilateral nephrectomy on the nephrotoxicity of mercuric chloride in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 83:506-515.
83. Houser MT and Berndt WO (1988) Unilateral nephrectomy in the rat: Effects on mercury handling and renal cortical subcellular distribution. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 93:187-194.
84. Hultman P and Enestrom S (1986) Localization of mercury in the kidney during experimental acute tubular necrosis studied by the cytochemical silver amplification method. Br J Exp Pathol 67:493-503.
85. Hultman P and Enestrom S (1992) Dose-response studies in murine mercury-induced autoimmunity and immune-complex disease. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 113:199-208.
86. Hultman P, Enestrom S and von Schenck H (1985) Renal handling of inorganic mercury in mice: The early excretion phase following a single intravenous injection of mercuric chloride studied by the silver amplification method. Virchows Arch [Cell Pathol] 49:209-224.
87. Imesch E, Moosmayer M and Anner BM (1992) Mercury weakens membrane anchoring of Na-K-ATPase. Am J Physiol 262:F837-F842.
88. Johnson DR (1982) Role of renal cortical sulfhydryl groups in development of mercury-induced renal toxicity. J Toxicol Environ Health 9:119-126.
89. Jung KY, Uchida S and Endou H (1989) Nephrotoxicity assessment by measuring cellular ATP content. I. Substrate specificities in the maintenance of ATP content in isolated rat nephron segments. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 100:369-382.
90. Keppler D, Leier I, Jedlitschky G and Konig J (1998) ATP-dependent transport of glutathione S-conjugates by the multidrug resistance protein MRP1 and its apical isoform MRP2. Chem-Biol Interact 111:153-161.
91. Kerper LE, Ballatori N and Clarkson TW (1992) Methylmercury transport across the blood brain barrier by an amino acid carrier. Am J Physiol 262:R761-R765.
92. Kim CY, Watanabe C, Kasanuma Y and Satoh H (1995) Inhibition of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase decreases renal deposition of mercury after mercury vapor exposure. Arch Toxicol 69:722-724.
93. Kirschbaum BB (1979) Alanine aminopeptidase excretion after mercuric chloride renal failure. Biochem Med 21:220-225.
94. Klein R, Herman SP, Bullock BC and Talley FA (1973) Methyl mercury intoxication in rat kidneys. Arch Pathol 96:83-90.
95. Koropatnick JD and Zalups RK (1997) Effect of non-toxic mercury, zinc or cadmium pretreatment on the capacity of human monocytes to under lipopolysaccharide-induced activation. Br J Pharmacol 120:797-806.
96. Koropatnick JD and Zalups RK (2000) Effect of toxic and essential metals on cellular responsiveness to cell signals, in Molecular Biology and Toxicology of Metals (Zalups RK and Koropatnick DJ eds) Taylor and Francis, London, in press.
97. Klotzbach JM and Diamond GL (1988) Complexing activity and excretion of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propane sulfonate in rat kidney. Am J Physiol 254:F871-F878.
98. Kostial K, Kello D and Jugo S (1978) Influence of age on metal metabolism and toxicity. Environ Health Perspect 25:81-86.
99. Kuwahara M, Gu Y, Ishibashi K, Marumo F and Sasaki S (1997) Mercury-sensitive residues and pore site in AQP3 water channel. Biochemistry 36:13973-13978.
100. Lash LH and Anders MW (1989) Uptake of nephrotoxic S-conjugates by isolated rat renal proximal tubular cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 248:531-537.
101. Lash LH and Jones DP (1983) Transport of glutathione by renal basal-lateral membrane vesicles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 112:55-60.
102. Lash LH and Jones DP (1984) Renal glutathione transport: Characteristics of the sodium-dependent system in the basal-lateral membrane. J Biol Chem 259: 14508-14514.
103. Lash LH and Jones DP (1985a) Distribution of oxidized and reduced forms of glutathione and cysteine in rat plasma. Arch Biochem Biophys 240:583-592.
104. Lash LH and Jones DP (1985b) Uptake of the glutathione conjugate S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)glutathione by renal basal-lateral membrane vesicles and isolated kidney cells. Mol Pharmacol 28:278-282.
105. Lash LH, Putt DA and Zalups RK (1998) Role of extracellular thiols in uptake and distribution of inorganic mercury in rat renal proximal and distal tubular cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 285:1039-1050.
106. Lash LH, Putt Da and Zalups RK (1999) Influence of exogenous thiols on inorganic mercury-induced injury in renal proximal and distal tubular cells from normal and uninephrectomized rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 291:492-502.
107. Lash LH and Zalups RK (1992) Mercuric chloride-induced cytotoxicity and compensatory hypertrophy in rat kidney proximal tubular cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 261:819-829.
108. Lash LH and Zalups RK (1994) Activities of enzymes involved in renal cellular glutathione metabolism after uninephrectomy in the rat. Arch Biochem Biophys 309:129-138.
109. Lau S and Sarkar B (1979) Inorganic mercury (II)-binding components in normal human blood serum. J Toxicol Environ Health 5:907-916.
110. Levy RI, Weiner IM and Mudge GH (1958) The effects of acid-base balance on diuresis produced by organic and inorganic mercurials. J Clin Invest 37:1016-1018.
111. 2 production and lipid peroxidation in vitro in rat kidney mitochondria. Biochem Pharmacol 42 (Suppl):S181-S187.
112. 2 formation and oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro in rat kidney mitochondria. Biochem Pharmacol 45:2017-2024.
113. Madsen KM (1980) Mercury accumulation in kidney lysosomes of proteinuric rats. Kidney Int 18:445-453.
114. Madsen KM and Hansen JC (1980) Subcellular distribution of mercury in the rat kidney cortex after exposure to mercuric chloride. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 54:443-453.
115. Magos L, Brown AW, Sparrow S, Bailey E, Snowden RT and Skipp WR (1985) The comparative toxicology of ethyl-and methyl-mercury. Arch Toxicol 57:260-267.
116. Magos L and Butler WH (1976) The kinetics of methylmercury administered repeatedly to rats. Arch Toxicol 35:25-39.
117. Magos L and Clarkson TW (1977) Renal injury and urinary excretion, in Handbook of Physiology, Section 9, Renal Physiology (Lee DHK ed) pp 503-512, American Physiological Society, Washington, DC.
118. Magos L, Peristianis GG, Clarkson TW, Brown A, Preston S and Snowden RT (1981) Comparative study of the sensitivity of male and female rats to methylmercury. Arch Toxicol 48:11-20.
119. Magos L and Stoychev T (1969) Combined effect of sodium maleate and some thiol compounds on mercury excretion and redistribution in rats. Br J Pharmacol 35:121-126.
120. Maiorino RM, Dart RC, Carter DE and Aposhian HV (1991) Determination and metabolism of dithiol chelating agents. XII. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 259:808-814.
121. Mambourg AM and Raynaud C (1965) Etude a I'aide d'isotopes radioactifs du mecanisme de l'excretion urinaire du mercure chez le lapin. Revue Fr Etud Clin Biol 10:414-418.
122. McDowell EM, Nagle RB, Zalme RC, McNeil JS, Flamenbaum W and Trump BF (1976) Studies on the pathophysiology of acute renal failure. I. Correlation of ultrastructure and function in the proximal tubule of the rat following administration of mercuric chloride. Virchows Arch [Cell Pathol] 22:173-196.
123. McNeil SI, Bhatnagar MK and Turner CJ (1988) Combined toxicity of ethanol and methylmercury in rat. Toxicology 53:345-363.
124. Meyer TW, Scholey JV and Brenner BM (1991) Nephron adaptation to renal injury, in The Kidney, 4th ed (Brenner BM and Rector FC Jr eds) pp 1871-1908, WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
125. Miller DW and Woods JS (1993) Redox activities of mercury-thiol complexes: Implications for mercury induced porphyria and toxicity. Chem-Biol Interact 88:23-35.
126. Miura K, Inokawa M and Imura N (1984) Effects of methylmercury and some metal ions on microtubule networks in mouse glioma cells and in vitro tubulin polymerization. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 73:218-231.
127. Mussini E (1958) Bonds of mercurial diuretics to blood proteins. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 34:1588-1590.
128. Naganuma A, Oda-Urano N, Tanaka T and Imura N (1988) Possible role of hepatic glutathione in transport of methylmercury into mouse kidney. Biochem Pharmacol 37:291-296.
129. Nath KA, Croatt AJ and Hostetter TH (1990) Oxygen consumption and oxidant stress in surviving nephrons. Am J Physiol 258:F1354-F1362.
130. 203Hg-labeled methylmercury chloride in rats. Arch Environ Health 21:717-727.
131. Norseth T and Clarkson TW (1970b) Biotransformation of methylmercury salts in the rat studied by specific determination of inorganic mercury. Biochem Pharmacol 19:2775-2783.
132. Omata S, Sato M, Sakimura K and Sugano H (1980) Time-dependent accumulation of inorganic mercury in subcellular fractions of kidney, liver, and brain or rats exposed to methylmercury. Arch Toxicol 44:231-241.
133. Parks LD, Zalups RK and Barfuss DW (1998) Heterogeneity of glutathione synthesis and secretion in the proximal tubule of the rabbit. Am J Physiol 274:F924-F931.
134. Parks LD, Zalups RK and Barfuss DW (2000) Heterogeneity of glutathione transport in the proximal tubule of the rabbit. J Am Soc Nephrol, in press.
135. Piotrowski JK, Trojanowska B, Wisniewska-Knypl JM and Bolanowska W (1974) Mercury binding in the kidney and liver of rats repeatedly exposed to mercuric chloride. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 27:11-19.
136. Planas-Bohne F (1977) The effect of mercuric chloride on the excretion of two urinary enzymes in the rat. Arch Toxicol 37:219-225.
137. Planas-Bohne F (1981) The effect of 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate and dimercaptosuccinic acid on the distribution and excretion of mercury in rats. Toxicology 19:275-278.
138. Pritchard JB (1988) Coupled transport of p-aminohippurate by rat kidney basolateral membrane vesicles. Am J Physiol 256:F597-F604.
139. Pritchard JB and Miller DS (1993) Mechanisms mediating renal secretion of organic anions and cations. Physiol Rev 73:765-788.
140. Price RG (1982) Urinary enzymes, nephrotoxicity and renal disease. Toxicology 23:99-134.
141. Prickett CS, Laug EP and Kunze FM (1950) Distribution of mercury in rats following oral and intravenous administration of mercuric acetate and phenylmercuric acetate. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 73:585-588.
142. Rabenstein DL (1989) Metal complexes of glutathione and their biological significance, in Glutathione: Chemical, Biochemical and Medical Aspects, Vol 3, Coenzymes and Cofactors (Dophin D, Auramovibc O and Poulson R eds) pp 147-186. Wiley, New York.
143. Roch-Ramel F, Besseghir K and Murer H (1992) Renal excretion and tubular transport of organic anions and cations, in Handbook of Physiology, Section 8, Renal Physiology (Windhager EE ed) pp 2189-2262, Oxford University Press, New York.
144. Rodier PM, Kates B and Simons R (1988) Mercury localization in mouse kidney over time: Autoradiography versus silver staining. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 257:235-245.
145. Rodin AE and Crowson CN (1962) Mercury nephrotoxicity in the rat. I. Factors influencing the localization of tubular lesions. Am J Pathol 41:297-313.
146. Rogulski J and Angielski S (1963) Effect of maleic acid on the kidney. Acta Biochem Pol 10:133-139.
147. Roman-Franco AA, Turiello M, Albini B, Ossi E, Milgrom F and Andres GA (1978) Anti-basement membrane antibodies and antigen-antibody complexes in rabbits injected with mercuric chloride. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 9:464-481.
148. Rothstein A (1970) Sulfhydryl groups in membrane structure and function. Curr Top Membr Transm 1:135-176.
149. Rothstein A and Hayes AD (1960) The metabolism of mercury in the rat studied by isotope techniques. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 130:166-176.
150. Ruegg CE, Gandolfi AJ, Nagle RB and Brendel K (1987) Differential patterns of injury to the proximal tubule of renal cortical slices following in vitro exposure to mercuric chloride, potassium dichromate, or hypoxic conditions. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 90:261-273.
151. Sager PR and Syversen TL (1984) Differential responses to methylmercury exposure and recovery in neuroblastoma and glioma cells and fibroblasts. Exp Neurol 85:371-382.
152. Sapin C, Dreut E and Dreut P (1977) Induction of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies in the brown Norway rat by mercuric chloride. Clin Exp Immunol 28:173-179.
153. Schafer JA and Watkins ML (1984) Transport of L-cystine in isolated perfused proximal straight tubules. Pfluegers Arch 401:143-151.
154. Schaub TP, Kartenbeck J, Konig J, Spring H, Dorsam J, Staehler G, Storkel S, Thon WF and Keppler D (1999) Expression of the MRP2 gene-encoded conjugate export pump in human kidney proximal tubules and in renal cell carcinoma. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:1159-1169.
155. Schaub TP, Kartenbeck J, Konig J, Vogel O, Witzgall R, Kriz W and Keppler D (1997) Expression of the conjugate export pump encoded by the mrp2 gene in the apical membrane of kidney proximal tubules. J Am Soc Nephrol 8:1213-1221.
156. Shimomura A, Chonko AM and Grantham JJ (1981) Basis for heterogeneity for para-aminohippurate secretion in rabbit proximal tubules. Am J Physiol 241: F430-F436.
157. Siegers C-P, Schenke M and Younes M (1987) Influence of cadmium chloride, mercuric chloride, and sodium vanadate on the glutathione-conjugating enzyme system in liver, kidney, and brain of mice. J Toxicol Environ Health 22:141-148.
158. Silbernagl S (1992) Tubular transport of amino acids and small peptides, in Handbook of Physiology, Section 8, Renal Physiology (Windhager EE ed) pp 1938-1976, Oxford University Press, New York.
159. Smith JC, Allen PV, Turner MD, Most B, Fisher HL and Hall LL (1994) The kinetics of intravenously administered methyl mercury in man. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 128:251-256.
160. Smith MA, Acosta D and Bruckner JV (1986) Development of a primary culture system of rat kidney cortical cells to evaluate the nephrotoxicity of xenobiotics. Food Chem Toxicol 24:551-556.
161. 2+ of cultured rabbit renal tubular cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 931:130-142.
162. Stewart JR and Diamond GL (1988) In vivo tubular secretion and metabolism of the disulfide of 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate. Drug Metab Dispos 16:189-195.
163. Stonard MD, Chater BV, Duffield DB, Nevitt AL, O'Sullivan JJ and Steele GT (1983) An evaluation of renal function in workers occupationally exposed to mercury vapor. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 52:177-189.
164. Stroo WE and Hook JB (1977) Enzymes of renal origin in urine as indicators of nephrotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 39:423-434.
165. Swensson A and Ulfvarson U (1968) Distribution and excretion of mercury compounds in rats over a long period after a single injection. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 26:273-283.
166. Tanaka T, Naganuma A and Imura N (1990) Role of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase in renal uptake and toxicity of inorganic mercury in mice. Toxicology 60:187-198.
167. Tanaka T, Naganuma A and Imura N (1992) Routes for renal transport of methylmercury in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 228:9-14.
168. Tanaka-Kagawa T, Naganuma A and Imura N (1993) Tubular secretion and reabsorption of mercury compounds in mouse kidney. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 264:776-782.
169. Taugner R, Winkel K and Iravani J (1966) Zur Legalization der Sublimatanreicherung in der Rattenneire. Virchows Arch Pathol Anat Physiol 340:369-383.
170. Troen P, Kaufman SA and Katz KH (1951) Mercuric bichloride poisoning. New Engl J Med 244:459-463.
171. Trojanowska B, Piotrowski JK and Szendzikowski S (1971) The influence of thioacetamide on the excretion of mercury in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 18:374-386.
172. Ullrich KJ, Rumrich G, Fasold G and Kloss S (1987a) Contraluminal paraaminohippurate (PAH) transport in the proximal tubule of the rat kidney. I. Kinetics, influence of cations, anions, and capillary preperfusion. Pfluegers Arch 409:229-235.
173. Ullrich KJ, Rumrich G, Fasold G and Kloss S (1987b) Contraluminal para-aminohippurate (PAH) transport in the proximal tubule of the rat kidney. II. Specificity: Aliphatiic dicarboxylic acids. Pfluegers Arch 408:38-45.
174. 2+-induced kidney necrosis: Subcellular localization and structure-linked lysosomal enzyme changes. Am J Pathol 61:57-74.
175. Verkman AS (1992) Water channels in cell membranes. Annu Rev Physiol 54:97-108.
176. Verkman AS (1999) Lessons on renal physiology from transgenic mice lacking aquaporin water channels. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:1126-1135.
177. Vogel DG, Margolis RL and Mottet NK (1985) The effects of methyl mercury binding to microtubules. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 80:473-486.
178. Vostal J (1966) Study of the renal excretatory mechanisms of heavy metals. Proceedings of the 15th International Congress on Occupational Health, Vienna 3:61-64.
179. Weening JJ, Hoedemaeker PJ and Bakker WW (1981) Immuno-regulation and anti-nuclear antibodies in mercury-induced glomerulopathy in the rat. Clin Exp Immunol 45:64-71.
180. Weinberg JM, Harding PG and Humes HD (1982a) Mitochondrial bioenergetics during the initiation of mercuric chloride-induced renal injury. I. Direct effects of in vitro mercuric chloride on renal cortical mitochondrial function. J Biol Chem 257:60-67.
181. Weinberg JM, Harding PG and Humes HD (1982b) Mitochondrial bioenergetics during the initiation of mercuric chloride-induced renal injury. II. Functional alterations of renal cortical mitochondria isolated after mercuric chloride treatment. J Biol Chem 257:68-74.
182. Woods JS, Calas CA and Aicher LD (1990b) Stimulation of porphyrinogen oxidation by mercuric ion: Promotion of oxidation from the interaction of mercuric ion, glutathione, and mitochondria-generated hydrogen peroxide. Mol Pharmacol 38: 261-266.
183. Woods JS, Calas CA, Aicher LD, Robinson BH and Mailer C (1990a) Stimulation of porphyrinogen oxidation by mercuric ion. I. Evidence of free radical formation in the presence of thiols and hydrogen peroxide. Mol Pharmacol 38:253-260.
184. Woods JS, Davis HA and Baer RP (1992) Enhancement of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase mRNA in rat kidney by methyl mercury. Arch Biochem Biophys 296:350-353.
185. Woods JS, Martin MD, Naleway CA and Echeverria D (1993) Urinary porphyrin profiles as a biomarker of mercury exposure: Studies on dentists with occupational exposure to mercury vapor. J Toxicol Environ Health 40:239-250.
186. World Health Organization (1991) Environmental Health Criteria 118: Inorganic Mercury. World Health Organization, Geneva.
187. Zalme RC, McDowell FM, Nagle RB, McNeil JS, Flamenbaum W and Trump BF (1976) Studies on the pathophysiology of acute renal failure. II. A histochemical study of the proximal tubule of the rat following administration of mercuric chloride. Virchows Arch [Cell Pathol] 22:197-216.
188. + and 75% nephrectomy on the morphology of principal cells in CCDs. Am J Physiol 257:F387-F396.
189. Zalups RK (1991a) Autometallographic localization of inorganic mercury in the kidneys of rats: Effect of unilateral nephrectomy and compensatory renal growth. Exp Mol Pathol 54:10-21.
190. Zalups RK (1991b) Method for studying the in vivo accumulation of inorganic mercury in segments of the nephron in the kidneys of rats treated with mercuric chloride. J Pharmacol Methods 26:89-104.
191. Zalups RK (1991c) Renal accumulation and intrarenal distribution of inorganic mercury in the rabbit: Effect of unilateral nephrectomy and dose of mercuric chloride. J Toxicol Environ Health 33:213-228.
192. Zalups RK (1993a) Early aspects of the intrarenal distribution of mercury after the intravenous administration of mercuric chloride. Toxicology 79:215-228.
193. Zalups RK (1993b) Influence of 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate (DMPS) and meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) on the renal disposition of mercury in normal and uninephrectomized rats exposed to inorganic mercury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 267:791-800.
194. Zalups RK (1995) Organic anion transport and action of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase in kidney linked mechanistically to renal tubular uptake of inorganic mercury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 132:289-298.
195. Zalups RK (1996) Enhanced renal outer medullary uptake of mercury associated with uninephrectomy: Implication of a luminal mechanism. J Toxicol Environ Health 50:173-194.
196. Zalups RK (1997) Enhanced renal outer medullary uptake of mercury associated with uninephrectomy: Implication of a luminal mechanism. J Toxicol Environ Health 50:173-194.
197. Zalups RK (1998a) Intestinal handling of mercury in the rat: Implication of intestinal secretion of inorganic mercury following biliary ligation or cannulation. J Toxicol Environ Health 53:615-636.
198. Zalups RK (1998b) Basolateral uptake of inorganic mercury in the kidney. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 150:1-8.
199. Zalups RK (1998c) Basolateral uptake of mercuric conjugates of N-acetylcysteine and cysteine in the kidney involves the organic anion transport system. J Toxicol Environ Health 54:101-117.
200. Zalups RK and Barfuss DW (1990) Accumulation of inorganic mercury along the renal proximal tubule of the rabbit. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 106:245-253.
201. Zalups RK and Barfuss DW (1993a) Transport and toxicity of methylmercury along the proximal tubule of the rabbit. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 121:176-185.
202. Zalups RK and Barfuss DW (1993b) Intrarenal distribution of inorganic mercury and albumin after coadministration. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 40:77-103.
203. Zalups RK and Barfuss DW (1995a) Pretreatment with p-aminohippurate inhibits the renal uptake and accumulation of injected inorganic mercury in the rat. Toxicology 103:23-35.
204. Zalups RK and Barfuss DW (1995b) Accumulation and handling of inorganic mercury in the kidney after co-administration with glutathione. J Toxicol Environ Health 44:385-399.
205. Zalups RK and Barfuss DW (1995c) Renal disposition of mercury in rats after intravenous injection of inorganic mercury and cysteine. J Toxicol Environ Health 44:401-413.
206. Zalups RK and Barfuss DW (1996a) Diversion or prevention of biliary outflow from the liver diminishes the renal uptake of injected inorganic mercury. Drug Metab Dispos 24:480-486.
207. Zalups RK and Barfuss DW (1996b) Nephrotoxicity of inorganic mercury co-administered with L-cysteine. Toxicology 109:15-29.
208. Zalups RK and Barfuss DW (1998a) Small aliphatic dicarboxylic acids inhibit renal uptake of administered mercury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 148:183-193.
209. Zalups RK and Barfuss DW (1998b) Participation of mercuric conjugates of cysteine, homocysteine, and N-acetylcysteine in mechanisms involved in the renal tubular uptake of inorganic mercury. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:551-561.
210. Zalups RK, Barfuss DW and Kostyniak PJ (1992) Altered intrarenal accumulation of mercury in uninephrectomized rats treated with methylmercury chloride. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 115:174-182.
211. Zalups RK, Barfuss DW and Lash LH (1999a) Disposition of inorganic mercury following biliary obstruction and chemically-induced glutathione depletion: Dispositional changes 1 h after the intravenous administration of mercuric chloride. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 154:135-144.
212. Zalups RK, Barfuss DW and Lash LH (1999b) Effects of biliary ligation and modulation of GSH-status on the renal and hepatic disposition of inorganic mercury in rats. Toxicologist 48:330-331.
213. Zalups RK, Barfuss DW and Lash LH (1999c) Relationships between alterations in glutathione metabolism and the disposition of inorganic mercury in rats: Effects of biliary ligation and chemically induced modulation of glutathione status. Chem-Biol Interact 123:171-195.
214. Zalups RK and Cherian MG (1992a) Renal metallothionein metabolism after a reduction of renal mass. I. Effect of unilateral nephrectomy and compensatory renal growth on basal and metal-induced renal metallothionein metabolism. Toxicology 71:83-102.
215. Zalups RK and Cherian MG (1992b) Renal metallothionein metabolism after a reduction of renal mass. II. Effect of zinc pretreatment on the renal toxicity and intrarenal accumulation of inorganic mercury. Toxicology 71:103-117.
216. Zalups RK, Cherian MG and Barfuss DW (1993a) Mercury-metallothionein and the renal accumulation and handling of mercury. Toxicology 83:61-78.
217. Zalups RK, Cox C and Diamond GL (1988) Histological and urinalysis assessment of nephrotoxicity induced by mercuric chloride in normal and uninephrectomized rats, in Biological Monitoring of Toxic Metals (Clarkson TW, Friberg L, Nordberg GF and Sager PR eds) pp 531-545, Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York.
218. Zalups RK and Diamond GL (1987a) Intrarenal distribution of mercury in the rat: Effect of administered dose of mercuric chloride. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 38:67-72.
219. Zalups RK and Diamond GL (1987b) Mercuric chloride-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat following unilateral nephrectomy and compensatory renal growth. Virchows Arch B [Cell Pathol] 53:336-346.
220. Zalups RK, Frazier J and Koropatnick J (1995) Enhanced transcription of metallothionein genes in the kidney of the rat: Effect of uninephrectomy and compensatory renal growth. Am J Physiol 268:F643-F650.
221. Zalups RK, Gelein RM and Cernichiari E (1991b) DMPS as a rescue agent for the nephropathy induced by mercuric chloride. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 256:1-10.
222. + depletion. Am J Physiol 263: F1119-F1127.
223. Zalups RK, Klotzbach JM and Diamond GL (1987) Enhanced accumulation of inorganic mercury in renal outer medulla after unilateral nephrectomy. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 89:226-236.
224. Zalups RK, Knutson KL and Schnellmann RG (1993b) In vitro analysis of the accumulation and toxicity of inorganic mercury in segments of the proximal tubule isolated from the rabbit kidney. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 119:221-227.
225. Zalups RK and Lash LH (1990) Effects of uninephrectomy and mercuric chloride on renal glutathione homeostasis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 254:962-970.
226. Zalups RK and Lash LH (1994) Advances in understanding the renal transport and toxicity of mercury. J Toxicol Environ Health 42:1-44.
227. Zalups RK and Lash LH (1997a) Binding of mercury in renal brush-border and basolateral membrane-vesicles: Implication of a cysteine conjugate of mercury involved in the luminal uptake of inorganic mercury. Biochem. Pharmacol 53: 1889-1900.
228. Zalups RK and Lash LH (1997b) Depletion of glutathione in the kidney and the renal disposition of administered inorganic mercury. Drug Metab Dispos 25:516-523.
229. Zalups RK and Minor KH (1995) Luminal and basolateral mechanisms involved in the renal tubular uptake of inorganic mercury. J Toxicol Environ Health 46:73-100.
230. Zalups RK, Parks L, Cannon VT and Barfuss DW (1998) Mechanisms of action of 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate and the transport, disposition, and toxicity of inorganic mercury in isolated perfused segments of rabbit proximal tubules. Mol Pharmacol 54:353-363.
231. Zalups RK, Robinson MK and Barfuss DW (1991a) Factors affecting inorganic mercury transport and toxicity in the isolated perfused proximal tubule. J Am Soc Nephrol 2:866-878.
232. Zalups RK, Stanton BA, Wade JB and Giebisch G (1985) Structural adaptation in initial collecting tubule following reduction in renal mass. Kidney Int 27:636-642.
233. Zalups RK and Veltman JC (1988) Renal glutathione homeostasis in compensatory renal growth. Life Sci 42:2171-2176.