Pharmacological Effects of Capparis spinosa L.

Phytotherapy Research

Volumn 30, Issue 11, 2016, Pages 1733-1744

  Nabavi, Seyed Fazel ^a   Maggi, Filippo ^b   Daglia, Maria ^c   Habtemariam, Solomon ^d   Rastrelli, Luca ^e   Nabavi, Seyed Mohammad ^a  

^a BAQIYATALLAH UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMERINO   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PAVIA   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF GREENWICH   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF SALERNO   (Italy)

Author keywords

caper; Capparis spinosa; medicinal plant; polyphenolic compounds

Indexed keywords

2 THIOPHENECARBOXALDEHYDE; 3 OXO ALPHA IONOL GLUCOSIDE DERIVATIVE; ALDEHYDE; ALKALOID DERIVATIVE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; BENZOFURANONE; CAPPARIS SPINOSA EXTRACT; DICLOFENAC; FATTY ACYL GLYCOSIDE; FLAVONOID; FURANONE DERIVATIVE; GLUCOSIDE; GLUCOSINOLATE; GLYCOSIDE; ISOTHIOCYANIC ACID; METHANOL; METHYL ISOTHIOCYANATE; PHENOL DERIVATIVE; PLANT EXTRACT; POLYPHENOL DERIVATIVE; STEROL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; BONE REGENERATION; CAPPARIS SPINOSA; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; EAR EDEMA; GOUT; HEALTH PROMOTION; IMMUNOMODULATION; PAW EDEMA; PHYTOCHEMISTRY; PLANT LEAF; PLANT ROOT; PLANT STEM; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE; TRADITIONAL MEDICINE; CAPPARIS; CHEMISTRY; HUMAN; MEDICINAL PLANT;

ANTIOXIDANTS; CAPPARIS; HUMANS; PLANTS, MEDICINAL;

EID: 84994051971     PISSN: 0951418X     EISSN: 10991573     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5684     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Abraham SVPI, Palani A, Ramaswamy BR, Shunmugiah KP, Arumugam VR. 2011. Antiquorum sensing and antibiofilm potential of Capparis spinosa. Arch Med Res 42: 658–668.
2. Afsharypuor S, Jeiran K, Jazy AA. 1998. First investigation of the flavour profiles of the leaf, ripe fruit and root of Capparis spinosa var. mucronifolia from Iran. Pharm Acta Helv 72: 307–309.
3. Ageel AM, Parmer NS, Mossa JS, Al-Yahya MA, Al-Said MS, Tariq M. 1985. Anti-inflammatory activity of some Saudi Arabian medicinal plants. Inflamm Res 17: 383–384.
4. Aggarwal BB, Sung B. 2009. Pharmacological basis for the role of curcumin in chronic diseases: an age-old spice with modern targets. Trends Pharmacol Sci 30: 85–94.
5. Aghel N, Rashidi I, Mombeini A. 2010. Hepatoprotective activity of Capparis spinosa root bark against CCl4 induced hepatic damage in mice. Iran J Pharm Res 6(4): 285–290.
6. Ahmed Z, Rizk A, Hammouda F, El-Nasr MS. 1972. Glucosinolates of egyptian Capparis species. Phytochemistry 11: 251–256.
7. Ahvazi M, Khalighi-Sigaroodi F, Charkhchiyan MM, Mojab F, Mozaffarian VA, Zakeri H. 2011. Introduction of medicinal plants species with the most traditional usage in Alamut region. Iran J Pharm Res 11: 185–194.
8. Aichour R, Charef N, Baghiani A, Arrar L. 2016. Immonumodulatory effects of Algerian caper. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 8: 51–54.
9. Al-Qura'n S. 2009. Ethnopharmacological survey of wild medicinal plants in Showbak, Jordan. J Ethnopharmacol 123: 45–50.
10. Al-Soqeer A. 2011. Antioxidant activity and biological evaluation of hot-water extract of Artemisia monosperma and Capparis spinosa against lead contamination. Res J Bot 6: 11–20.
11. Aliyazicioglu R, Eyupoglu OE, Sahin H, Yildiz O, Baltas N. 2013. Phenolic components, antioxidant activity, and mineral analysis of Capparis spinosa L. Afr J Biotechnol 12: 6643–6649.
12. Allaith AAA. 2016. Assessment of the antioxidant properties of the caper fruit (Capparis spinosa L.) from Bahrain. J Assoc Arab Uni Basic Appl Sci 19: 1–7.
13. Arena A, Bisignano G, Pavone B, et al. 2008. Antiviral and immunomodulatory effect of a lyophilized extract of Capparis spinosa L. buds. Phytother Res 22: 313–317.
14. Argentieri M, Macchia F, Papadia P, Fanizzi FP, Avato P. 2012. Bioactive compounds from Capparis spinosa subsp. Rupestris. Ind Crops Prod 36: 65–69.
15. Asl MB, Talebpour AH, Alijanpour R. 2012. Introducing of medicinal plants in Maragheh, Eastern Azerbaijan Province (Northwestern Iran). J Med Plants Res 6: 4208–4220.
16. Attrey DP, Singh AK, Naveed T, Roy B. 2012. Effect of seabuckthorn extract on scopolamine induced cognitive impairment. Indian J Exp Biol 50: 690–695.
17. Banel DK, Hu FB. 2009. Effects of walnut consumption on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 90: 56–63.
18. Barbera G, Di Lorenzo R. 1983. The caper culture in Italy, IV International Symposium on Spice and Medicinal Plants. Acta Hortic 144: 167–172.
19. Barbera G, Di Lorenzo R, Barone E. 1991. Observations on Capparis populations cultivated in Sicily and on their vegetative and productive behaviour. Agric Mediter 121: 32–39.
20. Benzidane N, Charef N, Krache I, Baghiani A, Arrar L. 2013. In vitro bronchorelaxant effects of Capparis spinosa aqueous extracts on rat trachea. J Appl Pharm Sci 3: 85–88.
21. Bhattacharya S, Kumar A. 1997. Effect of Trasina®, an Ayurvedic herbal formulation, on experimental models of Alzheimer's disease and central cholinergic markers in rats. J Altern Complement Med 3: 327–336.
22. Biswas N, Gupta S, Das G, et al. 2001. Evaluation of Ophthacare® eye drops—a herbal formulation in the management of various ophthalmic disorders. Phytother Res 15: 618–620.
23. Bonina F, Puglia C, Ventura D, et al. 2002. In vitro antioxidant and in vivo photoprotective effects of a lyophilized extract of Capparis spinosa L. buds. J Cosmet Sci 53: 321–336.
24. Bouriche H, Karnouf N, Belhadj H, Dahamna S, Harzalah D, Senator A. 2011. Free radical, metal-chelating and antibacterial activities of methonolic extract of Capparis spinosa buds. Adv Environm Biol 5: 281–287.
25. Caboni P, Sarais G, Aissani N, et al. 2012. Nematicidal activity of 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde and methylisothiocyanate from caper (Capparis spinosa) against Meloidogyne incognita. J Agric Food Chem 60: 7345–7351.
26. Çaliş İ, Kuruüzüm A, Rüedi P. 1999. 1H-Indole-3 acetonitrile glycosides from Capparis spinosa fruits. Phytochemistry 50: 1205–1208.
27. Çalış IH, Kuruüzüm-Uz A, Lorenzetto PA, Rüedi P. 2002. (6S)-Hydroxy-3-oxo-α-ionol glucosides from Capparis spinosa fruits. Phytochemistry 59: 451–457.
28. Candolle ALPP. 1869. Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta. sumptibus sociorum Treuttel et Würtz, 1824–1873.
29. Cao YL, Li X, Zheng M. 2010. Capparis spinosa protects against oxidative stress in systemic sclerosis dermal fibroblasts. Arch Dermatol Res 302: 349–355.
30. Dillard CJ, German JB. 2000. Phytochemicals: nutraceuticals and human health. J Sci Food Agric 80: 1744–1756.
31. Dragicevic N, Smith A, Lin X, et al. 2011. Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and other flavonoids reduce Alzheimer's amyloid-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. J Alzheimers Dis 26: 507–521.
32. Eddouks M, Lemhadri A, Michel JB. 2004. Caraway and caper: potential anti-hyperglycaemic plants in diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 94: 143–148.
33. Erdem SA, Nabavi SF, Orhan IE, Daglia M, Izadi M, Nabavi SM. 2015. Blessings in disguise: a review of phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of plants belonging to the genus Eryngium. DARU J Pharm Sci 23: 1.
34. Erdogan MS, Babacan H, Kara MI, Gurler B, Akgul H, Soyler DA. 2015. Effect of Capparis spinosa extract on sutural ossification: a stereological study. Arch Oral Biol 60: 1146–1152.
35. Esiyok D, Otles S, Akcicek E. 2004. Herbs as a food source in Turkey. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 5: 334–339.
36. Feng X, Lu J, Xin H, Zhang L, Wang Y, Tang K. 2011. Anti-arthritic active fraction of Capparis spinosa L. fruits and its chemical constituents. Yakugaku Zasshi 131: 423–429.
37. Fici S. 2001. Intraspecific variation and evolutionary trends in Capparis spinosa L.(Capparaceae). Plant Syst Evol 228: 123–141.
38. Fici S. 2003. The Capparis spinosa L. group (Capparaceae) in Australia. Webbia 58: 113–120.
39. Fici S. 2014. A taxonomic revision of the Capparis spinosa group (Capparaceae) from the Mediterranean to Central Asia. Phys Chem Chem Phys 174: 1–24.
40. Fici S, Gianguzzi L. 1997. Diversity and conservation in wild and cultivated Capparis in Sicily. Bocconea 7: 437–443.
41. Francesca N, Barbera M, Martorana A, et al. 2016. Optimised method for the analysis of phenolic compounds from caper (Capparis spinosa L.) berries and monitoring of their changes during fermentation. Food Chem 196: 1172–1179.
42. Fu X, Aisa H, Abdurahim M, Yili A, Aripova S, Tashkhodzhaev B. 2007. Chemical composition of Capparis spinosa fruit. Chem Nat Compd 43: 181–183.
43. Fu XP, Wu T, Abdurahim M, et al. 2008. New spermidine alkaloids from Capparis spinosa roots. Phytochem Lett 1: 59–62.
44. Gadgoli C, Mishra S. 1999. Antihepatotoxic activity of p-methoxy benzoic acid from Capparis spinosa. J Ethnopharmacol 66: 187–192.
45. Germano MP, De Pasquale R, D'angelo V, Catania S, Silvari V, Costa C. 2002. Evaluation of extracts and isolated fraction from Capparis spinosa L. buds as an antioxidant source. J Agric Food Chem 50: 1168–1171.
46. Giuffrida D, Salvo F, Ziino M, Toscano G, Dugo G. 2002. Initial investigation on some chemical constituents of capers (Capparis spinosa L.) from the island of salina. Ital J food Sci 14: 25–33.
47. Goel A, Digvijaya GA, Kumar A. 2016. Effect of Capparis spinosa Linn. extract on lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive impairment in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 54: 126–132.
48. Gull T, Anwar F, Sultana B, Alcayde MAC, Nouman W. 2015. Capparis species: A potential source of bioactives and high-value components: a review. Ind Crops Prod 67: 81–96.
49. Gurney S, Scott K, Kacinko S, Presley B, Logan B. 2014. Pharmacology, toxicology, and adverse effects of synthetic cannabinoid drugs. Forensic Sci Rev 26: 54–78.
50. Habtemariam S. 1997. Flavonoids as inhibitors or enhancers of the cytotoxicity of tumor necrosis factor-α in L-929 tumor cells. J Nat Prod 60: 775–778.
51. Habtemariam S. 2000. Natural inhibitors of tumour necrosis factor-alpha production, secretion and function. Planta Med 66: 303–313.
52. Habtemariam S. 2011. A-glucosidase inhibitory activity of kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside. Nat Prod Commun 6: 201–203.
53. Habtemariam S, Varghese GK. 2014. The antidiabetic therapeutic potential of dietary polyphenols. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 15: 391–400.
54. Higton R, Akeroyd J. 1991. Variation in Capparis spinosa L. in Europe. Bot J Linnean Soc 106: 104–112.
55. Holst B, Williamson G. 2008. Nutrients and phytochemicals: from bioavailability to bioefficacy beyond antioxidants. Curr Opin Biotechnol 19: 73–82.
56. Hu Y, Wang S, Wu X, et al. 2013. Chinese herbal medicine-derived compounds for cancer therapy: a focus on hepatocellular carcinoma. J Ethnopharmacol 149: 601–612.
57. Huseini HF, Hasani-Rnjbar S, Nayebi N, et al. 2013. Capparis spinosa L.(Caper) fruit extract in treatment of type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Med 21: 447–452.
58. Ihme N, Kiesewetter H, Jung F, et al. 1996. Leg oedema protection from a buckwheat herb tea in patients with chronic venous insufficiency: a single-centre randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 50: 443–447.
59. Inocencio C, Rivera D, Alcaraz F, Tomás-Barberán FA. 2000. Flavonoid content of commercial capers (Capparis spinosa, C. sicula and C. orientalis) produced in Mediterranean countries. Eur Food Res Technol 212: 70–74.
60. Inocencio C, Rivera D, Concepción Obón M, Alcaraz F, Barreña JA. 2006. A systematic revision of capparis section Capparis (Capparaceae) 1, 2. Ann Mo Bot Gard 93: 122–149.
61. Jacobs M. 1964. The genus Capparis (Capparaceae) from the Indus to the Pacific. Blumea-Biodivers Evol Biogeogr Plants 12: 385–541.
62. Jiang HE, Li X, Ferguson DK, et al. 2007. The discovery of Capparis spinosa L.(Capparidaceae) in the Yanghai Tombs (2800 years bp), NW China, and its medicinal implications. J Ethnopharmacol 113: 409–420.
63. Kara MI, Erciyas K, Altan AB, Ozkut M, Ay S, Inan S. 2012. Thymoquinone accelerates new bone formation in the rapid maxillary expansion procedure. Arch Oral Biol 57: 357–363.
64. Kim J, Lee HJ, Lee KW. 2010. Naturally occurring phytochemicals for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 112: 1415–1430.
65. Kulisic-Bilusic T, Schmöller I, Schnäbele K, Siracusa L, Ruberto G. 2012. The anticarcinogenic potential of essential oil and aqueous infusion from caper (Capparis spinosa L.) Food Chem 132: 261–267.
66. Kulisic-Bilusic T, Blažević I, Dejanović B, Miloš M, Pifat G. 2010. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of essential oils from caper (Capparis spinosa) and sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum) by different methods. J Food Biochem 34: 286–302.
67. Lam SK, Ng TB. 2009. A protein with antiproliferative, antifungal and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities from caper (Capparis spinosa) seeds. Phytomedicine 16: 444–450.
68. Lansky EP, Paavilainen HM, Lansky S. 2013. Caper: The Genus Capparis. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.
69. Li Y, Feng Y, Yang S, Xu L. 2007. Research on chemical constituents of Capparis spinosa L. Zhong Cao Yao 38: 510–512.
70. Lin S, Zhu Q, Wen L, et al. 2014. Production of quercetin, kaempferol and their glycosidic derivatives from the aqueous organic extracted residue of litchi pericarp with Aspergillus awamori. Food Chem 145: 220–227.
71. Macchia M, Casano S. 1993. La propagazione del cappero (Capparis spinosa L.) Sementi Elette 39(2): 37–42.
72. Maire R. 1965. In Flore de l Afrique du Nord, Lechevalier P (ed) XII. Lechevalier: Paris.
73. Matthäus B, Özcan M. 2005. Glucosinolates and fatty acid, sterol, and tocopherol composition of seed oils from Capparis spinosa Var. spinosa and Capparis ovata Desf. Var. canescens (Coss.) Heywood. J Agric Food Chem 53: 7136–7141.
74. Miraldi E, Ferri S, Mostaghimi V. 2001. Botanical drugs and preparations in the traditional medicine of West Azerbaijan (Iran). J Ethnopharmacol 75: 77–87.
75. Mishra P, Panda P, Chowdary K, Panigrahi S. 2012. Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of Capparis spinosa extract. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 14: 38–43.
76. Mishra S, Tomar P, Lakra N. 2007. Medicinal and food value of Capparis—a harsh terrain plant. Indian J Trad knowledge 6: 230–238.
77. Mohammad SM, Kashani HH, Azarbad Z. 2012. Capparis spinosa L. Propagation and medicinal uses. Life Sci J 9: 684–686.
78. Moghaddasi MS. 2011. Caper (Capparis spp.) importance and medicinal usage. Adv Environm Biol 872–880.
79. Mosaddegh M, Naghibi F, Moazzeni H, Pirani A, Esmaeili S. 2012. Ethnobotanical survey of herbal remedies traditionally used in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad province of Iran. J Ethnopharmacol 141: 80–95.
80. Musallam I, Duwayri M, Shibli R. 2011. Micropropagation of caper (Capparis spinosa L.) from wild plants. Func Plant Sci Biotechnol 5: 17–21.
81. Nabavi SF, Braidy N, Orhan IE, Badiee A, Daglia M, Nabavi SM. 2016. Rhodiola rosea L. and Alzheimer's disease: from farm to pharmacy. Phytother Res 30(4): 532–539.
82. Nabavi SF, Daglia M, Moghaddam AH, Habtemariam S, Nabavi SM. 2014. Curcumin and liver disease: from chemistry to medicine. Compre Rev Food Sci Food Safe 13: 62–77.
83. Nabavi SF, Russo GL, Daglia M, Nabavi SM. 2015a. Role of quercetin as an alternative for obesity treatment: you are what you eat!. Food Chem 179: 305–310.
84. Nabavi SF, Sureda A, Habtemariam S, Nabavi SM. 2015b. Ginsenoside Rd and ischemic stroke; a short review of literatures. J Ginseng Res 39: 299–303.
85. Nabavi SM, Marchese A, Izadi M, Curti V, Daglia M, Nabavi SF. 2015c. Plants belonging to the genus Thymus as antibacterial agents: From farm to pharmacy. Food Chem 173: 339–347.
86. Ngameni B, Fotso G, Kamga J, et al. 2013. 9—Flavonoids and related compounds from the medicinal plants of Africa. Medicinal plant research in Africa. Elsevier: Oxford; 301–350.
87. Pérez Pulido R, Ben Omar N, Abriouel H, López RL, Cañamero M, Gálvez A. 2005. Microbiological study of lactic acid fermentation of caper berries by molecular and culture-dependent methods. Appl Environ Microbiol 71: 7872–7879.
88. Polat M. 2007. Capparis spinosa L.(Capparidaceae): a review. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 7: 35–48.
89. Raskin I, Ribnicky DM, Komarnytsky S, et al. 2002. Plants and human health in the twenty-first century. Trends Biotechnol 20: 522–531.
90. Rivera D, Inocencio C, Obón C, Alcaraz F. 2003. Review of food and medicinal uses of Capparis L. Subgenus Capparis (capparidaceae). Economic Bot 57: 515–534.
91. Rivera D, Inocencio C, Obon C, Carreno E, Reales A, Alcaraz F. 2002. Archaeobotany of capers (Capparis)(Capparaceae). Veg Hist Archaeobot 11: 295–314.
92. Rodrigo M, Lazaro M, Alvarruiz A, Giner V. 1992. Composition of capers (Capparis spinosa): influence of cultivar, size and harvest date. J Food Sci 57: 1152–1154.
93. Romeo V, Ziino M, Giuffrida D, Condurso C, Verzera A. 2007. Flavour profile of capers (Capparis spinosa L.) from the Eolian Archipelago by HS-SPME/GC–MS. Food Chem 101: 1272–1278.
94. Russo M, Russo GL, Daglia M, et al. 2016. Understanding genistein in cancer: the “good” and the “bad” effects: a review. Food Chem 196: 589–600.
95. Saraf S. 2010. Applications of novel drug delivery system for herbal formulations. Fitoterapia 81: 680–689.
96. Schraudolf H. 1989. Indole glucosinolates of Capparis spinosa. Phytochemistry 28: 259–260.
97. Schulz V. 2006. Safety of St. John's Wort extract compared to synthetic antidepressants. Phytomedicine 13: 199–204.
98. Sen S, Chakraborty R, Sridhar C, Reddy Y, De B. 2010. Free radicals, antioxidants, diseases and phytomedicines: current status and future prospect. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 3: 91–100.
99. Sharaf M, El-Ansari M, Saleh N. 2000. Quercetin triglycoside from Capparis spinosa. Fitoterapia 71: 46–49.
100. Sher H, Alyemeni MN. 2010. Ethnobotanical and pharmaceutical evaluation of Capparis spinosa L, validity of local folk and Unani system of medicine. J Med Plants Res 4: 1751–1756.
101. Siracusa L, Kulisic-Bilusic T, Politeo O, Krause I, Dejanovic B, Ruberto G. 2011. Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of aqueous infusions from Capparis spinosa L. and Crithmum maritimum L. before and after submission to a two-step in vitro digestion model. J Agric Food Chem 59: 12453–12459.
102. Tesi R, Berardi C, Lenzi A. 2000. Pot cultivation of caper (Capparis spinosa L.)[Tuscany]. Colture Protette 29(11): 97–102.
103. Tesoriere L, Butera D, Gentile C, Livrea MA. 2007. Bioactive components of caper (Capparis spinosa L.) from Sicily and antioxidant effects in a red meat simulated gastric digestion. J Agric Food Chem 55: 8465–8471.
104. Tlili N, Elfalleh W, Saadaoui E, Khaldi A, Triki S, Nasri N. 2011. The caper (Capparis L.): ethnopharmacology, phytochemical and pharmacological properties. Fitoterapia 82: 93–101.
105. Tlili N, Khaldi A, Triki S, Munné-Bosch S. 2010. Phenolic compounds and vitamin antioxidants of caper (Capparis spinosa). Plant Foods Hum Nutr 65: 260–265.
106. Tlili N, Mejri H, Anouer F, Saadaoui E, Khaldi A, Nasri N. 2015. Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of Capparis spinosa seeds harvested from different wild habitats. Ind Crops Prod 76: 930–935.
107. Tranchimand S, Brouant P, Iacazio G. 2010. The rutin catabolic pathway with special emphasis on quercetinase. Biodegradation 21: 833–859.
108. Turgut NH, Kara H, Arslanbaş E, Mert DG, Tepe B, Güngör H. 2015. Effect of Capparis spinosa L. on cognitive impairment induced by D-galactosein mice via inhibition of oxidative stress. Turk J Med Sci 45: 1127–1136.
109. Wink M. 2012. Medicinal plants: a source of anti-parasitic secondary metabolites. Molecules 17: 12771–12791.
110. Yang T, Wang CH, Chou GX, Wu T, Cheng XM, Wang ZT. 2010. New alkaloids from Capparis spinosa: structure and X-ray crystallographic analysis. Food Chem 123: 705–710.
111. Yaniv Z, Dafni A, Friedman J, Palevitch D. 1987. Plants used for the treatment of diabetes in Israel. J Ethnopharmacol 19: 145–151.
112. Yu Y, Gao H, Tang Z, Song X, Wu L. 2006. Several phenolic acids from the fruit of Capparis spinosa. Asian J Trad Med 1: 1–4.
113. Zhang S, Hu DB, He JB, Guan KY, Zhu HJ. 2014. A novel tetrahydroquinoline acid and a new racemic benzofuranone from Capparis spinosa L., a case study of absolute configuration determination using quantum methods. Tetrahedron 70: 869–873.
114. Zhou HF, Xie C, Jian R, et al. 2011. Biflavonoids from Caper (Capparis spinosa L.) fruits and their effects in inhibiting NF-kappa B activation. J Agric Food Chem 59: 3060–3065.
115. Zhou H, Jian R, Kang J, et al. 2010. Anti-inflammatory effects of caper (Capparis spinosa L.) fruit aqueous extract and the isolation of main phytochemicals. J Agric Food Chem 58: 12717–12721.
116. Zohary M. 1960. The species of Capparis in the Mediterranean and the near eastern countries. Bull Res Counc Isr 8: 49–64.