The moral ecology of South Africa's township youth

The Moral Ecology of South Africa's Township Youth

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-228

  Swartz, Sharlene ^a,b  

^a HUMAN SCIENCES RESEARCH COUNCIL   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84991273166     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1057/9780230101647     Document Type: Book

References (391)

1. 2Pac. (2002). Thugz Mansion [Recorded by 2Pac]. On Better Dayz: Interscope Records.
2. Abdullin, M., Persidskaia, N., Rogacheva, V., Kozlova, T., & Volkov, V. (2002). The "Pepsi Generation." Russian Social Science Review, 43(5), 4-15.
3. Adeyinka, A., & Ndwapi, G. (2002). Education and Morality in Africa. Pastoral Care in Education, 20(2), 17-23.
4. Alcalay, R., & Bell, R. (2000). Promoting Nutrition and Physical Activity through Social Marketing: Current Practices and Recommendations. Davis: University of California.
5. Anderson, E. (1994). The Code of the Streets. Atlantic Monthly, 273(5), 80-94.
6. Anderson, E. (1999). Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City. London: Norton.
7. Angelou, M. (1971). I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. New York: Bantam Books.
8. Aristotle, Urmson, J., Ackrill, J., & Ross, W. (1980). The Nicomachean Ethics (Revised ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
9. Armstrong, K. (2005). Autophotography in Adult Education: Building Creative Communities for Social Justice and Democratic Education. In R. Lawrence (Ed.), Artistic Ways of Knowing: Expanded Opportunities for Teaching and Learning. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass.
10. Armstrong, P., Lekezwa, B., & Siebrits, K. (2008). Poverty in South Africa: A Profile Based on Recent Household Surveys. Stellenbosch Economic Working Papers: 04/08. Cape Town: A working paper of the Department of Economics and the Bureau for Economic Research at the University of Stellenbosch.
11. Arnot, M. (2006). Freedom's Children: A Gender Perspective on the Education of the Learner- Citizen. International Review of Education, 52(1/2), 67-87.
12. Arnot, M., McIntyre, D., Pedder, D., & Reay, D. (2004). Consultation in the Classroom: Developing Dialogue about Teaching and Learning. Cambridge: Pearson.
13. Ashforth, A. (2005). Witchcraft, Violence, and Democracy in South Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
14. Astington, J. (2004). Bridging the Gap between Theory of Mind and Moral Reasoning. New Directions for Child & Adolescent Development, 2004(103), 63-72.
15. Barr, R. (1971). Values and Youth. Washington: National Council for the Social Studies.
16. Battle, M. (1997). Reconciliation: The Ubuntu Theology of Desmond Tutu. Cleveland: Pilgrim Press.
17. Bauer, M., & Gaskell, G. (1999). Towards a Paradigm for Research on Social Representations. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 29(2), 163-186.
18. Bauman, Z. (1990). Philosophical Affinities of Postmodern Sociology. Sociological Review, 38(3), 411-444.
19. Bauman, Z. (1993). Postmodern Ethics. Oxford: Blackwell.
20. Beck, U., & Beck- Gernsheim, E. (2002). Individualization: Institutionalized Individualism and Its Social and Political Consequences. London: Sage.
21. Becker, G. S. (1993). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education (3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
22. Bell, T., & Ntsebeza, D. (2001). Unfinished Business: South Africa, Apartheid and Truth. Cape Town: Redworks.
23. Bellah, R. (1996). Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. London: University of California Press.
24. Bennett, W. (1993). The Book of Virtues: A Treasury of Great Moral Stories. New York: Simon & Schuster.
25. Bergman, R. (2002). Why Be Moral? A Conceptual Model from Developmental Psychology. Human Development, 45(2), 104-124.
26. Beukes, D., Vorster, J., Skriba, J., Geldenbuys, F., Eloff, S., Rooyen, P. et al. (1974). Ras, Volk En Nasie En Volkereverhoudinge in Die Lig Van Die Skrif. Cape Town: General Synod of the Dutch Reformed Church.
27. Blasi, A. (1980). Bridging Moral Cognition and Moral Action: A Critical Review of the Literature. Psychological Bulletin, 88(1), 1-45.
28. Blasi, A. (1984). Moral Identity: Its Role in Moral Functioning. In J. Gewirtz (Ed.), Morality, Moral Behavior and Moral Development. New York: Wiley.
29. Blasi, A., & Milton, K. (1991). The Development of the Sense of Self in Adolescence. Journal of Personality, 59(2), 217-242.
30. Bohning, G., Hodgson, A., Foote, T., McGee, C., & Young, B. (1998). Identifying and Examining Adolescents' Moral Values. Urban Education, 33(2), 264-280.
31. Bourdieu, P. (1997). The Forms of Capital. In A. Halsey, H. Lauder, P. Brown, & A. Stuart Wells (Eds.), Education: Culture, Economy, and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
32. Bourdieu, P. (1998). Acts of Resistance: Against the New Myths of Our Time. Cambridge: Polity.
33. Bourdieu, P., & Thompson, J. (1991). Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Polity.
34. Bray, R., & Gooskens, I. (2006). Ethics and the Everyday: Reconsidering Approaches to Research Involving Children and Young People. Anthropology Southern Africa, 29(1/2), 45-55.
35. Bromnick, R., & Swallow, B. (2001). Parties, Lads, Friends, Love and Newcastle United: A Study of Young People's Values. Educational Studies, 27(2), 143-158.
36. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1970). The Psychological Costs of Quality and Equality in Education. In V. Allen (Ed.), Psychological Factors in Poverty. Chicago: Markham.
37. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1972). Two Worlds of Childhood: US and USSR. New York: Simon & Schuster.
38. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1974). Developmental Research, Public Policy, and the Ecology of Childhood. Child Development, 45(1), 1-5.
39. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
40. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Alienation and the Four Worlds of Childhood. Phi Delta Kappan, 67(6), 430-436.
41. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1992). Ecological Systems Theory. In R. Vasta (Ed.), Six Theories of Child Development. London: Jessica Kingsley.
42. Bronfenbrenner, U., & Evans, G. (2000). Developmental Science in the 21st Century: Emerging Questions, Theoretical Models, Research Designs and Empirical Findings. Social Development, 9(1), 115-125.
43. Broodryk, J. (1997). Ubuntuism as a Worldview to Order Society. University of South Africa, Department of Philosophy, Pretoria.
44. Brown, L. (2003). Girlfighting: Betrayal and Rejection among Girls. New York: New York University Press.
45. Brown, L., & Chesney- Lind, M. (2005). Growing up Mean: Covert Aggression and the Policing of Girlhood. In G. Lloyd (Ed.), "Problem" Girls: Understanding and Supporting Troubled and Troublesome Girls and Young Women. London: RoutledgeFalmer.
46. Buckner, J., Mezzacappa, E., & Beardslee, W. (2003). Characteristics of Resilient Youths Living in Poverty: The Role of Self- Regulatory Processes. Development and Psychopathology, 15(1), 139-162.
47. Burbules, N. (1993). Dialogue in Teaching: Theory and Practice. New York: Teachers College Press.
48. Burgess, T. (2005). Introduction to Youth and Citizenship in East Africa. Africa Today, 51(3), vii-xxiv.
49. Butz, D., & Besio, K. (2004). The Value of Autoethnography for Field Research in Transcultural Settings. Professional Geographer, 56(3), 350-360.
50. Campbell, C., Yugi, N., & Maimane, S. (2006). AIDS Stigma, Sexual Moralities and the Policing of Women and Youth in South Africa. Feminist Review, 83, 132-138.
51. Carlo, G., Fabes, R., Laible, D., & Kupanoff, K. (1999). Early Adolescence and Prosocial/ Moral Behavior II: The Role of Social and Contextual Influences. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19(2), 133-147.
52. Carrim, N., & Tshoane, M. (2000). The "Holy" State? Values, Legitimation and Ideological Closure in South African Education. Quarterly Review of Education and Training in South Africa, 7(4), 99-123.
53. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Retrieved March 28, 2007, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fas/fasask.htm
54. Chabedi, M. (2003). State Power, Violence, Crime and Everyday Life: A Case Study of Soweto in Post- Apartheid South Africa. Social Identities, 9(3), 357-371.
55. Charmaz, K. (1983). The Grounded Theory Method: An Explication and Interpretation. In R. Emerson (Ed.), Contemporary Field Research: A Collection of Readings. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
56. Charmaz, K. (2000). Grounded Theory. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
57. Chew, S., Leu, M., & Tan, K. (1998). Values and Lifestyles of Young Singaporeans. New York: Prentice Hall.
58. Clancy, S., & Dollinger, S. (1993). Photographic Depictions of the Self: Gender and Age Differences in Social Connectedness. Sex Roles, 29(7/8), 477-495.
59. Coertze, R. (2001). Ubuntu and Nation Building in South Africa. South African Journal of Ethnology, 24(4), 113-118.
60. Cohen, S. (1980). Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers (New ed.). Oxford: M. Robertson.
61. Colby, A. (2002). Moral Understanding, Motivation, and Identity. Human Development, 45(2), 130-135.
62. Colby, A., & Damon, W. (1993). The Uniting of Self and Morality in the Development of Extraordinary Moral Commitment. In G. Noam & T. Wren (Eds.), The Moral Self: Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
63. Coles, R. (1986a). The Moral Life of Children. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press.
64. Coles, R. (1986b). The Political Life of Children. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press.
65. Coles, R. (1989). The Call of Stories. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
66. Coles, R. (1990). The Spiritual Life of Children. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
67. Coles, R. (1993). The Call of Service: A Witness to Idealism. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
68. Coover, R. (2004). Using Digital Media Tools in Cross- Cultural Research, Analysis and Representation. Visual Studies, 19(1), 6-25.
69. Corder, H. (2000). The Law and Struggle: The Same, but Different. In C. Villa- Vicencio & W. Verwoerd (Eds.), Looking Back, Reaching Forward: Reflections on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press.
70. Corten, A., & Marshall- Fratini, R. (2000). Transnational Pentecostalism in Africa and Latin America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
71. Cox, C. (1997). A Moral Fix. In R. Smith & P. Standish (Eds.), Teaching Right and Wrong: Moral Education in the Balance. Stoke- on- Trent: Trentham.
72. Crais, C. (2002). The Politics of Evil: Magic, State Power, and the Political Imagination in South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
73. Damon, W. (1983). Social and Personality Development: Infancy through Adolescence. New York: W. W. Norton.
74. Damon, W. (1984). Self Understanding and Moral Development from Childhood to Adolescence. In W. Kurtines & J. Gewirtz (Eds.), Morality, Moral Behavior and Moral Development. New York: Wiley.
75. Damon, W. (1999). The Moral Development of Children. Scientific American, 281(2), 72-78.
76. Damon, W., & Colby, A. (1996). Education and Moral Commitment. Journal of Moral Education, 25(1), 31-37.
77. Damon, W., & Gregory, A. (1997). The Youth Charter: Towards the Formation of Adolescent Moral Identity. Journal of Moral Education, 26(2), 117-130.
78. Dance, L. (2002). Tough Fronts: The Impact of Street Culture on Schooling. New York: Routledge.
79. Davenport, T., & Saunders, C. (2000). South Africa: A Modern History (5th ed.). Basingstoke: Macmillan.
80. Dawes, A. (1994). Children, Political Violence and War: Influences on Emotional, Social and Moral Development (2nd ed.). Cape Town: University of Cape Town.
81. de Klerk, J. (1998). A Reappraisal of Character Education in a Progressive Postmodernist Era. South African Journal of Education, 18(1), 21-24.
82. De Wit, D., Lipman, E., Manzano- Munguia, M., Bisanz, J., Graham, K., Offord, D. et al. (2007). Feasibility of a Randomized Controlled Trial for Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Big Brothers Big Sisters Community Match Program at the National Level. Children & Youth Services Review, 29(3), 383-404.
83. Denzin, N. & Lincoln, Y. (2000). Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
84. Department of Education. (2000). Values in Education: Values, Education and Democracy (First Report). Pretoria: Government Printer, Republic of South Africa.
85. Department of Education. (2001). Manifesto on Values, Education and Democracy. Pretoria: Government Printer, Republic of South Africa.
86. Department of Education. (2002). Revised National Curriculum Statement Grades R- 9 (Schools). Pretoria: Government Printer, Republic of South Africa.
87. Department of Education. (2003). Education Statistics at a Glance in South Africa in 2001. Pretoria: Government Printer, Republic of South Africa.
88. Department of Health. (2006). National HIV and Syphilis Antenatal Sero- Prevalence Survey in South Africa 2005. Pretoria: Government Printer, Republic of South Africa.
89. Dilger, H. (2003). Sexuality, AIDS, and the Lures of Modernity: Reflexivity and Morality among Young People in Rural Tanzania. Medical Anthropology, 22(1), 23-52.
90. Dixon, B. (2001). Exclusive Societies: Towards a Critical Criminology of Post- Apartheid South Africa. Society in Transition, 32(2), 205-227.
91. Dodman, D. (2003). Shooting in the City: An Autophotographic Exploration of the Urban Environment in Kingston, Jamaica. Area, 35(3), 293-304.
92. Dolby, N. (2001). Constructing Race: Youth, Identity, and Popular Culture in South Africa. Albany: State University of New York Press.
93. Dollinger, S. (2001). Religious Identity: An Autophotographic Study. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 11(2), 71-92.
94. Dollinger, S., Preston, L., O'Brien, S., & DiLalla, D. (1996). Individuality and Relatedness of the Self: An Autophotographic Study. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 71(6), 1268-1278.
95. Dowling, K. (1999). A Solution to a Paradox in Moral Education. South African Journal of Education, 19(2), 83-88.
96. Dreyer, J., Pieterse, H., & van der Ven, J. (1999). Interreligious Orientations among South African Youth. Religion & Theology, 6(2), 194-220.
97. Du Toit, A. (2005). Experiments with Truth and Justice in South Africa: Stockenström, Gandhi and the TRC. Journal of Southern African Studies, 31(2), 419-448.
98. Durkheim, E. (1973a). Moral Education; a Study in the Theory and Application of the Sociology of Education. New York: Free Press.
99. Durkheim, E. (1973b). On Morality and Society: Selected Writings. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
100. Duveen, G., & Lloyd, B. (1986). The Significance of Social Identities. British Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 219-130.
101. Duveen, G., & Lloyd, B. (1990). Social Representations and the Development of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
102. Eccles, J., & Wigfield, A. (2002). Motivational Beliefs, Values, and Goals. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 109-132.
103. Eisenberg, N. (2000). Emotion, Regulation, and Moral Development. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 665-697.
104. Elkind, D. (1967). Egocentrism in Adolescence. Child Development, 38(4), 1025-1034.
105. Elliott, G., & Feldman, S. (1990). At the Threshold: The Developing Adolescent. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
106. Emerson, R., Fretz, R., & Shaw, L. (1995). Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
107. Emmison, M., & Smith, P. (2000). Researching the Visual: Images, Objects, Contexts and Interactions in Social and Cultural Inquiry. London: Sage.
108. Erikson, E. (1971). Identity, Youth and Crisis. London: Faber.
109. Evans, G., & English, K. (2002). The Environment of Poverty: Multiple Stressor Exposure, Psychophysiological Stress, and Socioemotional Adjustment. Child Development, 73(4), 1238-1248.
110. Everatt, D. (1993). Growing up Tough. Johannesburg: The Community Agency for Social Enquiry (CASE).
111. Everatt, D. (1994). Creating a Future: Youth Policy for South Africa. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.
112. Everatt, D. (2000). Youth 2000. Johannesburg: The Community Agency for Social Enquiry (CASE).
113. Fabes, R., Carlo, G., Kupanoff, K., & Laible, D. (1999). Early Adolescence and Prosocial/ Moral Behavior I: The Role of Individual Processes. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19(1), 5-16.
114. Faour, M. (1998). The Silent Revolution in Lebanon: Changing Values of the Youth. Beirut: American University of Beirut.
115. Farr, R., & Moscovici, S. (1984). Social Representations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
116. Feldman, S., Rosenthal, D., Mont- Reynaud, R., Leung, K., & Lau, S. (1991). Ain't Misbehavin': Adolescent Values and Family Environments as Correlates of Misconduct in Australia, Hong Kong, and the United States. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 1(2), 109-134.
117. Ferns, I., & Thom, D. (2001). Moral Development of Black and White South African Adolescents: Evidence against Cultural Universality in Kohlberg's Theory. South African Journal of Psychology, 31(4), 38-47.
118. Feuerverger, G. (1995). Oasis of Peace: A Community of Moral Education in Israel. Journal of Moral Education, 24(2), 113-141.
119. Foucault, M., & Rabinow, P. (2000). Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth. London: Penguin Books.
120. Francis, L., & Evans, T. (1997). The Relationship between Marital Disruption and Adolescent Values: A Study among 13-15 Year Olds. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 26(3/4), 195-214.
121. Freire, P. (1972). Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Penguin Books.
122. Geertz, C. (1998). Deep Hanging Out. New York Review of Books, 45(16), 69-72.
123. Giddens, A., & Birdsall, K. (2001). Sociology (4th ed.). Cambridge: Polity.
124. Gilligan, C. (1982). In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
125. Ginzberg, E. (1961). Values and Ideals of American Youth. New York: Columbia University Press.
126. Giroux, H. (1999). Public Intellectuals and the Challenge of Children's Culture: Beyond the Myth of Innocence. Review of Education/Pedagogy/Cultural Studies, 21(3), 193-225.
127. Gladwell, M. (2000). The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. Boston: Little Brown.
128. Glaser, C. (1994). Youth Culture and Politics in Soweto, 1958-1976. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge.
129. Glesne, C. (1999). Becoming Qualitative Researchers: An Introduction (2nd ed.). New York: Longman.
130. Glover, R. (2001). Discriminators of Moral Orientation: Gender Role or Personality? Journal of Adult Development, 8(1), 1-7.
131. Gobodo- Madikizela, P. (2002). Remorse, Forgiveness, and Rehumanization: Stories from South Africa. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 42(1), 7-32.
132. Gobodo- Madikizela, P. (2004). Personal Communication. Cape Town.
133. Goldenberg, D. (2003). The Curse of Ham: Race and Slavery in Early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
134. Golding, W. (1954). Lord of the Flies. London: Faber.
135. Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
136. Goode, E., & Ben- Yehuda, N. (1994). Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance. Oxford: Blackwell.
137. Government Communication and Information Services. (2000). Freedom and Obligation: A Report on the Moral Regeneration Workshops I & II. Pretoria: Government Printer.
138. Government Communication and Information Services. (2003). South Africa Yearbook 2003/4. Pretoria: Government Printer.
139. Government Communication and Information Services. (2005). South Africa Yearbook 2005/6. Pretoria: Government Printer.
140. Green, L. (2004). Nurturing Democratic Virtues: Educators' Practices. South African Journal of Education, 24(4), 254-259.
141. Griffin, C. (1993). Representations of Youth: The Study of Youth and Adolescence in Britain and America. Cambridge: Polity Press.
142. Griffin, C. (2001). Imagining New Narratives of Youth. Childhood, 8(2), 147-166.
143. Grossman, J. B., & Tierney, J. P. (1998). Does Mentoring Work? Evaluation Review, 22(3), 403-426.
144. Guba, E., & Lincoln, Y. (1994). Competing Paradigms in Qualitative Research. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: Sage.
145. Habermas, J. (1990). Justice and Solidarity: On the Discussion Concerning Stage 6. In T. Wren, W. Edelstein, & G. Nunner- Winkler (Eds.), The Moral Domain: Essays in the Ongoing Discussion between Philosophy and the Social Sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
146. Haimes, E. (2002). What Can the Social Sciences Contribute to the Study of Ethics? Theoretical, Empirical and Substantive Considerations. Bioethics, 16(2), 89-113.
147. Hall, S. (1997). Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: Sage.
148. Halstead, J. (1994). Moral and Spiritual Education in Russia. Cambridge Journal of Education, 24(3), 423-438.
149. Halstead, J., & Taylor, M. (1996). Values in Education and Education in Values. London: Falmer Press.
150. Halstead, J. & Taylor, M. (2000). Learning and Teaching about Values: A Review of the Literature. Cambridge Journal of Education, 30(2), 169-202.
151. Hammersley, M., & Atkinson, P. (1995). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
152. Haram, L. (2005). "Eyes Have No Curtains": The Moral Economy of Secrecy in Managing Love Affairs among Adolescents in Northern Tanzania in the Time of AIDS. Africa Today, 51(4), 57-73.
153. Harper, D. (2000). Reimagining Visual Methods. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
154. Haydon, G. (2000). John Wilson and the Place of Morality in Education. Journal of Moral Education, 29(3), 355-365.
155. Heilbrunn, J. (1997). Moral Capital. New Republic, 217(14), 20-21.
156. Hertzke, A. (1998). The Theory of Moral Ecology. Review of Politics, 60(4), 629-659.
157. Hobsbawm, E. (1998). Uncommon People: Resistance, Rebellion and Jazz. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
158. Hocoy, D. (1999). The Validity of Cross's Model of Black Racial Identity Development in the South African Context. Journal of Black Psychology, 25(2), 131-151.
159. Hoelson, C. N. (1991). Survey of the Perceptions, Values, Expectations and Stratification of the Black Youth of Port Elizabeth. Port Elizabeth: Employment Research Unit Vista University.
160. Hoffman, M. (2000). Empathy and Moral Development: Implications for Caring and Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
161. Holland, J., & Thomson, R. (1999). Youth Values: Identity, Diversity and Social Change. Hull: Economic and Social Research Council.
162. Hood, G., Fudakowski, P., Chweneyagae, P., Pheto, T., Nkosi, K., & Fugard, A. (2006). Tsotsi [Videorecording]. Burbank, CA: Miramax Home Entertainment.
163. Hornby, N. (2006). A Long Way Down. London: Penguin Books.
164. Human Sciences Research Council. (2004). Poverty in South Africa Fact Sheet No. 1. Retrieved May 6, 2006, from www.polity.org.za/pdf/FactSheetNo1Poverty.pdf
165. Hunter, J. (2000). The Death of Character: Moral Education in an Age without Good or Evil. New York: Basic Books.
166. Hwang, K. (1998). Two Moralities: Reinterpreting the Findings of Empirical Research on Moral Reasoning in Taiwan. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 1(3), 211-238.
167. Inglehart, R. (2000). Globalization and Postmodern Values. Washington Quarterly, 23(1), 215-228.
168. Jackson, P. Boostrom, R., & Hansen, D. (1993). The Moral Life of Schools. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass.
169. Jaspars, J., & Fraser, C. (1984). Attitudes and Social Representations. In R. Farr & S. Moscovici (Eds.), Social Representations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
170. Jenkins, P. (1992). Intimate Enemies: Moral Panics in Contemporary Great Britain. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
171. Jones, M. (2004). The Effect of Participation in the Neighborhood Academic Program on the Autophotographic Self- Concepts of Inner- City Adolescents. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 31(3), 188-201.
172. Kamler, B., & Threadgold, T. (2003). Translating Difference: Questions of Representation in Cross- Cultural Research Encounters. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 24(2), 137-151.
173. Kane, J. (2001). The Politics of Moral Capital. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
174. Kaplan, I., & Howes, A. (2004). "Seeing through Different Eyes": Exploring the Value of Participative Research Using Images in Schools. Cambridge Journal of Education, 34(2), 143-155.
175. Kaplan, I., Lewis, I., & Mumba, P. (2007). Picturing Global Educational Inclusion? Looking and Thinking across Students' Photographs from the UK, Zambia and Indonesia. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 7(1), 23-35.
176. Kaunda, K. (2005). Personal Communication. Cambridge.
177. Kaya, H., & Mabetoa, P. (1997). Knowledge and Attitudes towards Sexuality among Black Youth in South Africa. Education & Society, 15(1), 81-87.
178. Kelly, P. (2000). Youth as an Artefact of Expertise: Problematizing the Practice of Youth Studies in an Age of Uncertainty. Journal of Youth Studies, 3(3), 301-315.
179. Kilpatrick, W. (1992). Why Johnny Can't Tell Right from Wrong: Moral Illiteracy and the Case for Character Education. New York: Simon & Schuster.
180. Kohlberg, L. (1981). Essays on Moral Development. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
181. Kohlberg, L. (1984). The Psychology of Moral Development: The Nature and Validity of Moral Stages. San Francisco: Harper and Row.
182. Kohlberg, L., & Modgil, S. (1986). Lawrence Kohlberg, Consensus and Controversy. Philadelphia: Falmer Press.
183. Kotze, H., & Lombard, K. (2002). Revising the Value Shift Hypothesis: A Descriptive Analysis of South Africa's Value Priorities between 1990 and 2001. Comparative Sociology, 1(3/4), 413-437.
184. Krebs, D., Denton, K., & Wark, G. (1997). The Forms and Functions of Real- Life Moral Decision- Making. Journal of Moral Education, 26(2) 131-145.
185. Krog, A. (1999). Country of My Skull. London: Vintage.
186. Kuther, T., & Higgins- D'Alessandro, A. (2000). Bridging the Gap between Moral Reasoning and Adolescent Engagement in Risky Behavior. Journal of Adolescence, 23(4), 409-422.
187. Kvale, S. (1995). The Social Construction of Validity. Qualitative Inquiry, 1(1), 19-40.
188. Kvale, S. (1996). Interviews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing. London: Sage.
189. Kwong, J. (1994). Ideological Crisis among China's Youth: Values and Official Ideology. British Journal of Sociology, 45(2), 247-264.
190. Lamb, S. (2001). The Secret Lives of Girls: What Good Girls Really Do-Sex Play, Aggression, and Their Guilt. New York: Free Press.
191. Lawrence- Lightfoot, S. (1983). The Good High School: Portraits of Character and Culture. New York: Basic Books.
192. Leadbeater, B., & Way, N. (1996). Urban Girls: Resisting Stereotypes, Creating Identities. New York: New York University Press.
193. LenkaBula, P. (2005). Justice and Reconciliation in Post- Apartheid South Africa: A South African Woman's Perspective. International Review of Mission, 94(372), 103-116.
194. Levinas, E., & Nemo, P. (1985). Ethics and Infinity. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press.
195. Lickona, T. (1976). Moral Development and Behavior: Theory, Research, and Social Issues. New York: Holt.
196. Lickona, T. (1991). Educating for Character: How Our Schools Can Teach Respect and Responsibility. New York: Bantam.
197. Lickona, T. (1993). Creating a Moral Community in the Classroom. Instructor, 103(2), 69-72.
198. Lincoln, Y., & Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
199. Lipman, M. (1991). Thinking in Education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
200. Lofland, J., & Lofland, L. (1995). Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis (3rd ed.). London: Wadsworth.
201. Lombard, K. (2004). Across the Divides of Perception: The Strategic and Moral Demands of Reparation at the End of the TRC. In E. Doxtader & C. Villa- Vicencio (Eds.), To Repair the Irreparable: Reparation and Reconstruction in South Africa. Cape Town: David Philip.
202. Louw, D. (1998). Ubuntu: An African Assessment of the Religious Other. Retrieved January 20, 2004, from http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Afri/AfriLouw.htm
203. Lu, C. (2002). Justice and Moral Regeneration: Lessons from the Treaty of Versailles. International Studies Review, 4(3), 3-25.
204. Lucey, H., & Reay, D. (2002). A Market in Waste: Psychic and Structural Dimensions of School- Choice Policy in the UK and Children's Narratives on "Demonized" Schools. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 23(3), 253-266.
205. Luckmann, T. (1983). Life- World and Social Realities. London: Heinemann Educational Books.
206. Mandela, N. (1994). The Long Walk to Freedom. Johannesburg: Macdonald Purnell.
207. Maqsud, M. (1998). Moral Orientation of Batswana High School Pupils in South Africa. Journal of Social Psychology, 138(2), 255-257.
208. Maqsud, M., & Rouhani, S. (1990). Self- Concept and Moral Reasoning among Batswana Adolescents. Journal of Social Psychology, 130(6), 829-830.
209. Markgraaff, D., Gibson, A., Mahlatsi, T., Meyburgh, C., & Miller, P. (2001). Yizo Yizo [Videorecording]. Johannesburg: SABC Education and South Africa Department of Education.
210. Marx, C. (2002). Ubu and Ubuntu: On the Dialectics of Apartheid and Nation Building. Politikon: South African Journal of Political Studies, 29(1), 49-69.
211. Marx, K., & Bender, F. (1988). The Communist Manifesto. London: Norton.
212. Masten, A. (2001). Ordinary Magic. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227-238.
213. Matsuba, M., & Walker, L. (2004). Extraordinary Moral Commitment: Young Adults Involved in Social Organizations. Journal of Personality, 72(2), 413-436.
214. Maughan, K., Maphumulo, S., & Gifford, G. (2006, October 12). Rampant Crime Pushes Citizens to the Edge. The Star, p. 1.
215. May, J., & Meth, C. (2007). Dualism or Underdevelopment in South Africa: What Does a Quantitative Assessment of Poverty, Inequality and Employment Reveal? Development Southern Africa, 24(2), 271-287.
216. May, P., Brooke, L., Gossage, J., Croxford, J., Adnams, C., Jones, K. et al. (2000). Epidemiology of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in a South African Community in the Western Cape Province. American Journal of Public Health, 90(12), 1905-1912.
217. Mayekiso, T. (1994). Attitudes of Students at the University of Transkei towards Premarital Sex. South African Journal of Psychology, 24(4), 216-218.
218. Mayer, P. (1971). Townsmen or Tribesmen: Conservatism and the Process of Urbanization in a South African City (2nd ed.). Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
219. McGrellis, S. (2000). Through the Moral Maze: A Quantitative Study of Young People's Values. London: Tufnell.
220. McNamee, S., & Miller, R. (2004). The Meritocracy Myth. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
221. Midgley, M. (1997). Can Education Be Moral? In P. Standish (Ed.), Teaching Right and Wrong: Moral Education in the Balance. Stoke- on- Trent: Trentham.
222. Miles, M., & Huberman, A. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
223. Miller, A. (1995). Becoming Good: Psychosocial Process or Submission to the Good? A Critical Conversation with Erik H. Erikson and Stanley Hauerwas. Unpublished thesis, Temple University.
224. Mills, C. (1959). The Sociological Imagination. New York: Oxford University Press.
225. Minogue, M., & Molloy, J. (1974). African Aims & Attitudes: Selected Documents. London: Cambridge University Press.
226. Mirza, H. (1993). The Social Construction of Black Womanhood in British Educational Research. In M. Arnot & K. Weiler (Eds.), Feminism and Social Justice in Education: International Perspectives. London; Washington, DC: Falmer Press.
227. Mizuno, S. (1999). Psychosocial Development and Moral Development: An Exploratory Comparison of Adolescents in Japan and America. Psychological Reports, 84(1), 51-62.
228. Mkhize, N. (2006). African Traditions and the Social, Economic and Moral Dimensions of Fatherhood. In L. Richter & R. Morrell (Eds.), Baba: Men and Fatherhood in South Africa. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council Press.
229. Mmolai, S. (1999). Religion and Ethics in Modern Secondary Schools: A Case Study of Botswana. Unpublished thesis, University of Lancaster.
230. Mojapelo- Batka, E., & Schoeman, J. (2003). Voluntary Termination of Pregnancy: Moral Concerns and Emotional Experiences among Black South African Adolescents. South African Journal of Psychology, 33(3), 144-153.
231. Molle, A. (2005). Personal Communication. Berlin/Cambridge.
232. Moral Regeneration Movement. (2005). Draft Charter of Positive Values. Johannesburg: Moral Regeneration Movement.
233. Morris, A. (1998). "Our Fellow Africans Make Our Lives Hell": The Lives of Congolese and Nigerians Living in Johannesburg. Ethnic & Racial Studies, 21(6), 1116-1136.
234. Moscovici, S. (1973). Introduction. In C. Herzlich (Ed.), Health and Illness. London: Academic Press.
235. Moscovici, S. (1988). Notes towards a Description of Social Representations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18(3), 211-250.
236. Moscovici, S., & Duveen, G. (2000). Social Representations: Explorations in Social Psychology. Cambridge: Polity.
237. Mustakova- Possardt, E. (2004). Education for Critical Moral Consciousness. Journal of Moral Education, 33(3), 245-269.
238. Myyry, L., & Helkama, K. (2002). Moral Reasoning and the Use of Procedural Justice Rules in Hypothetical and Real- Life Dilemmas. Social Justice Research, 15(4), 373-391.
239. Nama, N., & Swartz, L. (2002). Ethical and Social Dilemmas in Community- Based Controlled Trials in Situations of Poverty: A View from a South African Project. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 12, 286-297.
240. Narváez, D., Getz, I., Thoma, S., & Rest, J. (1999). Individual Moral Judgment and Cultural Ideologies. Developmental Psychology, 35(2), 478-488.
241. National Labour & Economic Development Institute. (2003). Highlights of Current Labor Market Conditions in South Africa. Retrieved June 2, 2006, from http://www.gpn.org/ data/southafrica.html
242. Nieto, S. (1994). Lessons from Students on Creating a Chance to Dream. Harvard Educational Review, 64(4), 392-426.
243. Noddings, N. (1984). Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics & Moral Education. London: University of California Press.
244. Noddings, N. (2002). Educating Moral People: A Caring Alternative to Character Education. New York: Teachers College Press.
245. North, A., & Hargreaves, D. (1999). Music and Adolescent Identity. Music Education Research, 1(1), 75-92.
246. Nussbaum, M. (1990). Love's Knowledge: Essays on Philosophy and Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
247. Nussbaum, M. (2001). The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy (Rev. ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.
248. Okada, S., Yamanouchi, N., Kodama, K., Uchida, Y., Hirai, S., Sakamoto, T. et al. (1999). Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Abnormalities in Chronic Solvent Abusers. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 53(3), 351-356.
249. Ostini, R., & Ellerman, D. (1997). Clarifying the Relationship between Values and Moral Judgement. Psychological Reports, 81(2), 691-702.
250. Otter, S. (2002, 9 May). Mob Justice: People Have Given up on State. Cape Argus, p. 1.
251. Oxford English Dictionary. (2005). Morality. Retrieved November 30, 2005, from http:// dictionary.oed.com/cgi/display/00315594?keytype=ref&ijkey=lW4iGjPWw2RBM
252. Parliament of the Republic of South Africa. (1995). Hansard. Cape Town: Government Printers.
253. Parliament of the Republic of South Africa. (1996). The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. Pretoria: Government Printers.
254. Perrow, M. (2004). Youth Development in Transition, 1992-2004. In L. Chisholm (Ed.), Changing Class: Education and Social Change in Post- Apartheid South Africa. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council Press.
255. Peterson, B. (2003). Kwaito, "Dawgs" and the Antinomies of Hustling. African Identities, 1(2), 197-213.
256. Pharo, P. (2005, 15-16 December). Moral Sociology and Practical Responsibility. Paper presented at the Rethinking Moralities Conference-Max- Planck Institut für ethnologische Forschung, La Halle.
257. Piaget, J. (1968). The Moral Judgement of the Child. London: Kegan Paul.
258. Pinquart, M., & Silbereisen, R. (2004). Transmission of Values from Adolescents to Their Parents: The Role of Value Content and Authoritative Parenting. Adolescence, 39(153), 83-100.
259. Porter, J. & Washington, R. (1979). Black Identity and Self- Esteem: A Review of Studies of Black Self- Concept, 1968-1978. Annual Review of Sociology, 5(1), 53-74.
260. Porteus, K., Motala, S., Ruth, T., Tleane, C., Tshoane, M., & Vally, S. (2002). Values, Education and Democracy. School- Based Research Report: Opening Pathways for Dialogue. Pretoria: Wits Education Policy Unit Consortium and the Department of Education of the Republic of South Africa.
261. Posel, D., & Devey, R. (2006). The Demographics of Fatherhood in South Africa: An Analysis of Survey Data, 1993-2002. In L. Richter & R. Morrell (Eds.), Baba: Men and Fatherhood in South Africa. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council Press.
262. Power, C., Higgins, A., & Kohlberg, L. (1989a). The Habit of the Common Life: Building Character through Democratic Community Schools. In L. Nucci (Ed.), Moral Development and Character Education: A Dialogue. Berkeley, CA: McCutchan.
263. Power, C., Higgins, A., & Kohlberg, L. (1989b). Lawrence Kohlberg's Approach to Moral Education. New York: Columbia University Press.
264. Prahalad, C. (2005). The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School.
265. Pratt, M. (1992). Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. London: Routledge.
266. Pratt, M., Hunsberger, B., Pancer, S., & Alisat, S. (2003). A Longitudinal Analysis of Personal Values Socialization: Correlates of a Moral Self- Ideal in Late Adolescence. Social Development, 12(4), 563-585.
267. Prazak, M. (2001). Talking about Sex: Contemporary Construction of Sexuality in Rural Kenya. Africa Today, 48(3), 82-97.
268. Prinsloo, E. (1998). Ubuntu Culture and Participatory Management. In P. Coetzee & A. Roux (Eds.), The African Philosophy Reader. London: Routledge.
269. Prothrow- Stith, D., & Spivak, H. (2005). Sugar and Spice and No Longer Nice: How We Can Stop Girls' Violence. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass.
270. Purkhardt, S. (1993). Transforming Social Representations: A Social Psychology of Common Sense and Science. London: Routledge.
271. Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
272. Quinlan, S. (2004). Physical and Moral Regeneration after the Terror: Medical Culture, Sensibility and Family Politics in France, 1794-1804. Social History, 29(2), 139-164.
273. Ramphele, M. (2002). Steering by the Stars: Being Young in South Africa. Cape Town: Tafelberg.
274. Ramphele, M., & Richter, L. (2006). Migrancy, Family Dissolution and Fatherhood. In L. Richter & R. Morrell (Eds.), Baba: Men and Fatherhood in South Africa. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council Press.
275. Raths, L., Harmin, M., & Simon, S. (1966). Values and Teaching: Working with Values in the Classroom. Columbus, OH: C. E. Merrill Books.
276. Reay, D. (1990). Working with the Boys. Gender & Education, 2(3), 269-282.
277. Reay, D. (2000). A Useful Extension of Bourdieu's Conceptual Framework?: Emotional Capital as a Way of Understanding Mothers' Involvement in Their Children's Education? The Sociological Review, 48(4), 568-586.
278. Reay, D., & Ball, S. J. (1997). "Spoilt for Choice": The Working Classes and Educational Markets. Oxford Review of Education, 23(1), 89-101.
279. Reddy, S., Panday, S., Swart, D., Jinabhai, C., Amosun, S., James, S. et al. (2003). Umthente Uhlaba Usamila: The South African Youth Risk Behaviour Survey 2002. Cape Town: South African Medical Research Council.
280. Reddy, Y. (1980). Values and Attitudes of Indian Youth: A Psychological Study of Rural and Urban Students. New Delhi: Light & Life.
281. Redford, J., & McPherson, R. (1995). Intuition and Moral Development. Journal of Psychology, 129(1), 91-101.
282. Renold, E. (2003). Hi, I'm Ramon and I Run This Place. In E. Stanko (Ed.), The Meanings of Violence. London: Routledge.
283. Reynolds, P. (2005). Imfobe: Self- Knowledge and the Reach for Ethics among Former, Young, Anti- Apartheid Activists. Anthropology Southern Africa, 28(3/4), 62-72.
284. Rhodes, J., Reddy, R., & Grossman, J. (2005). The Protective Influence of Mentoring on Adolescents' Substance Use: Direct and Indirect Pathways. Applied Developmental Science, 9(1), 31-47.
285. Richter, L., & Morrell, R. (Eds.). (2006). Baba: Men and Fatherhood in South Africa. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council Press.
286. Rorlich, A. (2003). Islam, Identity and Politics: Kazakhstan, 1990-2000. Nationalities Papers, 31(2), 157-176.
287. Rosati, C. (2006). Moral Motivation. Retrieved March 27, 2007, from http://plato.stanford. edu/entries/moral- motivation/#IntVExt
288. Ross, L. (1978). The Intuitive Psychologist and His Shortcomings: Distortions in the Attribution Process. In N. Anderson & L. Berkowitz (Eds.), Cognitive Theories in Social Psychology: Papers from Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. New York: Academic Press.
289. Roux, E. (1948). Time Longer Than Rope: A History of the Black Man's Struggle for Freedom in South Africa. London: Gollancz.
290. Rozin, P., Haidt, J., & McCauley, C. (2000). Disgust. In M. Lewis & J. Haviland- Jones (Eds.), Handbook of Emotions (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
291. Rozin, P., & Lowery, L. (1999). The CAD Triad Hypothesis: A Mapping between Three Moral Emotions (Contempt, Anger, Disgust). Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 76(4), 574-586.
292. Rudduck, J., & Flutter, J. (2000). Pupil Participation and Pupil Perspective: "Carving a New Order of Experience." Cambridge Journal of Education, 30(1), 75-89.
293. Rule, S., & Mncwango, B. (2006). Rights or Wrongs? An Exploration of Moral Values. In U. Pillay, B. Roberts, & S. Rule (Eds.), South African Social Attitudes: Changing Times, Diverse Voices. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council Press.
294. Ryan, G., & Bernard, R. (2000). Data Management and Analysis Methods. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
295. Ryan, G., Nolan, J., & Yoder, P. (2000). Successive Free Listing: Using Multiple Free Lists to Generate Explanatory Models. Field Methods, 12(2), 83-107.
296. Said, E. (1993). Culture and Imperialism. London: Chatto & Windus.
297. Salovey, P., & Sluyter, D. (1997). Emotional Development and Emotional Intelligence: Educational Implications. New York: Basic Books.
298. Samara, T. (2003). State Security in Transition: The War on Crime in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Social Identities, 9(2), 277-312.
299. Samuels, S., & Casebeer, W. (2005). A Social Psychological View of Morality: Why Knowledge of Situational Influences on Behaviour Can Improve Character Development Practices. Journal of Moral Education, 34(1), 73-87.
300. Samuelsen, H. (2006). Love, Lifestyles and the Risk of AIDS: The Moral Worlds of Young People in Bobo- Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 8(3), 211-224.
301. Sanjek, R. (1990). Fieldnotes: The Makings of Anthropology. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
302. Sayer, R. (2005). The Moral Significance of Class. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
303. Scales, P. (1999). Reducing Risks and Building Developmental Assets: Essential Actions for Promoting Adolescent Health. The Journal of School Health, 69(3), 113-119.
304. Scales, P., & Taccogna, J. (2001). Developmental Assets for Success in School and Life. Education Digest, 66(6), 34-43.
305. Schuller, T., Baron, S., & Field, J. (2000). Social Capital: A Review and Critique. In S. Baron, J. Field, & T. Schuller (Eds.), Social Capital: Critical Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
306. Schultz, L., Barr, D., & Selman, R. (2001). The Value of a Developmental Approach to Evaluating Character Development Programmes: An Outcome Study of Facing History and Ourselves. Journal of Moral Education, 30(1), 3-27.
307. Schwandt, T. (2000). Three Epistemological Stances for Qualitative Inquiry. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
308. Scott, J. (1998). Changing Attitudes to Sexual Morality: A Cross National Comparison. Sociology, 32(4), 815-845.
309. Scott, J. (2000). Is It a Different World to When You Were Growing Up? Generational Effects. British Journal of Sociology, 51(2), 355-376.
310. Seekings, J. (1993). Heroes or Villains?: Youth Politics in the 1980s. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.
311. Seekings, J. (1996). The "Lost Generation": South Africa's "Youth Problem" in the Early 1990s. Transformation, 29, 103-125.
312. Seekings, J., & Nattrass, N. (2005). Class, Race, and Inequality in South Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press.
313. Seidman, I. (1998). Interviewing as Qualitative Research: A Guide for Researchers in Education and the Social Sciences (2nd ed.). London: Teachers College Press.
314. Selman, R. (1971). Taking Another's Perspective: Role- Taking Development in Early Childhood. Child Development, 42(6), 1721-1734.
315. Selman, R. (1980). The Growth of Interpersonal Understanding: Developmental and Clinical Analyses. New York: Academic Press.
316. Shafer- Landau, R. (1998). Moral Judgement and Moral Motivation. Philosophical Quarterly, 48(192), 353-358.
317. Shakur, T., & Lazin, L. (2003). Tupac: Resurrection, 1971-1996 [Videorecording]. New York: Amaru Entertainment.
318. Simmel, G. (1971). On Individuality and Social Forms: Selected Writings. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
319. Simmel, G., & Wolff, K. (1950). The Sociology of Georg Simmel. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
320. Simmons, C., Simmons, C., & Allah, M. (1994). English, Israeli- Arab and Saudi Arabian Adolescent Values. Educational Studies, 20(1), 69-86.
321. Smith, C., & Denton, M. (2005). Soul Searching: The Religious and Spiritual Lives of American Teenagers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
322. Smith, C., Faris, R., Denton, M., & Regnerus, M. (2003). Mapping American Adolescent Subjective Religiosity and Attitudes of Alienation toward Religion: A Research Phase. Sociology of Religion, 64(1), 111-133.
323. Smith, D. (2000). "These Girls Today Na War- O": Premarital Sexuality and Modern Identity in Southeastern Nigeria. Africa Today, 47(3/4), 99-120.
324. Smith, K., & Parekh, A. (1996). A Cross- Sectional Study of Moral Development in the South African Context. Psychological Reports, 78(3), 851-859.
325. Smith, R., & Standish, P. (1997). Teaching Right and Wrong: Moral Education in the Balance. Stoke- on- Trent: Trentham.
326. Snarey, J., & Keljo, K. (1996). Revisiting a "Study of Moral Development in the South African Context" by Smith and Parekh. Psychological Reports, 79(3), 1089-1090.
327. South Africa Press Association. (2005, December 10). Public Warned against Miracle- Healing Claims. Saturday Argus, p. 2.
328. South African Press Association. (2002, May 6). Mob Burns Men Alive in Street Justice Fury. Cape Argus.
329. South African Press Association. (2004, May 23). Vigilante Action Is Not the Answer to Crime. Pretoria News.
330. South African Press Association. (2005, September 2). Mob Justice for Alleged Rapist. Pretoria News.
331. Springhall, J. (1998). Youth, Popular Culture and Moral Panics: Penny Gaffs to Gangsta- Rap, 1830-1996. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
332. Stambach, A. (2004). Faith in Schools: Toward an Ethnography of Education, Religion, and the State. Social Analysis, 48(3), 90-107.
333. Statistics South Africa. (2001). South African Census 2001. Retrieved April 6, 2004, from http://www.statssa.gov.za/
334. Statistics South Africa. (2006). Labour Force Survey March 2006. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa.
335. Steinberg, J. (2004). The Number: One Man's Search for Identity in the Cape Underworld and Prison Gangs. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball.
336. Steingo, G. (2005). South African Music after Apartheid: Kwaito, the "Party Politic" and the Appropriation of Gold as a Sign of Success. Popular Music & Society, 28(3), 333-357.
337. Stewart, T. A. (1997). Intellectual Capital: The New Wealth of Organizations. New York: Doubleday.
338. Straker, G. (1992). Faces in the Revolution: The Psychological Effects of Violence on Township Youth in South Africa. Cape Town: David Philip.
339. Straker, G., & Mendelsohn, M. (1996). Violent Political Contexts and the Emotional Concerns of Township Youth. Child Development, 67(1), 46-54.
340. Straughan, R. (1982). Can We Teach Children to Be Good? Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
341. Swanson, D., Spencer, M. Harpalani, V., Dupree, D., Noll, E., Ginzburg, S. et al. (2003). Psychosocial Development and Ethnically Diverse Youth: Conceptual and Methodological Challenges in the 21st Century. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 743-771.
342. Swartz, S. (2006). A Long Walk to Citizenship: Morality, Justice and Faith in the Aftermath of Apartheid. Journal of Moral Education, 35(4), 551-570.
343. Swartz, S. (2008). Is Kwaito South African Hip Hop? Why the Answer Matters and Who It Matters To. World of Music, 50(2), 15-33.
344. Swartz, S. (2009). Going Deep and Giving Back: Strategies for an "Ethical Ethnography" Amongst Vulnerable Youth. Unpublished paper.
345. Swartz, S., & Bhana, A. (2009). Teenage Tata: Voices of Young Fathers in South Africa. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council Press.
346. Tappan, M., & Brown, L. (1996). Envisioning a Postmodern Moral Pedagogy. Journal of Moral Education, 25(1), 101-109.
347. Tappan, M., & Packer, M. (1991). Narrative and Storytelling: Implications for Understanding Moral Development. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass.
348. Taylor, J., Gilligan, C., & Sullivan, A. (1995). Between Voice and Silence: Women and Girls, Race and Relationship. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
349. Taylor, M. (1996). Voicing Their Values: Pupils Moral and Cultural Experience. In J. Halstead & M. Taylor (Eds.), Values in Education and Education in Values. London: Falmer Press.
350. Tedlock, B. (2000). Ethnography and Ethnographic Representation. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
351. Teffo, L. (1998). Metaphysical Thinking in Africa. In P. Coetzee & A. Roux (Eds.), The African Philosophy Reader. London: Routledge.
352. Terreblanche, S. (2002). A History of Inequality in South Africa, 1652-2002. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press.
353. Thiele, S. (1996). Morality in Classical European Sociology: The Denial of Social Plurality. Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen Press.
354. Torney- Purta, J. (1990). Youth in Relation to Social Institutions. In S. Feldman & G. Elliott (Eds.), At the Threshold: The Developing Adolescent. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
355. Torney- Purta, J. (2002a). Patterns in the Civic Knowledge, Engagement, and Attitudes of European Adolescents: The IEA Civic Education Study. European Journal of Education, 37(2), 129-141.
356. Torney- Purta, J. (2002b). The School's Role in Developing Civic Engagement: A Study of Adolescents in Twenty- Eight Countries. Applied Developmental Science, 6(4), 202-211.
357. Truth and Reconciliation Commission. (1999). Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report. Volume One to Five. London: Macmillan.
358. Truth and Reconciliation Commission. (2003). Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report. Volume Six. Retrieved June 22, 2007, from http://www.info.gov.za/ otherdocs/2003/trc/
359. Tutu, D. (1999). No Future without Forgiveness. London: Rider.
360. Unger, J., Shakib, S., Gallaher, P., Ritt- Olson, A., Mouttapa, M., Palmer, P. et al. (2006). Cultural/Interpersonal Values and Smoking in an Ethnically Diverse Sample of Southern California Adolescents. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 13(1), 55-63.
361. United Nations. (1948). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Retrieved June 19, 2007, from http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html
362. United Nations Development Programme. (2006). Human Development Report. Retrieved June 24, 2007, from http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/report.cfm
363. Van Maanen, J. (1988). Tales of the Field: On Writing Ethnography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
364. Vandeginste, S. (2004). Legal Norms, Moral Imperatives and Pragmatic Duties: Reparation as a Dilemma of Transitional Governance. In E. Doxtader & C. Villa- Vicencio (Eds.), To Repair the Irreparable: Reparation and Reconstruction in South Africa. Cape Town: David Philip.
365. Van Zyl Slabbert, F., Malan, C., Marais, H., Olivier, J., & Riordan, R. (1994). Youth in the New South Africa: Towards Policy Formulation. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council Press.
366. Vardy, P., & Grosch, P. (1994). The Puzzle of Ethics. London: Fount.
367. Varga, C. (2002). Pregnancy Termination among South African Adolescents. Studies in Family Planning, 33(4), 283-298.
368. Verhoef, H., & Michel, C. (1997). Studying Morality within the African Context: A Model of Moral Analysis and Construction. Journal of Moral Education, 26(4), 389-407.
369. Verwoerd, W. (1999). Toward the Truth about the TRC: A Response to Key Moral Criticisms of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Religion & Theology, 6(3), 303-324.
370. Vitz, P. (1990). The Use of Stories in Moral Development: New Psychological Reasons for an Old Education Method. American Psychologist, 45(6), 709-720.
371. Vladimirov, A. (1999). The Teaching of Chastity. Russian Social Science Review, 40(1), 54-64.
372. Wagner, W., Duveen, G., Farr, R., Jovchelovitch, S., Lorenzi- Cioldi, F., Markova, I. et al. (1999). Theory and Method of Social Representations. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2(1), 95-125.
373. Wagner, W., Duveen, G., Jyoti Verma, J., & Themel, M. (2000). "I Have Some Faith and at the Same Time I Don't Believe?"-Cognitive Polyphasia and Cultural Change in India. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 10(4), 301-314.
374. Walker, L. (1999). The Perceived Personality of Moral Exemplars. Journal of Moral Education, 28(2), 145-162.
375. Walker, L. (2002). The Model and the Measure: An Appraisal of the Minnesota Approach to Moral Development. Journal of Moral Education, 31(3), 353-367.
376. Walker, L. (2004). Gus in the Gap: Bridging the Judgment-Action Gap in Moral Functioning. In D. Lapsley & D. Narváez (Eds.), Moral Development, Self, and Identity. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
377. Wallis, J. (2005, September/October). The New Altar Call. Sojourners Magazine, 34, 5-6.
378. Warnock, M. (1986). The Education of the Emotions. In D. Cooper & R. Peters (Eds.), Education, Values, and Mind: Essays for R. S. Peters. London: Routledge.
379. White, F., & Matawie, K. (2004). Parental Morality and Family Processes as Predictors of Adolescent Morality. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 13(2), 219-233.
380. WHO. (2002). Core Health Indicators: Life Expectancy. Retrieved May 4, 2004, from http:// www.who.int/country/zaf/en/
381. Whyte, W. (1993). Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum (4th ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
382. Willis, P. (2000). The Ethnographic Imagination. Cambridge: Polity Press.
383. Willis, P., & Trondman, M. (2000). Manifesto for Ethnography. Ethnography, 1(1), 5-16.
384. Wilson, F. (2006). On Being a Father and Poor in South Africa Today. In L. Richter & R. Morrell (Eds.), Baba: Men and Fatherhood in South Africa. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council Press.
385. Yehuda, R., Halligan, S., & Grossman, R. (2001). Childhood Trauma and Risk for PTSD: Relationship to Intergenerational Effects of Trauma, Parental and Cortisol Excretion. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 733-753.
386. Youniss, J., Bales, S., Christmas- Best, V., Diversi, M., & Silbereisen, R. (2002). Youth Civic Engagement in the Twenty- First Century. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12(1), 121-148.
387. Youniss, J., McLellan, J., & Mazer, B. (2001). Voluntary Service, Peer Group Orientation, and Civic Engagement. Journal of Adolescent Research, 16(5), 456-468.
388. Youniss, J., & Yates, M. (1999). Youth Service and Moral Civic Identity: A Case for Everyday Morality. Educational Psychology Review, 11(4), 361-376.
389. Zavalloni, M. (1968). Adolescents' Values in a Changing Society; a Study of Trinidad Youth. Paris: Mouton.
390. Ziller, R. (1990). Photographing the Self: Methods for Observing Personal Orientations. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
391. Zuckerman, M., & Kuhlman, D. (2000). Personality and Risk- Taking: Common Biosocial Factors. Journal of Personality, 68(6), 999-1029.