Rift Valley fever virus

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

Volumn 234, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 883-893

  Bird, Brian H ^a   Ksiazek, Thomas G ^b,c   Nichol, Stuart T ^b   MacLachlan, N James ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL BRANCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL WARFARE; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DOMESTIC ANIMAL; EPIDEMIC; HEMORRHAGIC FEVER; HUMAN; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MORTALITY; PATHOGENICITY; RIFT VALLEY FEVER BUNYAVIRUS; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; VACCINATION; WILD ANIMAL; ZOONOSIS;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, DOMESTIC; ANIMALS, WILD; BIOTERRORISM; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; HUMANS; RIFT VALLEY FEVER; RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; VACCINATION; ZOONOSES;

RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS;

EID: 64549161204     PISSN: 00031488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2460/javma.234.7.883     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. Daubney R, Hudson JR, Garnham PC. Enzootic hepatitis or Rift Valley fever. An undescribed virus disease of sheep cattle and man from East Africa. J Pathol Bacteriol 1931;34:545-579.
2. Coetzer JA. The pathology of Rift Valley fever. I. Lesions occurring in natural cases in new-born lambs. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1977;44:205-211.
3. Coetzer JA. The pathology of Rift Valley fever. II. Lesions occurring in field cases in adult cattle, calves and aborted foetuses. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1982;49:11-17.
4. Swanepoel RCJ. Rift Valley fever. In: Coetzer JAW, Thompson GR, Tustin, RD, et al, eds. Infectious diseases of livestock with special reference to southern Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Oxford University Press, 1994;688-717.
5. Madani TA, Al-Mazrou YY, Al-Jeffri MH, et al. Rift Valley fever epidemic in Saudi Arabia: epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:1084-1092.
6. National Institute for Communicable Diseases. Rift Valley fever. Communicable Diseases Communiqué 2008;7(2):l-2.
7. National Institute for Communicable Diseases. Rift Valley fever outbreak update. Communicable Diseases Communiqué 2008;7(4):2.
8. USDA, APHIS. Part II. 7 CFR Part 331 and 9 CFR Part 121 Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002; possession, use, and transfer of biological agents and toxins; final rule. Fed Register 2005;70:13241-13292.
9. OIE. 8.12: Rift Valley fever. In: Terrestrial animal health code. Paris: OIE, 2008. Available at: www.oie.int/eng/normes/Mcode/ en-chapitre-l.8.12.htm. Accessed Feb 26, 2009.
10. Gargan TP, Clark GG, Dohm DJ, et al. Vector potential of selected North American mosquito species for Rift Valley fever virus. AmJ Trop Med Hyg 1988;38:440-446.
11. Schmaljohn CS, Nichol ST. Bunyaviridae. In: Knipe DM, ed. Field's virology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006;1741-1789.
12. Kitchen SF Laboratory infections with the virus of Rift Valley fever. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1934;14:547-564.
13. Schwentker FF, Rivers TM. Rift Valley fever in man. Report of a fatal laboratory infection complicated by thrombophlebitis. J Exp Med 1934;59:305-313.
14. Smithburn KC, Mahaffy AF, Haddow AJ, et al. Rift Valley fever. Accidental infections among laboratory workers. J Immunol 1949;62:213-227.
15. Gear JHS. Rift Valley fever in South Africa. S Afr Med J 1951; 25:620.
16. Shimshony A, Barzilai R. Rift Valley fever. Adv Vet Sei Comp Med 1983;27:347-425.
17. Committee on Foreign Animal Disease of the United States Animal Health Association. Foreign animal diseases (the gray book): Rift Valley fever. Richmond, Va: Pat Campbell and Associates, 1998.
18. US Department of Health and Human Services. Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories. 5th ed. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2007.
19. Swanepoel R, Coetzer JAW. Rift Valley fever. In: Coetzer JAW, Thompson GR, Tustin RD, et al, eds. Infectious diseases of livestock with special reference to southern Africa. 2nd ed. Cape Town, South Africa: Oxford University Press, 2004; 1037-1070.
20. Meegan JM. The Rift Valley fever epizootic in Egypt 1977-78. 1. Description of the epizootic and virological studies. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1979;73:618-623.
21. MeeganJM. Rift Valley fever in Egypt: an overview of the epizootics in 1977 and 1978. Contrib Epidemiol Biostat 1981;3:100-113.
22. Meegan JM, Watten RH, Laughlin LW. Clinical experience with Rift Valley fever in humans during the 1977 Egyptian epizootic. Contrib Epidemiol Biostat 1981;3:114-123.
23. Shimshony A. Disease prevention and preparedness in cases of animal health emergencies in the Middle East. Rev Sci Tech 1999;18:66-75.
24. Hoogstraal H, MeeganJM, Khalil GM, et al. The Rift Valley fever epizootic in Egypt 1977-78. 2. Ecological and entomological studies. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1979;73:624-629.
25. Abd el-Rahim IH, Abd el-Hakim U, Hussein M. An epizootic of Rift Valley fever in Egypt in 1997. Rev Sci Tech 1999;18:741748.
26. Abu-Elyazeed R, El-Sharkawy S, Olson J, et al. Prevalence of anti-Rift Valley fever IgM antibody in abattoir workers in the Nile delta during the 1993 outbreak in Egypt. Bull World Health Organ 1996;74:155-158.
27. Arthur RR, el-Sharkawy MS, Cope SE, et al. Recurrence of Rift Valley fever in Egypt. Lancet 1993;342:1149-1150.
28. CDC. Outbreak of Rift Valley fever-Saudi Arabia, August-October, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal WkIy Rep 2000;49:905-908.
29. Jup PG, Kemp A, Grobbelaar A, et al. The 2000 epidemic of Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia: mosquito vector studies. Med Vet Entomol 2002;16:245-252.
30. Miller BR, Godsey MS, Crabtree MB, et al. Isolation and genetic characterization of Rift Valley fever virus from Aedes vexans arabiensis, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8:14921494.
31. Bird BH, Khristova ML, Rollin PE, et al. Complete genome analysis of 33 ecologically and biologically diverse Rift Valley fever virus strains reveals widespread virus movement and low genetic diversity due to recent common ancestry. J Virol 2007;81:2805-2816.
32. Shoemaker T, Boulianne C, Vincent MJ, et al. Genetic analysis of viruses associated with emergence of Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, 2000-01. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8:14151420.
33. Anonymous. Rift Valley fever outbreak-Kenya, November 2006-January 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal WkIy Rep 2007;56:7376.
34. Bird BH, Githinji J, Macharia J, et al. Multiple virus lineages sharing recent common ancestry were associated with a large Rift Valley fever outbreak among livestock in Kenya during 2006-2007. J Virol 2008;82:11152-11166.
35. Davies FG, Highton RB. Possible vectors of Rift Valley fever in Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1980;74:815-816.
36. McIntosh BM, Jupp PG. Epidemiological aspects of Rift Valley fever in South Africa with reference to vectors. Contrib Epidemiol Biostat 1981;3:92-99.
37. Meegan JM, Khalil GM, Hoogstraal H, et al. Experimental transmission and field isolation studies implicating Culex pipiens as a vector of Rift Valley fever virus in Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1980;29:1405-1410.
38. Smithburn KC, Haddow AJ, Gillett JD. Rift Valley fever. Isolation of the virus from wild mosquitoes. Br J Exp Pathol 1948;29:107121.
39. Linthicum KJ, Logan TM, Bailey CL, et al. Transstadial and horizontal transmission of Rift Valley fever virus in Hyalomma truncatum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989;41:491- 196.
40. Hoch AL, Gargan Ii TP, Bailey CL. Mechanical transmission of Rift Valley fever virus by hematophagous diptera. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1985;34:188-193.
41. Hoch AL, Turell MJ, Bailey CL. Replication of Rift Valley fever virus in the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1984;33:295-299.
42. Turell MJ, Bailey CL. Transmission studies in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) with disseminated Rift valley fever virus infections. J Med Entomol 1987;24:11-18.
43. Meegan JM, Bailey CL, Monath TP. Rift Valley fever. In: Monath TP, ed. The arboviruses: epidemiology and ecology. Vol 4. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press Inc, 1989;51-76.
44. Turell MJ, Linthicum KJ, Patrican LA, et al. Vector competence of selected African mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) species for Rift Valley fever virus. J Med Entomol 2008;45:102-108.
45. Turell MJ, Bailey CL, Beaman JR. Vector competence of a Houston, Texas strain of Aedes albopictus for Rift Valley fever virus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1988;4:94-96.
46. Linthicum KJ, Bailey CL, Davies FG, et al. Detection of Rift Valley fever viral activity in Kenya by satellite remote sensing imagery. Science 1987;235:1656-1659.
47. Linthicum KJ, Davies FG, Kairo A, et al. Rift Valley fever virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus). Isolations from Diptera collected during an inter-epizootic period in Kenya. J Hyg (hond) 1985;95:197-209.
48. Logan TM, Linthicum KJ, Thande PC, et al. Egg hatching of Aedes mosquitoes during successive floodings in a Rift Valley fever endemic area in Kenya J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1991;7:109-112.
49. Logan TM, Linthicum KJ, Thande PC, et al. Mosquito species collected from a marsh in western Kenya during the long rains. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1991;7:395-399.
50. Pretorius A, Oelofsen MJ, Smith MS, et al. Rift Valley fever virus: a seroepidemiologic study of small terrestrial vertebrates in South Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1997;57:693-698.
51. Weinbren MP, Hons BS, Mason PJ. Rift Valley fever in a wild field rat (Arvicanthis abyssincus); a possible natural host. S Afr Med J 1957;31:427-430.
52. Youssef BZ, Donia HA. The potential role of Rattus rattus in enzootic cycle of Rift Valley fever in Egypt. 1- detection of RVF antibodies in R. rattus blood samples by both enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) and immuno-diffusion technique (ID). J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2001;76:431-441.
53. Youssef BZ, Donia HA. The potential role of Rattus rattus in enzootic cycle of Rift Valley fever in Egypt. 2-application of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in blood samples of Rattus rattus. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2002;77:133-141.
54. Turell MJ, Bailey CL, Rossi CA. Increased mosquito feeding on Rift Valley fever virus-infected lambs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1984;33:1232-1238.
55. van Velden DJ, Meyer JD, Olivier J, et al. Rift Valley fever affecting humans in South Africa: a clinicopathological study. S Afr MedJ 1977;51:867-871.
56. Weiss KE. Rift Valley fever. A review. BuIl Epizoot Dis Afr 1957;5:431-458.
57. Peters CJ, Anderson GW Jr. Pathogenesis of Rift Valley fever. Contrib Epidemiol Biostat 1981;3:21-41.
58. Walker JS, Remmele NS, Carter RC, et al. The clinical aspects of Rift Valley fever virus in household pets. I. Susceptibility of the dog. J Infect Dis 1970;121:9-18.
59. Walker JS, Stephen EL, Remmele NS, et al. The clinical aspects of Rift Valley fever virus in household pets. II. Susceptibility of the cat. J Infect Dis 1970;121:19-24.
60. Easterday BC, Murphy LC, Bennett DG. Experimental Rift Valley fever in calves, goats, and pigs. Am J Vet Res 1962;23:12241230.
61. Easterday BC, McGavran MH, RooneyJR, et al. The pathogenesis of Rift Valley fever in lambs. Am J Vet Res 1962;23:470-479.
62. Van der Lugt JJ, Coetzer JA, Smit MM, Distribution of viral antigen in tissues of new-born lambs infected with Rift Valley fever virus. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1996;63:341-347.
63. Erasmus BJ, Coetzer JAW. The symptomatology and pathology of Rift Valley fever in domestic animals. Contrib Epidemiol Biostat 1981;3:77-82.
64. Baskerville A, Hubbard KA, Stephenson JR. Comparison of the pathogenicity for pregnant sheep of Rift Valley fever virus and a live attenuated vaccine. Res Vet Sci 1992;52:307-311.
65. Coetzer JA, Barnard BJ. Hydrops amnii in sheep associated with hydranencephaly and arthrogryposis with Wesselsbron disease and Rift Valley fever viruses as aetiological agents. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1977;44:119-126.
66. Easterday BC. Rift Valley fever. Adv Vet Sci 1965;10:65-127.
67. Nabeth P, Kane Y, Abdalahi MO, et al. Rift valley fever outbreak, Mauritania, 1998: seroepidemiologic, virologie, entomologie, and zoologie investigations. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7:10521054.
68. Coackley W, Pini A, Gosden D. Experimental infection of cattle with pantropic Rift Valley fever virus. Res Vet Sci 1967;8:399405.
69. Gerdes GH. Rift Valley fever. Rev Sci Tech 2004;23:613-623.
70. Chevalier V, Lancelot R, Thiongane Y, et al. Rift Valley fever in small ruminants, Senegal, 2003. Emerg infect Dis 2005;11:16931700.
71. LeBreton M, Umlaufs, Djoko CF, et al. Rift Valley fever in goats, Cameroon. Emerg infect Dis 2006;12:702-703.
72. Zeller HG, Akakpo AJ, Ba MM. Rift Valley fever epizootic in small ruminants in southern Mauritania (October 1993): risk of extensive outbreaks. Ann Soc BeIg Med Trop 1995;75:135-140.
73. Zeller HG, Fontenille D, Traore-Lamizana M, et al. Enzootic activity of Rift Valley fever virus in Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1997;56:265-272.
74. Ksiazek TG, Jouan A, Meegan JM, et al. Rift Valley fever among domestic animals in the recent west African outbreak. Res Virol 1989;140:67-77.
75. Scott GR, Coackley W, Roach RW, et al. Rift Valley fever in camels. J Pathol Bacteriol 1963;86:229-231.
76. Ali AM, Kamel S. Epidemiology of RVF in domestic animals in Egypt. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 1978;53:255-263.
77. Imam IZ, Karamany RE, Darwish MA. Epidemic of Rift Valley fever (RVF) in Egypt: isolation of RVF virus from animals. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 1978;53:265-269.
78. Meegan JM, Hoogstraal H, Moussa MI. An epizootic of Rift Valley fever in Egypt in 1977. Vet Rec 1979;105:124-125.
79. Olaleye OD, Tomori O, Schmitz H. Rift Valley fever in Nigeria infections in domestic animals. Rev Sei Tech 1996;15:937-946.
80. Yedloutschnig RJ, Dardiri AH, Walker JS. The response of ponies to inoculation with Rift Valley fever virus. Contrib Epidemiol Biostat 1981;3:68-71.
81. Davies FG, Karstad L. Experimental infection of the African buffalo with the virus of Rift Valley fever. Trop Anim Health Prod 1981;13:185-188.
82. Nafady A, Bayoumi AH, El Zaher MA, et al. Rift Valley fever: pathological changes on the suspected buffalo calves and aborted foetuses. Assiut Vet Med J (Egypt) 1985;14:95-104.
83. Evans A, Gakuya F, Paweska JT, et al. Prevalence of antibodies against Rift Valley fever virus in Kenyan wildlife. Epidemiol Jnfeet 2008;136:261-269.
84. House C, Alexander KA, Kat PW, et al. Serum antibody to Rift Valley fever in African carnivores. Ann N Y Acad Sei 1996;791:345-349.
85. Boiro I, Konstaninov OK, Numerov AD. Isolation of Rift Valley fever virus from bats in the Republic of Guinea [in French] .Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1987;80:62-67.
86. Oelofsen MJ, Van der Ryst E. Could bats act as reservoir hosts for Rift Valley fever virus? Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1999;66:5154.
87. Peters CJ, Nathanson N, Ahmed R, et al. Viral hemorrhagic fever. In: Nathanson N, Ahmed R, Gonzalez-Scarano F, et al, eds. Viral pathogenesis. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997;779-799.
88. Bird BH, Bawiec DA, Ksiazek TG, et al. Highly sensitive and broadly reactive quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assay for high-throughput detection of Rift Valley fever virus. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45:3506-3513.
89. McIntosh BM, Russell D, dos Santos I, et al. Rift Valley fever in humans in South Africa. S Afr Med J 1980;58:803-806.
90. Alrajhi AA, Al-Semari A, Al-Watban J. Rift Valley fever encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 2004;10:554-555.
91. Al-Hazmi M, Ayoola EA, Abdurahman M, et al. Epidemic Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia: a clinical study of severe illness in humans. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:245-252.
92. Findlay GM, Stefanopoulo GJ, Mc Callum FO. Présence d'anticorps contre la fièvre de la Vallée du Rift dans le sang des Africains. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1936;29:986-996.
93. Paweska JT, Jansen van Vuren P, Swanepoel R. Validation of an indirect ELISA based on a recombinant nucleocapsid protein of Rift Valley fever virus for the detection of IgG antibody in humans. J Virol Methods 2007;146:119-124.
94. Niklasson B, Grandien M, Peters CJ, et al. Detection of Rift Valley fever virus antigen by enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 1983;17:1026-1031.
95. Morvan J, Rollin PE, Laventure S, et al. Duration of immunoglobulin M antibodies against Rift Valley fever virus in cattle after natural infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1992;86:675.
96. Mariner JC, Morrill J, Ksiazek TG. Antibodies to hemorrhagic fever viruses in domestic livestock in Niger: Rift valley fever and Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995;53:217-221.
97. Ibrahim MS, Turell MJ, Knauert FK, et al. Detection of Rift Valley fever virus in mosquitoes by RT-PCR. Mol Cell Probes 1997;11:49-53.
98. Sail AA, Thonnon J, Sene OK, et al. Single-tube and nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for detection of Rift Valley fever virus in human and animal sera. J Virol Methods 2001;91:85-92.
99. Jupp PG, Grobbelaar AA, Leman PA, et al. Experimental detection of Rift Valley fever virus by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay in large samples of mosquitoes. J Med Entomol 2000;37:467-471.
100. Vahhabzadeh AR, Lenz O, Eickmann M. The first multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (multiplex RT-PCR) for diagnostic of Lassa-, Marburg-, Ebola-, Rift-Valley- and Yellow fever virus in clinical specimen. Infection 2001;29(suppl l):53-54.
101. Garcia S, Crance J-M, Billecocq A, et al. Quantitative realtime PCR detection of Rift Valley fever virus and its application to evaluation of antiviral compounds. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:4456-4461.
102. Drosten C, Gottig S, Schilling S, et al. Rapid detection and quantification of RNA of Ebola and Marburg viruses, Lassa virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Rift Valley fever virus, Dengue virus, and Yellow fever virus by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:2323-2330.
103. Morrill JC, Czarniecki CW, Peters CJ. Recombinant human interferon-gamma modulates Rift Valley fever virus infection in the rhesus monkey. J Interferon Res 1991;11:297-304.
104. Anderson GW Jr, Slone TW Jr, Peters CJ. Pathogenesis of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in inbred rats. Microb Pathog 1987;2:283-293.
105. Kende M, Lupton HW, Rill WL, et al. Enhanced therapeutic efficacity of Poly (ICLC) and Ribavirin combinations against Rift Valley virus infection in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987;31:986-990.
106. Peters CJ, Reynolds JA, Slone TW, et al. Prophylaxis of Rift Valley fever with antiviral drugs, immune serum, an interferon inducer, and a macrophage activator. Antiviral Res 1986;6:285-297.
107. Randall R, Gibbs CJ Jr, Aulisio CG, et al. The development of a formalin-killed Rift Valley fever virus vaccine for use in man. J Immunol 1962;89:660-671.
108. Anderson GWJr, Lee J-O, Anderson AO, et al. Efficacy of a Rift Valley fever virus vaccine against an aerosol infection in rats. Vaccine 1991;9:710-714.
109. Randall R, Binn LN, Harrison VR. Immunization against Rift Valley fever virus. Studies on the immunogenicity of lyophilized formalin-inactivated vaccine. J Immunol 1964;93:293-299.
110. Harrington DG, Lupton HW, Crabbs CL, et al. Evaluation of a formalin-inactivated Rift Valley fever vaccine in sheep. AmJ Vet Res 1980;41:1559-1564.
111. Pittman PR, Liu CT, Cannon TL, et al. Immunogenicity of an inactivated Rift Valley fever vaccine in humans: a 12-year experience. Vaccine 1999;18:181-189.
112. Smithburn KC. Rift Valley fever; the neurotropic adaptation of the virus and the experimental use of this modified virus as a vaccine. Br J Exp Pathol 1949;30:1-16.
113. Barnard BJH. Rift Valley fever vaccine-antibody and immune response in cattle to a live and an inactivated vaccine. J S Afr Vet Assoc 1979;50:155-157.
114. Caplen H, Peters CJ, Bishop DH. Mutagen-directed attenuation of Rift Valley fever virus as a method for vaccine development. J Gen Virol 1985;66:2271-2277.
115. Rossi CA, Turell MJ. Characterization of attenuated strains of Rift Valley fever virus. J Gen Virol 1988;69:817-823.
116. Moussa MI, Abdel-Wahab KS, Wood OL. Experimental infection and protection of lambs with a minute plaque variant of Rift Valley fever virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1986;35:660-662.
117. Muller R, Saluzzo JF, Lopez N, et al. Characterization of clone 13, a naturally attenuated avirulent isolate of Rift Valley fever virus, which is altered in the small segment. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995;53:405-411.
118. Collett MS, Keegan K, Hu SL, et al. Protective subunit immunogens to Rift Valley fever virus from bacteria and recombinant vaccinia virus. In: Mahy BWJ, Kolakofsky D, eds. The biology of negative strand viruses. Oxford, England: Elsevier, 1987;321-329.
119. Wallace DB, Ellis CE, Espach A, et al. Protective immune responses induced by different recombinant vaccine regimes to Rift Valley fever. Vaccine 2006;24:7181-7189.
120. Wallace DB, Weyer J, NeI LH, et al. Improved method for the generation and selection of homogeneous lumpy skin disease virus (SA-Neethling) recombinants. J Virol Methods 2007;146:52-60.
121. Spik K, Shurtleff A, McElroy AK, et al. Immunogenicity of combination DNA vaccines for Rift Valley fever virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Hantaan virus, and Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Vaccine 2006;24:4657-4666.
122. Bird BH, Albarino CG, Hartman AL, et al. Rift Valley fever virus lacking the NSs and NSm genes is highly attenuated, confers protective immunity from virulent virus challenge and allows for differential identification of infected and vaccinated animals. J Virol 2008;82:2681-2691.
123. Barnard BJH, Botha MJ. An inactivated rift valley fever vaccine. J S Afr Vet Assoc 1977;48:45-48.
124. Eddy GA, Peters CJ, Meadors GF, et al. Rift Valley fever vaccine for humans. Contrib Epidemiol Biostat 1981;3:124-141.
125. Botros B, Omar A, Elian K, et al. Adverse response of non-indigenous cattle of European breeds to live attenuated Smithburn Rift Valley fever vaccine. J Med Virol 2006;78:787-791.
126. Takehara K, Min MK, Battles JK, et al. Identification of mutations in the M RNA of a candidate vaccine strain of Rift Valley fever virus. Virology 1989;169:452-457.
127. Saluzzo J-F, Smith JF Use of reassortant viruses to map attenuating and temperature-sensitive mutations of the Rift Valley fever virus MP-12 vaccine. Vaccine 1990;8:369-375.
128. Vialat P, Muller R, Vu TH, et al. Mapping of the mutations present in the genome of the Rift Valley fever virus attenuated MP12 strain and their putative role in attenuation. Virus Res 1997;52:43-50.
129. Hubbard KA, Baskerville A, Stephenson JR. Ability of a mutagenized virus variant to protect young lambs from Rift Valley fever. AmJ Vet Res 1991;52:50-55.
130. Morrill JC, Carpenter L, Taylor D, et al. Further evaluation of a mutagen-attenuated Rift Valley fever vaccine in sheep. Vaccine 1991;9:35-41.
131. Morrill JC, Mebus CA, Peters CJ. Safety of a mutagen-attenuated Rift Valley fever virus vaccine in fetal and neonatal bovids. Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1110-1114.
132. Hunter P, Erasmus BJ, Vorster JH. Teratogenicity of a mutagenised Rift Valley fever virus (MVP 12) in sheep. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2002;69:95-98.
133. Shimshony A, Klopfer-Orgad U, Bali S, et al. The influence of information flow on the veterinary policy of Rift Valley fever prevention in Israel, 1978-1979. Contrib Epidemiol Biostat 1981;3:160-171.
134. Klopfer-Orgad U, Peleg B-A, Braverman Y, et al. Activities of the Kimron Veterinary Institute in the framework of Rift Valley fever prevention in Israel. Contrib Epidemiol Biostat 1981;3:172-177.