Autoimmune AQP4 channelopathies and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

Volumn 133, Issue , 2016, Pages 377-403

  Hinson, Shannon R ^a   Lennon, Vanda A ^a   Pittock, Sean J ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

AQP4; Astrocyle; Demyelination; EAAT2; Multiple sclerosis; Neuromyelitis optica; Optic neuritis; Transverse myelitis; Water channel

Indexed keywords

AQUAPORIN 4; AUTOANTIBODY; EXCITATORY AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER 4; SLC1A6 PROTEIN, HUMAN;

CHANNELOPATHY; COMPLICATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; MEDLINE; METABOLISM; MYELOOPTIC NEUROPATHY; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

AQUAPORIN 4; AUTOANTIBODIES; CHANNELOPATHIES; EXCITATORY AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER 4; HUMANS; NEUROMYELITIS OPTICA; PUBMED;

EID: 84978370276     PISSN: 00729752     EISSN: 22124152     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63432-0.00021-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (189)

1. Al-Harbi T., Al-Sarawi A., Binfalah M., et al. Paraneoplastic neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder associated with stomach carcinoid tumor. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2014, 7:116-119.
2. Armagan H., Tuzun E., Icoz S., et al. Long extensive transverse myelitis associated with aquaporin-4 antibody and breast cancer: favorable response to cancer treatment. J Spinal Cord Med 2012, 35:267-269.
3. Asgari N., Skejoe H.P., Lillevang S.T., et al. Modifications of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis and brainstem lesions in the course of neuromyelitis optica (NMO): a population-based, descriptive study. BMC Neurol 2013, 13:33.
4. Ayzenberg I., Kleiter I., Schroder A., et al. Interleukin 6 receptor blockade in patients with neuromyelitis optica nonresponsive to anti-CD20 therapy. JAMA Neurol 2013, 70:394-397.
5. Banwell B.L. Into the looking glass: predicting MS in children experiencing a first demyelinating event. Neurology 2008, 71:962-963.
6. Barnum S.R. Complement biosynthesis in the central nervous system. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1995, 6:132-146.
7. Beck R.W., Cleary P.A., Anderson M.M., et al. A randomized, controlled trial of corticosteroids in the treatment of acute optic neuritis. The Optic Neuritis Study Group. N Engl J Med 1992, 326:581-588.
8. Bennett J.L., Lam C., Kalluri S.R., et al. Intrathecal pathogenic anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies in early neuromyelitis optica. Ann Neurol 2009, 66:617-629.
9. Bichuetti D.B., Oliveira E.M., Boulos Fde C., et al. Lack of response to pulse cyclophosphamide in neuromyelitis optica: evaluation of 7 patients. Arch Neurol 2012, 69:938-939.
10. Bonnan M., Cabre P. Plasma exchange in severe attacks of neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler Int 2012, 2012:787630.
11. Bourre B., Marignier R., Zephir H., et al. Neuromyelitis optica and pregnancy. Neurology 2012, 78:875-879.
12. Bradl M., Misu T., Takahashi T., et al. Neuromyelitis optica: pathogenicity of patient immunoglobulin in vivo. Ann Neurol 2009, 66:630-643.
13. Bradl M., Kanamori Y., Nakashima I., et al. Pain in neuromyelitis optica - prevalence, pathogenesis and therapy. Nat Rev Neurol 2014, 10:529-536.
14. Brain W.R. Critical review: disseminated sclerosis. QJM 1930, 23:343-391.
15. Cabrera-Gomez J.A., Kister I. Conventional brain MRI in neuromyelitis optica. Eur J Neurol 2012, 19:812-819.
16. Chihara N., Aranami T., Sato W., et al. Interleukin 6 signaling promotes anti-aquaporin 4 autoantibody production from plasmablasts in neuromyelitis optica. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011, 108:3701-3706.
17. Chihara N., Aranami T., Oki S., et al. Plasmablasts as migratory IgG-producing cells in the pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica. PLoS One 2013, 8:e83036.
18. Ciccarelli O., Thomas D.L., De Vita E., et al. Low myo-inositol indicating astrocytic damage in a case series of neuromyelitis optica. Ann Neurol 2013, 74:301-305.
19. Collongues N., Cabre P., Marignier R., et al. A benign form of neuromyelitis optica: does it exist?. Arch Neurol 2011, 68:918-924.
20. Costanzi C., Matiello M., Lucchinetti C.F., et al. Azathioprine: tolerability, efficacy, and predictors of benefit in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 2011, 77:659-666.
21. Coulter D.A., Eid T. Astrocytic regulation of glutamate homeostasis in epilepsy. Glia 2012, 60:1215-1226.
22. Cree B.A., Lamb S., Morgan K., et al. An open label study of the effects of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 2005, 64:1270-1272.
23. Danbolt N.C. Glutamate uptake. Prog Neurobiol 2001, 65:1-105.
24. Davies A., Lachmann P.J. Membrane defence against complement lysis: the structure and biological properties of CD59. Immunol Res 1993, 12:258-275.
25. De Santis G., Caniatti L., De Vito A., et al. A possible paraneoplastic neuromyelitis optica associated with lung cancer. Neurol Sci 2009, 30:397-400.
26. De Seze J., Blanc F., Kremer S., et al. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy evaluation in patients with neuromyelitis optica. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010, 81:409-411.
27. Deguchi S., Deguchi K., Sato K., et al. HyperCKemia related to the initial and recurrent attacks of neuromyelitis optica. Intern Med 2012, 51:2617-2620.
28. Devic E. Myélite aiguë dorso-lombaire avec névrite optique. Autopsie. Congres Francais de Médecine 1895, 434-439.
29. Di Filippo M., Franciotta D., Massa R., et al. Recurrent hyperCKemia with normal muscle biopsy in a pediatric patient with neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 2012, 79:1182-1184.
30. Elsone L., Jacob A., Iyer A., et al. A review of the current literature and a guide to the early diagnosis of autoimmune disorders associated with neuromyelitis optica. Autoimmunity 2014, 47:154-161.
31. Elsone L., Panicker J., Mutch K., et al. Role of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of acute relapses of neuromyelitis optica: experience in 10 patients. Mult Scler 2014, 20:501-504.
32. Fagius J., Lundgren J., Oberg G. Early highly aggressive MS successfully treated by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Mult Scler 2009, 15:229-237.
33. Filippi M., Rocca M.A. MR imaging of Devic's neuromyelitis optica. Neurol Sci 2004, 25:S371-S373.
34. Filippi M., Rocca M.A., Moiola L., et al. MRI and magnetization transfer imaging changes in the brain and cervical cord of patients with Devic's neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 1999, 53:1705-1710.
35. Flanagan E.P., et al. Short myelitis lesions in aquaporin-4-IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. JAMA Neurol 2015, 72(1):81-87. 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.2137.
36. Fragoso Y.D., Adoni T., Bichuetti D.B., et al. Neuromyelitis optica and pregnancy. J Neurol 2013, 260:2614-2619.
37. Frasquet M., Bataller L., Torres-Vega E., et al. Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis with AQP4 antibodies revealing ovarian teratoma. J Neuroimmunol 2013, 263:145-147.
38. Frohman E.M., Wingerchuk D.M. Clinical practice. Transverse myelitis. N Engl J Med 2010, 363:564-572.
39. Fryer J.P., Lennon V.A., Pittock S.J., et al. AQP4 autoantibody assay performance in clinical laboratory service. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2014, 1:e11.
40. Furman C.S., Gorelick-Feldman D.A., Davidson K.G., et al. Aquaporin-4 square array assembly: opposing actions of M1 and M23 isoforms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003, 100:13609-13614.
41. Gault F. De la neuromyélite optique aiguë 1894, Thesis, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie.
42. Greco R., Bondanza A., Oliveira M.C., et al. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in neuromyelitis optica: a registry study of the EBMT Autoimmune Diseases Working Party. Mult Scler 2015, 21:189-197.
43. Guo Y., Lennon V.A., Popescu B.F., et al. Autoimmune aquaporin-4 myopathy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum. JAMA Neurol 2014, 71:1025-1029.
44. Hammer O. CD19 as an attractive target for antibody-based therapy. MAbs 2012, 4:571-577.
45. Haruki H., Sano Y., Shimizu F., et al. NMO sera down-regulate AQP4 in human astrocyte and induce cytotoxicity independent of complement. J Neurol Sci 2013, 331:136-144.
46. Hinson S.R., Pittock S.J., Lucchinetti C.F., et al. Pathogenic potential of IgG binding to water channel extracellular domain in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 2007, 69:2221-2231.
47. Hinson S.R., Roemer S.F., Lucchinetti C.F., et al. Aquaporin-4-binding autoantibodies in patients with neuromyelitis optica impair glutamate transport by down-regulating EAAT2. J Exp Med 2008, 205:2473-2481.
48. Hinson S.R., Romero M.F., Popescu B.F., et al. Molecular outcomes of neuromyelitis optica (NMO)-IgG binding to aquaporin-4 in astrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012, 109:1245-1250.
49. Howe C.L., Kaptzan T., Magana S.M., et al. Neuromyelitis optica IgG stimulates an immunological response in rat astrocyte cultures. Glia 2014, 62:692-708.
50. Icoz S., Tuzun E., Kurtuncu M., et al. Enhanced IL-6 production in aquaporin-4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica patients. Int J Neurosci 2010, 120:71-75.
51. Illei G.G., Cervera R., Burt R.K., et al. Current state and future directions of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2011, 70:2071-2074.
52. Iorio R., Pittock S.J. Neuromyelitis optica and the evolving spectrum of autoimmune aquaporin-4 channelopathies. Clin Exper Neuroimmunol 2014, 5:175-187.
53. Iorio R., Fryer J.P., Hinson S.R., et al. Astrocytic autoantibody of neuromyelitis optica (NMO-IgG) binds to aquaporin-4 extracellular loops, monomers, tetramers and high order arrays. J Autoimmun 2013, 40:21-27.
54. Ito S., Mori M., Makino T., et al. "Cloud-like enhancement" is a magnetic resonance imaging abnormality specific to neuromyelitis optica. Ann Neurol 2009, 66:425-428.
55. Iyer A., Elsone L., Appleton R., et al. A review of the current literature and a guide to the early diagnosis of autoimmune disorders associated with neuromyelitis optica. Autoimmunity 2014, 47:154-161.
56. Jacob A., Saadoun S., Kitley J., et al. Detrimental role of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in neuromyelitis optica: clinical case and histological evidence. Mult Scler 2012, 18:1801-1803.
57. Jarius S., Wildemann B. An early case of neuromyelitis optica: on a forgotten report by Jacob Lockhart Clarke, FRS. Mult Scler 2011, 17:1384-1386.
58. Jarius S., Wildemann B. The case of the Marquis de Causan (1804): an early account of visual loss associated with spinal cord inflammation. J Neurol 2012, 259:1354-1357.
59. Jarius S., Wildemann B. 'Noteomielite' accompanied by acute amaurosis (1844). An early case of neuromyelitis optica. J Neurol Sci 2012, 313:182-184.
60. Jarius S., Wildemann B. The history of neuromyelitis optica. J Neuroinflammation 2013, 10:8.
61. Jarius S., Frederikson J., Waters P., et al. Frequency and prognostic impact of antibodies to aquaporin-4 in patients with optic neuritis. J Neurol Sci 2010, 298:158-162.
62. Jarius S., Paul F., Franciotta D., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in aquaporin-4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica: results from 211 lumbar punctures. J Neurol Sci 2011, 306:82-90.
63. Jarius S., Ruprecht K., Wildemann B., et al. Contrasting disease patterns in seropositive and seronegative neuromyelitis optica: a multicentre study of 175 patients. J Neuroinflammation 2012, 9:14.
64. Jeret J.S., Suzuki N., Takahashi T., et al. Neuromyelitis optica preceded by hyperCKemia episode. Neurology 2010, 75:2253. author reply 2253-2254.
65. Jiao Y., Fryer J.P., Lennon V.A., et al. Updated estimate of AQP4-IgG serostatus and disability outcome in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 2013, 81:1197-1204.
66. Jiao Y., Fryer J.P., Lennon V.A., et al. Aquaporin 4 IgG serostatus and outcome in recurrent longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. JAMA Neurol 2014, 71:48-54.
67. Jung J.S., Bhat R.V., Preston G.M., et al. Molecular characterization of an aquaporin cDNA from brain: candidate osmoreceptor and regulator of water balance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994, 91:13052-13056.
68. Kageyama T., Komori M., Miyamoto K., et al. Combination of cyclosporine A with corticosteroids is effective for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica. J Neurol 2013, 260:627-634.
69. Kanamori Y., Nakashima I., Takai Y., et al. Pain in neuromyelitis optica and its effect on quality of life: a cross-sectional study. Neurology 2011, 77:652-658.
70. Keegan M., Pineda A.A., Mcclelland R.L., et al. Plasma exchange for severe attacks of CNS demyelination: predictors of response. Neurology 2002, 58:143-146.
71. Khanna S., Sharma A., Huecker J., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of optic neuritis in patients with neuromyelitis optica versus multiple sclerosis. J Neuroophthalmol 2012, 32:216-220.
72. Kieseier B.C., Stuve O., Dehmel T., et al. Disease amelioration with tocilizumab in a treatment-resistant patient with neuromyelitis optica: implication for cellular immune responses. JAMA Neurol 2013, 70:390-393.
73. Kim S.M., Go M.J., Sung J.J., et al. Painful tonic spasm in neuromyelitis optica: incidence, diagnostic utility, and clinical characteristics. Arch Neurol 2012, 69:1026-1031.
74. Kinoshita M., Nakatsuji Y., Kimura T., et al. Neuromyelitis optica: Passive transfer to rats by human immunoglobulin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009, 386:623-627.
75. Kinoshita M., Nakatsuji Y., Kimura T., et al. Anti-aquaporin-4 antibody induces astrocytic cytotoxicity in the absence of CNS antigen-specific T cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010, 394:205-210.
76. Kister I., Herbert J., Zhou Y., et al. Ultrahigh-field MR (7 T) imaging of brain lesions in neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler Int 2013, 2013:398259.
77. Kitley J., Woodhall M., Waters P., et al. Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in adults with a neuromyelitis optica phenotype. Neurology 2012, 79:1273-1277.
78. Kitley J., Elsone L., George J., et al. Methotrexate is an alternative to azathioprine in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with aquaporin-4 antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013, 84:918-921.
79. Kitley J., Leite M.I., Kuker W., et al. Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis with and without aquaporin 4 antibodies. JAMA Neurol 2013, 70:1375-1381.
80. Kitley J., Waters P., Woodhall M., et al. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with aquaporin-4 and myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies: a comparative study. JAMA Neurol 2014, 71:276-283.
81. Kiyat-Atamer A., Ekizoglu E., Tuzun E., et al. Long-term MRI findings in neuromyelitis optica: seropositive versus seronegative patients. Eur J Neurol 2013, 20:781-787.
82. Klawiter E.C., Xu J., Naismith R.T., et al. Increased radial diffusivity in spinal cord lesions in neuromyelitis optica compared with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2012, 18:1259-1268.
83. Kumar A., Loane D.J. Neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury: opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Brain Behav Immun 2012, 26:1191-1201.
84. Lennon V.A., Lambert E.H. Myasthenia gravis induced by monoclonal antibodies to acetylcholine receptors. Nature 1980, 285:238-240.
85. Lennon V.A., Lindstrom J.M., Seybold M.E. Experimental autoimmune myasthenia: A model of myasthenia gravis in rats and guinea pigs. J Exp Med 1975, 141:1365-1375.
86. Lennon V.A., Ermilov L.G., Szurszewski J.H., et al. Immunization with neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor induces neurological autoimmune disease. J Clin Invest 2003, 111:907-913.
87. Lennon V.A., Wingerchuk D.M., Kryzer T.J., et al. A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2004, 364:2106-2112.
88. Lennon V.A., Kryzer T.J., Pittock S.J., et al. IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel. J Exp Med 2005, 202:473-477.
89. Lewis L.A., Vu D.M., Granoff D.M., et al. Inhibition of the alternative pathway of nonhuman infant complement by porin B2 contributes to virulence of Neisseria meningitidis in the infant rat model. Infect Immun 2014, 82:2574-2584.
90. Lim B.C., Hwang H., Kim K.J., et al. Relapsing demyelinating CNS disease in a Korean pediatric population: multiple sclerosis versus neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler 2011, 17:67-73.
91. Long Y., Zheng Y., Shan F., et al. Development of a cell-based assay for the detection of anti-aquaporin 1 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. J Neuroimmunol 2014, 273:103-110.
92. Lotze T.E., Northrop J.L., Hutton G.J., et al. Spectrum of pediatric neuromyelitis optica. Pediatrics 2008, 122:e1039-e1047.
93. Lu M., Lee M.D., Smith B.L., et al. The human AQP4 gene: definition of the locus encoding two water channel polypeptides in brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996, 93:10908-10912.
94. Lucchinetti C.F., Mandler R.N., Mcgavern D., et al. A role for humoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Devic's neuromyelitis optica. Brain 2002, 125:1450-1461.
95. Lucchinetti C.F., Guo Y., Popescu B.F., et al. The pathology of an autoimmune astrocytopathy: lessons learned from neuromyelitis optica. Brain Pathol 2014, 24:83-97.
96. Mader S., Gredler V., Schanda K., et al. Complement activating antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in neuromyelitis optica and related disorders. J Neuroinflammation 2011, 8:184.
97. Magana S.M., Matiello M., Pittock S.J., et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology 2009, 72:712-717.
98. Manley G.T., Fujimura M., Ma T., et al. Aquaporin-4 deletion in mice reduces brain edema after acute water intoxication and ischemic stroke. Nat Med 2000, 6:159-163.
99. Marignier R., Nicolle A., Watrin C., et al. Oligodendrocytes are damaged by neuromyelitis optica immunoglobulin G via astrocyte injury. Brain 2010, 133:2578-2591.
100. Marrie R.A., Gryba C. The incidence and prevalence of neuromyelitis optica: a systematic review. Int J MS Care 2013, 15:113-118.
101. Matsuzaki T., Sasaki K., Tanizaki Y., et al. Insulin resistance is associated with the pathology of Alzheimer disease: the Hisayama study. Neurology 2010, 75:764-770.
102. Matthews L., Marasco R., Jenkinson M., et al. Distinction of seropositive NMO spectrum disorder and MS brain lesion distribution. Neurology 2013, 80:1330-1337.
103. McKeon A., Lennon V.A., Lotze T., et al. CNS aquaporin-4 autoimmunity in children. Neurology 2008, 71:93-100.
104. McKeon A., Fryer J.P., Apiwattanakul M., et al. Diagnosis of neuromyelitis spectrum disorders: comparative sensitivities and specificities of immunohistochemical and immunoprecipitation assays. Arch Neurol 2009, 66:1134-1138.
105. McKeon A., Lennon V.A., Jacob A., et al. Coexistence of myasthenia gravis and serological markers of neurological autoimmunity in neuromyelitis optica. Muscle Nerve 2009, 39:87-90.
106. Meyts I., Jansen K., Renard M., et al. Neuromyelitis optica-IgG+ optic neuritis associated with celiac disease and dysgammaglobulinemia: a role for tacrolimus?. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2011, 15:265-267.
107. Misu T., Fujihara K., Kakita A., et al. Loss of aquaporin 4 in lesions of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Brain 2007, 130:1224-1234.
108. Misu T., Fujihara K., Itoyama Y. Neuromyelitis optica and anti-aquaporin 4 antibody - an overview. Brain Nerve 2008, 60:527-537.
109. Misu T., Takano R., Fujihara K., et al. Marked increase in cerebrospinal fluid glial fibrillar acidic protein in neuromyelitis optica: an astrocytic damage marker. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009, 80:575-577.
110. Misu T., Hoftberger R., Fujihara K., et al. Presence of six different lesion types suggests diverse mechanisms of tissue injury in neuromyelitis optica. Acta Neuropathol 2013, 125:815-827.
111. Nakamura M., Miyazawa I., Fujihara K., et al. Preferential spinal central gray matter involvement in neuromyelitis optica. An MRI study. J Neurol 2008, 255:163-170.
112. Neely J.D., Christensen B.M., Nielsen S., et al. Heterotetrameric composition of aquaporin-4 water channels. Biochemistry 1999, 38:11156-11163.
113. Nicchia G.P., Mastrototaro M., Rossi A., et al. Aquaporin-4 orthogonal arrays of particles are the target for neuromyelitis optica autoantibodies. Glia 2009, 57:1363-1373.
114. Nielsen S., Nagelhus E.A., Amiry-Moghaddam M., et al. Specialized membrane domains for water transport in glial cells: high-resolution immunogold cytochemistry of aquaporin-4 in rat brain. J Neurosci 1997, 17:171-180.
115. Ontaneda D., Fox R.J. Is neuromyelitis optica with advanced age of onset a paraneoplastic disorder?. Int J Neurosci 2014, 124:509-511.
116. Papadopoulos M.C., Verkman A.S. Aquaporin water channels in the nervous system. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013, 14:265-277.
117. Papadopoulos M.C., Manley G.T., Krishna S., et al. Aquaporin-4 facilitates reabsorption of excess fluid in vasogenic brain edema. Faseb J 2004, 18:1291-1293.
118. Papadopoulos M.C., Bennett J.L., Verkman A.S. Treatment of neuromyelitis optica: state-of-the-art and emerging therapies. Nat Rev Neurol 2014, 10:493-506.
119. Pellkofer H.L., Havla J., Hauer D., et al. The major brain endocannabinoid 2-AG controls neuropathic pain and mechanical hyperalgesia in patients with neuromyelitis optica. PLoS One 2013, 8:e71500.
120. Pessoa F.M., Lopes F.C., Costa J.V., et al. The cervical spinal cord in neuromyelitis optica patients: a comparative study with multiple sclerosis using diffusion tensor imaging. Eur J Radiol 2012, 81:2697-2701.
121. Petelin Gadze Z., Hajnsek S., Basic S., et al. Patient with neuromyelitis optica and inflammatory demyelinating lesions comprising whole spinal cord from C2 level till conus: case report. BMC Neurol 2009, 9:56.
122. Petzold A., Pittock S., Lennon V., et al. Neuromyelitis optica-IgG (aquaporin-4) autoantibodies in immune mediated optic neuritis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010, 81:109-111.
123. Phuan P.W., Zhang H., Asavapanumas N., et al. C1q-targeted monoclonal antibody prevents complement-dependent cytotoxicity and neuropathology in in vitro and mouse models of neuromyelitis optica. Acta Neuropathol 2013, 125:829-840.
124. Pittock S.J. Neuromyelitis optica: a new perspective. Semin Neurol 2008, 28:95-104.
125. Pittock S.J., Lennon V.A. Aquaporin-4 autoantibodies in a paraneoplastic context. Arch Neurol 2008, 65:629-632.
126. Pittock S.J., Lennon V.A., Krecke K., et al. Brain abnormalities in neuromyelitis optica. Arch Neurol 2006, 63:390-396.
127. Pittock S.J., Weinshenker B.G., Lucchinetti C.F., et al. Neuromyelitis optica brain lesions localized at sites of high aquaporin 4 expression. Arch Neurol 2006, 63:964-968.
128. Pittock S.J., Lennon V.A., De Seze J., et al. Neuromyelitis optica and non organ-specific autoimmunity. Arch Neurol 2008, 65:78-83.
129. Pittock S.J., Lennon V.A., Mckeon A., et al. Eculizumab in AQP4-IgG-positive relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: an open-label pilot study. Lancet Neurol 2013, 12:554-562.
130. Pittock S.J., Lennon V.A., Bakshi N., et al. Seroprevalence of aquaporin-4-IgG in a Northern California population representative cohort of multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurol 2014, 71:1433-1436.
131. Popescu B.F., Parisi J.E., Cabrera-Gomez J.A., et al. Absence of cortical demyelination in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 2010, 75:2103-2109.
132. Popescu B.F., Lennon V.A., Parisi J.E., et al. Neuromyelitis optica unique area postrema lesions: nausea, vomiting, and pathogenic implications. Neurology 2011, 76:1229-1237.
133. Qian W., Chan Q., Mak H., et al. Quantitative assessment of the cervical spinal cord damage in neuromyelitis optica using diffusion tensor imaging at 3 Tesla. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011, 33:1312-1320.
134. Qian P., Lancia S., Alvarez E., et al. Association of neuromyelitis optica with severe and intractable pain. Arch Neurol 2012, 69:1482-1487.
135. Quek A.M., Mckeon A., Lennon V.A., et al. Effects of age and sex on aquaporin-4 autoimmunity. Arch Neurol 2012, 69:1039-1043.
136. Rash J.E., Yasumura T., Hudson C.S., et al. Direct immunogold labeling of aquaporin-4 in square arrays of astrocyte and ependymocyte plasma membranes in rat brain and spinal cord. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998, 95:11981-11986.
137. Ricklin D., Lambris J.D. Complement-targeted therapeutics. Nat Biotechnol 2007, 25:1265-1275.
138. Ricklin D., Lambris J.D. Progress and trends in complement therapeutics. Adv Exp Med Biol 2013, 735:1-22.
139. Rocca M.A., Agosta F., Mezzapesa D.M., et al. Magnetization transfer and diffusion tensor MRI show gray matter damage in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 2004, 62:476-478.
140. Roemer S.F., Parisi J.E., Lennon V.A., et al. Pattern-specific loss of aquaporin-4 immunoreactivity distinguishes neuromyelitis optica from multiple sclerosis. Brain 2007, 130:1194-1205.
141. Rossi A., Moritz T.J., Ratelade J., et al. Super-resolution imaging of aquaporin-4 orthogonal arrays of particles in cell membranes. J Cell Sci 2012, 125:4405-4412.
142. Saadoun S., Papadopoulos M.C., Watanabe H., et al. Involvement of aquaporin-4 in astroglial cell migration and glial scar formation. J Cell Sci 2005, 118:5691-5698.
143. Saadoun S., Waters P., Bell B.A., et al. Intra-cerebral injection of neuromyelitis optica immunoglobulin G and human complement produces neuromyelitis optica lesions in mice. Brain 2010, 133:349-361.
144. Saadoun S., Waters P., Macdonald C., et al. T cell deficiency does not reduce lesions in mice produced by intracerebral injection of NMO-IgG and complement. J Neuroimmunol 2011, 235:27-32.
145. Saadoun S., Waters P., Macdonald C., et al. Neutrophil protease inhibition reduces neuromyelitis optica-immunoglobulin G-induced damage in mouse brain. Ann Neurol 2012, 71:323-333.
146. Saadoun S., Waters P., Leite M.I., et al. Neuromyelitis optica IgG causes placental inflammation and fetal death. J Immunol 2013, 191:2999-3005.
147. Sato D.K., Callegaro D., Lana-Peixoto M.A., et al. Distinction between MOG antibody-positive and AQP4 antibody-positive NMO spectrum disorders. Neurology 2014, 82:474-481.
148. Shetty A., Hanson R., Korsten P., et al. Tocilizumab in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and beyond. Drug Des Devel Ther 2014, 8:349-364.
149. Sinnecker T., Dorr J., Pfueller C.F., et al. Distinct lesion morphology at 7-T MRI differentiates neuromyelitis optica from multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2012, 79:708-714.
150. Storoni M., Petzold A., Plant G.T. The use of serum glial fibrillary acidic protein measurements in the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica spectrum optic neuritis. PLoS One 2011, 6:e23489.
151. Storoni M., Davagnanam I., Radon M., et al. Distinguishing optic neuritis in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease from multiple sclerosis: a novel magnetic resonance imaging scoring system. J Neuroophthalmol 2013, 33:123-127.
152. Tackley G., Kuker W., Palace J. Magnetic resonance imaging in neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler 2014, 20:1153-1164.
153. Takano R., Misu T., Takahashi T., et al. Astrocytic damage is far more severe than demyelination in NMO: a clinical CSF biomarker study. Neurology 2010, 75:208-216.
154. Tanizawa Y., Kaku K., Araki E., et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of tofogliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, as monotherapy or in combination with other oral antidiabetic agents in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trials. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014, 15:749-766.
155. Tedder T.F. CD19: a promising B cell target for rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2009, 5:572-577.
156. Toyka K.V., Brachman D.B., Pestronk A., Kao I. Myasthenia gravis: passive transfer from man to mouse. Science 1975, 190:397-399.
157. Tradtrantip L., Zhang H., Anderson M.O., et al. Small-molecule inhibitors of NMO-IgG binding to aquaporin-4 reduce astrocyte cytotoxicity in neuromyelitis optica. Faseb J 2012, 26:2197-2208.
158. Tradtrantip L., Zhang H., Saadoun S., et al. Anti-aquaporin-4 monoclonal antibody blocker therapy for neuromyelitis optica. Ann Neurol 2012, 71:314-322.
159. Tzartos J.S., Stergiou C., Kilidireas K., et al. Anti-aquaporin-1 autoantibodies in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. PLoS One 2013, 8:e74773.
160. Uzawa A., Mori M., Ito M., et al. Markedly increased CSF interleukin-6 levels in neuromyelitis optica, but not in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2009, 256:2082-2084.
161. Verkman A.S., Anderson M.O., Papadopoulos M.C. Aquaporins: important but elusive drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014, 13:259-277.
162. Vernino S., Ermilov L.G., Sha L., et al. Passive transfer of autoimmune autonomic neuropathy to mice. J Neurosci 2004, 24:7037-7042.
163. Vincent T., Saikali P., Cayrol R., et al. Functional consequences of neuromyelitis optica-IgG astrocyte interactions on blood-brain barrier permeability and granulocyte recruitment. J Immunol 2008, 181:5730-5737.
164. Vukusic S., Hutchinson M., Hours M., et al. Pregnancy and multiple sclerosis (the PRIMS study): clinical predictors of post-partum relapse. Brain 2004, 127:1353-1360.
165. Wang H., Wang K., Zhong X., et al. Notable increased cerebrospinal fluid levels of soluble interleukin-6 receptors in neuromyelitis optica. Neuroimmunomodulation 2012, 19:304-308.
166. Watanabe S., Nakashima I., Misu T., et al. Therapeutic efficacy of plasma exchange in NMO-IgG-positive patients with neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler 2007, 13:128-132.
167. Waters P.J., Mckeon A., Leite M.I., et al. Serologic diagnosis of NMO: a multicenter comparison of aquaporin-4-IgG assays. Neurology 2012, 78:665-671. discussion 669.
168. Weinshenker B.G., O'Brien P.C., Petterson T.M., et al. A randomized trial of plasma exchange in acute central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease. Ann Neurol 1999, 46:878-886.
169. Weinshenker B.G., Wingerchuk D.M., Vukusic S., et al. Neuromyelitis optica IgG predicts relapse after longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. Ann Neurol 2006, 59:566-569.
170. Wingerchuk D.M., Weinshenker B.G. Neuromyelitis optica: clinical predictors of a relapsing course and survival. Neurology 2003, 60:848-853.
171. Wingerchuk D.M., Hogancamp W.F., O'Brien P.C., et al. The clinical course of neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome). Neurology 1999, 53:1107-1114.
172. Wingerchuk D.M., Lennon V.A., Pittock S.J., et al. Revised diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 2006, 66:1485-1489.
173. Wingerchuk D.M., Lennon V.A., Lucchinetti C.F., et al. The spectrum of neuromyelitis optica. Lancet Neurol 2007, 6:805-815.
174. Wolburg H. Orthogonal arrays of intramembranous particles: a review with special reference to astrocytes. J Hirnforsch 1995, 36:239-258.
175. Wolburg H., Wolburg-Buchholz K., Fallier-Becker P., et al. Structure and functions of aquaporin-4-based orthogonal arrays of particles. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 2011, 287:1-41.
176. Yaguchi H., Sakushima K., Takahashi I., et al. Efficacy of intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Intern Med 2013, 52:969-972.
177. Yang B., Ma T., Verkman A.S. cDNA cloning, gene organization, and chromosomal localization of a human mercurial insensitive water channel. Evidence for distinct transcriptional units. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:22907-22913.
178. Yang B., Brown D., Verkman A.S. The mercurial insensitive water channel (AQP-4) forms orthogonal arrays in stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biol Chem 1996, 271:4577-4580.
179. Yavuz H., Kiresi D. Unusual manifestations of pediatric neuromyelitis optica. J Child Neurol 2013, 28:658-662.
180. Yokoyama N., Niino M., Takahashi T., et al. Seroconversion of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with hyperCKemia: a case report. Eur J Neurol 2012, 19:e143.
181. Yu C.S., Lin F.C., Li K.C., et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in the assessment of normal-appearing brain tissue damage in relapsing neuromyelitis optica. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006, 27:1009-1015.
182. Yu C., Lin F., Li K., et al. Pathogenesis of normal-appearing white matter damage in neuromyelitis optica: diffusion-tensor MR imaging. Radiology 2008, 246:222-228.
183. Zeng X.N., Sun X.L., Gao L., et al. Aquaporin-4 deficiency down-regulates glutamate uptake and GLT-1 expression in astrocytes. Mol Cell Neurosci 2007, 34:34-39.
184. Zhang H., Bennett J.L., Verkman A.S. Ex vivo spinal cord slice model of neuromyelitis optica reveals novel immunopathogenic mechanisms. Ann Neurol 2011, 70:943-954.
185. Zhang H., Verkman A.S. Eosinophil pathogenicity mechanisms and therapeutics in neuromyelitis optica. J Clin Invest 2013, 123:2306-2316.
186. Zhang B., Zhong Y., Wang Y., et al. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders without and with autoimmune diseases. BMC Neurol 2014, 14:162.
187. Zhao S., Mutch K., Elsone L., et al. Neuropathic pain in neuromyelitis optica affects activities of daily living and quality of life. Mult Scler 2014, 20:1658-1661.
188. Zipfel P.F., Skerka C. Complement regulators and inhibitory proteins. Nat Rev Immunol 2009, 9:729-740.
189. Zuber J., Fakhouri F., Roumenina L.T., et al. Use of eculizumab for atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathies. Nat Rev Nephrol 2012, 8:643-657.