What causes the bilingual disadvantage in verbal fluency? The dual-task analogy

Bilingualism

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 231-252

  Sandoval, Tiffany C ^a   Gollan, Tamar H ^a   Ferreira, Victor S ^a   Salmon, David P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77953616308     PISSN: 13667289     EISSN: 14691841     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1366728909990514     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. American Psychological Association (APA) (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th edn. Washington, DC: APA.
2. Azuma, T., Bayles, K. A., Cruz, R. F., Tomoeda, C. K., Wood, J. A. & McGeagh, A. (1997). Comparing the difficulty of letter, semantic and name fluency tests for normal elderly and patients with Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychology, 11, 488-497.
3. Baayen, R. H., Piepenbrock, R. & Gulikers, L. (1995). The CELEX lexical database (CD-ROM). Philadelphia Linguistic Data Consortium, University of Pennsylvania.
4. Benton, A. L., Hamsher, K. & Sivan, A. B. (1983). Multilingual Aphasia Examination, 3rd edn. Iowa City, IA: AJA Associates.
5. Bialystok, E. (2005).Consequences of bilingualism for cognitive development. In J. F. Kroll & A. M. B. de Groot (eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches, pp. 417-432. New York: Oxford University Press.
6. Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M. & Freedman, M. (2007). Bilingualism as a protection against the onset of symptoms of dementia. Neuropsychologia, 45, 459-464.
7. Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., Klein, R. & Viswanathan, M. (2004). Bilingualism, aging and cognitive control: Evidence from the Simon task. Psychology and Aging, 19, 290-303.
8. Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M. & Luk, G. (2008a). Cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34 (4), 859-873.
9. Bialystok, E.,Craik, F. I.M.&Luk, G. (2008b). Lexical access in bilinguals: Effects of vocabulary size and executive control. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 21, 522-528.
10. Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M. & Ryan, J. (2006). Executive control in a modified antisaccade task: Effects of aging and bilingualism. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32, 1341-1354.
11. Bialystok, E. & Martin, M. (2004). Attention and inhibition in bilingual children: Evidence from the dimensional change card sort task. Developmental Science, 7, 325-339.
12. Christoffels, I. K., Firk, C. & Schiller, N. O. (2007). Bilingual language control: An event-related brain potential study. Brain Research, 1147, 192-208.
13. Cohen, J. D., MacWhinney, B., Flatt, M. & Provost, J. (1993). PsyScope: An interactive graphic system for designing and controlling experiments in the psychology laboratory using Macintosh computers. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers, 25, 257-271.
14. Costa, A. (2005). Lexical access in bilingual production. In J. F. Kroll & A. M. B. de Groot (eds.). Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches, pp. 308-328. New York: Oxford University Press.
15. Costa, A., Alario, F. X. & Caramazza, A. (2005). On the categorical nature of the semantic interference effect in the picture-word interference paradigm. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 12, 125-131.
16. Costa, A. & Caramazza, A. (1999). Is lexical selection in bilingual speech production language-specific? Further evidence from Spanish-English and English-Spanish bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 2, 231-244.
17. Costa, A., Caramazza, A. & Sebastían-Galĺes, N. (2000). The cognate facilitation effect: Implications for models of lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 1283-1296.
18. Costa, A., Hernandez, M. & Sebastían-Galĺes, N. (2008). Bilingualism aids conflict resolution: Evidence from the ANT task. Cognition, 106, 59-86.
19. Costa, A. & Santesteban, M. (2004). Bilingual word perception and production: Two sides of the same coin? Trends in Conitive Sciences, 8, 253.
20. Craik, F. I. M. & Bialystok, E. (2006). Cognitions through the lifespan: Mechanisms of change. Trends in Conitive Sciences, 10, 131-138.
21. Crowe, S. F. (1998). Decrease in performance on verbal fluency test as a function of time: Evaluation in a young, healthy sample. Journal of Clinical&Experimental Neuropsychology, 20, 391-401.
22. Davis, C. J. (2005). N-Watch: A program for deriving neighborhood size and other psycholinguistic statistics. Behavior ResearchMethods, 37, 65-70. Program download available at www.pc.rhul.ac.uk/staff/c.davis/Utilities/
23. Davis, C. J. & Perea, M. (2005). BuscaPalabras: A program for deriving orthographic and phonological neighborhood statistics and other psycholinguistic indices in Spanish. Behavior Research Methods, 37, 665-671.
24. de Picciotto, J. & Friedland, D. (2001). Verbal fluency in elderly bilingual speakers: Normative data and preliminary application to Alzheimer's disease. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 53, 145-152.
25. Dijkstra, T. & Van Heuven, W. J. B. (2002). The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: From identification to decision. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5, 179-197.
26. Duyck, W. (2005). Translation and associative priming with cross-lingual pseudohomophones: Evidence for nonselective phonological activation in bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 31, 1340-1359.
27. Duyck, W., Vanderelst, D., Desmet, T. & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2008). The frequency effect in second-language visual word recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15, 850-855.
28. Finkbeiner, M., Almeida, J., Janssen, N. & Caramazza, A. (2006). Lexical selection in bilingual speech production does not involve language suppression. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 32, 1075-1089.
29. Finkbeiner, M., Forster, K., Nicol, J. & Nakamura, K. (2004). The role of polysemy in masked semantic and translation priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 51, 1-22.
30. Finkbeiner, M., Gollan, T. H. & Caramazza, A. (2006). Lexical access in bilingual speakers: What's the (hard) problem? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9, 153-166.
31. Forbes-Mckay, K. E., Ellis, A. W., Shanks, M. F & Venneri, A. (2005). The age of acquisition of words produced in a semantic fluency task can reliably differentiate normal from pathological age related cognitive decline. Neuropsychologia, 43, 1625-1632.
32. Gollan, T. H. & Acenas, L. A. (2004). What is a TOT? Cognate and translation effects on tip-of-the-tongue states in Spanish-English and Tagalog-English bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 30, 246-269.
33. Gollan, T. H., Bonanni, M. P. & Montoya, R. I. (2005). Proper names get stuck on bilingual and monolingual speakers' tip-of-the-tongue equally often. Neuropsychology, 19, 278-287.
34. Gollan, T. H. & Brown, A. S. (2006). From tip-of-the-tongue data to theoretical implications in two steps: When more TOTs means better retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 135, 462-483.
35. Gollan, T. H., Fennema-Notestine, C., Montoya, R. I. & Jernigan, T. L. (2007). The bilingual effect on Boston Naming Test performance. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 197-208.
36. Gollan, T. H. & Ferreira, V. S. (2009). Should I stay or should I switch? A cost-benefit analysis of voluntary language switching in young and aging bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 35, 640-665.
37. Gollan, T. H., Forster, K. I. & Frost, R. (1997). Translation priming with different scripts: Masked priming with cognates and noncognates in Hebrew-English bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 23, 1122-1139.
38. Gollan, T. H., Montoya, R. I., Cera, C. M. & Sandoval, T. C. (2008). More use almost always means a smaller frequency effect: Aging, bilingualism, and the weaker links hypothesis. Journal of Memory and Language, 58, 787-814.
39. Gollan, T. H., Montoya, R. I., Fennema-Notestine, C. & Morris, S. K. (2005). Bilingualism affects picture naming but not picture classification. Memory & Cognition, 33, 1220-1234.
40. Gollan, T. H., Montoya, R. I. & Werner, G. A. (2002). Semantic and letter fluency in Spanish-English bilinguals. Neuropsychology, 16, 562-576.
41. Gollan, T. H.&Silverberg,N. B. (2001) Tip-of-the-tongue states in Hebrew-English bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4, 63-83.
42. Goulet, P., Pouliet, C. & Joanette, Y. (1989). Verbal fluency and aging. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society, Vancouver, British Columbia.
43. Green, D. W. (1998). Mental control of the bilingual lexicosemantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 67-81.
44. Griffin, Z.M. (2001). Gaze durations during speech reflect word selection and phonological encoding. Cognition, 82, B1-B14.
45. Griffin, Z. M. & Bock, K. (1998). Constraint, word frequency, and the relationship between lexical processing levels in spoken word production. Journal of Memory and Language, 38, 331-338.
46. Gurd, J. M. & Ward, C. D. (1989). Retrieval from semantic and letter initial categories in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia, 27, 743-746.
47. Hermans, D., Bongaerts, T., De Bot, K. & Schreuder, R. (1998). Producing words in a foreign language: Can speakers prevent interference from their first language? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 213-230.
48. Ivanova, I.&Costa,A. (2008).Does bilingualism hamper lexical access in speech production? Acta Psychologica 127, 277-288.
49. Jared, D. & Kroll, J. F. (2001). Do bilinguals activate phonological representations in one or both of their languages when naming words? Journal of Memory and Language, 44, 2-31.
50. Jiang, N. & Forster, K. L. (2001). Cross language priming asymmetries in lexical decision and episodic recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 44, 32-51.
51. Kav́e, G., Eyal, N., Shorek, A. & Cohen-Mansfield, J. (2008). Multilingualism and cognitive state in the oldest old. Psychology and Aging, 23, 70-78.
52. Kohnert, K. J., Hernandez, A. E. & Bates, E. (1998). Bilingual performance on the Boston Naming Test: Preliminary norms in Spanish and English. Brain and Language, 65, 422-440.
53. Kroll, J. F., Bobb, S. C., Misra, M. & Guo, T. (2008). Language selection in bilingual speech: Evidence for inhibitory processes. Acta Psychologica, 128, 416-430.
54. Kroll, J. F., Bobb, S. C. & Wodniecka, Z. (2006). Language selectivity is the exception, not the rule: Arguments against a fixed locus of language selection in bilingual speech. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. Special Issue: Lexical Access in Bilingual Speech Production, 9, 119-135.
55. La Heij, W. (2005). Selection processes in monolingual and bilingual lexical access. In J. F. Kroll & A. M. B. de Groot (eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches, pp. 289-307. New York: Oxford University Press.
56. Lehtonen, M. & Laine, M. (2003). How word frequency affects morphological processing in monolinguals and bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6, 213-225.
57. Levelt,W. J. M., Roelofs, A. & Meyer, A. S. (1999). A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 1-75.
58. Lezak, M. D. (1983). Neuropsychological assessment, 2nd edn. New York: Oxford University Press.
59. Mägiste, E. (1979). The competing language systems of the multilingual: A developmental study of decoding and encoding processes. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 18, 79-89.
60. Martin, A., Wiggs, C. L., Lalonde, F. & Mack, C. (1994). Word retrieval to letter and semantic cues: A double dissociations in normal subjects using interference tasks. Neuropsychologia, 32, 1487-1492.
61. Meuter, R. F.&Allport, A. (1999). Bilingual language switching in naming: Asymmetrical costs of language selection. Journal of Memory and Language, 40, 25-40.
62. Moreno, E. M. & Kutas, M. (2005). Processing semantic anomalies in two languages: An electrophysiological exploration in both languages of Spanish-English bilinguals. Cognitive Brain Research, 22, 205-220.
63. Murray, W. S. & Forster, K. I. (2004). Serial mechanisms in lexical access: The rank hypothesis. Psychological Review, 111, 721-756.
64. Nelson, D. L. & McEvoy, C. L. (1979). Encoding context and set size. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5, 292-314.
65. Nicoladis, E., Palmer, A. & Marentette, P. (2007). The role of type and token frequency in using past tense morphemes correctly. Developmental Science, 10, 237-254.
66. Oldfield, R. C. & Wingfield, A. (1965). Response latencies to naming objects. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 17, 273-281.
67. Pasquier, F., Lebert, F., Grymonprez, L. & Petit, H. (1995). Verbal fluency in dementia of the frontal lobe type and dementia of Alzheimer type. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, 58, 81-84.
68. Pearson, B. (1997). The relation of input factors to lexical learning by bilingual infants. Applied Psycholinguistics, 18, 41-58.
69. Portocarrero, J. S., Burright, R. G. & Donovick, P. J. (2007). Vocabulary and verbal fluency of bilingual and monolingual college students. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 415-422.
70. Poulisse, N. (1997). Language production in bilinguals. In A.M. B. de Groot & J. F. Kroll (eds.), Tutorials in bilingualism: Psycholinguistic perspectives, pp. 201-224. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
71. Poulisse,N.&Bongaerts, T. (1994). First language use in second language production. Applied Linguistics, 15, 36-57.
72. Ransdell, S. E. & Fischler, I. (1987). Memory in a monolingual mode: When are bilinguals at a disadvantage? Journal of Memory and Language, 26, 392-405.
73. Roberts, P. M., Garcia, L. J., Desrochers, A. & Hernandez, D. (2002). English performance of proficient bilingual adults on the Boston Naming Test. Aphasiology, 16, 635-645.
74. Rohrer, D., Pashler, H. & Etchegaray, J. (1998). When two memories can and cannot be retrieved concurrently. Memory & Cognition, 26, 731-739.
75. Rohrer, D., Salmon, D. P., Wixted, J. T. & Paulsen, J. S. (1999). The disparate effects of Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease on semantic memory. Neuropsychology, 13, 381-388.
76. Rohrer, D., Wixted, J. T., Salmon, D. P. & Butters, N. (1995). Retrieval from semantic memory and its implications for Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 21, 1127-1139.
77. Rosselli, M., Ardilla, A., Arujo, K., Weekes, V. A., Caracciolo, V., Padilla, M. & Ostrosky-Solis, F. (2000). Verbal fluency and repetition skills in healthy older Spanish-English bilinguals. Applied Neuropsychology, 7, 17-24.
78. Scarborough, D. L., Cortese, C. & Scarborough, H. S. (1977). Frequency and repetition effects in lexical memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3, 1-17.
79. Sebastían-Galĺes, N., Martí, M. A., Cuetos, F. & Carreiras, M. (2000). LEXESP: Ĺexico informatizado del español. Barcelona: Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona.
80. Spieler,D. H.&Griffin, Z. M. (2006). The influence of age on the time course of word preparation in multiword utterances. Language and Cognitive Processes, 21, 291-321.
81. Thompson-Schill, S. L., Gabrieli, J. D. E. & Fleischman, D. A. (1999). Effects of structural similarity and name frequency on picture naming in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 5, 659-667.
82. Tokowicz, N., Kroll, J. F., de Groot, A. M. B. & Van Hell, J. G. (2002). Number-of-translation norms for Dutch-English translation pairs: A new tool for examining language production. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, Computers, 34, 435-451.
83. Vandenberghe, R. R., Vandenbulcke, M. & Weintraub, S. (2005). Paradoxical features of word finding difficulty in primary progressive aphasia. Annals ofNeurology, 57, 204-209.
84. Winer, B. J., Brown, D. R. & Michels, K. M. (1991). Statistical principles in experimental design, 3rd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill.
85. US Census Bureau (2003, February 25). Table 1. Language use, English ability and linguistic isolation for the population 5 years and over by state: 2000. United States Census 2000. Retrieved March 27, 2007 from www.census.gov/population/cen2000/phc-t20/tab01.pdf