Silent reading fluency and comprehension in bilingual children

Frontiers in Psychology

Volumn 7, Issue AUG, 2016, Pages

  O'Brien, Beth A ^a   Wallot, Sebastian ^b  

^a NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (Singapore)

^b MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR EMPIRICAL AESTHETICS   (Germany)

Author keywords

Bilingual readers; Comprehension; Fractal analysis; Recurrence quantification analysis; Silent reading; Text reading fluency

Indexed keywords

EID: 84988358725     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01265     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Accelerated Reader (2011). Book Finder US. Available online at: http://www.arbookfind.com/bookdetail.aspx?q=59508l=ENslid=194455065 (Accessed August 15, 2011).
2. Adolf, S., Catts, H., and Little, T. (2006). Should the simple view of reading include a fluency component? Read. Writ. 19, 933-958. doi: 10.1007/s11145-006-9024-z
3. Baker, S. K., and Good, R. (1995). Curriculum-based measurement of English reading with bilingual Hispanic students: a validation study with second grade students. School Psychol. Rev. 24, 561-578.
4. Bashir, A. S., and Hook, P. E. (2009). Fluency: a key link between word identification and comprehension. Lang. Speech Hear. Serv. Schools 40, 196-200. doi: 10.1044/0161-1461(2008/08-0074)
5. Berninger, V. W., Abbott, R. D., Trivedi, P., Olson, E., Gould, L., Hiramatsu, S., et al. (2010). Applying the multiple dimensions of reading fluency to assessment and instruction. J. Psychoeduc. Assess. 28, 3-18. doi: 10.1177/0734282909336083
6. Bialystok, E., Luk, G., Peets, K. F., and Yang, S. (2010). Receptive vocabulary differences in monolingual and bilingual children. Bilingualism 13, 525-531. doi: 10.1017/S1366728909990423
7. Booth, C., Brown, H. L., Eason, E. G., Wallot, S., and Kelty-Stephen, D. G. (2016). Expectations on hierarchical scales of discourse: multifractality predicts both short-and long-range effects of violating gender expectations in text-reading. Discourse Process. doi: 10.1080/0163853X.2016.1197811
8. Brainard, D. H. (1997). The Psychophysics toolbox. Spatial Vis. 10, 433-436. doi: 10.1163/156856897X00357
9. Buly, M. R., and Valencia, S. W. (2002). Below the bar: profiles of students who fail state Reading assessments. Edu. Eval. Policy Anal. 24, 219-239. doi: 10.3102/01623737024003219
10. Caccia, D. C., Percival, D., Cannon, M. J., Raymond, G., and Bassingthwaighte, J. B. (1997). Analyzing exact fractal time series: evaluating dispersional analysis and rescaled range methods. Phys. A 246, 609-632. doi: 10.1016/S0378-4371(97)00363-4
11. Chall, J. S. (1996). Stages of Reading Development (2nd Edn.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt-Brace.
12. Chen, X., Geva, E., and Schwartz, M. (2012). Understanding literacy development of language minority students: an integrative approach. Read. Writ. 25, 1797-1804. doi: 10.1007/s11145-012-9400-9
13. Ciuciu, P., Abry, P., and He, B. J. (2014). Interplay between functional connectivity and scale-free dynamics in intrinsic fMRI networks. Neuroimage 95, 248-263. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.047
14. Costa, A., Roelstraete, B., and Hartsuiker, R. J. (2006). The lexical bias effect in bilingual speech production: evidence for feedback between lexical and sublexical levels across languages. Psychon. B. Rev. 13, 972-977. doi: 10.3758/BF03213911
15. Crosson, A. C., and Lesaux, N. K. (2010). Revisiting assumptions about the relationship of fluent reading to comprehension: Spanish-speakers text-reading fluency in English. Read. Writ. 23, 475-494. doi: 10.1007/s11145-009-9168-8
16. Cutting, L. E., Materek, A., Cole, C. A. S., Levine, T. M., and Mahone, E. M. (2009). Effects of fluency, oral language, and executive function on reading comprehension performance. Ann. Dyslexia 59, 34-54. doi: 10.1007/s11881-009-0022-0
17. DeRamirez, R. D., and Shapiro, E. S. (2006). Curriculum-based measurement and the evaluation of reading skills of Spanish-speaking English language learners in bilingual education classrooms. School Psychol. Rev. 35, 356-369.
18. Donald, M. (2007). The slow process: a hypothetical cognitive adaption for distributed cognitive networks. J. Physiol. Paris 101, 214-222. doi: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2007.11.006
19. Foorman, B. R., Koon, S., Petscher, Y., Mitchell, A., and Truckenmiller, A. (2015). Examining general and specific factors in the dimensionality of oral language and reading in 4th-10th grades. J. Educ. Psychol. 107, 884-899. doi: 10.1037/edu0000026
20. Fuchs, L. S., Fuchs, D., Hosp, M. K., and Jenkins, J. R. (2001). Text fluency as an indicator of reading competence: a theoretical, empirical, and historical analysis. Sci. Stud. Read. 5, 239-256. doi: 10.1207/S1532799XSSR0503_3
21. Geva, E., and Farnia, F. (2012). Developmental changes in the nature of language proficiency and reading fluency paint a more complex view of reading comprehension in ELL and EL. Read. Writ. 25, 1819-1845. doi: 10.1007/s11145-011-9333-8
22. Geva, E., Wade-Woolley, L., and Shany, M. (1997). Development of reading efficiency in first and second language. Sci. Stud. Read. 1, 119-144. doi: 10.1207/s1532799xssr0102_2
23. Geva, E., and Zadeh, Y. Z. (2006). Reading efficiency in native English-speaking and English-as-a-second-language children: the role of oral proficiency and underlying cognitive-linguistic processes. Sci. Stud. Read. 10, 31-58. doi: 10.1207/s1532799xssr1001_3
24. Geva, E. (2006). "Second-language oral proficiency and second-language literacy," in Developing Literacy in Second-language Learners: Report of the National Literacy Panel on Language-Minority Children and Youth, eds D. August and T. Shanahan (New York, NY: Routledge), 123-140.
25. Goldberger, A. L., Amaral, L. A., Hausdorff, J. M., Ivanov, P. C., Peng, C. K., and Stanley, H. E. (2002). Fractal dynamics in physiology: alterations with disease and aging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 2466-2472. doi: 10.1073/pnas.012579499
26. Gollan, T. H., Montoya, R. I., Fennema-Notestine, C., and Morris, S. K. (2005). Bilingualism affects picture naming but not picture classification. Mem. Cogn. 33, 1220-1234. doi: 10.3758/BF03193224
27. Graesser, A. C., McNamara, D. S., Louwerse, M. M., and Cai, Z. (2004). Coh-metrix: analysis of text on cohesion and language. Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput. 36, 193-202. doi: 10.3758/BF03195564
28. Grosjean, F. (2013). "Bilingualism: A short introduction," in The Psycholinguistics of Bilingualism, eds F. Grosjean and P. Li (Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons), 5-26.
29. Holden, J. G. (2005). "Gauging the fractal dimension of response times from cognitive tasks," in Tutorials in Contemporary Nonlinear Methods for the Behavioral Sciences, eds M. A. Riley and G. C. Van Orden, 268-318. Avaialble online at: http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/bcs/pac/nmbs/nmbs.jsp
30. Hoover, W. A., and Gough, P. B. (1990). The simple view of reading. Read. Writ. 2, 127-160.
31. Hosp, M. K., and Fuchs, L. S. (2005). CBM as an indicator of decoding, word reading, and comprehension: do relations change with grade? School Psychol. Rev. 34, 9-26.
32. Ihlen, E. A. F., and Vereijken, B. (2010). Interaction-dominant dynamics in human cognition: beyond 1/f fluctuation. J. Exp. Psychol. 139, 436-463. doi: 10.1037/a0019098
33. Ihlen, E. A. F. (2012). Introduction to multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis in Matlab. Front. Physiol. 3:141. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00141
34. Jackson, N. E., and Lu, W. H. (1992). Bilingual Precocious readers of English. Roeper Rev. 14, 115-119. doi: 10.1080/02783199209553404
35. Jeon, E. H. (2012). Oral reading fluency in second language reading. Read. Foreign Lang. 24, 186-208.
36. Jiang, X., Sawaki, Y., and Sabatini, J. (2012). Word reading efficiency, text reading fluency, and reading comprehension among Chinese learners of English. Read. Psychol. 33, 323-349. doi: 10.1080/02702711.2010.526051
37. Just, M. A., Carpenter, P. A., and Woolley, J. (1982). Paradigms and processes in reading comprehension. J. Exp. Psychol. 111, 228-238. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.111.2.228
38. Kantelhardt, J. W., Zschiegner, S. A., Koscielny-Bunde, E., Havlin, S., Bunde, A., and Stanley, H. E. (2002). Multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis of nonstationary time series. Phys. A 316, 87-114. doi: 10.1016/S0378-4371(02)01383-3
39. Kelty-Stephen, D. G., Palatinus, K., Saltzman, E., and Dixon, J. A. (2013). A tutorial on multifractality, cascades, and interactivity for empirical time series in ecological science. Ecol. Psychol. 25, 1-62. doi: 10.1080/10407413.2013.753804
40. Kim, H. J. (2014). Anomalous diffusion induced by enhancement of memory. Phys. Rev. E 90:012103. doi: 10.1103/physreve.90.012103
41. Kim, Y., and Wagner, R. K. (2015). Text (oral) reading fluency as a construct in reading development: an investigation of its mediating role for children from grades 1 to 4. Sci. Stud. Read. 19, 224-242. doi: 10.1080/10888438.2015.1007375
42. Kim, Y., Wagner, R. K., and Foster, E. (2011). Relations among oral reading fluency, silent reading fluency, and reading comprehension: a latent variable study of first-grade readers. Sci. Stud. Read. 15, 338-362. doi: 10.1080/10888438.2010.493964
43. Klauda, S. L., and Guthrie, J. T. (2008). Relationships of three components of reading fluency to reading comprehension. J. Educ. Psychol. 100, 310-321. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.100.2.310
44. Kloos, H., and Van Orden, G. C. (2010). Voluntary performance of cognitive and motor tasks. Mind Matter 8, 19-43.
45. Kuhn, M. R., Schwanenflugel, P. J., Meisinger, E. B., Levy, B. A., and Rasinski, T. V. (2010). Aligning theory and assessment of reading fluency: automaticity, prosody, and definitions of fluency. Read. Res. Q. 45, 230-251. doi: 10.1598/RRQ.45.2.4
46. Kuznetsov, N. A., and Wallot, S. (2011). Effects of accuracy feedback on fractal characteristics of time estimation. Front. Neurosci. 5:62. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2011.00062
47. Lehne, M., Engel, P., Rohrmeier, M., Menninghaus, W., Jacobs, A. M., and Koelsch, S. (2015). Reading a suspenseful literary text activates brain areas related to social cognition and predictive inference. PLoS ONE 10:e0124550. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124550
48. Lems, K. (2006). "Reading fluency and comprehension in adult English language learners," in Fluency Instruction: Research Based Best Practices, eds T. Rasinski, C. Blachowicz, and K. Lems (New York, NY: Guilford), 231-252.
49. Lems, K. (2012). The effect of L1 orthography on the oral reading of adult English language learners. Writ. Syst. Res. 4, 61-71. doi: 10.1080/17586801.2011.635951
50. Lesaux, N. K., Geva, E., Koda, K., Siegel, L., and Shanahan, T. (2008). "Development of literacy in second-language learners," in Developing Reading and Writing in Second-language Learners, eds D. August and T. Shanahan (New York, NY: Routledge), 27-60.
51. Liu, H., Hu, Z., Guo, T., and Peng, D. (2010). Speaking words in two languages with one brain: neural overlap and dissociation. Brain Res. 1316, 75-82. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.030
52. Marwan, N., Wessel, N., Meyerfeldt, U., Schirdewan, A., and Kurths, J. (2002). Recurrence-plot-based measures of complexity and their application to heart-rate-variability data. Phys. Rev. E 66:026702. doi: 10.1103/physreve.66.026702
53. Marwan, N. (2011). Commandline Recurrence Plots. Available online at: http://tocsy.pik-potsdam.de/commandline-rp.php (Accessed on August 16, 2011).
54. McBride-Chang, C. (2004). Children's Literacy Development, Texts in Developmental Psychology Series. London: Oxford Press.
55. Nelson, G. (2002). The Singapore Corpus. International Corpus of English. Available online at: http://ice-corpora.net/ice/icesin.htm
56. O'Brien, B. A., and Wallot, S. (2014). "Dynamical structure of silent reading fluency in bilingual students," in Proceedings of the XVIth European Conference on Developmental Psychology, (Bologna: Medimondo), 175-179.
57. O'Brien, B. A., Wallot, S., Haussmann, A., and Kloos, H. (2014). Using complexity metrics to assess silent reading fluency: a cross-sectional study comparing oral and silent reading. Sci. Stud. Read. 18, 235-254.
58. Oller, D. K., Pearson, B. Z., and Cobo-Lewis, A. B. (2007). Profile effects in early bilingual language and literacy. Appl. Psycholinguist. 28, 191-230. doi: 10.1017/S0142716407070117
59. Paulson, E. J. (2005). Viewing eye movements during reading through the lens of chaos theory: how reading is like the weather. Read. Res. Q. 40, 338-358. doi: 10.1598/RRQ.40.3.3
60. Peng, C. K., Havlin, S., Stanley, H. E., and Goldberger, A. L. (1995). Quantification of scaling exponents and crossover phenomena in nonstationary heartbeat time-series. Chaos 5, 82-87. doi: 10.1063/1.166141
61. Pikulski, J. J., and Chard, D. J. (2005). Fluency: bridge between decoding and reading comprehension. Read Teacher 58, 510-519. doi: 10.1598/RT.58.6.2
62. Piper, B., Schroeder, L., and Trudell, B. (2016). Oral reading fluency and comprehension in Kenya: reading acquisition in a multilingual environment. J. Res. Read. 39, 133-152. doi: 10.1111/1467-9817.12052
63. Proctor, C. P., Carlo, M., August, D., and Snow, C. (2005). Native Spanish-speaking children reading in English: toward a model of comprehension. J. Educ. Psychol. 97, 246-256. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.97.2.246
64. Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling. J. Stat. Softw. 48, 1-36. doi: 10.18637/jss.v048.i02
65. Samuels, S. J. (2006). "Toward a model of reading fluency," in What Research has to Say About Fluency Instruction, eds S. Samuels and A. Farstrup (Newark, DE: International Reading Association), 24-46.
66. Sandoval, T. C., Gollan, T. H., Ferreira, V. S., and Salmon, D. P. (2010). What causes the bilingual disadvantage in verbal fluency? The dual-task analogy. Biling Lang. Cogn. 13, 231-252. doi: 10.1017/S1366728909990514
67. Schatschneider, C., Fletcher, J. M., Francis, D. J., Carlson, C. D., and Foorman, B. R. (2004). Kindergarten prediction of reading skills: a longitudinal comparative analysis. J. Educ. Psychol. 96, 265-282. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.96.2.265
68. Schilling, H. E., Rayner, K., and Chumbley, J. I. (1998). Comparing naming, lexical decision, and eye fixation times: word frequency effects and individual differences. Mem. Cogn. 26, 1270-1281. doi: 10.3758/BF03201199
69. Segalowitz, N., and Hulstijn, J. (2005). "Automaticity in bilingualism and second language learning," in Handbook of Bilingualism: Psycholinguistic Approaches, eds J. F. Kroll and A. M. B. De Groot (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 371-388.
70. Silverman, R. D., Speece, D. L., Harring, J. R., and Ritchey, K. D. (2013). Fluency has a role in the simple view of reading. Sci. Stud. Read. 17, 108-133. doi: 10.1080/10888438.2011.618153
71. Stephen, D. G., Boncoddo, R. A., Magnuson, J. S., and Dixon, J. A. (2009). The dynamics of insight: mathematical discovery as a phase transition. Mem. Cogn. 37, 1132-1149. doi: 10.3758/MC.37.8.1132
72. Torgesen, J. K., Wagner, R. K., and Rashotte, C. A. (1999). Test of Word Reading Efficiency. Austin, TX: PRO-ED.
73. Van Heuven, W. J., Dijkstra, T., and Grainger, J. (1998). Orthographic neighborhood effects in bilingual word recognition. J. Mem. Lang. 39, 458-483. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1998.2584
74. Van Orden, G., Kloos, H., and Wallot, S. (2011). "Living in the pink: intentionality, wellness, and complexity," in Handbook of the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 10, Philosophy of Complex Systems, ed C. A. Hooker (Amsterdam: Elsevier), 639-684. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52076-0.50022-5
75. Verhoeven, L., and van Leeuwe, J. (2012). The simple view of second language reading throughout the primary grades. Read. Writ. 25, 1805-1818. doi: 10.1007/s11145-011-9346-3
76. Wagner, R. K., Torgesen, J. K., and Rashotte, C. A. (1999). Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing. Austin, TX: PRO-ED.
77. Wallot, S., Fusaroli, R., Tylén, K., and Jegindø, E. M. (2013). Using complexity metrics with RR intervals and BPM heart rate measures. Front. Physiol. 4:211. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00211
78. Wallot, S., O'Brien, B. A., Haussmann, A., Kloos, H., and Lyby, M. S. (2014). The role of reading time complexity and reading speed in text comprehension. J. Exp. Psychol. 40, 1745-1765. doi: 10.1037/xlm0000030
79. Wallot, S., O'Brien, B., Coey, C. A., and Kelty-Stephen, D. (2015). "Power-law fluctuations in eye movements predict text comprehension during connected text reading," in Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, eds D. C. Noelle, R. Dale, A. S. Warlaumont, J. Yoshimi, T. Matlock, C. D. Jennings et al. (Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society), 2583-2588.
80. Wallot, S., O'Brien, B. A., and Van Orden, G. (2012). "Fractal and recurrence analysis of psycholinguistic data," in Methodological and Analytic Frontiers in Lexical Research, eds C. Westbury, G. Jarema, and G. Libben (Amsterdam: John Benjamins), 395-430. doi: 10.1075/bct.47.18wal
81. Wallot, S. (2015). From "cracking the orthographic code" to "playing with language": toward a usage-based foundation of the reading process. Front. Psychol. 5:891. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00891
82. Wallot, S. (2016). Understanding reading as a form of language-use: a language game hypothesis. New Ideas Psychol. 42, 21-28. doi: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2015.07.006
83. Webber, C. L., and Zbilut, J. P. (1994). Dynamical assessment of physiological systems and states using recurrence plot strategies. J. Appl. Physiol. 76, 965-973.
84. Webber, C. L., and Zbilut, J. P. (2005). "Recurrence quantification analysis of nonlinear dynamical systems," in Tutorials in Contemporary Nonlinear Methods for the Behavioral Sciences, eds M. A. Riley, G. C. Van Orden, 26-96. Available online at: http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/bcs/pac/nmbs/nmbs.jep (Accessed on August 23, 2009).
85. Wijnants, M. L., Bosman, A. M. T., Hasselman, F., Cox, R. F. A., and Van Orden, G. (2009). 1/f scaling in movement time changes with practice in precision aiming. Nonlinear Dyn. Psychol. Life Sci. 13, 79-98.
86. Wijnants, M. L., Hasselman, F., Cox, R. F. A., Bosman, A. M. T., and Van Orden, G. (2012). An interaction-dominant perspective on reading fluency and dyslexia. Ann. Dyslexia 62, 100-119. doi: 10.1007/s11881-012-0067-3
87. Wolf, M., and Denckla, M. B. (2004). Rapid Automatized Naming and Rapid Alternating Stimulus tests (RAN/RAS). Austin, TX: PRO-ED.
88. Woodcock, R. W., McGrew, K. S., and Mather, N. (2007). Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Achievement with Normative Update. Rolling Meadows, IL: Riverside Publishing.
89. Zeno, S. M., Ivens, S. H., Millard, R. T., and Duvvuri, R. (1995). The Educator's Word Frequency Guide. Brewster, NY: Touchstone.