Polyphenols: Potential source of drugs for the treatment of ischaemic heart disease

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 162, Issue , 2016, Pages 23-34

  Du, Guanhua ^a   Sun, Lan ^a   Zhao, Rui ^a   Du, Lida ^b   Song, Junke ^a   Zhang, Li ^a   He, Guorong ^a   Zhang, Yongxiang ^c   Zhang, Juntian ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF MATERIA MEDICA   (China)

^b CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^c BEIJING INSTITUTE OF PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY   (China)

Author keywords

Flavonoids; Ischaemic heart diseases; Polyphenols

Indexed keywords

FLAVONOID; LIGNAN; PHENOLIC ACID; POLYPHENOL DERIVATIVE; RESVERATROL; SALVIANOLIC ACID A; SALVIANOLIC ACID B; STILBENE DERIVATIVE; TANNIN DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; POLYPHENOL;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; CARDIAC PATIENT; CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECT; CHINA; CORONARY ARTERY DILATATION; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG POTENCY; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART MUSCLE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; HEART PROTECTION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; OXYGEN SUPPLY; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; ANIMAL; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; POLYPHENOLS;

EID: 84971264735     PISSN: 01637258     EISSN: 1879016X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.04.008     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. M.A. Alam, C. Sernia, and L. Brown Ferulic acid improves cardiovascular and kidney structure and function in hypertensive rats J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 61 3 2013 240 249
2. G. Beretta, G. Rossoni, N.A. Santagati, and R.M. Facino Anti-ischemic activity and endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant effect of hydrolysable tannins from the leaves of Rhus coriaria (Sumac) in isolated rabbit heart and thoracic aorta Planta Med 75 14 2009 1482 1488
3. J.S. Bice, B.R. Jones, G.R. Chamberlain, and G.F. Baxter Nitric oxide treatments as adjuncts to reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction: A systematic review of experimental and clinical studies Basic Res Cardiol 111 2 2016 1 15
4. P.O. Bonetti, D.R. Holmes Jr., A. Lerman, and G.W. Barsness Enhanced external counterpulsation for ischemic heart disease: What's behind the curtain? J Am Coll Cardiol 41 11 2003 1918 1925
5. W.W. Busse, D.E. Kopp, and E. Middleton Jr. Flavonoid modulation of human neutrophil function J Allergy Clin Immunol 73 6 1984 801 809
6. Y.G. Cao, L. Zhang, C. Ma, B.B. Chang, Y.C. Chen, and Y.Q. Tang X.Q. Liu Metabolism of protocatechuic acid influences fatty acid oxidation in rat heart: New anti-angina mechanism implication Biochem Pharmacol 77 6 2009 1096 1104
7. A. Carrizzo, M. Forte, A. Damato, V. Trimarco, F. Salzano, and M. Bartolo C. Vecchione Antioxidant effects of resveratrol in cardiovascular, cerebral and metabolic diseases Food Chem Toxicol 61 2013 215 226
8. W.T. Chang, J. Li, M.S. Vanden Hoek, X. Zhu, C.Q. Li, and H.H. Huang Z.H. Shao Baicalein preconditioning protects cardiomyocytes from ischemia-reperfusion injury via mitochondrial oxidant signaling Am J Chin Med 41 2 2013 315 331
9. A.L. Charles, A. Meyer, S. Dal-Ros, C. Auger, N. Keller, and T.G. Ramamoorthy B. Geny Polyphenols prevent ageing-related impairment in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function through decreased reactive oxygen species production Exp Physiol 98 2 2013 536 545
10. Y.-L. Chen, C.-S. Hu, F.-Y. Lin, Y.-H. Chen, L.-M. Sheu, and H.-H. Ku S.-J. Lin Salvianolic acid B attenuates cyclooxygenase-2 expression in vitro in LPS-treated human aortic smooth muscle cells and in vivo in the apolipoprotein-E-deficient mouse aorta J Cell Biochem 98 3 2006 618 631
11. C.J. Chen, W. Yu, Y.C. Fu, X. Wang, J.L. Li, and W. Wang Resveratrol protects cardiomyocytes from hypoxia-induced apoptosis through the SIRT1-FoxO1 pathway Biochem Biophys Res Commun 378 3 2009 389 393
12. M. Crescente, G. Jessen, S. Momi, H.-D. Höltje, P. Gresele, C. Cerletti, and G. de Gaetano Interactions of gallic acid, resveratrol, quercetin and aspirin at the platelet cyclooxygenase-1 level-functional and modelling studies Thromb Haemost 102 2 2009 336 346
13. A. Csiszar, N. Labinskyy, A. Podlutsky, P.M. Kaminski, M.S. Wolin, and C. Zhang Z. Ungvari Vasoprotective effects of resveratrol and SIRT1: Attenuation of cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress and proinflammatory phenotypic alterations Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 294 6 2008 H2721 H2735
14. S. Dal-Ros, C. Bronner, C. Auger, and V.B. Schini-Kerth Red wine polyphenols improve an established aging-related endothelial dysfunction in the mesenteric artery of middle-aged rats: Role of oxidative stress Biochem Biophys Res Commun 419 2 2012 381 387
15. S. Das, G.A. Cordis, N. Maulik, and D.K. Das Pharmacological preconditioning with resveratrol: Role of CREB-dependent Bcl-2 signaling via adenosine A3 receptor activation Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 288 1 2005 H328 H335
16. G.H. Du, Y. Qiu, and J.T. Zhang Protective effect of salvianolic acid A on ischemia-reperfusion induced injury in isolated rat heart Yao Xue Xue Bao 30 10 1995 731 735
17. G. Du, H. Zhu, P. Yu, H. Wang, J. He, and L. Ye J. Tian SMND-309 promotes angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells through activating erythropoietin receptor/STAT3/VEGF pathways Eur J Pharmacol 700 1-3 2013 173 180
18. J. Duarte, and F. Pérez-Vizcaíno Cardiovascular protection by flavonoids. Pharmacokinetic mystery Ars Pharma 56 4 2015 193 200
19. M. El Haouari, and J.A. Rosado Modulation of platelet function and signaling by flavonoids Mini Rev Med Chem 11 2 2011 131 142
20. L. Estevinho, A.P. Pereira, L. Moreira, L.G. Dias, and E. Pereira Antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of phenolic compounds extracts of Northeast Portugal honey Food Chem Toxicol 46 12 2008 3774 3779
21. H.Y. Fan, F.H. Fu, M.Y. Yang, H. Xu, A.H. Zhang, and K. Liu Antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities of salvianolic acid A Thromb Res 126 1 2010 e17 e22
22. G.A. Figtree, H. Griffiths, Y.Q. Lu, C.M. Webb, K. MacLeod, and P. Collins Plant-derived estrogens relax coronary arteries in vitro by a calcium antagonistic mechanism J Am Coll Cardiol 35 7 2000 1977 1985
23. D.F. Fitzpatrick, S.L. Hirschfield, and R.G. Coffey Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxing activity of wine and other grape products Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 265 2 1993 H774 H778
24. M. Frombaum, P. Therond, R. Djelidi, J.-L. Beaudeux, D. Bonnefont-Rousselot, and D. Borderie Piceatannol is more effective than resveratrol in restoring endothelial cell dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase expression and activity after high-glucose oxidative stress Free Radic Res 45 3 2011 293 302
25. K. Goszcz, S.J. Deakin, G.G. Duthie, D. Stewart, S.J. Leslie, and I.L. Megson Antioxidants in cardiovascular therapy: Panacea or false hope? Front Cardiovasc Med 2 2015 29
26. R.J. Gryglewski, R. Korbut, J. Robak, and J. Swies On the mechanism of antithrombotic action of flavonoids Biochem Pharmacol 36 3 1987 317 322
27. Z. Guo, H. Zhao, and L. Fu Protective effects of API0134 on myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury J Tongji Med Univ 16 4 1996 193 197
28. G. Gutierrez-Venegas, and C.G. Bando-Campos The flavonoids luteolin and quercetagetin inhibit lipoteichoic acid actions on H9c2 cardiomyocytes Int Immunopharmacol 10 9 2010 1003 1009
29. Y. Hara Tea catechins and their applications as supplements and pharmaceutics Pharmacol Res 64 2 2011 100 104
30. J. Harasym, and R. Oledzki Effect of fruit and vegetable antioxidants on total antioxidant capacity of blood plasma Nutrition 30 5 2014 511 517
31. G. Haskó, and P. Pacher Endothelial Nrf2 activation: A new target for resveratrol? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 299 2010 H10 H12
32. M. Holmes-McNary, and A.S. Baldwin Chemopreventive properties of trans-resveratrol are associated with inhibition of activation of the IκB kinase Cancer Res 60 13 2000 3477 3483
33. Y.X. Hu, H. Cui, L. Fan, X.J. Pan, J.H. Wu, and S.Z. Shi L. Liu Resveratrol attenuates left ventricular remodeling in old rats with COPD induced by cigarette smoke exposure and LPS instillation Can J Physiol Pharmacol 91 12 2013 1044 1054
34. Z.S. Huang, C.L. Zeng, L.J. Zhu, L. Jiang, N. Li, and H. Hu Salvianolic acid A inhibits platelet activation and arterial thrombosis via inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase J Thromb Haemost 8 6 2010 1383 1393
35. N. Idris Khodja, T. Chataigneau, C. Auger, and V.B. Schini-Kerth Grape-derived polyphenols improve aging-related endothelial dysfunction in rat mesenteric artery: Role of oxidative stress and the angiotensin system PLoS One 7 2 2012 e32039
36. T. Iwashina The structure and distribution of the flavonoids in plants J Plant Res 113 3 2000 287 299
37. K. Janssen, R.P. Mensink, F.J. Cox, J.L. Harryvan, R. Hovenier, P.C. Hollman, and M.B. Katan Effects of the flavonoids quercetin and apigenin on hemostasis in healthy volunteers: Results from an in vitro and a dietary supplement study Am J Clin Nutr 67 2 1998 255 262
38. F. Jiang, C.W. Chang, and G.J. Dusting Cytoprotection by natural and synthetic polyphenols in the heart: Novel mechanisms and perspectives Curr Pharm Des 16 37 2010 4103 4112
39. Y.C. Jin, K.J. Kim, Y.M. Kim, Y.M. Ha, H.J. Kim, and U.J. Yun K.C. Chang Anti-apoptotic effect of magnolol in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury requires extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 pathways in rat in vivo Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 233 10 2008 1280 1288
40. S. Kaga, L. Zhan, M. Matsumoto, and N. Maulik Resveratrol enhances neovascularization in the infarcted rat myocardium through the induction of thioredoxin-1, heme oxygenase-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor J Mol Cell Cardiol 39 5 2005 813 822
41. S. Kakkar, and S. Bais A review on protocatechuic acid and its pharmacological potential ISRN Pharmacol 952943 2014
42. O. Karmin, E.G. Lynn, R. Vazhappilly, K.K. Au-Yeung, D.-Y. Zhu, and Y.L. Siow Magnesium tanshinoate B (MTB) inhibits low density lipoprotein oxidation Life Sci 68 8 2001 903 912
43. C.M. Klinge, N.S. Wickramasinghe, M.M. Ivanova, and S.M. Dougherty Resveratrol stimulates nitric oxide production by increasing estrogen receptor α-Src-caveolin-1 interaction and phosphorylation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells FASEB J 22 7 2008 2185 2197
44. 2 +-entry into cultured human endothelial cells Planta Med 71 6 2005 520 524
45. K.S. Kumaran, and P.S. Prince Protective effect of caffeic acid on cardiac markers and lipid peroxide metabolism in cardiotoxic rats: an in vivo and in vitro study Metabolism 59 8 2010 1172 1180
46. S.K. Lee, J.H. Kim, J.S. Kim, Y. Jang, J. Kim, and Y.H. Park M.Y. Lee Polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate-induced cardioprotection may attenuate ischemia-reperfusion injury through adenosine receptor activation: A preliminary study Korean J Anesthesiol 63 4 2012 340 345
47. H.J. Lee, MiRanSeo, and E.J. Lee Salvianolic acid B inhibits atherogenesis of vascular cells through induction of Nrf2-dependent heme oxygenase-1 Curr Med Chem 21 26 2014 3095 3106
48. I. Lekli, D. Ray, S. Mukherjee, N. Gurusamy, M.K. Ahsan, and B. Juhasz D.K. Das Co-ordinated autophagy with resveratrol and gamma-tocotrienol confers synergetic cardioprotection J Cell Mol Med 14 10 2010 2506 2518
49. 2 +]i and ERK1/2 activation through blocking AT1R in the rat aorta Biochem Biophys Res Commun 435 1 2013 69 75
50. H. Li, N. Xia, and U. Forstermann Cardiovascular effects and molecular targets of resveratrol Nitric Oxide 26 2 2012 102 110
51. J. Li, C. Xie, J. Zhuang, H. Li, Y. Yao, C. Shao, and H. Wang Resveratrol attenuates inflammation in the rat heart subjected to ischemia-reperfusion: Role of the TLR4/NF-kappaB signaling pathway Mol Med Rep 11 2 2015 1120 1126
52. X. Li, C. Yu, Y. Lu, Y. Gu, J. Lu, and W. Xu Y. Wang Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion of depside salts from Salvia miltiorrhiza in rats Drug Metab Dispos 35 2 2007 234 239
53. M. Li, C. Zhao, R.N.S. Wong, S. Goto, Z. Wang, and F. Liao Inhibition of shear-induced platelet aggregation in rat by tetramethylpyrazine and salvianolic acid B Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 31 2 2004 97 103
54. S.J. Lin, I.T. Lee, Y.H. Chen, F.Y. Lin, L.M. Sheu, and H.H. Ku Y.L. Chen Salvianolic acid B attenuates MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in vivo in apolipoprotein-E-deficient mouse aorta and in vitro in LPS-treated human aortic smooth muscle cells J Cell Biochem 100 2 2007 372 384
55. G. López-López, L. Moreno, A. Cogolludo, M. Galisteo, M. Ibarra, and J. Duarte F. Perez-Vizcaino Nitric oxide (NO) scavenging and NO protecting effects of quercetin and their biological significance in vascular smooth muscle Mol Pharmacol 65 4 2004 851 859
56. M. Lorenz, S. Wessler, E. Follmann, W. Michaelis, T. Dusterhoft, and G. Baumann V. Stangl A constituent of green tea, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase by a phosphatidylinositol-3-OH-kinase-, cAMP-dependent protein kinase-, and Akt-dependent pathway and leads to endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation J Biol Chem 279 7 2004 6190 6195
57. X. Lu, L. Ma, L. Ruan, Y. Kong, H. Mou, and Z. Zhang Y. Le Resveratrol differentially modulates inflammatory responses of microglia and astrocytes J Neuroinflammation 7 2010 46
58. R.J. MacAllister, H. Parry, M. Kimoto, T. Ogawa, R.J. Russell, and H. Hodson P. Vallance Regulation of nitric oxide synthesis by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase Br J Pharmacol 119 8 1996 1533 1540
59. S.K. Manna, A. Mukhopadhyay, and B.B. Aggarwal Resveratrol suppresses TNF-induced activation of nuclear transcription factors NF-kappa B, activator protein-1, and apoptosis: potential role of reactive oxygen intermediates and lipid peroxidation J Immunol 164 12 2000 6509 6519
60. I. Mattagajasingh, C.S. Kim, A. Naqvi, T. Yamamori, T.A. Hoffman, and S.B. Jung K. Irani SIRT1 promotes endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation by activating endothelial nitric oxide synthase Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 37 2007 14855 14860
61. E. Morselli, M.C. Maiuri, M. Markaki, E. Megalou, A. Pasparaki, and K. Palikaras G. Kroemer Caloric restriction and resveratrol promote longevity through the Sirtuin-1-dependent induction of autophagy Cell Death Dis 1 2010 e10
62. S.K. Nicholson, G.A. Tucker, and J.M. Brameld Physiological concentrations of dietary polyphenols regulate vascular endothelial cell expression of genes important in cardiovascular health Br J Nutr 103 2010 1398 1403
63. C. Pan, L. Lou, Y. Huo, G. Singh, M. Chen, and D. Zhang J. Li Salvianolic acid B and tanshinone IIA attenuate myocardial ischemia injury in mice by NO production through multiple pathways Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 5 2011 99 111
64. M.R. Peluso Flavonoids attenuate cardiovascular disease, inhibit phosphodiesterase, and modulate lipid homeostasis in adipose tissue and liver Exp Biol Med 231 8 2006 1287 1299
65. P. Pignatelli, S. Di Santo, B. Buchetti, V. Sanguigni, A. Brunelli, and F. Violi Polyphenols enhance platelet nitric oxide by inhibiting protein kinase C-dependent NADPH oxidase activation: Effect on platelet recruitment FASEB J 20 8 2006 1082 1089
66. M.A. Potenza, F.L. Marasciulo, M. Tarquinio, E. Tiravanti, G. Colantuono, and A. Federici M. Montagnani EGCG, a green tea polyphenol, improves endothelial function and insulin sensitivity, reduces blood pressure, and protects against myocardial I/R injury in SHR Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 292 5 2007 E1378 E1387
67. P. Raj, S. Zieroth, and T. Netticadan An overview of the efficacy of resveratrol in the management of ischemic heart disease Ann N Y Acad Sci 1348 1 2015 55 67
68. B. Raja, M. Saravanakumar, and G. Sathya Veratric acid ameliorates hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress in Wistar rats fed an atherogenic diet Mol Cell Biochem 366 1-2 2012 21 30
69. A. Rasul, F.M. Millimouno, W. Ali Eltayb, M. Ali, J. Li, and X. Li Pinocembrin: a novel natural compound with versatile pharmacological and biological activities BioMed Res Int 2013 2013 379850
70. M. Romero, R. Jimenez, M. Sanchez, R. Lopez-Sepulveda, M.J. Zarzuelo, and F. O'Valle J. Duarte Quercetin inhibits vascular superoxide production induced by endothelin-1: Role of NADPH oxidase, uncoupled eNOS and PKC Atherosclerosis 202 1 2009 58 67
71. M. Ruckstuhl, A. Beretz, R. Anton, and Y. Landry Flavonoids are selective cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors Biochem Pharmacol 28 4 1979 535 538
72. A.A. Sabe, N.Y. Elmadhun, R.S. Dalal, M.P. Robich, and F.W. Sellke Resveratrol regulates autophagy signaling in chronically ischemic myocardium J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 147 2 2014 792 798 (Discussion 798-799)
73. P.D. Sampath, and V. Kannan Mitigation of mitochondrial dysfunction and regulation of eNOS expression during experimental myocardial necrosis by alpha-mangostin, a xanthonic derivative from Garcinia mangostana Drug Chem Toxicol 32 4 2009 344 352
74. M. Schussler, J. Holzl, A.F. Rump, and U. Fricke Functional and antiischaemic effects of monoacetyl-vitexinrhamnoside in different in vitro models Gen Pharmacol 26 7 1995 1565 1570
75. Y. Shen, K.D. Croft, J.M. Hodgson, R. Kyle, I.L. Lee, and Y. Wang N.C. Ward Quercetin and its metabolites improve vessel function by inducing eNOS activity via phosphorylation of AMPK Biochem Pharmacol 84 8 2012 1036 1044
76. R. Sheng, Z.L. Gu, M.L. Xie, W.X. Zhou, and C.Y. Guo EGCG inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis in pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and protects cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress in rats Acta Pharmacol Sin 28 2 2007 191 201
77. R. Sheng, Z.L. Gu, M.L. Xie, W.X. Zhou, and C.Y. Guo Epigallocatechin gallate protects H9c2 cardiomyoblasts against hydrogen dioxides-induced apoptosis and telomere attrition Eur J Pharmacol 641 2-3 2010 199 206
78. L. Song, H. Yang, H.X. Wang, C. Tian, Y. Liu, and X.J. Zeng H.H. Li Inhibition of 12/15 lipoxygenase by baicalein reduces myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via modulation of multiple signaling pathways Apoptosis 19 4 2014 567 580
79. H. Sui, W.W. Chen, and W. Wang The key points of report on cardiovascular disease in China Chin J Hypertens 23 7 2015 627 629
80. D. Sun, J. Huang, Z. Zhang, H. Gao, J. Li, and M. Shen H. Wang Luteolin limits infarct size and improves cardiac function after myocardium ischemia/reperfusion injury in diabetic rats PLoS One 7 3 2012 e33491
81. L. Sun, R. Zhao, L. Zhang, T. Zhang, W. Xin, and X. Lan G. Du Salvianolic acid a inhibits PDGF-BB induced vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation while does not constrain endothelial cell proliferation and nitric oxide biosynthesis Molecules 17 3 2012 3333 3347
82. A. Takagaki, and F. Nanjo Effects of metabolites produced from (-)-epigallocatechin gallate by rat intestinal bacteria on angiotensin I-converting enzyme activity and blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats J Agric Food Chem 63 37 2015 8262 8266
83. W.J. Tang, C.P. Hu, M.F. Chen, P.Y. Deng, and Y.J. Li Epigallocatechin gallate preserves endothelial function by reducing the endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor level Can J Physiol Pharmacol 84 2 2006 163 171
84. M. Thirunavukkarasu, S.V. Penumathsa, S. Koneru, B. Juhasz, L. Zhan, H. Otani, and et al. Resveratrol alleviates cardiac dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetes: Role of nitric oxide, thioredoxin, and heme oxygenase Free Radic Biol Med 43 2007 720 729
85. S. Tribolo, F. Lodi, M.S. Winterbone, S. Saha, P.W. Needs, D.A. Hughes, and P.A. Kroon Human metabolic transformation of quercetin blocks its capacity to decrease endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and endothelin-1 secretion by human endothelial cells J Agric Food Chem 61 36 2013 8589 8596
86. Z. Ungvari, Z. Bagi, A. Feher, F.A. Recchia, W.E. Sonntag, K. Pearson, and et al. Resveratrol confers endothelial protection via activation of the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 299 2010 H18 H24
87. Y.T. van der Schouw, A. Pijpe, C.E. Lebrun, M.L. Bots, P.H. Peeters, and W.A. van Staveren D.E. Grobbee Higher usual dietary intake of phytoestrogens is associated with lower aortic stiffness in postmenopausal women Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22 8 2002 1316 1322
88. T. Wallerath, G. Deckert, T. Ternes, H. Anderson, H. Li, K. Witte, and U. Forstermann Resveratrol, a polyphenolic phytoalexin present in red wine, enhances expression and activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase Circulation 106 13 2002 1652 1658
89. S.B. Wang, S. Tian, F. Yang, H.G. Yang, X.Y. Yang, and G.H. Du Cardioprotective effect of salvianolic acid A on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats Eur J Pharmacol 615 1-3 2009 125 132
90. S.B. Wang, X.Y. Yang, S. Tian, H.G. Yang, and G.H. Du Effect of salvianolic acid A on vascular reactivity of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Life Sci 85 13-14 2009 499 504
91. S.X. Wang, L.M. Hu, X.M. Gao, H. Guo, and G.W. Fan Anti-inflammatory activity of salvianolic acid B in microglia contributes to its neuroprotective effect Neurochem Res 35 7 2010 1029 1037
92. Z.S. Wang, P. Luo, S.H. Dai, Z.B. Liu, X.R. Zheng, and T. Chen Salvianolic acid B induces apoptosis in human glioma U87 cells through p38-mediated ROS generation Cell Mol Neurobiol 33 7 2013 921 928
93. Q.L. Wang, Y.Y. Tao, J.L. Yuan, L. Shen, and C.H. Liu Salvianolic acid B prevents epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition through the TGF-β1 signal transduction pathway in vivo and in vitro BMC Cell Biol 11 2010 (No pp given)
94. S.B. Wang, W.K. Zhang, X.B. Pang, L. Li, G.R. He, and X.Y. Yang G.H. Du EETs mediate cardioprotection of salvianolic acids through MAPK signaling pathway Acta Pharm Sin B 3 1 2013 25 31
95. H.W. Wang, H.Y. Zhao, and S.Q. Xiang Effects of Andrographis paniculata component on nitric oxide, endothelin and lipid peroxidation in experimental atheroscierotic rabbits [J] Chin J Integr Tradit West Med 17 9 1997 547 549
96. B. Wright, L.A. Moraes, C.F. Kemp, W. Mullen, A. Crozier, J.A. Lovegrove, and J.M. Gibbins A structural basis for the inhibition of collagen-stimulated platelet function by quercetin and structurally related flavonoids Br J Pharmacol 159 6 2010 1312 1325
97. Y. Wu, and Y.M. Gu Effect of EGb and quercetin on culture neonatal rat cardiomyocytes hypertrophy and mechanism Chin J Appl Physiol 23 2 2007 138 142
98. Y.P. Wu, X.M. Zhao, S.D. Pan, D.A. Guo, R. Wei, and J.J. Han T. Lisman Salvianolic acid B inhibits platelet adhesion under conditions of flow by a mechanism involving the collagen receptor α2β1 Thromb Res 123 2 2008 298 305
99. P. Xie, Y. Duan, X. Guo, L. Hu, and M. Yu SalA attenuates hypoxia-induced endothelial endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis via down-regulation of VLDL receptor expression Cell Physiol Biochem 35 1 2015 17 28
100. W.Y. Xin, S. Tian, J.K. Song, G.R. He, X. Mu, X.M. Qin, and G.H. Du Research progress on pharmacological actions and mechanism of baicalein and baicalin Curr Opin Complement Alternat Med 1 2 2014 e00010
101. P.H. Xu, Y. Long, F. Dai, and Z.L. Liu The relaxant effect of curcumin on porcine coronary arterial ring segments Vascul Pharmacol 47 2007 25 30
102. S. Xu, A. Zhong, X. Bu, H. Ma, W. Li, X. Xu, and J. Zhang Salvianolic acid B inhibits platelets-mediated inflammatory response in vascular endothelial cells Thromb Res 135 1 2015 137 145
103. F.G. Yang, A.Y. Zhang, Z.Y. Chen, Z.X. Lian, G.X. Liu, and G.X. Dong Effects of salvianolic acid B on cardiovascular endothelial cells and platelet activation in a rabbit model of ischemia-reperfusion Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao 6 12 2008 1250 1254
104. X.Y. Yang, G.F. Qiang, L. Zhang, X.M. Zhu, S.B. Wang, and L. Sun G.H. Du Salvianolic acid A protects against vascular endothelial dysfunction in high-fat diet fed and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats J Asian Nat Prod Res 13 10 2011 884 894
105. Y. Yao, X. Cheng, L. Wang, S. Wang, and G. Ren Biological potential of sixteen legumes in China Int J Mol Sci 12 10 2011 7048 7058
106. Q.H. Yao, D.Q. Wang, C.C. Cui, Z.Y. Yuan, S.B. Chen, X.W. Yao, and et al. Curcumin ameliorates left ventricular function in rabbits with pressure overload: inhibition of the remodeling of the left ventricular collagen network associated with suppression of myocardial tumor necrosis factor-alpha and matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression Biol Pharm Bull 27 2004 198 202
107. C. Zhang, G. Lin, W. Wan, X. Li, B. Zeng, B. Yang, and C. Huang Resveratrol, a polyphenol phytoalexin, protects cardiomyocytes against anoxia/reoxygenation injury via the TLR4/NF-kappaB signaling pathway Int J Mol Med 29 4 2012 557 563
108. H. Zhang, Y.Y. Liu, Q. Jiang, K.R. Li, Y.X. Zhao, C. Cao, and J. Yao Salvianolic acid A protects RPE cells against oxidative stress through activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling Free Radic Biol Med 69 1 2014 219 228
109. H. Zheng, H. Guo, Y. Hong, F. Zheng, and J. Wang The effects of age and resveratrol on the hypoxic preconditioning protection against hypoxia-reperfusion injury: studies in rat hearts and human cardiomyocytes Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 48 3 2015 375 381
110. Y.N. Zhu, M. Xia, Y. Yang, F.Q. Liu, Z.X. Li, and Y.T. Hao W.H. Ling Purified anthocyanin supplementation improves endothelial function via NO-cGMP activation in hypercholesterolemic individuals Clin Chem 57 11 2011 1524 1533