Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: What Polyphenols Can Do for Us?

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Volumn 2016, Issue , 2016, Pages

  Hussain, Tarique ^a,b   Tan, Bie ^a,c   Yin, Yulong ^a   Blachier, Francois ^d   Tossou, Myrlene C B ^a,b   Rahu, Najma ^e  

^a INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS   (China)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (China)

^c Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients   (China)

^d INRA Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique   (France)

^e SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANTS; ENZYME INHIBITION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; TRANSCRIPTION;

ANTI-INFLAMMATION; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS; ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITIES; CHRONIC DISORDERS; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; MOLECULAR SIGNALING; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES;

PATHOLOGY;

ENZYME; FREE RADICAL; POLYPHENOL DERIVATIVE; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; AUTACOID; POLYPHENOL;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL FUNCTION; CHRONIC DISEASE; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG MECHANISM; ENZYME INHIBITION; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; OXIDATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; ANIMAL; ANTAGONISTS AND INHIBITORS; DRUG EFFECTS; METABOLISM;

ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; ANTIOXIDANTS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; POLYPHENOLS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84990853754     PISSN: 19420900     EISSN: 19420994     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2016/7432797     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Z. Duracková, "Some current insights into oxidative stress, " Physiological Research, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 459-469, 2010.
2. S. Kumar and A. K. Pandey, "Free radicals: health implications and their mitigation by herbals, " British Journal ofMedicine and Medical Research, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 438-457, 2015.
3. V. Goossens, K. DeVos, D. Vercammen et al., "Redox regulation of TNF signaling, " BioFactors, vol. 10, no. 2-3, pp. 145-156, 1999.
4. R. O. Poyton, K. A. Ball, and P. R. Castello, "Mitochondrial generation of free radicals and hypoxic signaling, " Trends in Endocrinology andMetabolism, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 332-340, 2009.
5. S. P. Hussain, L. J. Hofseth, and C. C. Harris, "Radical causes of cancer, " Nature Reviews Cancer, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 276-285, 2003.
6. C.-H. Chang, F.-Y. Yu, T.-S. Wu, L.-T. Wang, and B.-H. Liu, "Mycotoxin citrinin induced cell cycle G2/M arrest and numerical chromosomal aberration associated with disruption of microtubule formation in human cells, " Toxicological Sciences, vol. 119, no. 1, pp. 84-92, 2011.
7. C. Wang, G. B. Schuller Levis, E. B. Lee et al., "Platycodin D and D3 isolated fromthe root of Platycodon grandiflorummodulate the production of nitric oxide and secretion of TNF-in activated RAW 264. 7 cells, " International Immunopharmacology, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 1039-1049, 2004.
8. X. Zhang, G. Wang, E. C. Gurley, and H. Zhou, "Flavonoid apigenin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response through multiple mechanisms in macrophages, " PLoS ONE, vol. 9, no. 9, Article ID e107072, 2014.
9. J.-J. Jhang, C.-C. Lu, C.-Y. Ho, Y.-T. Cheng, and G.-C. Yen, "Protective Effects of catechin against monosodium urateinduced inflammation through the modulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, " Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 63, no. 33, pp. 7343-7352, 2015.
10. L. Z. Ellis, W. Liu, Y. Luo et al., "Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate suppresses melanoma growth by inhibiting inflammasome and IL-1 secretion, " Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 414, no. 3, pp. 551-556, 2011.
11. S. G. Han, S.-S. Han, M. Toborek, and B. Hennig, "EGCG protects endothelial cells against PCB 126-induced inflammation through inhibition of AhR and induction of Nrf2-regulated genes, " Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 261, no. 2, pp. 181-188, 2012.
12. B. Tang, G.-X. Chen, M.-Y. Liang, J.-P. Yao, and Z.-K. Wu, "Ellagic acid prevents monocrotaline-induced pulmonary artery hypertension via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in rats, " International Journal of Cardiology, vol. 180, pp. 134-141, 2015.
13. B. J. Newsome, M. C. Petriello, S. G. Han et al., "Green tea diet decreases PCB 126-induced oxidative stress in mice by up-regulating antioxidant enzymes, " Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 126-135, 2014.
14. B. He, B. Zhang, F. Wu et al., "Homoplantaginin inhibits palmitic acid-induced endothelial cells inflammation by suppressing TLR4 and NLRP3 inflammasome, " Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 93-101, 2016.
15. S.-H. Fan, Y.-Y. Wang, J. Lu et al., "Luteoloside suppresses proliferation and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome, " PLoS ONE, vol. 9, no. 2, Article ID e89961, 2014.
16. A. I. Potapovich, D. Lulli, P. Fidanza et al., "Plant polyphenols differentially modulate inflammatory responses of human keratinocytes by interfering with activation of transcription factors NFB and AhR and EGFR-ERK pathway, " Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 255, no. 2, pp. 138-149, 2011.
17. C. Wang, Y. Pan, Q.-Y. Zhang, F.-M. Wang, and L.-D. Kong, "Quercetin and allopurinol ameliorate kidney injury in STZtreated rats with regulation of renal NLRP3 inflammasome activation and lipid accumulation, " PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 6, article e38285, 2012.
18. S. J. Yang and Y. Lim, "Resveratrol ameliorates hepatic metaflammation and inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation, " Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 693-701, 2014.
19. R. Aruna, A. Geetha, and P. Suguna, "Rutin modulates ASC expression in NLRP3 inflammasome: A study in alcohol and cerulein-induced rat model of pancreatitis, " Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 396, no. 1-2, pp. 269-280, 2014.
20. L. Arivazhagan and S. P. Subramanian, "Tangeretin, a citrus flavonoid attenuates oxidative stress and protects hepatocellular architecture in rats with 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene induced experimental mammary carcinoma, " Journal of Functional Foods, vol. 15, pp. 339-353, 2015.
21. S. Kumar and A. K. Pandey, "Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: An overview, " The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2013, Article ID162750, 16 pages, 2013.
22. Y. S. Kim, M. R. Young, G. Bobe, N. H. Colburn, andJ. A. Milner, "Bioactive food components, inflammatory targets, and cancer prevention, " Cancer Prevention Research, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 200-208, 2009.
23. B. S. Berlett and E. R. Stadtman, "Protein oxidation in aging, disease, and oxidative stress, " Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 272, no. 33, pp. 20313-20316, 1997.
24. S. Salzanoa, P. Checconia, E. M. Hanschmannc et al., "Linkage of inflammation and oxidative stress via release of glutathionylated peroxiredoxin-2, which acts as a danger signal, " Proceeding of National Academy of Sciences of United States of America, vol. 111, no. 33, pp. 12157-12162, 2014.
25. A. Popa-Wagner, S. Mitran, S. Sivanesan, E. Chang, and A.-M. Buga, "ROS and brain diseases: The good, the bad, and the ugly, " Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, vol. 2013, Article ID 963520, 14 pages, 2013.
26. P. Ghezzi, "Role of glutathione in immunity and inflammation in the lung, " International Journal of General Medicine, vol. 4, pp. 105-113, 2011.
27. P. Ghezzi, "Protein glutathionylation in health and disease, " Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-General Subjects, vol. 1830, no. 5, pp. 3165-3172, 2013.
28. M. Fratelli, H. Demol, M. Puype et al., "Identification by redox proteomics of glutathionylated proteins in oxidatively stressed human T lymphocytes, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 99, no. 6, pp. 3505-3510, 2002.
29. L. P. Reagan, A. M. Magariños, and B. S. McEwen, "Neurological changes induced by stress in streptozotocin diabetic rats, " Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 893, pp. 126-137, 1999.
30. A. Acar, E. Akil, H. Alp et al., "Oxidative damage is ameliorated by curcumin treatment in brain and sciatic nerve of diabetic rats, " International Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 122, no. 7, pp. 367-372, 2012.
31. O. Prabhakar, "Cerebroprotective effect of resveratrol through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in diabetic rats, " Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, vol. 386, no. 8, pp. 705-710, 2013.
32. R. A. Khan, "Protective effect of Launaea procumbens (L.) on lungs against CCl4-induced pulmonary damages in rat, " BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 12, article 133, 2012.
33. M. Herranz-López, E. Barrajón-Catalán, A. Segura-Carretero, J. A. Menéndez, J. Joven, and V. Micol, "Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora) polyphenols alleviate obesity-related disturbances in hypertrophic adipocytes through AMPK-dependent mechanisms, " Phytomedicine, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 605-614, 2015.
34. J. P. E. Spencer, M. M. Abd El Mohsen, A.-M. Minihane, and J. C. Mathers, "Biomarkers of the intake of dietary polyphenols: strengths, limitations and application in nutrition research, " British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 12-22, 2008.
35. G. R. Beecher, "Overview of dietary flavonoids: nomenclature, occurrence and intake, " Journal of Nutrition, vol. 133, no. 10, pp. 3248S-3254S, 2003.
36. C. Manach, A. Scalbert, C. Morand, C. Rémésy, and L. Jiménez, "Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability, " The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 79, no. 5, pp. 727-747, 2004.
37. K. B. Pandey and S. I. Rizvi, "Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and disease, " Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 270-278, 2009.
38. S. Tanigawa, M. Fujii, andD.-X. Hou, "Action ofNrf2 and Keap1 in ARE-mediated NQO1 expression by quercetin, " Free Radical Biology and Medicine, vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 1690-1703, 2007.
39. L. F. M. F. Cardozo, L. M. Pedruzzi, P. Stenvinkel et al., "Nutritional strategies to modulate inflammation and oxidative stress pathways via activation of the master antioxidant switch Nrf2, " Biochimie, vol. 95, no. 8, pp. 1525-1533, 2013.
40. J. J. Macheix, A. Fleuriet, and J. Billot, Fruit Phenolics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla, USA, 1990.
41. M. D'Archivio, C. Filesi, R. Di Benedetto, R. Gargiulo, C. Giovannini, and R. Masella, "Polyphenols, dietary sources and bioavailability, " Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 348-361, 2007.
42. S. Possemiers, S. Bolca, W. Verstraete, and A. Heyerick, "The intestinal microbiome: A separate organ inside the bodywith the metabolic potential to influence the bioactivity of botanicals, " Fitoterapia, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 53-66, 2011.
43. J. K. Willcox, S. L. Ash, and G. L. Catignani, "Antioxidants and prevention of chronic disease, " Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 275-295, 2004.
44. K. E. Heim, A. R. Tagliaferro, and D. J. Bobilya, "Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships, " Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 572-584, 2002.
45. A. Mishra, A. K. Sharma, S. Kumar, A. K. Saxena, and A. K. Pandey, "Bauhinia variegata leaf extracts exhibit considerable antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities, " BioMedResearch International, vol. 2013, Article ID 915436, 10 pages, 2013.
46. S. Kumar, U. K. Sharma, A. K. Sharma, and A. K. Pandey, "Protective efficacy of Solanum xanthocarpum root extracts against free radical damage: phytochemical analysis and antioxidant effect, " Cellular andMolecular Biology, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 174-181, 2012.
47. A. Mishra, S. Kumar, and A. K. Pandey, "Scientific validation of the medicinal efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia, " The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2013, Article ID 292934, 8 pages, 2013.
48. P. I. Oteiza, A. G. Erlejman, S. V. Verstraeten, C. L. Keen, and C. G. Fraga, "Flavonoid-membrane interactions: A protective role of flavonoids at the membrane surface" Clinical and Developmental Immunology, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 19-25, 2005.
49. R. J. Nijveldt, E. van Nood, D. E. C. Van Hoorn, P. G. Boelens, K. vanNorren, and P. A. M. van Leeuwen, "Flavonoids: A review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications, " American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 418-425, 2001.
50. B. S. Cheon, Y. H. Kim, K. S. Son, H. W. Chang, S. S. Kang, and H. P. Kim, "Effects of prenylated flavonoids and biflavonoids on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production from the mousemacrophage cell line RAW264. 7, " PlantaMedica, vol. 66, no. 7, pp. 596-600, 2000.
51. A. Sarkar and A. Bhaduri, "Black tea is a powerful chemopreventor of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: comparison with its individual catechin constituents and green tea, " Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 284, no. 1, pp. 173-178, 2001.
52. J. Hong, T. J. Smith, C.-T. Ho, D. A. August, and C. S. Yang, "Effects of purified green and black tea polyphenols on cyclooxygenase-and lipoxygenase-dependent metabolism of arachidonic acid in human colon mucosa and colon tumor tissues, " Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 62, no. 9, pp. 1175-1183, 2001.
53. A. Nagao, M. Seki, and H. Kobayashi, "Inhibition of xanthine oxidase by flavonoids, " Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, vol. 63, no. 10, pp. 1787-1790, 1999.
54. A. E. Rotelli, T. Guardia, A. O. Juárez, N. E. De La Rocha, and L. E. Pelzer, "Comparative study of flavonoids in experimental models of inflammation, " Pharmacological Research, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 601-606, 2003.
55. P. N. Paradkar, P. S. Blum, M. A. Berhow, H. Baumann, and S.-M. Kuo, "Dietary isoflavones suppress endotoxin-induced inflammatory reaction in liver and intestine, " Cancer Letters, vol. 215, no. 1, pp. 21-28, 2004.
56. M. A. Campbell and C. M. Sefton, "Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is induced in murine B lymphocytes in response to stimulation with anti-immunoglobulin, " EuropeanMolecular Biology Organization, Journal, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 2125-2131, 1999.
57. T. Akiyama, J. Ishida, S. Nakagawa et al., "Genistein, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine-specific protein kinases, " The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 262, no. 12, pp. 5592-5595, 1987.
58. M. Tordera, M. L. Ferrandiz, and M. J. Alcaraz, "Influence of anti-inflammatory flavonoids on degranulation and arachidonic acid release in rat neutrophils, " Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung Section C, vol. 49, no. 3-4, pp. 235-240, 1994.
59. C. Santangelo, R. Var, B. Scazzocchio, R. Di Benedetto, C. Filesi, and R. Masella, "Polyphenols, intracellular signalling and inflammation, " Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanita, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 394-405, 2007.
60. V. Sosa, T. Moliné, R. Somoza, R. Paciucci, H. E. Kondoh, and M. E. LLeonart, "Oxidative stress and cancer: An overview, " Ageing Research Reviews, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 376-390, 2013.
61. M. Pollard and M. A. Suckow, "Dietary prevention of hormone refractory prostate cancer in Lobund-Wistar rats: A review of studies in a relevant animal model, " ComparativeMedicine, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 461-467, 2006.
62. I. C. W. Arts, D. R. Jacobs Jr., L. J. Harnack, M. Gross, and A. R. Folsom, "Dietary catechins in relation to coronary heart disease death among postmenopausal women, " Epidemiology, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 668-675, 2001.
63. L. Yochum, L. H. Kushi, K. Meyer, and A. R. Folsom, "Dietary flavonoid intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women, " American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 149, no. 10, pp. 943-949, 1999.
64. U. Peters, C. Poole, and L. Arab, "Does tea affect cardiovascular disease A meta-analysis, " American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 154, no. 6, pp. 495-503, 2001.
65. A. Di Castelnuovo, S. Rotondo, L. Iacoviello, M. B. Donati, and G. De Gaetano, "Meta-analysis of wine and beer consumption in relation to vascular risk, " Circulation, vol. 105, no. 24, pp. 2836-2844, 2002.
66. L. Hooper, P. A. Kroon, E. B. Rimm et al., "Flavonoids, flavonoid-rich foods, and cardiovascular risk: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, " American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 38-50, 2008.
67. C. Heiss, A. Dejam, P. Kleinbongard, T. Schewe, H. Sies, and M. Kelm, "Vascular effects of cocoa rich in flavan-3-ols, " The Journal of the AmericanMedical Association, vol. 290, no. 8, pp. 1030-1031, 2003.
68. M. M. Appeldoorn, D. P. Venema, T. H. F. Peters et al., "Some phenolic compounds increase the nitric oxide level in endothelial cells in vitro, " Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 57, no. 17, pp. 7693-7699, 2009.
69. M. Lorenz, S. Wessler, E. Follmann et al., "Constituent of green tea, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase by a phosphatidylinositol-3-OH-kinase-, cAMP-dependent protein kinase-, and Akt-dependent pathway and leads to endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation, " Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 279, pp. 6190-6195, 2004.
70. J.-C. Stoclet, T. Chataigneau, M. Ndiaye et al., "Vascular protection by dietary polyphenols, " European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 500, no. 1-3, pp. 299-313, 2004.
71. M. Peppa and S. A. Raptis, "Advanced glycation end products and cardiovascular disease, " Current Diabetes Reviews, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 92-100, 2008.
72. S.-M. Huang, C.-H. Wu, and G.-C. Yen, "Effects of flavonoids on the expression of the pro-inflammatory response in human monocytes induced by ligation of the receptor for AGEs, " Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 1129-1139, 2006.
73. J. M. Kim, E. K. Lee, D. H. Kim, B. P. Yu, and H. Y. Chung, "Kaempferol modulates pro-inflammatory NF-B activation by suppressing advanced glycation endproducts-induced NADPH oxidase, " Age, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 197-208, 2010.
74. J. Lindsay, D. Laurin, R. Verreault et al., "Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: A prospective analysis from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging, " American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 156, no. 5, pp. 445-453, 2002.
75. T. Truelsen, D. Thudium, and M. Grønbæk, "Amount and type of alcohol and risk of dementia: The Copenhagen City Heart Study, " Neurology, vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 1313-1319, 2002.
76. D. Commenges, V. Scotet, S. Renaud, H. Jacqmin-Gadda, P. Barberger-Gateau, and J.-F. Dartigues, "Intake of flavonoids and risk of dementia, " European Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 357-363, 2000.
77. M. C. Morris, D. A. Evans, C. C. Tangney, J. L. Bienias, and R. S. Wilson, "Associations of vegetable and fruit consumption with age-related cognitive change, " Neurology, vol. 67, no. 8, pp. 1370-1376, 2006.
78. Q. Dai, A. R. Borenstein, Y. Wu, J. C. Jackson, and E. B. Larson, "Fruit and vegetable juices and Alzheimer's disease: The Kame Project, " American Journal of Medicine, vol. 119, no. 9, pp. 751-759, 2006.
79. H. Checkoway, K. Powers, T. Smith-Weller, G. M. Franklin, W. T. Longstreth Jr., and P. D. Swanson, "Parkinson's disease risks associated with cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and caffeine intake, " American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 155, no. 8, pp. 732-738, 2002.
80. D. Vauzour, K. Vafeiadou, C. Rice-Evans, R. J. Williams, and J. P. E. Spencer, "Activation of pro-survival Akt and ERK1/2 signalling pathways underlie the anti-apoptotic effects of flavanones in cortical neurons, " Journal of Neurochemistry, vol. 103, no. 4, pp. 1355-1367, 2007.
81. K. Vafeiadou, D. Vauzour, H. Y. Lee, A. Rodriguez-Mateos, R. J. Williams, and J. P. E. Spencer, "The citrus flavanone naringenin inhibits inflammatory signalling in glial cells and protects against neuroinflammatory injury, " Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 484, no. 1, pp. 100-109, 2009.
82. X. Wang, S. Chen, G. Ma, M. Ye, and G. Lu, "Genistein protects dopaminergic neurons by inhibiting microglial activation, " NeuroReport, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 267-270, 2005.
83. N. R. Bhat, D. L. Feinstein, Q. Shen, andA. N. Bhat, "p38MAPKmediated transcriptional activation of inducible nitric-oxide synthase in glial cells: roles of nuclear factors, nuclear factor B, cAMP response element-binding protein, CCAAT/enhancerbinding protein-, and activating transcription factor-2, " The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 277, no. 33, pp. 29584-29592, 2002.
84. S.-J. Lee and K.-W. Lee, "Protective effect of ()-epigallocatechin gallate against advanced glycation endproducts-induced injury in neuronal cells, " Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 1369-1373, 2007.
85. S. Kuriyama, T. Shimazu, K. Ohmori et al., "Green tea consumption andmortality due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all causes in Japan, the Ohsaki study, " The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 296, no. 10, pp. 1255-1265, 2006.
86. M. E. Martnez, "Primary prevention of colorectal cancer: lifestyle, nutrition, exercise, " Recent Results in Cancer Research, vol. 166, pp. 177-211, 2005.
87. M. Takada, Y. Ku, K. Habara, T. Ajiki, Y. Suzuki, and Y. Kuroda, "Inhibitory effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on growth and invasion in human biliary tract carcinoma cells, " World Journal of Surgery, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 683-686, 2002.
88. K. M. Rieger-Christ, R. Hanley, C. Lodowsky et al., "The green tea compound, ()-epigallocatechin-3-gallate downregulates N-cadherin and suppresses migration of bladder carcinoma cells, " Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 102, no. 2, pp. 377-388, 2007.
89. H. Leong, P. S. Mathur, and G. L. Greene, "Inhibition of mammary tumorigenesis in the C3(1)/SV40 mouse model by green tea, " Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, vol. 107, no. 3, pp. 359-369, 2008.
90. C. A. Larsen and R. H. Dashwood, "Suppression of Met activation in human colon cancer cells treated with ()-epigallocatechin-3-gallate: minor role of hydrogen peroxide, " Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 389, no. 3, pp. 527-530, 2009.
91. R. W. Owen, A. Giacosa, W. E. Hull, R. Haubner, B. Spiegelhalder, andH. Bartsch, "The antioxidant/anticancer potential of phenolic compounds isolated from olive oil, " European Journal of Cancer, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 1235-1247, 2000.
92. N. Khan, F. Afaq, M. Saleem, N. Ahmad, and H. Mukhtar, "Targetingmultiple signaling pathways by green tea polyphenol ()-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, " Cancer Research, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 2500-2505, 2006.
93. G. Corona, M. Deiana, A. Incani, D. Vauzour, M. A. Dessià, and J. P. E. Spencer, "Hydroxytyrosol inhibits the proliferation of human colon adenocarcinoma cells through inhibition of ERK1/2 and cyclin D1, " Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, vol. 53, no. 7, pp. 897-903, 2009.
94. S. K. Mantena, M. S. Baliga, and S. K. Katiyar, "Grape seed proanthocyanidins induce apoptosis and inhibit metastasis of highlymetastatic breast carcinoma cells, " Carcinogenesis, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1682-1691, 2006.
95. L. S. Adam and S. Chen, "Phytochemicals for breast cancer prevention by targeting aromatase, " Frontiers in Bioscience, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 3846-3863, 2009.
96. E. Middleton, "Implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer, " Pharmacological Reviews, vol. 52, pp. 673-751, 2000.
97. S. J. Duthie and V. L. Dobson, "Dietary flavonoids protect human colonocyte DNA from oxidative attack in vitro, " European Journal of Nutrition, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 28-34, 1999.
98. M. Calomme, L. Pieters, A. Vlietinck, and D. V. Berghe, "Inhibition of bacterial mutagenesis by Citrus flavonoids, " Planta Medica, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 222-226, 1996.