Phleboviruses and the type I interferon response

Viruses

Volumn 8, Issue 6, 2016, Pages

  Wuerth, Jennifer Deborah ^a   Weber, Friedemann ^a  

^a JUSTUS LIEBIG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Interferon; NSs protein; Phlebovirus; PKR; RIG I

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; BETA INTERFERON; BETA TRANSDUCIN REPEAT CONTAINING PROTEIN; I KAPPA B KINASE EPSILON; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERFERON; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 3; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 7; INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR; MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 88; PATHOGEN ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERN; PROTEIN KINASE R; STAT1 PROTEIN; STAT2 PROTEIN; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 3; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 7; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 8; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP 1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SIN3A; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR ASSOCIATED FACTOR; UBIQUITIN PROTEIN LIGASE E3; VIRULENCE FACTOR; VIRUS PROTEIN; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; VIRAL PROTEIN;

ARTHROPOD; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; NONHUMAN; PHLEBOVIRUS INFECTION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITION; PUNTA TORO VIRUS; REVIEW; RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS; SANDFLY FEVER NAPLES VIRUS; SANDFLY FEVER SICILIAN VIRUS; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TOSCANA VIRUS; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; VIRUS PATHOGENESIS; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; ANIMAL; ANTAGONISTS AND INHIBITORS; IMMUNE EVASION; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM; PATHOGENICITY; PHLEBOVIRUS;

ANIMALS; ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNE EVASION; INTERFERON TYPE I; PHLEBOVIRUS; VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS;

EID: 84975318284     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19994915     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/v8060174     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Walter, C.T.; Barr, J.N. Recent advances in the molecular and cellular biology of bunyaviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 2011, 92, 2467-2484. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Phleboviruses. Available online: http://ictvonline.org/ virusTaxonomy.asp?version=2012 (accessed on 15 July 2012).
3. Alkan, C.; Alwassouf, S.; Piorkowski, G.; Bichaud, L.; Tezcan, S.; Dincer, E.; Ergunay, K.; Ozbel, Y.; Alten, B.; de Lamballerie, X.; et al. Isolation, genetic characterization, and seroprevalence of Adana virus, a novel phlebovirus belonging to the Salehabad virus complex, in Turkey. J. Virol. 2015, 89, 4080-4091. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. Alkan, C.; Kasap, O.E.; Alten, B.; de Lamballerie, X.; Charrel, R.N. Sandfly-borne phlebovirus isolations from Turkey: New insight into the sandfly fever Sicilian and sandfly fever Naples species. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2016, 10, e0004519. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. Amaro, F.; Hanke, D.; Ze-Ze, L.; Alves, M.J.; Becker, S.C.; Hoper, D. Genetic characterization of Arrabida virus, a novel phlebovirus isolated in South Portugal. Virus Res. 2016, 214, 19-25. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6. Amaro, F.; Ze-Ze, L.; Alves, M.J.; Borstler, J.; Clos, J.; Lorenzen, S.; Becker, S.C.; Schmidt-Chanasit, J.; Cadar, D. Co-circulation of a novel phlebovirus and Massilia virus in sandflies, Portugal. Virol. J. 2015, 12, 174. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7. Bichaud, L.; Dachraoui, K.; Alwassouf, S.; Alkan, C.; Mensi, M.; Piorkowski, G.; Sakhria, S.; Seston, M.; Fares, W.; de Lamballerie, X.; et al. Isolation, full genomic characterization and neutralization-based human seroprevalence of Medjerda Valley virus, a novel sandfly-borne phlebovirus belonging to the Salehabad virus complex in northern Tunisia. J. Gen. Virol. 2016, 97, 602-610. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
8. Charrel, R.N.; Moureau, G.; Temmam, S.; Izri, A.; Marty, P.; Parola, P.; da Rosa, A.T.; Tesh, R.B.; de Lamballerie, X. Massilia virus, a novel Phlebovirus (Bunyaviridae) isolated from sandflies in the Mediterranean. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2009, 9, 519-530. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9. Dachraoui, K.; Fares, W.; Bichaud, L.; Barhoumi, W.; Beier, J.C.; Derbali, M.; Cherni, S.; Lamballerie, X.; Chelbi, I.; Charrel, R.N.; et al. Phleboviruses associated with sand flies in arid bio-geographical areas of Central Tunisia. Acta Trop. 2016, 158, 13-19. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. Matsuno, K.; Weisend, C.; Travassos da Rosa, A.P.; Anzick, S.L.; Dahlstrom, E.; Porcella, S.F.; Dorward, D.W.; Yu, X.J.; Tesh, R.B.; Ebihara, H. Characterization of the Bhanja serogroup viruses (Bunyaviridae): A novel species of the genus Phlebovirus and its relationship with other emerging tick-borne phleboviruses. J. Virol. 2013, 87, 3719-3728. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. Matsuno, K.; Weisend, C.; Kajihara, M.; Matysiak, C.; Williamson, B.N.; Simuunza, M.; Mweene, A.S.; Takada, A.; Tesh, R.B.; Ebihara, H. Comprehensive molecular detection of tick-borne phleboviruses leads to the retrospective identification of taxonomically unassigned bunyaviruses and the discovery of a novel member of the genus phlebovirus. J. Virol. 2015, 89, 594-604. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. Palacios, G.; da Rosa, A.T.; Savji, N.; Sze, W.; Wick, I.; Guzman, H.; Hutchison, S.; Tesh, R.; Lipkin, W.I. Aguacate virus, a new antigenic complex of the genus Phlebovirus (family Bunyaviridae). J. Gen. Virol. 2011, 92, 1445-1453. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. Palacios, G.; Tesh, R.; Travassos da Rosa, A.; Savji, N.; Sze,W.; Jain, K.; Serge, R.; Guzman, H.; Guevara, C.; Nunes, M.R.; et al. Characterization of the Candiru antigenic complex (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus), a highly diverse and reassorting group of viruses affecting humans in tropical America. J. Virol. 2011, 85, 3811-3820. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. Palacios, G.; Savji, N.; Travassos da Rosa, A.; Desai, A.; Sanchez-Seco, M.P.; Guzman, H.; Lipkin,W.I.; Tesh, R. Characterization of the Salehabad virus species complex of the genus Phlebovirus (Bunyaviridae). J. Gen. Virol. 2013, 94, 837-842. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15. Palacios, G.; Savji, N.; Travassos da Rosa, A.; Guzman, H.; Yu, X.; Desai, A.; Rosen, G.E.; Hutchison, S.; Lipkin, W.I.; et al. Characterization of the Uukuniemi virus group (Phlebovirus: Bunyaviridae): Evidence for seven distinct species. J. Virol. 2013, 87, 3187-3195. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
16. Palacios, G.; Tesh, R.B.; Savji, N.; Travassos da Rosa, A.P.; Guzman, H.; Bussetti, A.V.; Desai, A.; Ladner, J.; Sanchez-Seco, M.; Lipkin, W.I. Characterization of the sandfly fever Naples species complex and description of a new Karimabad species complex (genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae). J. Gen. Virol. 2014, 95, 292-300. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. Palacios, G.; Wiley, M.R.; Travassos da Rosa, A.P.; Guzman, H.; Quiroz, E.; Savji, N.; Carrera, J.P.; Bussetti, A.V.; Ladner, J.T.; Lipkin, W.I.; et al. Characterization of the Punta Toro species complex (genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae). J. Gen. Virol. 2015, 96, 2079-2085. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
18. Remoli, M.E.; Fortuna, C.; Marchi, A.; Bucci, P.; Argentini, C.; Bongiorno, G.; Maroli, M.; Gradoni, L.; Gramiccia, M.; Ciufolini, M.G. Viral isolates of a novel putative phlebovirus in the Marche Region of Italy. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2014, 90, 760-763. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
19. Xu, F.; Chen, H.; Travassos, A.P.; Tesh, R.B.; Xiao, S.Y. Phylogenetic relationships among sandfly fever group viruses (Phlebovirus: Bunyaviridae) based on the small genome segment. J. Gen. Virol. 2007, 88, 2312-2319. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. Zhao, G.Y.; Krishnamurthy, S.; Cai, Z.Q.; Popov, V.L.; da Rosa, A.P.T.; Guzman, H.; Cao, S.; Virgin, H.W.; Tesh, R.B.;Wang, D. Identification of novel viruses using VirusHunter-An automated data analysis pipeline. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e78470. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
21. Zhioua, E.; Moureau, G.; Chelbi, I.; Ninove, L.; Bichaud, L.; Derbali, M.; Champs, M.; Cherni, S.; Salez, N.; Cook, S.; et al. Punique virus, a novel phlebovirus, related to sandfly fever Naples virus, isolated from sandflies collected in Tunisia. J. Gen. Virol. 2010, 91, 1275-1283. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22. Alkan, C.; Bichaud, L.; de Lamballerie, X.; Alten, B.; Gould, E.A.; Charrel, R.N. Sandfly-borne phleboviruses of Eurasia and Africa: Epidemiology, genetic diversity, geographic range, control measures. Antivir. Res. 2013, 100, 54-74. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23. Elliott, R.M.; Brennan, B. Emerging phleboviruses. Curr. Opin. Virol. 2014, 5, 50-57. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24. Boshra, H.; Lorenzo, G.; Busquets, N.; Brun, A. Rift Valley fever: Recent insights into pathogenesis and prevention. J. Virol. 2011, 85, 6098-6105. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
25. Bird, B.H.; Ksiazek, T.G.; Nichol, S.T.; Maclachlan, N.J. Rift Valley fever virus. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2009, 234, 883-893. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
26. Daubney, R.; Hudson, J.R.; Garnham, P.C. Enzootic hepatitis or Rift Valley fever. An undescribed virus disease of sheep cattle and man from East Africa. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 1931, 34, 545-579. [CrossRef]
27. Arishi, H.; Ageel, A.; Rahman, M.A.; Hazmi, A.A.; Arishi, A.R.; Ayoola, B.; Menon, C.; Ashraf, J.; Frogusin, O.; Sawwan, F.; et al. Outbreak of Rift Valley fever-Saudi Arabia, August-October, 2000. MMMW Rep. 2000, 49, 905-908.
28. Charrel, R.N.; Bichaud, L.; de Lamballerie, X. Emergence of Toscana virus in the mediterranean area. World J. Virol. 2012, 1, 135-141. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
29. Srihongse, S.; Johnson, C.M. Human infections with Chagres virus in Panama. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1974, 23, 690-693. [PubMed]
30. Travassos da Rosa, A.P.; Tesh, R.B.; Pinheiro, F.P.; Travassos da Rosa, J.F.; Peterson, N.E. Characterization of eight new phlebotomus fever serogroup arboviruses (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus) from the Amazon region of Brazil. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1983, 32, 1164-1171. [PubMed]
31. Tesh, R.B. The genus Phlebovirus and its vectors. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1988, 33, 169-181. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
32. Rolin, A.I.; Berrang-Ford, L.; Kulkarni, M.A. The risk of Rift Valley fever virus introduction and establishment in the United States and European Union. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 2013, 2, e81. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
33. Salman, M. Is the United States really at risk for introduction of Rift Valley fever virus? J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2013, 242, 606-608. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
34. Huang, X.; Liu, L.; Du, Y.; Ma, H.; Mu, Y.; Tang, X.; Wang, H.; Kang, K.; Zhang, S.; Wu, W.; et al. Detection of a novel bunyavirus associated with fever, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia syndrome in Henan Province, China, using real-time reverse transcription PCR. J. Med. Microbiol. 2013, 62, 1060-1064. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
35. Luo, L.M.; Zhao, L.; Wen, H.L.; Zhang, Z.T.; Liu, J.W.; Fang, L.Z.; Xue, Z.F.; Ma, D.Q.; Zhang, X.S.; Ding, S.J.; et al. Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks as reservoir and vector of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in China. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2015, 21, 1770-1776. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
36. Xu, B.; Liu, L.; Huang, X.; Ma, H.; Zhang, Y.; Du, Y.;Wang, P.; Tang, X.;Wang, H.; Kang, K.; et al. Metagenomic analysis of fever, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia syndrome (FTLS) in Henan Province, China: Discovery of a new bunyavirus. PLoS Pathog. 2011, 7, e1002369. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
37. Yu, X.J.; Liang, M.F.; Zhang, S.Y.; Liu, Y.; Li, J.D.; Sun, Y.L.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, Q.F.; Popov, V.L.; Li, C.; et al. Fever with thrombocytopenia associated with a novel bunyavirus in China. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011, 364, 1523-1532. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
38. Zhang, Y.Z.; Zhou, D.J.; Qin, X.C.; Tian, J.H.; Xiong, Y.;Wang, J.B.; Chen, X.P.; Gao, D.Y.; He, Y.W.; Jin, D.; et al. The ecology, genetic diversity, and phylogeny of Huaiyangshan virus in China. J. Virol. 2012, 86, 2864-2868. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
39. Kim, K.H.; Yi, J.; Kim, G.; Choi, S.J.; Jun, K.I.; Kim, N.H.; Choe, P.G.; Kim, N.J.; Lee, J.K.; Oh, M.D. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, South Korea, 2012. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2013, 19, 1892-1894. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
40. Park, S.W.; Han, M.G.; Yun, S.M.; Park, C.; Lee, W.J.; Ryou, J. Severe Fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, South Korea, 2013. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2014, 20, 1880-1882. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
41. Takahashi, T.; Maeda, K.; Suzuki, T.; Ishido, A.; Shigeoka, T.; Tominaga, T.; Kamei, T.; Honda, M.; Ninomiya, D.; Sakai, T.; et al. The First Identification and retrospective study of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in Japan. J. Infect. Dis. 2014, 209, 816-827. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
42. McMullan, L.K.; Folk, S.M.; Kelly, A.J.; MacNeil, A.; Goldsmith, C.S.; Metcalfe, M.G.; Batten, B.C.; Albarino, C.G.; Zaki, S.R.; Rollin, P.E.; et al. A New phlebovirus associated with severe febrile illness in Missouri. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012, 367, 834-841. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
43. Savage, H.M.; Godsey, M.S.; Lambert, A.; Panella, N.A.; Burkhalter, K.L.; Harmon, J.R.; Lash, R.R.; Ashley, D.C.; Nicholson, W.L. First detection of Heartland virus (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus) from ffield collected arthropods. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2013, 89, 445-452. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
44. Dilcher, M.; Alves, M.J.; Finkeisen, D.; Hufert, F.;Weidmann, M. Genetic characterization of Bhanja virus and Palma virus, two tick-borne phleboviruses. Virus Genes 2012, 45, 311-315. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
45. Carhan, A.; Uyar, Y.; Ozkaya, E.; Ertek, M.; Dobler, G.; Dilcher, M.; Wang, Y.; Spiegel, M.; Hufert, F.; Weidmann, M. Characterization of a sandfly fever Sicilian virus isolated during a sandfly fever epidemic in Turkey. J. Clin. Virol. Off. Publ. Pan Am. Soc. Clin. Virol. 2010, 48, 264-269. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
46. Ergunay, K.; Ismayilova, V.; Colpak, I.A.; Kansu, T.; Us, D. A case of central nervous system infection due to a novel sandfly fever virus (SFV) variant: Sandfly fever Turkey virus (SFTV). J. Clin. Virol. 2012, 54, 79-82. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
47. Kocak Tufan, Z.; Weidmann, M.; Bulut, C.; Kinikli, S.; Hufert, F.T.; Dobler, G.; Demiroz, A.P. Clinical and laboratory findings of a sandfly fever Turkey virus outbreak in Ankara. J. Infect. 2011, 63, 375-381. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
48. Anagnostou, V.; Pardalos, G.; Athanasiou-Metaxa, M.; Papa, A. Novel phlebovirus in febrile child, Greece. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2011, 17, 940-941. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
49. Collao, X.; Palacios, G.; de Ory, F.; Sanbonmatsu, S.; Perez-Ruiz, M.; Navarro, J.M.; Molina, R.; Hutchison, S.K.; Lipkin, W.I.; Tenorio, A.; et al. Granada Virus: A natural phlebovirus reassortant of the sandfly fever Naples serocomplex with low seroprevalence in humans. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2010, 83, 760-765. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
50. Huiskonen, J.T.; Overby, A.K.; Weber, F.; Grunewald, K. Electron cryo-microscopy and single-particle averaging of Rift Valley fever virus: Evidence for Gn-Gc glycoprotein heterodimers. J. Virol. 2009, 83, 3762-3769. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
51. Overby, A.K.; Pettersson, R.F.; Grunewald, K.; Huiskonen, J.T. Insights into bunyavirus architecture from electron cryotomography of Uukuniemi virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105, 2375-2379. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
52. Albarino, C.G.; Bird, B.H.; Nichol, S.T. A shared transcription termination signal on negative and ambisense RNA genome segments of Rift Valley fever, sandfly fever Sicilian, and Toscana viruses. J. Virol. 2007, 81, 5246-5256. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
53. Ikegami, T.; Won, S.; Peters, C.J.; Makino, S. Characterization of Rift Valley fever virus transcriptional terminations. J. Virol. 2007, 81, 8421-8438. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
54. Lara, E.; Billecocq, A.; Leger, P.; Bouloy, M. Characterization of wild-type and alternate transcription termination signals in the Rift Valley fever virus genome. J. Virol. 2011, 85, 12134-12145. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
55. Hewlett, M.J.; Pettersson, R.F.; Baltimore, D. Circular forms of Uukuniemi virion RNA: an electron microscopic study. J. Virol. 1977, 21, 1085-1093. [PubMed]
56. Leger, P.; Lozach, P.Y. Bunyaviruses: From transmission by arthropods to virus entry into the mammalian host first-target cells. Future Virol. 2015, 10, 859-881. [CrossRef]
57. Lozach, P.Y.; Mancini, R.; Bitto, D.; Meier, R.; Oestereich, L.; Overby, A.K.; Pettersson, R.F.; Helenius, A. Entry of bunyaviruses into mammalian cells. Cell Host Microbe 2010, 7, 488-499. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
58. Lozach, P.Y.; Kuhbacher, A.; Meier, R.; Mancini, R.; Bitto, D.; Bouloy, M.; Helenius, A. DC-SIGN as a receptor for phleboviruses. Cell Host Microbe 2011, 10, 75-88. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
59. Klemm, C.; Reguera, J.; Cusack, S.; Zielecki, F.; Kochs, G.; Weber, F. Systems To establish bunyavirus genome replication in the absence of transcription. J. Virol. 2013, 87, 8205-8212. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
60. Morin, B.; Coutard, B.; Lelke, M.; Ferron, F.; Kerber, R.; Jamal, S.; Frangeul, A.; Baronti, C.; Charrel, R.; de Lamballerie, X.; et al. The N-terminal domain of the Arenavirus L protein is an RNA endonuclease essential in mRNA transcription. PLoS Pathog. 2010, 6, 8990-8995. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
61. Bird, B.H.; Albarino, C.G.; Hartman, A.L.; Erickson, B.R.; Ksiazek, T.G.; Nichol, S.T. Rift Valley fever virus lacking the NSs and NSm genes is highly attenuated, confers protective immunity from virulent virus challenge, and allows for differential identification of infected and vaccinated animals. J. Virol. 2008, 82, 2681-2691. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
62. Bird, B.H.; Maartens, L.H.; Campbell, S.; Erasmus, B.J.; Erickson, B.R.; Dodd, K.A.; Spiropoulou, C.F.; Cannon, D.; Drew, C.P.; Knust, B.; et al. Rift Valley fever virus vaccine lacking the NSs and NSm genes is safe, nonteratogenic, and confers protection from viremia, pyrexia, and abortion following challenge in adult and pregnant sheep. J. Virol. 2011, 85, 12901-12909. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
63. Gerrard, S.R.; Bird, B.H.; Albarino, C.G.; Nichol, S.T. The NSm proteins of Rift Valley fever virus are dispensable for maturation, replication and infection. Virology 2007, 359, 459-465. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
64. Won, S.; Ikegami, T.; Peters, C.J.; Makino, S. NSm and 78-kilodalton proteins of Rift Valley fever virus are nonessential for viral replication in cell culture. J. Virol. 2006, 80, 8274-8278. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
65. Won, S.Y.; Ikegami, T.; Peters, C.J.; Makino, S. NSm protein of Rift Valley fever virus suppresses virus-induced apoptosis. J. Virol. 2007, 81, 13335-13345. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
66. Weber, M.;Weber, F. Segmented negative-strand RNA viruses and RIG-I: Divide (your genome) and rule. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2014, 20, 96-102. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
67. Weber, M.; Weber, F. RIG-I-like receptors and negative-strand RNA viruses: RLRly bird catches some worms. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2014, 25, 621-628. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
68. Schneider, W.M.; Chevillotte, M.D.; Rice, C.M. Interferon-stimulated genes: A complex web of host defenses. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2014, 32, 513-545. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
69. Ng, C.T.; Mendoza, J.L.; Garcia, K.C.; Oldstone, M.B. Alpha and beta type 1 interferon signaling: Passage for diverse biologic outcomes. Cell 2016, 164, 349-352. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
70. Kato, H.; Takeuchi, O.; Sato, S.; Yoneyama, M.; Yamamoto, M.; Matsui, K.; Uematsu, S.; Jung, A.; Kawai, T.; Ishii, K.J.; et al. Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses. Nature 2006, 441, 101-105. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
71. Pichlmair, A.; Schulz, O.; Tan, C.P.; Rehwinkel, J.; Kato, H.; Takeuchi, O.; Akira, S.; Way, M.; Schiavo, G.; Sousa, C.R.E. Activation of MDA5 requires higher-order RNA structures generated during virus infection. J. Virol. 2009, 83, 10761-10769. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
72. Schlee, M. Master sensors of pathogenic RNA-RIG-I like receptors. Immunobiology 2013, 218, 1322-1335. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
73. Yoneyama, M.; Onomoto, K.; Jogi, M.; Akaboshi, T.; Fujita, T. Viral RNA detection by RIG-I-like receptors. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2015, 32, 48-53. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
74. Sparrer, K.M.; Gack, M.U. Intracellular detection of viral nucleic acids. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2015, 26, 1-9. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
75. Davis, M.E.; Gack, M.U. Ubiquitination in the antiviral immune response. Virology 2015, 479-480, 52-65. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
76. Liu, S.; Chen, J.; Cai, X.;Wu, J.; Chen, X.;Wu, Y.T.; Sun, L.; Chen, Z.J. MAVS recruits multiple ubiquitin E3 ligases to activate antiviral signaling cascades. eLife 2013, 2, e00785. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
77. Mogensen, T.H. Pathogen recognition and inflammatory signaling in innate immune defenses. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2009, 22, 240-273. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
78. Goubau, D.; Deddouche, S.; Sousa, C.R.E. Cytosolic Sensing of Viruses. Immunity 2013, 38, 855-869. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
79. MacMicking, J.D. Interferon-inducible effector mechanisms in cell-autonomous immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2012, 12, 367-82. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
80. Diamond, M.S.; Farzan, M. The broad-spectrum antiviral functions of IFIT and IFITM proteins. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2013, 13, 46-57. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
81. Haller, O.; Staeheli, P.; Schwemmle, M.; Kochs, G. Mx GTPases: Dynamin-like antiviral machines of innate immunity. Trends Microbiol. 2015, 23, 154-163. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
82. Garcia, M.A.; Gil, J.; Ventoso, I.; Guerra, S.; Domingo, E.; Rivas, C.; Esteban, M. Impact of protein kinase PKR in cell biology: From antiviral to antiproliferative action. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. MMBR 2006, 70, 1032-1060. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
83. Gil, J.; Garcia, M.A.; Gomez-Puertas, P.; Guerra, S.; Rullas, J.; Nakano, H.; Alcami, J.; Esteban, M. TRAF family proteins link PKR with NF-kappa B activation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2004, 24, 4502-4512. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
84. Fensterl, V.; Sen, G.C. Interferon-induced IFIT Proteins: Their role in viral pathogenesis. J. Virol. 2015, 89, 2462-2468. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
85. Levy, D.E.; Marie, I.; Smith, E.; Prakash, A. Enhancement and diversification of IFN induction by IRF-7-mediated positive feedback. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 2002, 22, 87-93. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
86. McNab, F.; Mayer-Barber, K.; Sher, A.; Wack, A.; O'Garra, A. Type I interferons in infectious disease. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2015, 15, 87-103. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
87. Weber, F.; Wagner, V.; Rasmussen, S.B.; Hartmann, R.; Paludan, S.R. Double-stranded RNA is produced by positive-strand RNA viruses and DNA viruses but not in detectable amounts by negative-strand RNA viruses. J. Virol. 2006, 80, 5059-5064. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
88. Zielecki, F.; Weber, M.; Eickmann, M.; Spiegelberg, L.; Zaki, A.M.; Matrosovich, M.; Becker, S.; Weber, F. Human cell tropism and innate immune system interactions of human respiratory coronavirus EMC compared to those of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J. Virol. 2013, 87, 5300-5304. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
89. 1 termini as a strategy of negative-strand RNA viruses to avoid RIG-I-dependent interferon induction. PLoS ONE 2008, 3, e2032. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
90. 1 -triphosphorylated genome activate RIG-I and antiviral signaling. Cell Host Microbe 2013, 13, 336-346. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
91. Ermler, M.E.; Yerukhim, E.; Schriewer, J.; Schattgen, S.; Traylor, Z.; Wespiser, A.R.; Caffrey, D.R.; Chen, Z.J.J.; King, C.H.; Gale, M.; et al. RNA helicase signaling is critical for type I interferon production and protection against Rift Valley fever virus during mucosal challenge. J. Virol. 2013, 87, 4846-4860. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
92. Gowen, B.B.; Hoopes, J.D.;Wong, M.H.; Jung, K.H.; Isakson, K.C.; Alexopoulou, L.; Flavell, R.A.; Sidwell, R.W. TLR3 deletion limits mortality and disease severity due to phlebovirus infection. J. Immunol. 2006, 177, 6301-6307. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
93. Habjan, M.; Pichlmair, A.; Elliott, R.M.; Overby, A.K.; Glatter, T.; Gstaiger, M.; Superti-Furga, G.; Unger, H.; Weber, F. NSs protein of Rift Valley fever virus induces the specific degradation of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase. J. Virol. 2009, 83, 4365-4375. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
94. Kende, M. Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of poly(I,C)-LC against Rift-Valley fever virus-infection in Mice. J. Biol. Response Modif. 1985, 4, 503-511.
95. Peters, C.J.; Reynolds, J.A.; Slone, T.W.; Jones, D.E.; Stephen, E.L. Prophylaxis of Rift Valley fever with antiviral drugs, immune serum, an interferon inducer, and a macrophage activator. Antivir. Res. 1986, 6, 285-297. [CrossRef]
96. Gowen, B.B.; Wong, M.H.; Jung, K.H.; Sanders, A.B.; Mitchell, W.M.; Alexopoulou, L.; Flavell, R.A.; Sidwell, R.W. TLR3 is essential for the induction of protective immunity against Punta Toro virus infection by the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), poly(I:C12U), but not poly(I:C): Differential, recognition of synthetic dsRNA molecules. J. Immunol. 2007, 178, 5200-5208. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
97. Sidwell, R.W.; Huffman, J.H.; Smee, D.F.; Gilbert, J.; Gessaman, A.; Pease, A.; Warren, R.P.; Huggins, J.; Kende, M. Potential role of immunomodulators for treatment of phlebovirus infections of animals. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1992, 653, 344-355. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
98. Sidwell, R.W.; Huffman, J.H.; Barnard, D.L.; Smee, D.F.; Warren, R.P.; Chirigos, M.A.; Kende, M.; Huggins, J. Antiviral and immunomodulating inhibitors of experimentally-induced Punta Toro virus infections. Antivir. Res. 1994, 25, 105-122. [CrossRef]
99. Pifat, D.Y.; Smith, J.F. Punta Toro virus infection of C57BL/6J mice-A model for phlebovirus-induced disease. Microb Pathog. 1987, 3, 409-422. [CrossRef]
100. Do Valle, T.Z.; Billecocq, A.; Guillemot, L.; Alberts, R.; Gommet, C.; Geffers, R.; Calabrese, K.; Schughart, K.; Bouloy, M.; Montagutelli, X.; et al. A new mouse model reveals a critical role for host innate immunity in resistance to Rift Valley fever. J. Immunol. 2010, 185, 6146-6156. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
101. Morrill, J.C.; Jennings, G.B.; Johnson, A.J.; Cosgriff, T.M.; Gibbs, P.H.; Peters, C.J. Pathogenesis of Rift Valley fever in Rhesus monkeys-Role of interferon response. Arch. Virol. 1990, 110, 195-212. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
102. Bouloy, M.; Janzen, C.; Vialat, P.; Khun, H.; Pavlovic, J.; Huerre, M.; Haller, O. Genetic evidence for an interferon-antagonistic function of Rift Valley fever virus nonstructural protein NSs. J. Virol. 2001, 75, 1371-1377. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
103. Mendenhall, M.;Wong, M.H.; Skirpstunas, R.; Morrey, J.D.; Gowen, B.B. Punta Toro virus (Bunyaviridae, Phlebovirus) infection in mice: Strain differences in pathogenesis and host interferon response. Virology 2009, 395, 143-151. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
104. Schoggins, J.W.; Wilson, S.J.; Panis, M.; Murphy, M.Y.; Jones, C.T.; Bieniasz, P.; Rice, C.M. A diverse range of gene products are effectors of the type I interferon antiviral response. Nature 2011, 472, 481-485. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
105. Schoggins, J.W.; MacDuff, D.A.; Imanaka, N.; Gainey, M.D.; Shrestha, B.; Eitson, J.L.; Mar, K.B.; Richardson, R.B.; Ratushny, A.V.; Litvak, V.; et al. Pan-viral specificity of IFN-induced genes reveals new roles for cGAS in innate immunity. Nature 2014, 505, 691-695. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
106. Frese, M.; Kochs, G.; Feldmann, H.; Hertkorn, C.; Haller, O. Inhibition of bunyaviruses, phleboviruses, and hantaviruses by human MxA protein. J. Virol. 1996, 70, 915-923. [PubMed]
107. Sandrock, M.; Frese, M.; Haller, O.; Kochs, G. Interferon-induced rat Mx proteins confer resistance to Rift Valley fever virus and other arthropod-borne viruses. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 2001, 21, 663-668. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
108. Habjan, M.; Penski, N.; Wagner, V.; Spiegel, M.; Overby, A.K.; Kochs, G.; Huiskonen, J.T.; Weber, F. Efficient production of Rift Valley fever virus-like particles: The antiviral protein MxA can inhibit primary transcription of bunyaviruses. Virology 2009, 385, 400-408. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
109. Kochs, G.; Janzen, C.; Hohenberg, H.; Haller, O. Antivirally active MxA protein sequesters La Crosse virus nucleocapsid protein into perinuclear complexes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 3153-3158. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
110. Mudhasani, R.; Tran, J.P.; Retterer, C.; Radoshitzky, S.R.; Kota, K.P.; Altamura, L.A.; Smith, J.M.; Packard, B.Z.; Kuhn, J.H.; Costantino, J.; et al. IFITM-2 and IFITM-3 but not IFITM-1 restrict Rift Valley fever virus. J. Virol. 2013, 87, 8451-8464. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
111. Ikegami, T.; Narayanan, K.; Won, S.; Kamitani, W.; Peters, C.J.; Makino, S. Rift Valley fever virus NSs protein promotes post-transcriptional downregulation of protein kinase PKR and inhibits eIF2alpha phosphorylation. PLoS Pathog. 2009, 5, e1000287. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
112. Atasheva, S.; Akhrymuk, M.; Frolova, E.I.; Frolov, I. New PARP gene with an anti-alphavirus function. J. Virol. 2012, 86, 8147-8160. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
113. 1 -triphosphate RNA. Nat. Immunol. 2011, 12, 624-630. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
114. Vialat, P.; Billecocq, A.; Kohl, A.; Bouloy, M. The S segment of Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (Bunyaviridae) carries determinants for attenuation and virulence in mice. J. Virol. 2000, 74, 1538-1543. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
115. Struthers, J.K.; Swanepoel, R. Identification of a major non-structural protein in the nuclei of Rift Valley fever virus-infected cells. J. Gen. Virol. 1982, 60, 381-384. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
116. Yadani, F.Z.; Kohl, A.; Prehaud, C.; Billecocq, A.; Bouloy, M. The carboxy-terminal acidic domain of Rift Valley fever virus NSs protein is essential for the formation of filamentous structures but not for the nuclear localization of the protein. J. Virol. 1999, 73, 5018-5025. [PubMed]
117. Muller, R.; Saluzzo, J.F.; Lopez, N.; Dreier, T.; Turell, M.; Smith, J.; Bouloy, M. Characterization of Clone-13, a naturally attenuated avirulent isolate of Rift Valley fever virus, which is altered in the small segment. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1995, 53, 405-411. [PubMed]
118. Billecocq, A.; Spiegel, M.; Vialat, P.; Kohl, A.; Weber, F.; Bouloy, M.; Haller, O. NSs protein of Rift Valley fever virus blocks interferon production by inhibiting host gene transcription. J. Virol. 2004, 78, 9798-9806. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
119. Le May, N.; Dubaele, S.; Proietti De Santis, L.; Billecocq, A.; Bouloy, M.; Egly, J.M. TFIIH transcription factor, a target for the Rift Valley hemorrhagic fever virus. Cell 2004, 116, 541-550. [CrossRef]
120. Kalveram, B.; Lihoradova, O.; Ikegami, T. NSs protein of Rift Valley fever virus promotes posttranslational downregulation of the TFIIH subunit p62. J. Virol. 2011, 85, 6234-6243. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
121. Pichlmair, A.; Kandasamy, K.; Alvisi, G.; Mulhern, O.; Sacco, R.; Habjan, M.; Binder, M.; Stefanovic, A.; Eberle, C.A.; Goncalves, A.; et al. Viral immune modulators perturb the human molecular network by common and unique strategies. Nature 2012, 487, 486-490. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
122. Hermand, D. F-box proteins: More than baits for the SCF? Cell Div. 2006, 1, 30. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
123. Kainulainen, M.; Habjan, M.; Hubel, P.; Busch, L.; Lau, S.; Colinge, J.; Superti-Furga, G.; Pichlmair, A.; Weber, F. Virulence factor NSs of Rift Valley fever virus recruits the F-box protein FBXO3 to degrade subunit p62 of general transcription factor TFIIH. J. Virol. 2014, 88, 3464-3473. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
124. Cyr, N.; de la Fuente, C.; Lecoq, L.; Guendel, I.; Chabot, P.R.; Kehn-Hall, K.; Omichinski, J.G. A Omega XaV motif in the Rift Valley fever virus NSs protein is essential for degrading p62, forming nuclear filaments and virulence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2015, 112, 6021-6026. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
125. Copeland, A.M.; van Deusen, N.M.; Schmaljohn, C.S. Rift Valley fever virus NSs gene expression correlates with a defect in nuclear mRNA export. Virology 2015, 486, 88-93. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
126. Le May, N.; Mansuroglu, Z.; Leger, P.; Josse, T.; Blot, G.; Billecocq, A.; Flick, R.; Jacob, Y.; Bonnefoy, E.; Bouloy, M. A SAP30 complex inhibits IFN-beta expression in Rift valley fever virus infected cells. PLoS Pathog. 2008, 4, e13. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
127. Kainulainen, M.; Lau, S.; Samuel, C.E.; Hornung, V.; Weber, F. NSs virulence factor of Rift Valley fever virus engages the F-box proteins FBXW11 and beta-TRCP1 to degrade the antiviral protein kinase PKR. J. Virol. 2016, 90, 6140-6147. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
128. Mudhasani, R.; Tran, J.P.; Retterer, C.; Kota, K.P.; Whitehouse, C.A.; Bavari, S. Protein kinase R degradation is essential for Rift Valley fever virus infection and is regulated by SKP1-CUL1-F-box (SCF)FBXW11-NSs E3 Ligase. PLoS Pathog. 2016, 12, e1005437. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
129. Anderson, G.W., Jr.; Slayter, M.V.; Hall,W.; Peters, C.J. Pathogenesis of a phleboviral infection (Punta Toro virus) in golden Syrian hamsters. Arch. Virol. 1990, 114, 203-212. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
130. Perrone, L.A.; Narayanan, K.; Worthy, M.; Peters, C.J. The S segment of Punta Toro virus (Bunyaviridae, Phlebovirus) is a major determinant of lethality in the Syrian hamster and codes for a type I interferon antagonist. J. Virol. 2007, 81, 884-892. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
131. Lihoradova, O.A.; Indran, S.V.; Kalveram, B.; Lokugamage, N.; Head, J.A.; Gong, B.; Tigabu, B.; Juelich, T.L.; Freiberg, A.N.; Ikegami, T. Characterization of Rift Valley fever virus MP-12 strain encoding NSs of Punta Toro virus or sandfly fever Sicilian virus. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2013, 7, e2181. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
132. Kalveram, B.; Ikegami, T. Toscana virus NSs protein promotes degradation of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase. J. Virol. 2013, 87, 3710-3718. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
133. Di Bonito, P.; Nicoletti, L.; Mochi, S.; Accardi, L.; Marchi, A.; Giorgi, C. Immunological characterization of Toscana virus proteins. Arch. Virol. 1999, 144, 1947-1960. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
134. Savellini, G.G.; Weber, F.; Terrosi, C.; Habjan, M.; Martorelli, B.; Cusi, M.G. Toscana virus induces interferon although its NSs protein reveals antagonistic activity. J. Gen. Virol. 2011, 92, 71-79. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
135. Gori-Savellini, G.; Valentini, M.; Cusi, M.G. Toscana Virus NSs Protein Inhibits the Induction of Type I Interferon by Interacting with RIG-I. J. Virol. 2013, 87, 6660-6667. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
136. Savellini, G.G.; Gandolfo, C.; Cusi, M.G. Truncation of the C-terminal region of Toscana Virus NSs protein is critical for interferon-beta antagonism and protein stability. Virology 2015, 486, 255-262. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
137. Brisbarre, N.M.; Plumet, S.; de Micco, P.; Leparc-Goffart, I.; Emonet, S.F. Toscana virus inhibits the interferon beta response in cell cultures. Virology 2013, 442, 189-194. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
138. Qu, B.; Qi, X.; Wu, X.; Liang, M.; Li, C.; Cardona, C.J.; Xu, W.; Tang, F.; Li, Z.; Wu, B.; et al. Suppression of the interferon and NF-kappaB responses by severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus. J. Virol. 2012, 86, 8388-8401. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
139. Ning, Y.J.; Wang, M.; Deng, M.; Shen, S.; Liu, W.; Cao, W.C.; Deng, F.; Wang, Y.Y.; Hu, Z.; Wang, H. Viral suppression of innate immunity via spatial isolation of TBK1/IKKepsilon from mitochondrial antiviral platform. J. Mol. Cell Biol. 2014, 6, 324-337. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
140. Santiago, F.W.; Covaleda, L.M.; Sanchez-Aparicio, M.T.; Silvas, J.A.; Diaz-Vizarreta, A.C.; Patel, J.R.; Popov, V.; Yu, X.J.; Garcia-Sastre, A.; Aguilar, P.V. Hijacking of RIG-I signaling proteins into virus-induced cytoplasmic structures correlates with the inhibition of type I interferon responses. J. Virol. 2014, 88, 4572-4585. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
141. Wu, X.D.; Qi, X.; Qu, B.Q.; Zhang, Z.R.; Liang, M.F.; Li, C.; Cardona, C.J.; Li, D.X.; Xing, Z. Evasion of antiviral immunity through sequestering of TBK1/IKK epsilon/IRF3 into viral inclusion bodies. J. Virol. 2014, 88, 3067-3076. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
142. Wu, X.D.; Qi, X.; Liang, M.F.; Li, C.; Cardona, C.J.; Li, D.X.; Xing, Z. Roles of viroplasm-like structures formed by nonstructural protein NSs in infection with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus. Faseb J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 2014, 28, 2504-2516. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
143. Gack, M.U.; Shin, Y.C.; Joo, C.H.; Urano, T.; Liang, C.; Sun, L.J.; Takeuchi, O.; Akira, S.; Chen, Z.J.; Inoue, S.S.; et al. TRIM25 RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligase is essential for RIG-I-mediated antiviral activity. Nature 2007, 446, 916-920. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
144. Ning, Y.J.; Feng, K.; Min, Y.Q.; Cao, W.C.; Wang, M.; Deng, F.; Hu, Z.; Wang, H. Disruption of type I interferon signaling by the nonstructural protein of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus via the hijacking of STAT2 and STAT1 into inclusion bodies. J. Virol. 2015, 89, 4227-4236. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
145. Simons, J.F.; Hellman, U.; Pettersson, R.F. Uukuniemi virus S RNA Segment-Ambisense coding strategy, packaging of complementary strands into virions, and homology to members of the genus Phlebovirus. J. Virol. 1990, 64, 247-255. [PubMed]
146. Rezelj, V.V.; Overby, A.K.; Elliott, R.M. Generation of mutant Uukuniemi viruses lacking the nonstructural protein NSs by reverse genetics indicates that NSs is a weak interferon antagonist. J. Virol. 2015, 89, 4849-4856. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
147. Brennan, B.; Li, P.; Zhang, S.; Li, A.; Liang, M.; Li, D.; Elliott, R.M. Reverse genetics system for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus. J. Virol. 2015, 89, 3026-3037. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
148. Ikegami, T.; Won, S.; Peters, C.J.; Makino, S. Rift Valley fever virus NSs mRNA is transcribed from an incoming anti-viral-sense S RNA segment. J. Virol. 2005, 79, 12106-12111. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
149. Billecocq, A.; Gauliard, N.; le May, N.; Elliott, R.M.; Flick, R.; Bouloy, M. RNA polymerase I-mediated expression of viral RNA for the rescue of infectious virulent and avirulent Rift Valley fever viruses. Virology 2008, 378, 377-384. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
150. Habjan, M.; Penski, N.; Spiegel, M.; Weber, F. T7 RNA polymerase-dependent and-independent systems for cDNA-based rescue of Rift Valley fever virus. J. Gen. Virol. 2008, 89, 2157-2166. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
151. Ikegami, T.; Won, S.; Peters, C.J.; Makino, S. Rescue of infectious Rift Valley fever virus entirely from cDNA, analysis of virus lacking the NSs gene, and expression of a foreign gene. J. Virol. 2006, 80, 2933-2940. [CrossRef] [PubMed]