Flavonoids and Related Compounds from the Medicinal Plants of Africa

Medicinal Plant Research in Africa: Pharmacology and Chemistry

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 301-350

  Ngameni, Bathelemy ^a   Fotso, Ghislain W ^a   Kamga, Justin ^a   Ambassa, Pantaleon ^a   Abdou, Tchoukoua ^a   Fankam, Aimé G ^b   Voukeng, Igor K ^b   Ngadjui, Bonaventure T ^a   Abegaz, Berhanu M ^c   Kuete, Victor ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF YAOUNDÉ I   (Cameroon)

^b UNIVERSITY OF DSCHANG   (Cameroon)

^c African Academic of Sciences   (Kenya)

Author keywords

Africa; Biosynthesis; Medicinal plants; Pharmacological activity

Indexed keywords

EID: 84902907059     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-405927-6.00009-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (130)

1. Winkel-Shirley B. Flavonoid biosynthesis. A colorful model for genetics, biochemistry, cell biology, and biotechnology. Plant Physiol 2001, 126:485-493.
2. Dixon R.A., Pasinetti M.G. Flavonoids and isoflavonoids: from plant biology to agriculture and neuroscience. Plant Physiol 2010, 154:453-457.
3. Stafford H.A. Flavonoid evolution: an enzymic approach. Plant Physiol 1991, l96:680-685.
4. Holton T.A., Cornish E.C. Genetics and biochemistry of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Plant Cell 1995, 7(7):1071-1083.
5. Mol J., Grotewold E., Koes R. How genes paint flowers and seeds. Trends Plant Sci 1998, 3:212-217.
6. Ververidis F., Trantas E., Douglas C., Vollmer G., Kretzschmar G., Panopoulos N. Biotechnology of flavonoids and other phenylpropanoid-derived natural products. Part I. Chemical diversity, impacts on plant biology and human health. Biotechnol J 2007, 2(10):1214-1234.
7. Wallace J.W., Grisebach H. The in vivo incorporation of a flavanone into C-glycosylflavones. Biochim Biophys Acta 1973, 304:837-841.
8. Yanez J.A., Andrews P.K., Davies N.M. Methods of analysis and separation of chiral flavonoids. J Chromatogr B 2007, 848(2):159-181.
9. Trouillas P., Fagnère C., Lazzaroni R., Calliste C., Marfak A., Duroux J.L. A theoretical study of the conformational behavior and electronic structure of taxifolin correlated with the free radical-scavenging activity. Food Chem 2004, 88(4):571-582.
10. Lenta B.N., Tantangmo F., Devkota K.P., Wansi J.D., Chouna J.R., Fongang Soh R.C., et al. Bioactive constituents of the stem bark of Beilschmiedia zenkeri. J Nat Prod 2009, 72:2130-2134.
11. Konan N.A., Lincopan N., Collantes Díaz I.E., de Fátima Jacysyn J., Tanae Tiba M.M., Amarante Mendes J.G., et al. Cytotoxicity of cashew flavonoids towards malignant cell lines. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2012, 64:435-440.
12. Ngameni B., Kuete V., Konga Simo I., Mbaveng A.T., Awoussong P.K., Patnam R., et al. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of the crude extract and compounds from Dorstenia turbinata (Moraceae). S Afr J Bot 2009, 75:256-261.
13. Tarus P.K., Machocho A.K., Lang'at-Thoruwa C.C., Chhabra S.C. Flavonoids from Tephrosia aequilata. Phytochemistry 2002, 60:375-379.
14. Yenesew A., Derese S., Midiwo J.O., Oketch-Rabah H.A., Lisgarten J., Palmer R., et al. Anti-plasmodial activities and X-ray crystal structures of rotenoids from Millettia usaramensis subspecies usaramensis. Phytochemistry 2003, 64:773-779.
15. Nguyen P.H., Na M., Dao T.T., Ndinteh D.T., Mbafor J.T., Park J., et al. New stilbenoid with inhibitory activity on viral neuraminidases from Erythrina addisoniae. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010, 20:6430-6434.
16. Nguyen P.H., Nguyen A.N.T., Kang W.K., Ndinteh T.D., Mbafor T.J., Kim R.Y., et al. Prenylated pterocarpans as bacterial neuraminidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2010, 18:3335-3344.
17. Koorbanally N.A., Randrianarivelojosia M., Mulholland D.A., van Ufford L.Q., van den Berg A.J.J. Chalcones from the seed of Cedrelopsis grevei (Ptaeroxylaceae). Phytochemistry 2003, 62:1225-1229.
18. Kuete V., Ngameni B., Mbaveng A.T., Ngadjui B., Meyer J.J., Lall N. Evaluation of flavonoids from Dorstenia barteri for their antimycobacterial, antigonorrheal and anti-reverse transcriptase activities. Acta Trop 2010, 116(1):100-104.
19. Kuete V., Simo I.K., Beng V.P., Bigoga J.D., Kapguep R.N., Etoa F.X., et al. Antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract, fractions and four flavonoids from the twigs of Dorstenia angusticornis Engl. (Moraceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2007, 112:271-277.
20. Kuete V., Ngameni B., Wiench B., Krusche B., Horwedel C., Ngadjui B.T., et al. Cytotoxicity and mode of action of four naturally occurring flavonoids from the genus Dorstenia: gancaonin Q, 4-hydroxylonchocarpin, 6-prenylapigenin, and 6,8-diprenyleriodictyol. Planta Med 2011, 77:1984-1989.
21. Hegazy M.-E.F., Mohamed E.-H.A.H., El-Halawany A.M., Djemgou P.C., Shahat A.A., Paré P.W. Estrogenic activity of chemical constituents from Tephrosia candida. J Nat Prod 2011, 74:937-942.
22. Jang J.P., Na M.K., Thuong P.T., Njamen D., Mbafor J.T., Fomum Z.T., et al. Prenylated flavonoids with PTP1B inhibitory activity from the root bark of Erythrina mildbraedii. Chem Pharm Bull 2008, 56(1):85-88.
23. Mbaveng A.T., Ngameni B., Kuete V., Konga Simo I., Ambassa P., Roy R., et al. Antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts and five flavonoids from the twigs of Dorstenia barteri (Moraceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2008, 116:483-489.
24. Ngameni B., Touaibia M., Belkaid A., Ambassa P., Watchueng J., Patnam R., et al. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 secretion by chalcones from the twigs of Dorstenia barteri Bureau. ARKIVOC 2007, (ix):91-103.
25. Ngadjui B.T., Watchueng J., Keumedjio F., Ngameni B., Simo I.K., Abegaz B.M. Prenylated chalcones, flavone and other constituents of the twigs of Dorstenia angusticornis and Dorstenia barteri var. subtriangularis. Phytochemistry 2005, 66:687-692.
26. Ngameni B., Ngadjui B.T., Folefoc G.N., Watchueng J., Abegaz B.M. Diprenylated chalcones and other constituents from the twigs of Dorstenia barteri var. subtriangularis. Phytochemistry 2004, 65:427-432.
27. Abegaz B.M., Ngadjui B.T., Bezabih M., Mdee L.K. Novel natural products from marketed plants of eastern and southern Africa. Pure Appl Chem 1999, 71:919-926.
28. Monache F.D., Suarez L.E., Marini-Bettolo G.B. Flavonoids from the seeds of six Lonchocarpus species. Phytochemistry 1978, 17:1812-1813.
29. Drewes S.E., van Vuuren S.F. Antimicrobial acylphloroglucinols and dibenzyloxy flavonoids from flowers of Helichrysum gymnocomum. Phytochemistry 2008, 69:1745-1749.
30. Chacha M., Bojase-Moleta G., Majinda R.T. Antimicrobial and radical scavenging flavonoids from the stem wood of Erythrina latissima. Phytochemistry 2005, 66:99-104.
31. Aderogba M.A., Kgatle D.T., McGaw L.J., Eloff J.N. Isolation of antioxidant constituents from Combretum apiculatum subsp. apiculatum. S Afr J Bot 2012, 79:125-131.
32. Teke G.N., Kuiate J.R., Kuete V., Teponno R.B., Tapondjou L.A., Tane P., et al. Bio-guided isolation of potential antimicrobial and antioxidant agents from the stem bark of Trilepisium madagascariense. S Afr J Bot 2011, 77:319-327.
33. Kamara B.I., Manong T.L., Brandt E.V. Isolation and synthesis of a dimeric dihydrochalcone from Agapanthus africanus. Phytochemistry 2005, 66:1126-1132.
34. Mativandlela P.N., Muthivhi T., Kikuchi H., Oshima Y., Hamilton C., Hussein A.A., et al. Antimycobacterial flavonoids from the leaf extract of Galenia africana. J Nat Prod 2009, 72:2169-2171.
35. Yenesew A., Derese S., Irungu B., Midiwo J.O., Waters N.C., Liyala P., et al. Flavoids and isoflavoids with antiplasmodial from the root bark of Erythrina abyssinica. Planta Med 2003, 69:658-661.
36. Yenesew A., Induli M., Derese S., Midiwo J.O., Heydenreich M., Peter M.G., et al. Anti-plasmodial flavonoids from the stem bark of Erythrina abyssinica. Phytochemistry 2004, 65:3029-3032.
37. Mapunya M.B., Hussein A.A., Rodriguez B., Lall N. Tyrosinase activity of Greyia flanaganii (Bolus) constituents. Phytomedicine 2011, 18:1006-1012.
38. Momtaz S., Mapunya B.M., Houghton P.J., Edgerly C., Hussein A., Naidoo S., et al. Tyrosinase inhibition by extracts and constituents of Sideroxylon inerme L. stem bark, used in South Africa for skin lightening. J Ethnopharmacol 2008, 119:507-512.
39. Luximon-Ramma A., Bahorun T., Crozier A., Zbarsky V., Datla K.P., Dexter D.T., et al. Characterization of the antioxidant functions of flavonoids and proanthocyanidins in Mauritian black teas. Food Res Int 2005, 38:357-367.
40. Donfack J.H., Amadou D., Ngueguim T.F., Kapche D.W.F.G., Tchana N.A., Buonocore D., et al. In vitro hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of crude extract and isolated compounds from Ficus gnaphalocarpa. Inflammopharmacology 2011, 19:35-43.
41. Nkengfack A.E., Waffo A.K., Azebaze G.A., Fomum Z.T., Meyer M., Bodo B., et al. Indicanine A, a new 3-phenylcoumarin from root bark of Erythrina indica. J Nat Prod 2000, 63:855-856.
42. Dufall K.G., Ngadjui B.T., Simeon K.F., Abegaz B.M., Croft K.D. Antioxidant activity of prenylated flavonoids from the West African medicinal plant Dorstenia mannii. J Ethnopharmacol 2003, 87:67-72.
43. Kuete V., Ngameni B., Fotso Simo C.C., Kengap Tankeu R., Tchaleu Ngadjui B., Meyer J.J.M., et al. Antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts and compounds from Ficus chlamydocarpa and Ficus cordata (Moraceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2008, 120:17-24.
44. MacKenzie A.M. The flavonoids of the leaves of Acacia mearnsii. Phytochemistry 1969, 8:1813-1815.
45. Kamnaing P., Tsopmo A., Tanifum E.A., Tchuendem M.H., Tane P., Ayafor J.F., et al. Trypanocidal diarylheptanoids from Aframomum letestuianum. J Nat Prod 2003, 66(3):364-367.
46. Katerere D.R., Gray A.I., Nash R.J., Waigh R.D. Phytochemical and antimicrobial investigations of stilbenoids and flavonoids isolated from three species of Combretaceae. Fitoterapia 2012, 83:932-940.
47. Mbwambo Z.H., Kapingu M.C., Moshi M.J., Machumi F., Apers S., Cos P., et al. Antiparasitic activity of some xanthones and biflavonoids from the root bark of Garcinia livingstonei. J Nat Prod 2006, 69:369-372.
48. Es-Safi N.E., Khlifi S., Kerhoas L., Kollmann A., El-Abbouyi A., Ducrot P.H. Antioxidant constituents of the aerial parts of Globularia alypum growing in Morocco. J Nat Prod 2005, 68:1293-1296.
49. Yenesew A., Akala H.M., Twinomuhwezi H., Chepkirui C., Irungu B.N., Eyase F.L., et al. The antiplasmodial and radical scavenging activities of flavonoids of Erythrina burttii. Acta Trop 2012, 123:123-127.
50. Yenesew A., Derese S., Midiwo J.O., Bii C.C., Heydenreich M., Peter M.G. Antimicrobial flavonoids from the stem bark of Erythrina burttii. Fitoterapia 2005, 76(5):469-472.
51. Chin Y.-W., Mdee L.K., Mbwambo Z.H., Mi Q., Chai H.-B., Cragg G.M., et al. Prenylated flavonoids from the root bark of Berchemia discolor, a Tanzanian medicinal plant. J Nat Prod 2006, 69:1649-1652.
52. Adaramoye O.A. Protective effect of kolaviron, a biflavonoid from Garcinia kola seeds, in brain of Wistar albino rats exposed to gamma-radiation. Biol Pharm Bull 2010, 33(2):260-266.
53. Fomum Z.T., Ayafor F.J., Mbafor T.J. Erythrina studies. Part 1. Novel antibacterial flavanones from Erythrina sigmoidea. Tetrahedron Lett 1983, 24(38):4127-4130.
54. Biyiti L., Pesando D., Dao P.S., Girard J.P., Payan P. Effect of antibacterial plant flavanones on the intracellular calcium compartment involved in the first cleavage of sea urchin eggs. Toxicon 1990, 28(3):275-283.
55. Jäger A.K., Almqvist J.P., Vangsøe S.A.K., Stafford G.I., Adsersen A., Van Staden J. Compounds from Mentha aquatica with affinity to the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor. S Afr J Bot 2007, 73:518-521.
56. Chukwujekwu J.C., Van Heerden F.R., Van Staden J. Antibacterial activity of flavonoids from the stem bark of Erythrina caffra Thunb. Phytother Res 2011, 25:46-48.
57. Martini N.D., Katerere D.R., Eloff J.N. Biological activity of five antibacterial flavonoids from Combretum erythrophyllum (Combretaceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2004, 93:207-212.
58. Kakam A.M., Franke K., Ndom J.C., Dongo E., Ngando Mpondo T., Wessjohann L.A. Secondary metabolites from Helichrysum foetidum and their chemotaxonomic significance. Biochem Syst Ecol 2011, 39:166-167.
59. Bello I.A., Ndukwe G.I., Audu O.T., Habila J.D. A bioactive flavonoid from Pavetta crassipes K. Schum. Org Med Chem Lett 2011, 14:1-5.
60. Wabo K.H., Chabert P., Tane P., Note O., Tala F.M., Peluso J., et al. Labdane-type diterpenes and flavones from Dodonaea viscosa. Fitoterapia 2012, 83:859-863.
61. Wanda K.G.J.M., Njamen D., Yankep E., Fotsing M.T., Fomum Z.T., Wober J., et al. Estrogenic properties of isoflavones derived from Millettia griffoniana. Phytomedicine 2006, 13:139-145.
62. Marzouk M.M. Flavonoid constituents and cytotoxic activity of Erucaria hispanica (L.) Druce growing wild in Egypt. Arab J Chem 2011, .
63. Erasto P., Bojase-Moleta G., Majinda R.T. Antimicrobial and antioxidant flavonoids from the root wood of Bolusanthus speciosus. Phytochemistry 2004, 65:875-880.
64. Afolayan A.J., Meyer J.J.M. The antimicrobial activity of 3,5,7-trihydroxyflavone isolated from the shoots of Helichrysum aureonitens. J Ethnopharmacol 1997, 57:177-181.
65. Meyer J.J.M., Afolayan A.J., Taylor M.B., Erasmus D. Antiviral activity of galangin isolated from the aerial parts of Helichrysum aureonitens. J Ethnopharmacol 1997, 56:165-169.
66. Tabopda T.K., Ngoupayo J., Awoussong P.K., Mitaine-Offer A.C., Ali M.S., Ngadjui B.T., et al. Triprenylated flavonoids from Dorstenia psilurus and their alpha-glucosidase inhibition properties. J Nat Prod 2008, 71:2068-2072.
67. Teffo L.S., Aderogba M.A., Eloff J.N. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of four kaempferol methyl ethers isolated from Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. var. angustifolia leaf extracts. S Afr J Bot 2010, 76:25-29.
68. Andayi A.W., Yenesew A., Derese S., Midiwo J.O., Gitu P.M., Jondiko O.J.I., et al. Anti-plasmodial flavonoids from Erythrina sacleuxii. Planta Med 2006, 72:187-189.
69. El-Masry S., Amer E.M., Abdel-Kader S.M., Zaatout H.H. Prenylated flavonoids of Erythrina lysistemon grown in Egypt. Phytochemistry 2002, 60:783-787.
70. Nkengfack A.E., Azebaze A.G.B., Waffo A.K., Fomum Z.T., Meyer M., van Heerden F.R. Cytotoxic isoflavones from Erythrina indica. Phytochemistry 2001, 58:1113-1120.
71. Imamura H., Hibino Y., Ito H., Ohashi H. Isoflavonoids of Erythrina cristagalli (Fabaceae). Res Bull Fac Agric Gifu Univ 1981, 45:77-79.
72. Kapingu M.C., Mbwambo Z.H., Moshi M.J., Magadula J.J., Cos P., Berghe D.V., et al. Novel isoflavoid from Millettia puguensis. Planta Med 2006, 72:1341-1343.
73. Sakurai Y., Cragg G.M., Sakurai N., Taniguchi M., Nakanishi Y., Bastow K.F., et al. Rautandiols A and B, pterocarpans and cytotoxic constituents from Neorautanenia mitis. J Nat Prod 2006, 69:397-399.
74. Min C., Si Q.L., Jun-Hong C. Two isoflavones from Flemningia philippinensis. Phytochemistry 1991, 30:3842-3844.
75. Yankep E., Njamen D., Fotsing M.T., Fomum Z.T., Mbanya J.C., Giner R.M., et al. Griffonianone D, an isoflavone with anti-inflammatory activity from the root bark of Millettia griffoniana. J Nat Prod 2003, 66:1288-1290.
76. Waffo K.A., Azebaze A.G., Nkengfack E.A., Fomum Z.T., Meyer M., Bodo B., et al. Indicanines A and C, two isoflavoids derivatives from the root bark of Erythrina indica. Phytochemistry 2000, 53:981-985.
77. Awouafack M.D., Spiteller P., Lamshöft M., Kusari S., Ivanova B., Tane P., et al. Antimicrobial isopropenyl-dihydrofuranoisoflavones from Crotalaria lachnophora. J Nat Prod 2011, 74:272-278.
78. Na M.K., Jang J.P., Njamen D., Mbafor J.T., Fomum Z.T., Kim B.Y., et al. Protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B inhibitory activity of isoprenylated flavonoids isolated from Erythrina mildbraedii. J Nat Prod 2006, 69:1572-1576.
79. Khalid S.A., Waterman P.G. Thonningin-A and thonningin-B. Two 3-phenylcoumarins from the seeds of Millettia thonningii. Phytochemistry 1983, 22:1001-1003.
80. Kuete V., Nana F., Ngameni B., Mbaveng A.T., Keumedjio F., Tchaleu Ngadjui B. Antimicrobial activity of the crude extract, fractions and compounds from stem bark of Ficus ovata (Moraceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2009, 124:556-561.
81. Dao T.T., Nguyen P.H., Thuong P.T., Kang K.W., Na M., Ndinteh D.T., et al. Pterocarpans with inhibitory effects on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B from Erythrina lysistemon Hutch. Phytochemistry 2009, 70:2053-2057.
82. Nguyen H.P., Le T.V.T., Thuong T.P., Dao T.T., Ndinteh T.D., Mbafor T.J., et al. Cytotoxic and PTP1B inhibitory activities from Erythrina abyssinica. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009, 19:6745-6749.
83. Fabry W., Okemo P.O., Ansorg R. Antibacterial activity of East African medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol 1998, 60:79-84.
84. Gibbons S. Anti-staphylococcal plant natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2004, 21:263-277.
85. Kuete V. Potential of Cameroonian plants and derived products against microbial infections: a review. Planta Med 2010, 76:1479-1491.
86. Kuete V., Efferth T. Cameroonian medicinal plants: pharmacology and derived natural products. Front Pharmacol 2010, 1:123.
87. Kuete V., Ngameni B., Tsafack A.M., Ambassa I.K., Simo P., Roy R., et al. Antimicrobial activity of the extract from the twigs of Dorstenia elliptica (Moraceae). Pharmacologyonline 2007, 1:573-580.
88. Kuete V., Metuno R., Ngameni B., Tsafack A.M., Ngandeu F., Fotso G.W., et al. Antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extracts and compounds from Treculia obovoidea (Moraceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2007, 112:531-536.
89. Kuete V., Fozing D.C., Kapche W.F.G.D., Mbaveng A.T., Kuiate J.R., Ngadjui B.T., et al. Antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract and compounds from Morus mesozygia stem bark. J Ethnopharmacol 2009, 124:551-555.
90. Kuete V., Nguemeving J.R., Beng V.P., Azebaze A.G., Etoa F.X., Meyer M., et al. Antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extracts and compounds from Vismia laurentii De Wild (Guttiferae). J Ethnopharmacol 2007, 109(3):372-379.
91. Nawwar M., Hussein S., Ayoub N., Hashim A., El-Sharawy R., Lindequist U., et al. Constitutive phenolics of Harpephyllum caffrum (Anacardiaceae) and their biological effects on human keratinocytes. Fitoterapia 2011, 82:1265-1271.
92. Mitscher L.A., Ward J.A., Drake S., Rao G.S. Antimicrobial agents from higher plants. Erycristagallin, a new pterocarpene from the roots of the bolivian coral tree, Erythrina cristagalli. Heterocycles 1984, 22:1673-1675.
93. Mitscher L.A., Drake S., Gollapudi S.R., Okwute S.K. A modern look at folkloric use of anti-infective agents. J Nat Prod 1987, 50:1025-1040.
94. Mitscher L.A., Okwute S.K., Gollapudi S.R., Drak S., Avona E. Antimicrobial pterocarpans of Nigerian Erythrina mildbraedii. Phytochemistry 1988, 27:3449-3452.
95. Mitscher L.A., Okwute S.K., Gollapudi S.R., Keshavarzshokri A. Antimicrobial agents from higher-plants-the isolation and structural characterization of two additional pterocarpan antimicrobial agents from Nigerian Erythrina mildbraedii. Heterocycles 1988, 27:2517-2522.
96. Iinuma M., Okawa Y., Tanaka T., Kobayashi Y., Miyauchi K. Phenolic compounds in Erythrina bidwillii and their activity against oral microbial organisms. Heterocycles 1994, 39:687-692.
97. Bringmann G., Mutanyatta-Comar J., Maksimenka K., Wanjohi J.M., Heydenreich M., Brun R., et al. Joziknipholones A and B: the first dimeric phenylanthraquinones, from the roots of Bulbine frutescens. Chem Eur J 2008, 14:1420-1429.
98. Ngameni B., Kuete V., Simo I.K., Mbaveng A.T., Awoussong P.K., Patnam R., et al. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of the crude extract and compounds from Dorstenia turbinata (Moraceae). S Afr J Bot 2009, 75(2):256-261.
99. Jing H., Zhou X., Dong X., Cao J., Zhu H., Lou J., et al. Abrogation of Akt signaling by isobavachalcone contributes to its anti-proliferative effects towards human cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2010, 294(2):167-177.
100. Nishimura R., Tabata K., Arakawa M., Ito Y., Kimura Y., Akihisa T., et al. Isobavachalcone, a chalcone constituent of Angelica keiskei, induces apoptosis in neuroblastoma. Biol Pharm Bull 2007, 30(10):1878-1883.
101. Talla E., Njamen D., Mbafor J.T., Fomum Z.T., Kamanyi A., Mbanya J.-C., et al. Warangalone, the isoflavonoid anti-inflammatory principle of Erythrina addisoniae stem bark. J Nat Prod 2003, 66:891-893.
102. Njamen D., Talla E., Mbafor J.T., Fomum Z.T., Kamanyi A., Mbanya J.C., et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of erycristagallin, a pterocarpene from Erythrina mildbraedii. Eur J Pharmacol 2003, 468:67-74.
103. Njamen D., Mbafor J.T., Fomum Z.T., Kamanyi A., Mbanya J.C., Recio M.C., et al. Anti-inflammatory activities of two flavanones, sigmoidin A and sigmoidin B, from Erythrina sigmoidea. Planta Med 2004, 70:104-107.
104. Tih A.E., Ghogomu R.T., Sondengam B.L., Caux C., Bodo B. Minor biflavonoids from Lophira alata leaves. J Nat Prod 2006, 69:1206-1208.
105. Mayunga H.H.N., Reiner W., Hans A. Three flavonoids from the stem bark of the antimalarial Uvaria dependens. Phytochemistry 1993, 34(3):853-856.
106. Abegaz B.M., Ngadjui B.T., Dongo E., Ngameni B., Nindi M.N., Bezabih M. Chalcones and other constituents of Dorstenia prorepens and Dorstenia zenkeri. Phytochemistry 2002, 59:877-883.
107. Messanga B.B., Kimbu S.F., Sondengam B.L., Bodo B. Triflavonoids of Ochna calodendron. Phytochemistry 2002, 59:435-438.
108. Pegnyemb E.D., Tih G.R., Sondengam L.B., Blond A., Bodo B. Biflavonoids from Ochna afzelii. Phytochemistry 2001, 57:579-582.
109. Tih G.R., Sondengam B.L., Martin M.T., Bodo B. Structure of lophirones B and C, biflavonoids from the bark of Lophira lanceolata. Phytochemistry 1989, 28(5):1557-1559.
110. Masesane I.B., Yeboah S.O., Liebscher J., Mugge C., Abegaz B.M. A bichalcone from the twigs of Rhus pyroides. Phytochemistry 2000, 53:1005-1008.
111. Nkengfack A.E., Vouffo T.W., Vardamides J.C., Fomum Z.T. Sigmoidins J and K, two new prenylated isoflavonoids from Erythrina sigmoidea. J Nat Prod 1994, 57(2):1172-1177.
112. Yenesew A., Midiwo J.O., Guchu S.M., Heydenreich M., Peter M.G. Three isoflav-3-enes and a 2-arylbenzofuran from the root bark of Erythrina burttii. Phytochemistry 2002, 59:337-341.
113. Bekker M., Bekker R., Brandt V.E. Two flavonoid glycosides and a miscellaneous flavan from the bark of Guibourtia coleosperma. Phytochemistry 2006, 67:818-823.
114. Ngokam D., Massiot G., Nuzillard J.-M., Tsamo E. (+)-7',7'-Dimethyl-5-hydroxy-2R,3S-trans-pubeschin. Phytochemistry 1994, 37(2):529-531.
115. Ngadjui T.B., Dongo E., Tamboue H., Kouam F., Abegaz M.B. Prenylated avanones from the twigs of Dorstenia mannii. Phytochemistry 1999, 50:1401-1406.
116. Chacha M., Bojase-Moleta G., Majinda R.R. Antimicrobial and radical scavenging flavonoids from the stem wood of Erythrina latissima. Phytochemistry 2005, 66(1):99-104.
117. Fomum Z.T., Ayafor F.J., Wandji J. Erythrisenegalone, a prenylated-flavanone from Erythrina senegalensis. Phytochemistry 1985, 24(12):3075-3076.
118. Candy A.H., Brookes B.K., Bull J.R., McGarry E.J., McGarry J.M. Flavonoids of Albizia adianthifolia. Phytochemistry 1978, 17:1681-1682.
119. Babajide O.J., Babajide O.O., Daramola A.O., Mabusela W.T. Flavonols and an oxychromonol from Piliostigma reticulatum. Phytochemistry 2008, 69:2245-2250.
120. El-Sayed N.H., Norris J.A., Ahmed A.A., Mabry T.J. Flavonoids of Brickellia longifolia. Phytochemistry 1990, 29(7):2364-2365.
121. Bojase G., Wanjala C.W., Majinda R.T. Flavonoids from the stem bark of Bolusanthus speciosus. Phytochemistry 2001, 56:837-841.
122. Arnone A., Carmada L., Merlini L., Nasini G., Taylor D.A.H. Isoflavonoid constituents of the West African red wood Baphia nitida. Phytochemistry 1981, 20(4):799-801.
123. Nkengfack A.E., Fomum Z.T., Ubillas R., Sanson D.R., Tempesta M.S. Extractives from Erythrina eriotriocha. J Nat Prod 1990, 53(2):509-512.
124. Nkengfack E.A., Sanson R.D., Fomum Z.T., Tampesta S.M. 8-Prenylluteone, a prenylated isoflavone from Erythrina eriotriocha. Phytochemistry 1989, 28(9):2522-2526.
125. Wandji J., Fomum Z.T., Tillequin F., Seguin E., Koch M. Two isoflavones from Erythrina senegalensis. Phytochemistry 1994, 35(1):245-248.
126. Nkengfack A.E., Vardamides J.C., Fomum Z.T., Meyer M. Prenylated isoflavanone from Erythrina eriotricha. Phytochemistry 1995, 40(6):1803-1808.
127. Drewes S.E., Horn M.M., Munro O.Q., Dhlamini J.T.B., Marion M.J.J., Rakuambo N.C. Pyrano-isoflavones with erectile-dysfunction activity from Eriosema kraussianum. Phytochemistry 2002, 59:739-747.
128. Ngounou F.N., Meli L.A., Lontsi D., Sondengam B.L., Rahman A.-U., Choudhary M.I., et al. New isoflavones from Ceiba pentandra. Phytochemistry 2000, 54:107-110.
129. Dagne E., Yenesew A., Waterman P.G. Flavonoids and isoflavonoids from Tephrosia fulvinervis and Tephrosia pentaphylla. Phytochemistry 1989, 28(11):3207-3210.
130. Vouffo B., Hussain H., Eyong O.K., Dongo E., Folefoc G.N., Nkengfack A.E., et al. Chemical constituents of Dorstenia picta and Newbouldia laevis. Biochem Syst Ecol 2008, 36:730-732.