Reviewing classical and molecular techniques regarding profiling of probiotic character of microorganisms

Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 27-47

  Stefanis, Christos ^a   Mantzourani, Ioanna ^a   Plessas, Stavros ^a   Alexopoulos, Athanasios ^a   Galanis, Alexis ^a   Bezirtzoglou, Eugenia ^a   Kandylis, Panagiotis ^b   Varzakas, Theodoros ^b  

^a DEMOCRITUS UNIVERSITY OF THRACE   (Greece)

^b TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE OF KALAMATA   (Greece)

Author keywords

16S rRNA; Gastrointestinal track; Microbiota; Molecular techniques; Omics; PCR; Probiotics

Indexed keywords

EID: 85008939657     PISSN: 2347467X     EISSN: 23220007     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.12944/CRNFSJ.4.1.05     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. FAO/WHO, “Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food. In Food and agriculture organization of United Nations and world health organization,’’ Working Group Report. London, Ontario, 2002.
2. S.D. Forssten, C.W. Sindelar, and A.C. Ouwehand. “Probiotics from an industrial perspective,’’ Anaerobe, 17, pp. 410-413, 2011.
3. R. Nagpal, A. Kumar, M. Kumar, P.V. Behare, S. Jain, and H. Yadav “Probiotics, their health benefits and applications for developing healthier foods: a review,’’ FEMS Microbiol Letters, vol. 334,1-15, 2012.
4. M. Caselli, F. Cassol, G. Calò, J. Holton, G. Zuliani, and A. Gasbarrini, “Actual concept of “probiotics” Is it more functional to science or business?,’’ World Journal of Gastroenterology vol. 19 (10), 1527-1540, 2013.
5. P. R. Shinde, “Probiotic: An overview for selection and evaluation,’’ International Journal of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences,4(2),14-21, 2012.
6. M. Gueimonde and S. Salminen, “New methods for selecting and evaluating probiotics,’’ Digestive and Liver Disease, vol. 38(2), S242-S247, 2006.
7. S. Plessas, L. Bosnea, A. Alexopoulos, and E. Bezirtzoglou. “Potential effects of probiotics in cheese and yogurt production: A review,’’ Engineering in Life Sciences, 12(4), 433-440. 2012.
8. E.C. Verna and S. Lucak, “Use of Probiotics in Gastrointestinal Disorders. What to Recommend?,’’ Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology,3(5), pp. 307-31, 2010.
9. C. Mottet and P. Michetti. “Probiotics wanted dead or alive,’’ Digestive and Liver Disease, vol. 37, 3-6, 2005.
10. C.R. Soccol, L.P.S. Vandenberghe, M.R. Spier, A.B.P. Medeiros, C.T. Yamaguishi, J.D.D. Lindner, A. Pandey, and V.T. Soccol, “The Potential of Probiotics: A Review,’’ Food Technology and Biotechnology,48 (4), 413-434, 2010.
11. T. Vasiljevic and N. Shah, “Probiotics-From Metchnikoff to bioactives,’’ International Dairy Journal,18, 714-728, 2008.
12. E. Isolauri, S. Salminen, and A.C. Ouwehand, “Probiotics,’’ Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology,18, 299-313, 2004.
13. A. Juste, B.P.H.J. Thomma, and B. Lievens, “Recent advances in molecular techniques to study microbial communities in food associated matrices and processes,’’. Food Microbiology,25, 745-761, 2008.
14. L. Quigley, O. OSullivan, T.P. Beresford, R.P. Ross, G.F. Fitzgerald, and P.D. Cotter, Molecular approaches to analysing the microbial composition of raw milk and raw milk cheese,’’ International Journal of Food Microbiology,150, (2-3), 81-94, 2011.
15. A. McCartney, “Application of molecular biological methods for studying probiotics and the gut flora,’’ British Journal of Nutrition, 88, S29-37, 2002.
16. P.S. Langendijk, F. Schut, G.J. Jansen, G.C. Raangs, G.R. Kamphuis, M.H. Wilkinson, and G.W. Welling, “Quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization of Bifidobacterium spp. with genus-specific 16S rRNA-targeted probes and its application in fecal samples,’’ Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 61, 069-3075, 1995.
17. E.F. DeLong, G.S. Wickham, and N.R. Pace, “Phylogenetic stains: rRNA-based probes for the identification of single cells,’’ Science, 243, 1360-1363, 1989.
18. E.E. Vaughan, H.G.H.J. Heilig, K.B. Amor, and W.M. de Vos, “Diversity, vitality and activities of intestinal lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria assessed by molecular approaches,’’ FEMS Microbiology Reviews,29, 477-490, 2005.
19. E. Likotrafiti, K. M. Tuohy, G. R. Gibson, and R. A. Rastall, “An in vitro study of the effect of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics on the elderly faecal microbiota,’’ Anaerobe,27, 50-55, 2014.
20. R. Amann, B.M. Fuchs, and S. Behrens, ‘‘The identification of microorganisms by fluorescence in situ hybridisation,’’ Current Opinion in Biotechnology, vol. 12, 231-236, 2001.
21. K.B. Amor, E.E. Vaughan, and W.M. de Vos, “Advanced molecular tools for the identification of lactic acid bacteria,” Journal of Nutrition, 137, 741S-747S, 2007.
22. D. Mohanis, R. Nasgpal, M. Kumar, A. Bhardwaj, M. Yadav, S. Jain, F. Marotta, V. Singh, O. Parkash, and H. Yadan, “Molecular approaches for identification and characterization of lactic acid bacteria,’’ Journal of Digestive Diseases,9, 190-198, 2008.
23. E.E. Vaughan, M.C. de Vries, E.G. Zoetendal, K. Ben Amor, A.D.L. Akkermans, and W.M. de Vos, “The intestinal LABs,’’ Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 82, 341-352, 2002.
24. R. Temmerman, L. Masco, T. Vanhoutte, G. Huys, and J. Swings, “Development and validation of a nested-PCRdenaturing gradient gel electrophoresis method for taxonomic characterization of bifidobacterial communities,’’ Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 6380-6385, 2003.
25. A. Schmalenberger, F. Schwieger, and C.C. Tebbe, “Effect of primers hybridizing to different evolutionarily conserved regions of the small-subunit rRNA gene in PCR-based microbial community analyses and genetic profiling,’’ Applied and Environmental Microbiology,67, 3557-3563, 2001.
26. S.M. Powell, M.J. Riddle, I. Snape, J.S. Stark, “Location and DGGE methodology can influence interpretation of field experimental studies on the response to hydrocarbons by Antarctic benthic microbial community,’’ Antarctic Science,17, 353-360, 2005.
27. J.R. Cole, B. Chai, R.J. Farris, Q. Wang, S.A. Kulam, D.M. McGarrell, G.M. Garrity, and J.M. Tiedje, “The Ribosomal Database Project (RDP-II): sequences and tools for high-throughput rRNA analysis,’’ Nucleic Acids Research, 33, 294-296, 2005.
28. C.W. Kaplan, J.C. Astaire, M.E. Sanders, B.S. Reddy, C.L. Kitts, “16S ribosomal DNA terminal restriction fragment pattern analysis of bacterial communities in feces of rats fed Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM,’’ Applied and Environmental Microbiology,67, 1935-1939, 2001.
29. C. Jernberg, A. Sullivan, C. Edlund, and J.K. Jansson, “Monitoring of antibiotic-induced alterations in the human intestinal microflora and detection of probiotic strains by use of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,’’ Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71, 501-506, 2005.
30. M. Matsumoto, M. Sakamoto, H. Hayashi, and Y. Benno, “Novel phylogenetic assignment database for terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of human colonic microbiota,’’ Journal of Microbiological Methods,61, 305-319, 2005
31. A. A. Pedroso, A. L. Hurley-Bacon, A. S. Zedek, T. W. Kwan, A. P. O. Jordan, G. Avellaneda, C. L. Hofacre, B. B. Oakley, S. R. Collett, J. J. Maurer, and M. D. Lee, “Can Probiotics Improve the Environmental Microbiome and Resistome of Commercial Poultry Production?,’’ International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,10, 4534-4559, 2013.
32. J.M. Uronis, J.C. Arthur, T. Keku, C.B. Appleyard, and C. Jobin, “Gut microbial diversity is reduced by the probiotic VSL#3 and correlates with decreased TNBS-induced colitis,’’ Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 17, 289-297, 2011.
33. M. Egert and M.W. Friedrich, “Formation of pseudo-terminal restriction fragments, a PCR-related bias affecting terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of microbial community structure,’’ Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 69, pp. 2555-2562, 2003.
34. V. Coeuret, M. Gueguen, and J.P. Vernoux, “Numbers and strains of lactobacilli in some probiotic products,’’ International Journal of Food Microbiology, 97, 147-156 2004.
35. G.E. Gardiner, C. Heinemann, A.W. Bruce, D. Beuerman, and G. Reid, “Persistence of Lactobacillus fermentum RC-14 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 but not L. rhamnosus GG in the human vagina as demonstrated by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA,’’ Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 9, 92-96, 2002.
36. U. Schillinger, N.M. Yousif, L. Sesar, and C.M. Franz, “Use of groupspecific and RAPD-PCR analyses for rapid differentiation of Lactobacillus strains from probiotic yogurts,’’ Current Microbiology, 47, 453-6, 2003.
37. I. Sanchez, S. Sesena, L. Palop, “Polyphasic study of the genetic diversity of lactobacilli associated with ‘Almagro’ eggplants spontaneous fermentation, based on combined numerical analysis of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns,’’ Journal of Applied Microbiology, 97, 446-7, 2004.
38. R. Rubio, A. Jofré, B. Martín, T. Aymerich, and M. Garriga, “Characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from infant faeces as potential probiotic starter cultures for fermented sausages,’’ Food Microbiology, 38, 303-311, 2014.
39. D. Rodrigues, T.A.P. Rocha-Santos, A.C. Freitas, A.M.P. Gomes, and A.C. Duarte, “Analytical strategies for characterization and validation of functional dairy foods,’’ Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 41, 27-45, 2012.
40. G. Laguerre, M.R. Allard, F. Revoy, and N. Amarger, “Rapid identification of rhizobia by restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism analysis of PCR-amplified 16S ribosomal RNA-genes,’’ Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60, 56-63, 1994.
41. C.M. Collado and M. Hernández, “Identification and differentiation of Lactobacillus, Streptococcus and Bifidobacterium species in fermented milk products with bifidobacteria,’’ Microbiological Research,162(1), 86-92, 2007.
42. W.H. Holzapfel, P. Haberer, R. Geisen, J. Bjorkroth, and U. Schillinger, “Taxonomy and important features of probiotic microorganisms in food and nutrition,’’ American Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 73, 365S-373S, 2001.
43. G. Giraffa and E. Neviani, “Molecular identification and characterization of food associated lactobacilli,’’ Italian Journal of Food Science, 4, 403-23, 2000.
44. I. Mainville, N. Robert, B. Lee, and E.R. Farnworth, “Polyphasic characterization of the lactic acid bacteria in kefir,’’ Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 29, 59-68, 2005.
45. M. Ventura and R. Zink, “Specific identification and molecular typing analysis of Lactobacillus johnsonii by using PCR-based methods and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis,’’ FEMS Microbiology Letters, 217, 141-54, 2002.
46. A.M. Rodas, S. Ferrer, and I. Pardo, “16S-ARDRA: A tool for identification of lactic acid bacteria isolated from grape must and wine,’’ Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 26, 412-22, 2003.
47. A. Sanni, C. Franz, U. Schillinger, M. Huch, C. Guigas, and W. Holzapfel, “Characterization and Technological Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Production of “Sorghurt,” a Cereal-Based Product,’’ Food Biotechnology, 27, 178-198, 2013.
48. M. A. Golowczyc, M. J. Gugliada, A. Hollmann, L. Delfederico, G. L. Garrote, A. G. Abraham, L. Semorile, and G. De Antoni, “Characterization of homofermentative lactobacilli isolated from kefir grains: potential use as probiotic,’’ Journal of Dairy Research, 75, 211-217, 2008.
49. M.R. Fries, G.D. Hopkins, P.L. McCarty, L.J. Forney, and J.M. Tiedje, “Microbial succession during a field evaluation of phenol and toluene as the primary substrates for trichloroethene cometabolsim,’’ Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63, 1515-1522, 1997.
50. R. Temmerman, G. Huys, J. Swings, “Identification of lactic acid bacteria: culture-dependent and culture independent methods,’’ Trends in Food Science & Technology, 15, 348-359, 2004.
51. R.M. Satokari, E.E. Vaughan, H. Smidt, M. Saarela, J. Mättö, and de W.M. Vos, “Molecular Approaches for the detection and identification of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli in the human Gastrointestinal Tract,’’ Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 26, 572-584, 2003.
52. S.R. Chun, W.J. Czajka, M. Lakamoto, and Y. Benno, “Characterization of the Lactobacillus casei group and the Lactobacillus acidophilus group by automated ribotyping,’’ Microbiology and Immunology, 45, 271-5, 2001.
53. B. Ripamonti, A. Agazzi, A. Baldi, C. Balzaretti, C. Bersani, S. Pirani, R. Rebucci, G. Savoini, S. Stella, A. Stenico, and C. Domeneghini, “Administration of Bacillus coagulans in calves: recovery from faecal samples and evaluation of functional aspects of spores,’’ Veterinary Research Communications, 33, 991-1001, 2009.
54. M. Ventura, D. van Sinderen, G.F. Fitzgerald, and R. Zink “Insights into the taxonomy, genetics and physiology of bifidobacteria,’’ Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 86, 205-223, 2004.
55. S. Tynkkynen, R. Satokari, M. Saarela, T. Mattila-Sandholm, and M. Saxelin, “Comparison of ribotyping, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA Analysis, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis in typing of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and L. casei strains,’’ Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65, 3908-14, 1999.
56. D. Roy, P. Ward, D. Vincent, and F. Mondou, “Molecular identification of potentially probiotic lactobacilli,’’ Current Microbiology, 40, 40-6, 2000.
57. G. Klein, A. Pack, C. Bonaparte, and G. Reuter, “Taxonomy and physiology of probiotic lactic acid bacteria,’’ International Journal of Food Microbiology,41, 103-25, 1998.
58. K. Kimura, A.L. McCartney, M.A. McConnell, and G.W. Tannock, “Analysis of fecal populations of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, and investigation of the immunological responses of their human hosts to the predominant strains,’’ Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63, 3394-8, 1997.
59. C. Kotzamanidis, A. Kourelis, E. Litopoulou-Tzanetaki, N. Tzanetakis, M. Yiangou, “Evaluation of adhesion capacity, cell surface traits and immunomodulatory activity of presumptive probiotic Lactobacillus strains,’’ International Journal of Food Microbiology, 140, 154-163, 2012.
60. L. Fontana, M. Bermudez-Brito, J. Plaza-Diaz, S. Munõz-Quezada, and A. Gil, “Sources, isolation, characterisation and evaluation of probiotics,’’ British Journal of Nutrition, 109, S35-S50, 2013.
61. K.H. Wilson, W.J. Wilson, J.L. Radosevich, T.Z. DeSantis, V.S. Viswanathan, T.A. Kuczmarski, and G.L. Andersen, “High-density microarray of small-subunit ribosomal DNA probes,’’ Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68, 2535-2541, 2002.
62. I.M. Mackay, K.E. Arden, and A. Nitsche, “Real-time PCR in virology,’’ Nucleic Acids Research, 30, 1292-1305, 2002.
63. I. Hein, A. Lehner, P. Rieck, K. Klein, E. Brandl, and M. Wagner, “Comparison of different approaches to quantify Staphylococcus aureus cells by real-time quantitative PCR and application of this technique for examination of cheese,’’ Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67, 3122-3126, 2001.
64. T. Requena, J. Burton, T. Matsuki, K. Munro, M. A. Simon, R. Tanaka, K. Watanabe, G.W. Tannock, “Identification, detection, and enumeration of human Bifidobacterium species by PCR targeting the transaldolase gene,’’ Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68, 2420-2427, 2002.
65. J.P. Furet, P. Quenee, and P. Tailliez, “Molecular quantification of lactic acid bacteria in fermented milk products using real-time quantitative PCR,’’ International Journal of Food Microbiology, 97, 197-207, 2004.
66. B. Martin, A. Jofre´, M. Garriga, M. Pla, T. Aymerich, “Rapid quantitative detection of Lactobacillus sakei in meat and fermented sausages by real-time PCR,’’ Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72, 6040-6048, 2006.
67. M. Boyer and J. Combrisson, “Analytical opportunities of quantitative polymerase chain reaction in dairy microbiology,’’ International Dairy Journal, 30, 45-52, 2013.
68. W. Zhang, F. Li, and L. Nie, “Integrating multiple ‘omics’ analysis for microbial biology: Application and methodologies,’’ Microbiology-SGM, 156, 287-301, 2010.
69. C. Garrigues, E. Johansen, and R. Crittenden, “Pangenomics-an avenue to improved industrial starter cultures and probiotics,’’ Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 24, 187-191, 2013.
70. A. Margolles and C.G. de los Reyes-Gavilán, “Purification and functional characterization of a novel alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase from Bifidobacterium longum B667,’’ Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 5096-5103, 2003.
71. M. Danielsen and E. Johansen, “Functional genomics of dairy microorganisms and probiotics in the era of low-cost DNA sequencing,’’ Austalian Journal of Dairy Technology, 64, 102-105, 2009.
72. K.M. Tuohy, C. Gougoulias, Q. Shen, G. Walton, F. Fava, and P. Ramnani, “Studying the Human Gut Microbiota in the Trans-Omics Era-Focus on Metagenomics and Metabonomics,’’ Current Pharmaceutical Design, 15, 1415-1427, 2009.
73. M. Gueimonde, and M.C. Collado, “Metagenomics and probiotics,’’ Clinical Microbiology and Infection,18(4), 32-34, 2012.
74. J. Aires, and M.J. Butel, “Proteomics, human gut microbiota and probiotics,’’ Expert Review of Proteomics, 8(2) 279-288, 2011.
75. B. Sánchez, L. Ruiz, M. Gueimonde, and A. Margolles, “Omics for the study of probiotic microorganisms,’’ Food Research International, 2013.
76. R. Di Cagno, M. De Angelis, M. Calasso, and M. Gobbetti, “Proteomics of the bacterial cross-talk by quorum sensing,’’ Journal of Proteomics,74, 19-34, 2011.
77. J. Aires, P. Anglade, F. Baraige, M. Zagorec, M.C. Champomier-Verges, and M.J. Butel, ‘‘Proteomic comparison of the cytosolic proteins of three Bifidobacterium longum human isolates and B. Longum NCC2705, ’’ BMC Microbiology, 10(29), 2010.
78. M. Van de Guchte, T. Chaze, G. Jan, and M.Y. Mistou, “Properties of probiotic bacteria explored by proteomic approaches,’’ Current Opinion in Microbiology, 15,381-389, 2012.
79. M. Xiao, P. Xu, J. Zhao, Z. Wang, F. Zuo, J. Zhang, F. Ren, P. Li, S. Chen, and H. Ma, “Oxidative stress-related responses of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BBMN68 at the proteomic level after exposure to oxygen,’’ Microbiology-SGM, 157, 1573-1588, 2011.
80. R.P. Madiedo, M. Gueimonde, F. Arigoni, C.G. de los Reyes-Gavila´ n, and A. Margolles, “Bile affects the synthesis of exopolysaccharides by Bifidobacterium animalis,’’ Applied and Environmental Microbiology,75, 1204-1207, 2009.
81. Z. Wang, M. Gerstein, and M. Snyder, “RNA-Seq: a revolutionary tool for transcriptomics,’’ Nature Reviews Genetics,10(1) 57-63, 2009.
82. K. Lancova, R. Dip, J.P. Antignac, B.L. Bizec, C.T. Elliott, and H. Naegeli, “Detection of hazardous food contaminants by transcriptomics fingerprinting,’’ Trends in Analytical Chemistry, vol. 30(2), 181-191, 2011.
83. I. Sekirov, S.L. Russell, L.C.M. Antunes, and B.B. Finlay, “Gut microbiota in health and disease,’’ Physiological Reviews,90(3) 859-904, 2010.
84. A. Sánchez-Pla, F. Reverter, M. Carme Ruíz de Villa, and M. Comabella, “Transcriptomics: mRNA and alternative splicing,’’ Journal of Neuroimmunology,248, 23-31, 2012.
85. J. Gong and C. Yang, “Advances in the methods for studying gut microbiota and their relevance to the research of dietary fiber functions,’’ Food Research International, 48, 916-929, 2012.
86. S. O’Flaherty and T.R. Klaenhammer, “The role and potential of probiotic bacteria in the gut, and the communication between gut microflora and gut/host,’’ International Dairy Journal, 20, 262-268, 2010.
87. L. Herve-Jimenez, I. Guillouard, E. Guedon, S. Boudebbouze, P. Hols, V. Monnet, E. Maguin, and F. Rul, “Postgenomic analysis of Streptococcus thermophilus cocultivated in milk with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus: involvement of nitrogen, purine, and iron metabolism,’’ Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 5, 2062-2073, 2009.
88. E.A. Pfeiler and T.R. Klaenhammer, “The genomics of lactic acid bacteria,’’ Trends in Microbiology,15(12), 546-553, 2012.
89. S. Lebeer, J. Vanderleyden, and S.C.J. De Keersmaecker, “Genes and Molecules of Lactobacilli Supporting Probiotic Action,’’ Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews,72(4), 728-764, 2008.
90. S.P. Putri, Y. Nakayama, F. Matsuda, T. Uchikata, S. Kobayashi, A. Matsubara, and E. Fukusaki “Current metabolomics: Practical applications,’’ Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, vol. 115(6) 579-589, 2013.
91. F. Mozzi, M.E. Ortiz, J. Bleckwedel, L.D. Vuyst, and M. Pescuma, “Metabolomics as a tool for the comprehensive understanding of fermented and functional foods with lactic acid bacteria,’’ Food Research International, 2012.
92. J.M.C. Cevallos and J.I.R. De-Corcuera, ‘‘Metabolomics in Food Science,’’ Advances in Food and Nutrition Research,67(1-24), 1043-4526, 2012.
93. J.M.C. Cevallos, J.I.R. De-Corcueraa, E. Etxeberriaa, M.D. Danyluka, and G.E. Rodrick, “Metabolomic analysis in food science: a review,’’ Trends in Food Science & Technology, 20, 557-566, 2009.
94. M. Oresic, “Metabolomics, a novel tool for studies of nutrition, metabolism and lipid dysfunction,’’ Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases, 19, 816-824, 2009.
95. M. Herrero, C. Simo, V. Garcýá-Canas, E. Ibanez and A. Cifuentes, “Foodomics: MS-Based strategies in modern food science and nutrtion, F”| S” F”| S” Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 31, 49-69, 2012.
96. R. Lamendella, N. VerBerkmoes, and J.K. Jansson, “‘Omics’ of the mammalian gut-new insights into function,’’ Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 23, 491-500, 2012.
97. G. Vergeres, “Nutrigenomics-Linking food to human metabolism,’’ Trends in Food Science & Technology, 31, 6-12, 2013.
98. F.P. Martin, N. Sprenger, I.K. Yap, Y. Wang, R. Bibiloni, F. Rochat, S. Rezzi, C. Cherbut, S. Kochhar, J.C. Lindon, E. Holmes, and J.K. Nicholson, “Panorganismal gut microbiome-host metabolic crosstalk,’’ Journal of Proteome Research, 8, 2090-105, 2009.
99. F. P. Martin, Y. Wang, N. Sprenger, I.K. Yap, T. Lundstedt, P. Lek et al., “ Probiotic modulation of symbiotic gut microbial-host metabolic interactions in a humanized microbiome mouse model,’’ Molecular Systems Biology, 4, 1-15, 2008.
100. L. Brennan, “Metabolomic applications in nutritional research,’’ Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 67, 404-408, 2008.
101. F.P.J. Martin, S. Collino, S. Rezzi, and S. Kochha, “Metabolomic applications to decipher gut microbial metabolic influence in health and disease,’’ Frontiers in Physiology, 3 (113), 1-11, 2012.
102. G. Malaguarnera, F. Leggio, M. Vacante, M. Motta, M. Giordano, A. Biondi, F. Basile, S. Mastrojeni, A. Mistretta, M. Malaguarnera, M.A. Toscano, and M Salmeri, “Probiotics in the gastrointestinal diseases of the elderly,’’ The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 16, (4), 402-410, 2012.