Organization of nuclear architecture during adipocyte differentiation

Nucleus

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 249-269

  Charó, Nancy L ^a   Rodríguez Ceschan, María I ^a   Galigniana, Natalia M ^a   Toneatto, Judith ^a   Piwien Pilipuk, Graciela ^a  

^a INST DE BIOL Y MED EXPERIMENTAL   (Argentina)

Author keywords

adipogenesis; chromosome territory; nuclear lamina; nucleoskeleton

Indexed keywords

CYCLIC AMP RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN BINDING PROTEIN; LAMIN A; LAMIN B; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GATA 2;

ADIPOCYTE; ADIPOGENESIS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CHROMATIN; CHROMATIN STRUCTURE; CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE; CYTOARCHITECTURE; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE LOCUS; NOTE; NUCLEAR LAMINA; NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX; PHENOTYPE; ANIMAL; CELL NUCLEUS; CYTOLOGY; GENETICS; GENOME; HUMAN; METABOLISM;

ADIPOCYTES; ADIPOGENESIS; ANIMALS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL NUCLEUS; GENOME; HUMANS; NUCLEAR LAMINA;

EID: 84978710946     PISSN: 19491034     EISSN: 19491042     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2016.1197442     Document Type: Note

References (206)

1. M.W.Schwartz, D.Porte, Jr. Diabetes, obesity, and the brain. Science 2005; 307:375-9; PMID:15662002; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1104344
2. J.M.Olefsky. Fat talks, liver and muscle listen. Cell 2008; 134:914-6; PMID:18805083; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.001
3. S.Galic, J.S.Oakhill, G.R.Steinberg. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 316:129-39; PMID:19723556; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2009.08.018
4. S.P.Weisberg, D.McCann, M.Desai, M.Rosenbaum, R.L.Leibel, A.W.Ferrante, Jr. Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 2003; 112:1796-808; PMID:14679176; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI200319246
5. C.N.Lumeng, S.M.Deyoung, J.L.Bodzin, A.R.Saltiel. Increased inflammatory properties of adipose tissue macrophages recruited during diet-induced obesity. Diabetes 2007; 56:16-23; PMID:17192460; http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db06-1076
6. B.M.Spiegelman, J.S.Flier. Obesity and the regulation of energy balance. Cell 2001; 104:531-43; PMID:11239410; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00240-9
7. H.Cao. Adipocytokines in obesity and metabolic disease. J Endocrinol 2014; 220:T47-59; PMID:24403378; http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/JOE-13-0339
8. A.Garg, A.K.Agarwal. Lipodystrophies: disorders of adipose tissue biology. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009; 1791:507-13; PMID:19162222; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.12.014
9. H.Waki, P.Tontonoz. Endocrine functions of adipose tissue. Annu Rev Pathol 2007; 2:31-56; PMID:18039092; http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pathol.2.010506.091859
10. E.D.Rosen, B.M.Spiegelman. What we talk about when we talk about fat. Cell 2014; 156:20-44; PMID:24439368; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.012
11. M.Rodbell. Metabolism of Isolated Fat Cells. I. Effects of Hormones on Glucose Metabolism and Lipolysis. J Biol Chem 1964; 239:375-80; PMID:14169133
12. C.H.Hollenberg, A.Vost. Regulation of DNA synthesis in fat cells and stromal elements from rat adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 1969; 47:2485-98; PMID:4304653; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI105930
13. C.Sengenes, K.Lolmede, A.Zakaroff-Girard, R.Busse, A.Bouloumie. Preadipocytes in the human subcutaneous adipose tissue display distinct features from the adult mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2005; 205:114-22; PMID:15880450; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.20381
14. M.S.Rodeheffer, K.Birsoy, J.M.Friedman. Identification of white adipocyte progenitor cells in vivo. Cell 2008; 135:240-9; PMID:18835024; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.036
15. W.Tang, D.Zeve, J.M.Suh, D.Bosnakovski, M.Kyba, R.E.Hammer, M.D.Tallquist, J.M.Graff. White fat progenitor cells reside in the adipose vasculature. Science 2008; 322:583-6; PMID:18801968; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1156232
16. K.Iyama, K.Ohzono, G.Usuku. Electron microscopical studies on the genesis of white adipocytes: differentiation of immature pericytes into adipocytes in transplanted preadipose tissue. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 1979; 31:143-55; PMID:42211; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02889932
17. S.Cinti, M.Cigolini, O.Bosello, P.Bjorntorp. A morphological study of the adipocyte precursor. J Submicrosc Cytol 1984; 16:243-51; PMID:6325721
18. D.L.Jones, A.J.Wagers. No place like home: anatomy and function of the stem cell niche. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2008; 9:11-21; PMID:18097443; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm2319
19. B.Cannon, J.Nedergaard. Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance. Physiol Rev 2004; 84:277-359; PMID:14715917; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00015.2003
20. J.A.Timmons, K.Wennmalm, O.Larsson, T.B.Walden, T.Lassmann, N.Petrovic, D.L.Hamilton, R.E.Gimeno, C.Wahlestedt, K.Baar, et al. Myogenic gene expression signature establishes that brown and white adipocytes originate from distinct cell lineages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:4401-6; PMID:17360536; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0610615104
21. P.Seale, S.Kajimura, W.Yang, S.Chin, L.M.Rohas, M.Uldry, G.Tavernier, D.Langin, B.M.Spiegelman. Transcriptional control of brown fat determination by PRDM16. Cell Metab 2007; 6:38-54; PMID:17618855; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2007.06.001
22. P.Seale, B.Bjork, W.Yang, S.Kajimura, S.Chin, S.Kuang, A.Scime, S.Devarakonda, H.M.Conroe, H.Erdjument-Bromage, et al. PRDM16 controls a brown fat/skeletal muscle switch. Nature 2008; 454:961-7; PMID:18719582; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07182
23. P.Seale, S.Kajimura, B.M.Spiegelman. Transcriptional control of brown adipocyte development and physiological function–of mice and men. Genes Dev 2009; 23:788-97; PMID:19339685; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.1779209
24. P.Seale, H.M.Conroe, J.Estall, S.Kajimura, A.Frontini, J.Ishibashi, P.Cohen, S.Cinti, B.M.Spiegelman. Prdm16 determines the thermogenic program of subcutaneous white adipose tissue in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:96-105; PMID:21123942; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI44271
25. T.F.Hany, E.Gharehpapagh, E.M.Kamel, A.Buck, J.Himms-Hagen, G.K.von Schulthess. Brown adipose tissue: a factor to consider in symmetrical tracer uptake in the neck and upper chest region. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2002; 29:1393-8; PMID:12271425; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-002-0902-6
26. H.W.Yeung, R.K.Grewal, M.Gonen, H.Schoder, S.M.Larson. Patterns of (18)F-FDG uptake in adipose tissue and muscle: a potential source of false-positives for PET. J Nucl Med 2003; 44:789-96; PMID:NOT_FOUND
27. J.Nedergaard, T.Bengtsson, B.Cannon. Unexpected evidence for active brown adipose tissue in adult humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 293:E444-52; PMID:17473055; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00691.2006
28. W.D.van Marken Lichtenbelt, J.W.Vanhommerig, N.M.Smulders, J.M.Drossaerts, G.J.Kemerink, N.D.Bouvy, P.Schrauwen, G.J.Teule. Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in healthy men. N Engl J Med 2009; 360:1500-8; PMID:19357405; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0808718
29. K.A.Virtanen, M.E.Lidell, J.Orava, M.Heglind, R.Westergren, T.Niemi, M.Taittonen, J.Laine, N.J.Savisto, S.Enerback, et al. Functional brown adipose tissue in healthy adults. N Engl J Med 2009; 360:1518-25; PMID:19357407; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0808949
30. A.M.Cypess, S.Lehman, G.Williams, I.Tal, D.Rodman, A.B.Goldfine, F.C.Kuo, E.L.Palmer, Y.H.Tseng, A.Doria, et al. Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans. N Engl J Med 2009; 360:1509-17; PMID:19357406; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0810780
31. L.Wilson-Fritch, S.Nicoloro, M.Chouinard, M.A.Lazar, P.C.Chui, J.Leszyk, J.Straubhaar, M.P.Czech, S.Corvera. Mitochondrial remodeling in adipose tissue associated with obesity and treatment with rosiglitazone. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:1281-9; PMID:15520860; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI21752
32. L.M.Sparks, H.Xie, R.A.Koza, R.Mynatt, M.W.Hulver, G.A.Bray, S.R.Smith. A high-fat diet coordinately downregulates genes required for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle. Diabetes 2005; 54:926-33; http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.54.7.1926
33. M.A.Abdul-Ghani, R.A.DeFronzo. Mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Diab Rep 2008; 8:173-8; PMID:18625112; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11892-008-0030-1
34. A.Vegiopoulos, K.Muller-Decker, D.Strzoda, I.Schmitt, E.Chichelnitskiy, A.Ostertag, M.Berriel Diaz, J.Rozman, M.Hrabe de Angelis, R.M.Nusing, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 controls energy homeostasis in mice by de novo recruitment of brown adipocytes. Science 2010; 328:1158-61; PMID:20448152; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1186034
35. N.Petrovic, T.B.Walden, I.G.Shabalina, J.A.Timmons, B.Cannon, J.Nedergaard. Chronic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) activation of epididymally derived white adipocyte cultures reveals a population of thermogenically competent, UCP1-containing adipocytes molecularly distinct from classic brown adipocytes. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:7153-64; PMID:20028987; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.053942
36. G.Barbatelli, I.Murano, L.Madsen, Q.Hao, M.Jimenez, K.Kristiansen, J.P.Giacobino, R.De Matteis, S.Cinti. The emergence of cold-induced brown adipocytes in mouse white fat depots is determined predominantly by white to brown adipocyte transdifferentiation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 298:E1244-53; PMID:20354155; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00600.2009
37. J.Wu, P.Bostrom, L.M.Sparks, L.Ye, J.H.Choi, A.H.Giang, M.Khandekar, K.A.Virtanen, P.Nuutila, G.Schaart, et al. Beige adipocytes are a distinct type of thermogenic fat cell in mouse and human. Cell 2012; 150:366-76; PMID:22796012; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.05.016
38. H.Ohno, K.Shinoda, B.M.Spiegelman, S.Kajimura. PPARgamma agonists induce a white-to-brown fat conversion through stabilization of PRDM16 protein. Cell Metab 2012; 15:395-404; PMID:22405074; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2012.01.019
39. L.Ye, J.Wu, P.Cohen, L.Kazak, M.J.Khandekar, M.P.Jedrychowski, X.Zeng, S.P.Gygi, B.M.Spiegelman. Fat cells directly sense temperature to activate thermogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:12480-5; PMID:23818608; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1310261110
40. Y.H.Tseng, E.Kokkotou, T.J.Schulz, T.L.Huang, J.N.Winnay, C.M.Taniguchi, T.T.Tran, R.Suzuki, D.O.Espinoza, Y.Yamamoto, et al. New role of bone morphogenetic protein 7 in brown adipogenesis and energy expenditure. Nature 2008; 454:1000-4; PMID:18719589; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07221
41. A.J.Whittle, S.Carobbio, L.Martins, M.Slawik, E.Hondares, M.J.Vazquez, D.Morgan, R.I.Csikasz, R.Gallego, S.Rodriguez-Cuenca, et al. BMP8B increases brown adipose tissue thermogenesis through both central and peripheral actions. Cell 2012; 149:871-85; PMID:22579288; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.066
42. T.J.Schulz, P.Huang, T.L.Huang, R.Xue, L.E.McDougall, K.L.Townsend, A.M.Cypess, Y.Mishina, E.Gussoni, Y.H.Tseng. Brown-fat paucity due to impaired BMP signalling induces compensatory browning of white fat. Nature 2013; 495:379-83; PMID:23485971; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11943
43. A.M.Cypess, A.P.White, C.Vernochet, T.J.Schulz, R.Xue, C.A.Sass, T.L.Huang, C.Roberts-Toler, L.S.Weiner, et al. Anatomical localization, gene expression profiling and functional characterization of adult human neck brown fat. Nat Med 2013; 19:635-9; PMID:23603815; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.3112
44. M.E.Lidell, M.J.Betz, O.Dahlqvist Leinhard, M.Heglind, L.Elander, M.Slawik, T.Mussack, D.Nilsson, T.Romu, P.Nuutila, et al. Evidence for two types of brown adipose tissue in humans. Nat Med 2013; 19:31-4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.3017
45. K.L.Spalding, E.Arner, P.O.Westermark, S.Bernard, B.A.Buchholz, O.Bergmann, L.Blomqvist, J.Hoffstedt, E.Naslund, T.Britton, et al. Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans. Nature 2008; 453:783-7; PMID:18454136; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06902
46. R.Siersbaek, R.Nielsen, S.Mandrup. Transcriptional networks and chromatin remodeling controlling adipogenesis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:56-64; PMID:22079269; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2011.10.001
47. C.Algire, D.Medrikova, S.Herzig. White and brown adipose stem cells: from signaling to clinical implications. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1831:896-904; PMID:23051608; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.10.001
48. T.Jenuwein, C.D.Allis. Translating the histone code. Science 2001; 293:1074-80; PMID:11498575; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1063127
49. A.D.Goldberg, C.D.Allis, E.Bernstein. Epigenetics: a landscape takes shape. Cell 2007; 128:635-8; PMID:17320500; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.006
50. A.Munshi, G.Shafi, N.Aliya, A.Jyothy. Histone modifications dictate specific biological readouts. J Genet Genomics 2009; 36:75-88; PMID:19232306; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1673-8527(08)60094-6
51. S.Sugii, R.M.Evans. Epigenetic codes of PPARgamma in metabolic disease. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:2121-8; PMID:21605560; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2011.05.007
52. T.S.Mikkelsen, M.Ku, D.B.Jaffe, B.Issac, E.Lieberman, G.Giannoukos, P.Alvarez, W.Brockman, T.K.Kim, R.P.Koche, et al. Genome-wide maps of chromatin state in pluripotent and lineage-committed cells. Nature 2007; 448:553-60; PMID:17603471; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06008
53. A.Meissner, T.S.Mikkelsen, H.Gu, M.Wernig, J.Hanna, A.Sivachenko, X.Zhang, B.E.Bernstein, C.Nusbaum, D.B.Jaffe, et al. Genome-scale DNA methylation maps of pluripotent and differentiated cells. Nature 2008; 454:766-70; PMID:18600261
54. T.S.Mikkelsen, J.Hanna, X.Zhang, M.Ku, M.Wernig, P.Schorderet, B.E.Bernstein, R.Jaenisch, E.S.Lander, A.Meissner. Dissecting direct reprogramming through integrative genomic analysis. Nature 2008; 454:49-55; PMID:18509334; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07056
55. T.Cremer, V.Zakhartchenko. Nuclear architecture in developmental biology and cell specialisation. Reprod Fertil Dev 2011; 23:94-106; PMID:21366985; http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/RD10249
56. D.W.Fawcett. On the occurrence of a fibrous lamina on the inner aspect of the nuclear envelope in certain cells of vertebrates. Am J Anat 1966; 119:129-45; PMID:6007824; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001190108
57. G.Patrizi, M.Poger. The ultrastructure of the nuclear periphery. The zonula nucleum limitans. J Ultrastruct Res 1967; 17:127-36; PMID:6017352; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5320(67)80025-X
58. C.Y.Ho, J.Lammerding. Lamins at a glance. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2087-93; PMID:22669459; http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.087288
59. F.D.McKeon, M.W.Kirschner, D.Caput. Homologies in both primary and secondary structure between nuclear envelope and intermediate filament proteins. Nature 1986; 319:463-8; PMID:3453101; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/319463a0
60. T.Dechat, K.Pfleghaar, K.Sengupta, T.Shimi, D.K.Shumaker, L.Solimando, R.D.Goldman. Nuclear lamins: major factors in the structural organization and function of the nucleus and chromatin. Genes Dev 2008; 22:32-53; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.1652708
61. R.P.Aaronson, G.Blobel. Isolation of nuclear pore complexes in association with a lamina. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975; 72:007-11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.72.3.1007
62. R.D.Moir, M.Yoon, S.Khuon, R.D.Goldman. Nuclear lamins A and B1: different pathways of assembly during nuclear envelope formation in living cells. J Cell Biol 2000; 151:1155-68; PMID:11121432; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.151.6.1155
63. T.Shimi, K.Pfleghaar, S.Kojima, C.G.Pack, I.Solovei, A.E.Goldman, S.A.Adam, D.K.Shumaker, M.Kinjo, T.Cremer, et al. The A- and B-type nuclear lamin networks: microdomains involved in chromatin organization and transcription. Genes Dev 2008; 22:409-21; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.1735208
64. M.Crisp, Q.Liu, K.Roux, J.B.Rattner, C.Shanahan, B.Burke, P.D.Stahl, D.Hodzic. Coupling of the nucleus and cytoplasm: role of the LINC complex. J Cell Biol 2006; 172:41-53; PMID:16380439; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200509124
65. J.I.de Las Heras, P.Meinke, D.G.Batrakou, V.Srsen, N.Zuleger, A.R.Kerr, E.C.Schirmer. Tissue specificity in the nuclear envelope supports its functional complexity. Nucleus 2014; 4:40-77; PMID:NOT_FOUND
66. L.Guelen, L.Pagie, E.Brasset, W.Meuleman, M.B.Faza, W.Talhout, B.H.Eussen, A.de Klein, L.Wessels, W.de Laat, et al. Domain organization of human chromosomes revealed by mapping of nuclear lamina interactions. Nature 2008; 453:948-51; PMID:18463634; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06947
67. K.L.Reddy, J.M.Zullo, E.Bertolino, H.Singh. Transcriptional repression mediated by repositioning of genes to the nuclear lamina. Nature 2008; 452:243-7; PMID:18272965; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06727
68. S.T.Kosak, J.A.Skok, K.L.Medina, R.Riblet, M.M.Le Beau, A.G.Fisher, H.Singh. Subnuclear compartmentalization of immunoglobulin loci during lymphocyte development. Science 2002; 296:158-62; PMID:11935030; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1068768
69. S.Rodriguez-Navarro, T.Fischer, M.J.Luo, O.Antunez, S.Brettschneider, J.Lechner, J.E.Perez-Ortin, R.Reed, E.Hurt. Sus1, a functional component of the SAGA histone acetylase complex and the nuclear pore-associated mRNA export machinery. Cell 2004; 116:75-86; PMID:14718168; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(03)01025-0
70. A.Taddei, G.Van Houwe, F.Hediger, V.Kalck, F.Cubizolles, H.Schober, S.M.Gasser. Nuclear pore association confers optimal expression levels for an inducible yeast gene. Nature 2006; 441:774-8; PMID:16760983; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04845
71. G.G.Cabal, A.Genovesio, S.Rodriguez-Navarro, C.Zimmer, O.Gadal, A.Lesne, H.Buc, F.Feuerbach-Fournier, J.C.Olivo-Marin, E.C.Hurt, et al. SAGA interacting factors confine sub-diffusion of transcribed genes to the nuclear envelope. Nature 2006; 441:770-3; PMID:16760982; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04752
72. C.R.Brown, C.J.Kennedy, V.A.Delmar, D.J.Forbes, P.A.Silver. Global histone acetylation induces functional genomic reorganization at mammalian nuclear pore complexes. Genes Dev 2008; 22:627-39; PMID:18316479; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.1632708
73. L.Luo, K.L.Gassman, L.M.Petell, C.L.Wilson, J.Bewersdorf, L.S.Shopland. The nuclear periphery of embryonic stem cells is a transcriptionally permissive and repressive compartment. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:3729-37; PMID:19773359; http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.052555
74. M.D.Galigniana, P.C.Echeverria, A.G.Erlejman, G.Piwien-Pilipuk. Role of molecular chaperones and TPR-domain proteins in the cytoplasmic transport of steroid receptors and their passage through the nuclear pore. Nucleus 2010; 1:299-308; PMID:21113270; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/nucl.1.4.11743
75. H.R.Quinta, D.Maschi, C.Gomez-Sanchez, G.Piwien-Pilipuk, M.D.Galigniana. Subcellular rearrangement of hsp90-binding immunophilins accompanies neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth. J Neurochem 2010; 115:716-34; PMID:20796173; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06970.x
76. T.Shimi, V.Butin-Israeli, S.A.Adam, R.D.Goldman. Nuclear lamins in cell regulation and disease. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2010; 75:25-31; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/sqb.2010.75.045
77. R.A.Hegele, T.R.Joy, S.A.Al-Attar, B.K.Rutt. Thematic review series: Adipocyte Biology. Lipodystrophies: windows on adipose biology and metabolism. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:433-44; http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.R700004-JLR200
78. A.Garg. Acquired and inherited lipodystrophies. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:1220-34; PMID:15028826; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra025261
79. R.Hegele. LMNA mutation position predicts organ system involvement in laminopathies. Clin Genet 2005; 68:1-4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.2005.00447.x
80. C.Capanni, E.Mattioli, M.Columbaro, E.Lucarelli, V.K.Parnaik, G.Novelli, M.Wehnert, V.Cenni, N.M.Maraldi, S.Squarzoni, et al. Altered pre-lamin A processing is a common mechanism leading to lipodystrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14:1489-502; PMID:15843404; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddi158
81. P.Tontonoz, E.Hu, B.M.Spiegelman. Stimulation of adipogenesis in fibroblasts by PPAR2, a lipid-activated transcription factor. Cell 1994; 79:147-1156; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(94)90006-X
82. P.Tontonoz, B.M.Spiegelman. Fat and beyond: the diverse biology of PPARgamma. Annu Rev Biochem 2008; 77:289-312; PMID:18518822; http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.77.061307.091829
83. R.A.Hegele, H.Cao, C.Frankowski, S.T.Mathews, T.Leff. PPARG F388L, a transactivation-deficient mutant, in familial partial lipodystrophy. Diabetes 2002; 51:3586-90; PMID:12453919; http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.51.12.3586
84. A.K.Agarwal, A.Garg. A novel heterozygous mutation in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma gene in a patient with familial partial lipodystrophy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87:408-11; PMID:11788685
85. K.Al-Shali, H.Cao, N.Knoers, A.R.Hermus, C.J.Tack, R.A.Hegele. A single-base mutation in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma4 promoter associated with altered in vitro expression and partial lipodystrophy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:5655-60; PMID:15531525; http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-0280
86. M.Caron, M.Auclair, H.Sterlingot, M.Kornprobst, J.Capeau. Some HIV protease inhibitors alter lamin A/C maturation and stability, SREBP-1 nuclear localization and adipocyte differentiation. Aids 2003; 17:2437-44; PMID:14600514; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-200311210-00005
87. R.L.Boguslavsky, C.L.Stewart, H.J.Worman. Nuclear lamin A inhibits adipocyte differentiation: implications for Dunnigan-type familial partial lipodystrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:653-63; PMID:16415042; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddi480
88. D.A.Jackson, P.R.Cook. Visualization of a filamentous nucleoskeleton with a 23 nm axial repeat. Embo J 1988; 7:3667-77; PMID:3208744
89. P.Hozak, A.M.Sasseville, Y.Raymond, P.R.Cook. Lamin proteins form an internal nucleoskeleton as well as a peripheral lamina in human cells. J Cell Sci 1995; 108(Pt 2):635-44; PMID:7769007
90. J.L.Broers, B.M.Machiels, G.J.van Eys, H.J.Kuijpers, E.M.Manders, R.van Driel, F.C.Ramaekers. Dynamics of the nuclear lamina as monitored by GFP-tagged A-type lamins. J Cell Sci 1999; 112(Pt 20):3463-75; PMID:10504295
91. H.Taniura, C.Glass, L.Gerace. A chromatin binding site in the tail domain of nuclear lamins that interacts with core histones. J Cell Biol 1995; 131:33-44; PMID:7559784; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.131.1.33
92. M.Goldberg, A.Harel, M.Brandeis, T.Rechsteiner, T.J.Richmond, A.M.Weiss, Y.Gruenbaum. The tail domain of lamin Dm0 binds histones H2A and H2B. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:2852-7; PMID:10077600; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.6.2852
93. J.L.Broers, H.J.Kuijpers, C.Ostlund, H.J.Worman, J.Endert, F.C.Ramaekers. Both lamin A and lamin C mutations cause lamina instability as well as loss of internal nuclear lamin organization. Exp Cell Res 2005; 304:582-92; PMID:15748902; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.11.020
94. K.Tilgner, K.Wojciechowicz, C.Jahoda, C.Hutchison, E.Markiewicz. Dynamic complexes of A-type lamins and emerin influence adipogenic capacity of the cell via nucleocytoplasmic distribution of beta-catenin. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:401-13; PMID:19126678; http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.026179
95. E.Markiewicz, K.Tilgner, N.Barker, M.van de Wetering, H.Clevers, M.Dorobek, I.Hausmanowa-Petrusewicz, F.C.Ramaekers, J.L.Broers, W.M.Blankesteijn, et al. The inner nuclear membrane protein emerin regulates beta-catenin activity by restricting its accumulation in the nucleus. Embo J 2006; 25:275-85; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.emboj.7601230
96. S.E.Ross, N.Hemati, K.A.Longo, C.N.Bennett, P.C.Lucas, R.L.Erickson, O.A.MacDougald. Inhibition of adipogenesis by Wnt signaling. Science 2000; 289:950-953; PMID:10937998; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5481.950
97. V.L.Verstraeten, J.Renes, F.C.Ramaekers, M.Kamps, H.J.Kuijpers, F.Verheyen, M.Wabitsch, P.M.Steijlen, M.A.van Steensel, J.L.Broers. Reorganization of the nuclear lamina and cytoskeleton in adipogenesis. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 135:251-61; PMID:21350821; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00418-011-0792-4
98. J.Toneatto, S.Guber, N.L.Charo, S.Susperreguy, J.Schwartz, M.D.Galigniana, G.Piwien-Pilipuk. Dynamic mitochondrial-nuclear redistribution of the immunophilin FKBP51 is regulated by the PKA signaling pathway to control gene expression during adipocyte differentiation. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:5357-68; PMID:24101724; http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.125799
99. J.Toneatto, N.L.Charo, N.M.Galigniana, G.Piwien-Pilipuk. Adipogenesis is under surveillance of Hsp90 and the high molecular weight Immunophilin FKBP51. Adipocyte 2015; 4:29-47; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21623945.2015.1049401
100. M.A.D'Angelo, M.W.Hetzer. The role of the nuclear envelope in cellular organization. Cell Mol Life Sci 2006; 63:316-32; PMID:16389459; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-005-5361-3
101. N.Stuurman. Identification of a conserved phosphorylation site modulating nuclear lamin polymerization. FEBS Lett 1997; 401:171-4; PMID:9013881; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(96)01464-0
102. J.M.Gonzalez, A.Navarro-Puche, B.Casar, P.Crespo, V.Andres. Fast regulation of AP-1 activity through interaction of lamin A/C, ERK1/2, and c-Fos at the nuclear envelope. J Cell Biol 2008; 183:653-66; PMID:19015316; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200805049
103. F.M.Gregoire, C.M.Smas, H.S.Sul. Understanding adipocyte differentiation. Physiol Rev 1998; 78:783-809; PMID:9674695
104. A.J.Maniotis, C.S.Chen, D.E.Ingber. Demonstration of mechanical connections between integrins, cytoskeletal filaments, and nucleoplasm that stabilize nuclear structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:849-54; PMID:9023345; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.3.849
105. N.Wang, J.P.Butler, D.E.Ingber. Mechanotransduction across the cell surface and through the cytoskeleton. Science 1993; 260:1124-7; PMID:7684161; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.7684161
106. N.Wang, J.D.Tytell, D.E.Ingber. Mechanotransduction at a distance: mechanically coupling the extracellular matrix with the nucleus. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2009; 10:75-82; PMID:19197334; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm2594
107. J.Lammerding, P.C.Schulze, T.Takahashi, S.Kozlov, T.Sullivan, R.D.Kamm, C.L.Stewart, R.T.Lee. Lamin A/C deficiency causes defective nuclear mechanics and mechanotransduction. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:370-8; PMID:14755334; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI200419670
108. M.L.Lombardi, D.E.Jaalouk, C.M.Shanahan, B.Burke, K.J.Roux, J.Lammerding. The interaction between nesprins and sun proteins at the nuclear envelope is critical for force transmission between the nucleus and cytoskeleton. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:26743-53; PMID:21652697; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.233700
109. P.M.Gilbert, K.L.Havenstrite, K.E.Magnusson, A.Sacco, N.A.Leonardi, P.Kraft, N.K.Nguyen, S.Thrun, M.P.Lutolf, H.M.Blau. Substrate elasticity regulates skeletal muscle stem cell self-renewal in culture. Science 2010; 329:1078-81; PMID:20647425; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1191035
110. J.Swift, I.L.Ivanovska, A.Buxboim, T.Harada, P.C.Dingal, J.Pinter, J.D.Pajerowski, K.R.Spinler, J.W.Shin, M.Tewari, et al. Nuclear lamin-A scales with tissue stiffness and enhances matrix-directed differentiation. Science 2013; 341:1240104; PMID:23990565; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1240104
111. N.Zuleger, S.Boyle, D.A.Kelly, J.I.de las Heras, V.Lazou, N.Korfali, D.G.Batrakou, K.N.Randles, G.E.Morris, D.J.Harrison, et al. Specific nuclear envelope transmembrane proteins can promote the location of chromosomes to and from the nuclear periphery. Genome Biol 2013; 14:R14; PMID:23414781; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-2013-14-2-r14
112. D.W.Fawcet,. An Atlas of Fine Structure: The Cell, Its Organelles and Inclusions, W. B. Saunders Co. (ed). Ch. 2, pp. 6–7. Philadelphia, 1966.
113. W.J.Steele, H.Busch. Studies on the ribonucleic acid components of the nuclear ribonucleoprotein network. Biochim Biophys Acta 1966; 129:54-67; PMID:5970076; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2787(66)90008-6
114. D.C.He, J.A.Nickerson, S.Penman. Core filaments of the nuclear matrix. J Cell Biol 1990; 110:569-80; PMID:2307700; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.110.3.569
115. E.G.Fey, D.A.Ornelles, S.Penman. Association of RNA with the cytoskeleton and the nuclear matrix. J Cell Sci Suppl 1986; 5:9-119; PMID:NOT_FOUND
116. H.Ma, A.J.Siegel, R.Berezney. Association of chromosome territories with the nuclear matrix. Disruption of human chromosome territories correlates with the release of a subset of nuclear matrix proteins. J Cell Biol 1999; 146:531-42; PMID:10444063; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.146.3.531
117. J.Nickerson. Experimental observations of a nuclear matrix. J Cell Sci 2001; 114:463-74; PMID:11171316
118. P.R.Cook, I.A.Brazell, E.Jost. Characterization of nuclear structures containing superhelical DNA. J Cell Sci 1976; 22:303-24; PMID:1002771
119. E.H.Birkenmeier, B.Gwynn, S.Howard, J.Jerry, J.I.Gordon, W.H.Landschulz, S.L.McKnight. Tissue-specific expression, developmental regulation, and genetic mapping of the gene encoding CCAAT/enhancer binding protein. Genes & Dev. 1989; 3:1146-1156; PMID:2792758
120. B.Vogelstein, D.M.Pardoll, D.S.Coffey. Supercoiled loops and eucaryotic DNA replicaton. Cell 1980; 22:79-85; PMID:7428042; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(80)90156-7
121. A.K.Linnemann, A.E.Platts, S.A.Krawetz. Differential nuclear scaffold/matrix attachment marks expressed genes. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:645-54; PMID:19017725; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddn394
122. J.G.Barone, J.De Lara, K.B.Cummings, W.S.Ward. DNA organization in human spermatozoa. J Androl 1994; 15:139-44; PMID:8056637
123. J.Bode, Y.Kohwi, L.Dickinson, T.Joh, D.Klehr, C.Mielke, T.Kohwi-Shigematsu. Biological significance of unwinding capability of nuclear matrix-associating DNAs. Science 1992; 255:195-7; PMID:1553545; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1553545
124. J.Mirkovitch, P.Spierer, U.K.Laemmli. Genes and loops in 320,000 base-pairs of the Drosophila melanogaster chromosome. J Mol Biol 1986; 190:255-8; PMID:3098982; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(86)90296-2
125. C.Benyajati, A.Worcel. Isolation, characterization, and structure of the folded interphase genome of Drosophila melanogaster. Cell 1976; 9:393-407; PMID:825231; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(76)90084-2
126. L.A.Dickinson, T.Joh, Y.Kohwi, T.Kohwi-Shigematsu. A tissue-specific MAR/SAR DNA-binding protein with unusual binding site recognition. Cell 1992; 70:631-45; PMID:1505028; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(92)90432-C
127. T.Boulikas. Chromatin domains and prediction of MAR sequences. Int Rev Cytol 1995; 162A:279-388; PMID:8575883
128. J.D.Alvarez, D.H.Yasui, H.Niida, T.Joh, D.Y.Loh, T.Kohwi-Shigematsu. The MAR-binding protein SATB1 orchestrates temporal and spatial expression of multiple genes during T-cell development. Genes Dev 2000; 14:521-35; PMID:10716941
129. E.G.Fey, S.Penman. Nuclear matrix proteins reflect cell type of origin in cultured human cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:21-5; PMID:3277171; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.1.121
130. R.H.Getzenberg, K.J.Pienta, E.Y.Huang, D.S.Coffey. Identification of nuclear matrix proteins in the cancer and normal rat prostate. Cancer Res 1991; 51:514-20; PMID:1898713
131. D.A.Compton, I.Szilak, D.W.Cleveland. Primary structure of NuMA, an intranuclear protein that defines a novel pathway for segregation of proteins at mitosis. J Cell Biol 1992; 116:1395-408; PMID:1541636; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.116.6.1395
132. C.H.Yang, E.J.Lambie, M.Snyder. NuMA: an unusually long coiled-coil related protein in the mammalian nucleus. J Cell Biol 1992; 116:1303-17; PMID:1541630; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.116.6.1303
133. C.Gueth-Hallonet, J.Wang, J.Harborth, K.Weber, M.Osborn. Induction of a regular nuclear lattice by overexpression of NuMA. Exp Cell Res 1998; 243:434-52; PMID:9743603; http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/excr.1998.4178
134. J.Harborth, J.Wang, C.Gueth-Hallonet, K.Weber, M.Osborn. Self assembly of NuMA: multiarm oligomers as structural units of a nuclear lattice. Embo J 1999; 18:689-700; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emboj/18.6.1689
135. M.E.Luderus, J.L.den Blaauwen, O.J.de Smit, D.A.Compton, R.van Driel. Binding of matrix attachment regions to lamin polymers involves single-stranded regions and the minor groove. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14:6297-305; PMID:8065361; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.14.9.6297
136. P.C.Abad, J.Lewis, I.S.Mian, D.W.Knowles, J.Sturgis, S.Badve, J.Xie, S.A.Lelievre. NuMA influences higher order chromatin organization in human mammary epithelium. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:348-61; PMID:17108325; http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E06-06-0551
137. J.C.Reyes, C.Muchardt, M.Yaniv. Components of the human SWI/SNF complex are enriched in active chromatin and are associated with the nuclear matrix. J Cell Biol 1997; 137:263-74; PMID:9128241; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.137.2.263
138. N.Saitoh, I.G.Goldberg, E.R.Wood, W.C.Earnshaw. ScII: an abundant chromosome scaffold protein is a member of a family of putative ATPases with an unusual predicted tertiary structure. J Cell Biol 1994; 127:303-18; PMID:7929577; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.127.2.303
139. P.R.Cook. The organization of replication and transcription. Science 1999; 284:1790-1795; PMID:10364545; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5421.1790
140. R.Berezney, M.J.Mortillaro, H.Ma, X.Wei, J.Samarabandu. The nuclear matrix: a structural milieu for genomic function. Int Rev Cytol 1995; 162A:1-65; PMID:8575878
141. H.Sutherland, W.A.Bickmore. Transcription factories: gene expression in unions? Nat Rev Genet 2009; 10:457-66; PMID:19506577; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg2592
142. T.Tanaka, S.Akira, K.Yoshida, M.Umemoto, Y.Yoneda, N.Shirafuji, H.Fujiwara, S.Suematsu, N.Yoshida, T.Kishimoto. Targeted disruption of the NF-IL6 gene discloses its essential role in bacteria killing and tumor cytotoxicity by macrophages. Cell 1995; 80:353-361; PMID:7530603; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(95)90418-2
143. E.D.Rosen, O.A.MacDougald. Adipocyte differentiation from the inside out. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2006; 7:885-96; PMID:17139329; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm2066
144. S.Susperreguy, L.P.Prendes, M.A.Desbats, N.L.Charo, K.Brown, O.A.MacDougald, T.Kerppola, J.Schwartz, G.Piwien-Pilipuk. Visualization by BiFC of different C/EBPbeta dimers and their interaction with HP1alpha reveals a differential subnuclear distribution of complexes in living cells. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:706-23; PMID:21122806; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.11.008
145. C.H.Eskiw, A.Rapp, D.R.Carter, P.R.Cook. RNA polymerase II activity is located on the surface of protein-rich transcription factories. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:1999-2007; PMID:18495842; http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.027250
146. M.Xu, P.R.Cook. Similar active genes cluster in specialized transcription factories. J Cell Biol 2008; 181:615-23; PMID:18490511; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200710053
147. P.R.Cook. A model for all genomes: the role of transcription factories. J Mol Biol 2010; 395:1-10; PMID:19852969; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2009.10.031
148. T.I.Cesena, J.R.Cardinaux, R.Kwok, J.Schwartz. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) beta is acetylated at multiple lysines: acetylation of C/EBPbeta at lysine 39 modulates its ability to activate transcription. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:956-67; PMID:17110376; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M511451200
149. G.M.Wochnik, J.Ruegg, G.A.Abel, U.Schmidt, F.Holsboer, T.Rein. FK506-binding proteins 51 and 52 differentially regulate dynein interaction and nuclear translocation of the glucocorticoid receptor in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:4609-16; PMID:15591061; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M407498200
150. L.I.Gallo, A.A.Ghini, G.Piwien Pilipuk, M.D.Galigniana. Differential recruitment of tetratricorpeptide repeat domain immunophilins to the mineralocorticoid receptor influences both heat-shock protein 90-dependent retrotransport and hormone-dependent transcriptional activity. Biochemistry 2007; 46:14044-57; PMID:18001136; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi701372c
151. M.I.Lefterova, Y.Zhang, D.J.Steger, M.Schupp, J.Schug, A.Cristancho, D.Feng, D.Zhuo, C.J.Stoeckert, Jr., X.S.Liu, et al. PPARgamma and C/EBP factors orchestrate adipocyte biology via adjacent binding on a genome-wide scale. Genes Dev 2008; 22:941-52; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.1709008
152. R.Nielsen, T.A.Pedersen, D.Hagenbeek, P.Moulos, R.Siersbaek, E.Megens, S.Denissov, M.Borgesen, K.J.Francoijs, S.Mandrup, et al. Genome-wide profiling of PPARgamma:RXR and RNA polymerase II occupancy reveals temporal activation of distinct metabolic pathways and changes in RXR dimer composition during adipogenesis. Genes Dev 2008; 22:2953-67; PMID:18981474; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.501108
153. D.J.Steger, G.R.Grant, M.Schupp, T.Tomaru, M.I.Lefterova, J.Schug, E.Manduchi, C.J.Stoeckert, Jr., M.A.Lazar. Propagation of adipogenic signals through an epigenomic transition state. Genes Dev 2010; 24:1035-44; PMID:20478996; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.1907110
154. R.Siersbaek, R.Nielsen, S.John, M.H.Sung, S.Baek, A.Loft, G.L.Hager, S.Mandrup. Extensive chromatin remodelling and establishment of transcription factor ‘hotspots’ during early adipogenesis. Embo J 2011; 30:1459-72; PMID:21427703; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2011.65
155. R.Siersbaek, R.Nielsen, S.Mandrup. PPARgamma in adipocyte differentiation and metabolism–novel insights from genome-wide studies. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:3242-9; PMID:20542036; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2010.06.010
156. K.Luger, M.L.Dechassa, D.J.Tremethick. New insights into nucleosome and chromatin structure: an ordered state or a disordered affair? Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012; 13:436-47; PMID:22722606; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm3382
157. W.Waldeyer. Karyokinese und ihre Bezlehung zu den Befruchtungsvorgängen Archiv für mikroskopische. Anatomie 1888; 32:1-22; PMID:NOT_FOUND
158. T.Boveri. Die Blastomerenkerne von Ascaris megalocephala und die Theorie der Chromosomen individualität. Archiv Zellforsch 1909; 3:181-268; PMID:NOT_FOUND
159. C.Zorn, C.Cremer, T.Cremer, J.Zimmer. Unscheduled DNA synthesis after partial UV irradiation of the cell nucleus. Distribution in interphase and metaphase. Exp Cell Res 1979; 124:111-9; PMID:499376; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(79)90261-1
160. T.Cremer, M.Cremer. Chromosome territories. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010; 2:a003889; PMID:20300217; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a003889
161. F.A.Habermann, M.Cremer, J.Walter, G.Kreth, J.von Hase, K.Bauer, J.Wienberg, C.Cremer, T.Cremer, I.Solovei. Arrangements of macro- and microchromosomes in chicken cells. Chromosome Res 2001; 9:569-84; PMID:11721954; http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012447318535
162. H.Tanabe, S.Muller, M.Neusser, J.von Hase, E.Calcagno, M.Cremer, I.Solovei, C.Cremer, T.Cremer. Evolutionary conservation of chromosome territory arrangements in cell nuclei from higher primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:4424-9; PMID:11930003; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.072618599
163. C.Federico, C.Scavo, C.D.Cantarella, S.Motta, S.Saccone, G.Bernardi. Gene-rich and gene-poor chromosomal regions have different locations in the interphase nuclei of cold-blooded vertebrates. Chromosoma 2006; 115:123-8; PMID:16404627; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00412-005-0039-z
164. M.Neusser, V.Schubel, A.Koch, T.Cremer, S.Muller. Evolutionarily conserved, cell type and species-specific higher order chromatin arrangements in interphase nuclei of primates. Chromosoma 2007; 116:307-20; PMID:17318634; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00412-007-0099-3
165. J.A.Croft, J.M.Bridger, S.Boyle, P.Perry, P.Teague, W.A.Bickmore. Differences in the localization and morphology of chromosomes in the human nucleus. J Cell Biol 1999; 145:1119-31; PMID:10366586; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.145.6.1119
166. M.Cremer, J.von Hase, T.Volm, A.Brero, G.Kreth, J.Walter, C.Fischer, I.Solovei, C.Cremer, T.Cremer. Non-random radial higher-order chromatin arrangements in nuclei of diploid human cells. Chromosome Res 2001; 9:51-67; http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012495201697
167. M.Cremer, K.Kupper, B.Wagler, L.Wizelman, J.von Hase, Y.Weiland, L.Kreja, J.Diebold, M.R.Speicher, T.Cremer. Inheritance of gene density-related higher order chromatin arrangements in normal and tumor cell nuclei. J Cell Biol 2003; 162:809-20; PMID:12952935; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200304096
168. J.M.Bridger, S.Boyle, I.R.Kill, W.A.Bickmore. Re-modelling of nuclear architecture in quiescent and senescent human fibroblasts. Curr Biol 2000; 10:49-52; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00312-2
169. A.Bolzer, G.Kreth, I.Solovei, D.Koehler, K.Saracoglu, C.Fauth, S.Muller, R.Eils, C.Cremer, M.R.Speicher, et al. Three-dimensional maps of all chromosomes in human male fibroblast nuclei and prometaphase rosettes. PLoS Biol 2005; 3:e157; PMID:15839726; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030157
170. R.Berezney, L.A.Buchholtz. Isolation and characterization of rat liver nuclear matrices containing high molecular weight deoxyribonucleic acid. Biochemistry 1981; 20:4995-5002; PMID:7295663; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00520a028
171. R.D.Shelby, K.M.Hahn, K.F.Sullivan. Dynamic elastic behavior of alpha-satellite DNA domains visualized in situ in living human cells. J Cell Biol 1996; 135:545-57; PMID:8909532; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.135.3.545
172. D.Zink, T.Cremer, R.Saffrich, R.Fischer, M.F.Trendelenburg, W.Ansorge, E.H.Stelzer. Structure and dynamics of human interphase chromosome territories in vivo. Hum Genet 1998; 102:241-51; PMID:9521598; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004390050686
173. A.Malhas, C.F.Lee, R.Sanders, N.J.Saunders, D.J.Vaux. Defects in lamin B1 expression or processing affect interphase chromosome position and gene expression. J Cell Biol 2007; 176:593-603; PMID:17312019; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200607054
174. N.Zuleger, M.I.Robson, E.C.Schirmer. The nuclear envelope as a chromatin organizer. Nucleus 2011; 2:339-49; PMID:21970986; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/nucl.2.5.17846
175. I.Solovei, A.S.Wang, K.Thanisch, C.S.Schmidt, S.Krebs, M.Zwerger, T.V.Cohen, D.Devys, R.Foisner, L.Peichl, et al. LBR and lamin A/C sequentially tether peripheral heterochromatin and inversely regulate differentiation. Cell 2013; 152:584-98; PMID:23374351; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.01.009
176. M.Kuroda, H.Tanabe, K.Yoshida, K.Oikawa, A.Saito, T.Kiyuna, H.Mizusawa, K.Mukai. Alteration of chromosome positioning during adipocyte differentiation. J Cell Sci 2004; 117:5897-903; PMID:15537832; http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.01508
177. M.Eneroth, N.Mandahl, S.Heim, H.Willen, A.Rydholm, K.A.Alberts, F.Mitelman. Localization of the chromosomal breakpoints of the t(12;16) in liposarcoma to subbands 12q13.3 and 16p11.2. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1990; 48:101-7; PMID:2372777; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-4608(90)90222-V
178. P.Aman, D.Ron, N.Mandahl, T.Fioretos, S.Heim, K.Arheden, H.Willen, A.Rydholm, F.Mitelman. Rearrangement of the transcription factor gene CHOP in myxoid liposarcomas with t(12;16)(q13;p11). Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1992; 5:278-85; PMID:1283316; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gcc.2870050403
179. A.Crozat, P.Aman, N.Mandahl, D.Ron. Fusion of CHOP to a novel RNA-binding protein in human myxoid liposarcoma. Nature 1993; 363:640-4; PMID:8510758; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/363640a0
180. T.H.Rabbitts, A.Forster, R.Larson, P.Nathan. Fusion of the dominant negative transcription regulator CHOP with a novel gene FUS by translocation t(12;16) in malignant liposarcoma. Nat Genet 1993; 4:15-80; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0693-175
181. M.Kuroda, X.Wang, J.Sok, Y.Yin, P.Chung, J.W.Giannotti, K.A.Jacobs, L.J.Fitz, P.Murtha-Riel, K.J.Turner, et al. Induction of a secreted protein by the myxoid liposarcoma oncogene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:025-30; PMID:NOT_FOUND
182. S.Kozubek, E.Lukasova, A.Mareckova, M.Skalnikova, M.Kozubek, E.Bartova, V.Kroha, E.Krahulcova, J.Slotova. The topological organization of chromosomes 9 and 22 in cell nuclei has a determinative role in the induction of t(9,22) translocations and in the pathogenesis of t(9,22) leukemias. Chromosoma 1999; 108:426-35; PMID:10654081; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004120050394
183. H.Neves, C.Ramos, M.G.da Silva, A.Parreira, L.Parreira. The nuclear topography of ABL, BCR, PML, and RARalpha genes: evidence for gene proximity in specific phases of the cell cycle and stages of hematopoietic differentiation. Blood 1999; 93:197-207; PMID:NOT_FOUND
184. W.A.Bickmore, P.Teague. Influences of chromosome size, gene density and nuclear position on the frequency of constitutional translocations in the human population. Chromosome Res 2002; 10:707-15; PMID:12575798; http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021589031769
185. K.J.Meaburn, T.Misteli, E.Soutoglou. Spatial genome organization in the formation of chromosomal translocations. Semin Cancer Biol 2007; 17:0-90; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2006.10.008
186. I.Szczerbal, H.A.Foster, J.M.Bridger. The spatial repositioning of adipogenesis genes is correlated with their expression status in a porcine mesenchymal stem cell adipogenesis model system. Chromosoma 2009; 118:647-63; PMID:19585140; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00412-009-0225-5
187. Q.Tong, G.Dalgin, H.Xu, C.N.Ting, J.M.Leiden, G.S.Hotamisligil. Function of GATA transcription factors in preadipocyte-adipocyte transition. Science 2000; 290:134-8; PMID:11021798; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5489.134
188. J.Dekker, K.Rippe, M.Dekker, N.Kleckner. Capturing chromosome conformation. Science 2002; 295:1306-11; PMID:11847345; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1067799
189. M.Simonis, P.Klous, E.Splinter, Y.Moshkin, R.Willemsen, E.de Wit, B.van Steensel, W.de Laat. Nuclear organization of active and inactive chromatin domains uncovered by chromosome conformation capture-on-chip (4C). Nat Genet 2006; 38:1348-54; PMID:17033623; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng1896
190. Z.Zhao, G.Tavoosidana, M.Sjolinder, A.Gondor, P.Mariano, S.Wang, C.Kanduri, M.Lezcano, K.S.Sandhu, U.Singh, et al. Circular chromosome conformation capture (4C) uncovers extensive networks of epigenetically regulated intra- and interchromosomal interactions. Nat Genet 2006; 38:1341-7; PMID:17033624; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng1891
191. J.Dostie, T.A.Richmond, R.A.Arnaout, R.R.Selzer, W.L.Lee, T.A.Honan, E.D.Rubio, A.Krumm, J.Lamb, C.Nusbaum, et al. Chromosome Conformation Capture Carbon Copy (5C): a massively parallel solution for mapping interactions between genomic elements. Genome Res 2006; 16:1299-309; PMID:16954542; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.5571506
192. E.Lieberman-Aiden, N.L.van Berkum, L.Williams, M.Imakaev, T.Ragoczy, A.Telling, I.Amit, B.R.Lajoie, P.J.Sabo, M.O.Dorschner, et al. Comprehensive mapping of long-range interactions reveals folding principles of the human genome. Science 2009; 326:289-93; PMID:19815776; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1181369
193. T.Nagano, Y.Lubling, T.J.Stevens, S.Schoenfelder, E.Yaffe, W.Dean, E.D.Laue, A.Tanay, P.Fraser. Single-cell Hi-C reveals cell-to-cell variability in chromosome structure. Nature 2013; 502:59-64; PMID:24067610; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12593
194. J.R.Dixon, S.Selvaraj, F.Yue, A.Kim, Y.Li, Y.Shen, M.Hu, J.S.Liu, B.Ren. Topological domains in mammalian genomes identified by analysis of chromatin interactions. Nature 2012; 485:376-80; PMID:22495300; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11082
195. E.P.Nora, B.R.Lajoie, E.G.Schulz, L.Giorgetti, I.Okamoto, N.Servant, T.Piolot, N.L.van Berkum, J.Meisig, J.Sedat, et al. Spatial partitioning of the regulatory landscape of the X-inactivation centre. Nature 2012; 485:381-5; PMID:22495304; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11049
196. D.U.Gorkin, D.Leung, B.Ren. The 3D genome in transcriptional regulation and pluripotency. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 14:62-75; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2014.05.017
197. S.Sofueva, E.Yaffe, W.C.Chan, D.Georgopoulou, M.Vietri Rudan, H.Mira-Bontenbal, S.M.Pollard, G.P.Schroth, A.Tanay, S.Hadjur. Cohesin-mediated interactions organize chromosomal domain architecture. Embo J 2013; 32:119-29; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2013.237
198. M.Merkenschlager, D.T.Odom. CTCF and cohesin: linking gene regulatory elements with their targets. Cell 2013; 152:1285-97; PMID:23498937; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.029
199. J.Zuin, J.R.Dixon, M.I.van der Reijden, Z.Ye, P.Kolovos, R.W.Brouwer, M.P.van de Corput, H.J.van de Werken, T.A.Knoch, I.W.F.van, et al. Cohesin and CTCF differentially affect chromatin architecture and gene expression in human cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 111:996-1001; PMID:24335803; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1317788111
200. K.Van Bortle, V.G.Corces. Nuclear organization and genome function. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2012; 28:163-87; PMID:22905954; http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101011-155824
201. F.Jin, Y.Li, J.R.Dixon, S.Selvaraj, Z.Ye, A.Y.Lee, C.A.Yen, A.D.Schmitt, C.A.Espinoza, B.Ren. A high-resolution map of the three-dimensional chromatin interactome in human cells. Nature 2013; 503:290-4; PMID:24141950
202. S.E.LeBlanc, Q.Wu, A.R.Barutcu, H.Xiao, Y.Ohkawa, A.N.Imbalzano. The PPARgamma locus makes long-range chromatin interactions with selected tissue-specific gene loci during adipocyte differentiation in a protein kinase A dependent manner. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86140; PMID:24465921; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086140
203. H.Xiao, S.E.Leblanc, Q.Wu, S.Konda, N.Salma, C.G.Marfella, Y.Ohkawa, A.N.Imbalzano. Chromatin accessibility and transcription factor binding at the PPARgamma2 promoter during adipogenesis is protein kinase A-dependent. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:86-93; PMID:20625991; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.22308
204. N.Salma, H.Xiao, E.Mueller, A.N.Imbalzano. Temporal recruitment of transcription factors and SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling enzymes during adipogenic induction of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma nuclear hormone receptor. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:4651-63; PMID:15143161; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.24.11.4651-4663.2004
205. A.Loft, I.Forss, M.S.Siersbaek, S.F.Schmidt, A.S.Larsen, J.G.Madsen, D.F.Pisani, R.Nielsen, M.M.Aagaard, A.Mathison, et al. Browning of human adipocytes requires KLF11 and reprogramming of PPARgamma superenhancers. Genes Dev 2014; 29:7-22; PMID:25504365; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.250829.114
206. W.A.Whyte, D.A.Orlando, D.Hnisz, B.J.Abraham, C.Y.Lin, M.H.Kagey, P.B.Rahl, T.I.Lee, R.A.Young. Master transcription factors and mediator establish super-enhancers at key cell identity genes. Cell 2013; 153:307-191.