Included but Invisible? Subtle Bias, Common Identity, and the Darker Side of "We"

Social Issues and Policy Review

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 6-46

  Dovidio, John F ^a   Gaertner, Samuel L ^b   Ufkes, Elze G ^c   Saguy, Tamar ^d   Pearson, Adam R ^e  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE   (Netherlands)

^d INTERDISCIPLINARY CENTER   (Israel)

^e POMONA COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84952907772     PISSN: 17512395     EISSN: 17512409     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/sipr.12017     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
2. Antonio, A. L., Chang, M. J., Hakuta, K., Kenny, D. A., Levin, S., & Milem, J. F. (2004). Effects of racial diversity on complex thinking in college students. Psychological Science, 15, 507-510.
3. Apfelbaum, E. P., Norton, M. I., & Sommers, S. R. (2012). Racial color blindness: Emergence, practice, and implications. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21, 205-209.
4. Aron, A., McLaughlin-Volpe, T., Mashek, D., Lewandowski, G., Wright, S. C., & Aron, E. N. (2004). Including others in the self. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 15, pp. 101-132). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
5. Bachman, B. A. (1993). An intergroup model of organizational mergers. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of Delaware, Newark.
6. Banfield, J. C., & Dovidio, J. F. (2013). Whites' perceptions of discrimination against Blacks: The influence of common identity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 833-841.
7. Banker, B. S., & Gaertner, S. L. (1998). Achieving stepfamily harmony: An intergroup relations approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 12, 310-325.
8. Becker, J. C., & Wright, S. C. (2011). Yet anotherv dark side of chivalry: Benevolent sexism undermines and hostile sexism motivates collective action for social change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 62-77.
9. Bergsieker, H. B., Shelton, J. N., & Richeson, J. A. (2010). To be liked versus respected: Divergent goals in interracial interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 248-264.
10. Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46, 5-34.
11. Berry, J. W. (2001). A psychology of immigration. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 615-631.
12. Blader, S. L., & Tyler, T. R. (2003). A four-component model of procedural justice: Defining the meaning of a "fair" process. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 747-758.
13. Blair, I. V. (2001). Implicit stereotypes and prejudice. In G. B. Moskowitz (Ed.), Cognitive social psychology: The Princeton symposium on the legacy and future of social cognition (pp. 359-374). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
14. Blascovich, J. (2008). Challenge, threat, and health. In J. Y. Shah & W. L. Gardner (Eds.), Handbook motivation science (pp. 481-493). New York: Guilford Press.
15. Bonilla-Silva, E. (2003). Racism without racists. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
16. Bonilla-Silva, E., & Dietrich, D. (2011). The sweet enchantment of color-blind racism in Obamerica. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 634, 190-206.
17. Bourhis, R. Y., Montreuil, A., Barrette, G., & Montaruli, E. (2009). Acculturation and immigrant/host community relations in multicultural settings. In S. Demoulin, J. P. Leyens, & J. F. Dovidio (Eds.), Intergroup misunderstanding: Impact of divergent social realities (pp. 39-61). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
18. Brief, A. P., Dietz, J., Cohen, R. R., Pugh, S. D., & Vaslow, J. B. (2000). Just doing business: Modern racism and obedience to authority as explanations for employment discrimination. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 81, 72-97.
19. Buttelmann, D., & Böhm, R. (2014). The ontogeny of the motivation that underlies in-group bias. Psychological Science, 25, 921-927.
20. Correll, J., & Park, B. (2005). A model of the ingroup as a social resource. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9, 341-359.
21. Crisp, R. J., & Turner, R. N. (2011). Cognitive adaptation to the experience of social and cultural diversity. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 242-266.
22. Crisp, R. J., Walsh, J., & Hewstone, M. (2006). Crossed categorization in common ingroup contexts. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1204-1218.
23. de França, D. X., & Monteiro, M. B. (2013). Social norms and the expression of prejudice: The development of aversive racism in children. European Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 263-271.
24. Devos, T., & Banaji, M. R. (2005). American = White? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 447-466.
25. Dixon, J., Tropp, L. R., Durrheim, K., & Tredoux, C. (2010). "Let them eat harmony": Prejudice-reduction strategies and attitudes of historically disadvantaged groups. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19, 76-80.
26. Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2000). Aversive racism and selection decisions: 1989 and 1999. Psychological Science, 11, 319-323.
27. Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2004). Aversive racism. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 36, pp. 1-51). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
28. Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2007). New directions in aversive racism research: Persistence and pervasiveness. In C. W. Esqueda (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Motivational aspects of prejudice and racism (pp. 43-67). New York, NY: Springer.
29. Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2010). Intergroup bias. In S. T. Fiske, D. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (5th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 1084-1121). New York, NY: Wiley.
30. Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Kafati, G. (2000). Group identity and intergroup relations: The Common In-Group Identity Model. In S. R. Thye, E. J. Lawler, M. W. Macy, & H. A. Walker (Eds.), Advances in group processes (Vol. 17, pp. 1-34). Stamford, CT: JAI Press.
31. Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., Niemann, Y. F., & Snider, K. (2001). Racial, ethnic, and cultural differences in responding to distinctiveness and discrimination on campus: Stigma and common group identity. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 167-188.
32. Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Pearson, A. R. (2016). Aversive racism and contemporary bias. In F. K. Barlow & C. G. Sibley (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of the psychology of prejudice. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. In press.
33. Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Saguy, T. (2007). Another view of "we": Majority and minority group perspectives on a common ingroup identity. European Review of Social Psychology, 18, 296-330.
34. Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Saguy, T. (2009). Commonality and the complexity of "we": Social attitudes and social change. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13, 3-20.
35. Dovidio, J. F., & Kafati, E. (2003). Majority and minority support for assimilation and multiculturalism in relation to racial climate, Unpublished data, Department of Psychology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY.
36. Effron, D. A., Cameron, J. S., & Monin, B. (2009). Endorsing Obama licenses favoring Whites. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 590-593.
37. Ellemers, N., & Barreto, M. (2009). Collective action in modern times: How modern expressions of prejudice prevent collective action. Journal of Social Issues, 65, 749-768.
38. Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 61-89). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
39. Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (2009). A Common Ingroup Identity: A categorization-based approach for reducing intergroup bias. In. T. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice (pp. 489-506). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
40. Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (2012). Reducing intergroup bias: The common ingroup identity model. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds), Handbook of theories of social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 439-457). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
41. Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Guerra, R., Hehman, E., & Saguy, T. (2016). A common ingroup identity: A categorization-based approach for reducing intergroup bias. In T. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping (2nd ed., pp. 433-454). New York: Psychology Press.
42. Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Banker, B., Rust, M. C., & Nier, J. & Ward, C.M. (1997). Does pro-whiteness necessarily mean anti-blackness? In M. Fine, L. Powell, L. Weis, & M. Wong (Eds.), Off white (pp. 167-178). New York, NY: Routledge.
43. Gaertner, S. L., Mann, J. A., Dovidio, J. F., Murrell, A. J., & Pomare, M. (1990). How does cooperation reduce intergroup bias? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 692-704.
44. Gaertner, S. L., Mann, J., Murrell, A., & Dovidio, J. F. (1989). Reducing intergroup bias: The benefits of recategorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 239-249.
45. Gaertner, S. L., Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Dovidio, J. F. (2007). When does a dual identity reduce intergroup bias? In, R. J. Brown, D. Capozza ., & O. Licciardello (Eds.), Contact hypothesis and immigrant acculturation (pp. 19-31). Rome: Franco Angeli.
46. Gaertner, S. L., Rust, M. C., Dovidio, J. F., Bachman, B. A., & Anastasio, P. A. (1996). The contact hypothesis: The role of a common ingroup identity on reducing intergroup bias among majority and minority group members. In J. L. Nye & A. M. Brower (Eds.), What's social about social cognition: Research on socially shared cognition in small groups (pp. 230-260). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
47. Glasford, D. E., & Dovidio, J. F. (2011). E pluribus unum: Dual identity and minority group members' motivation to engage in contact, as well as social change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 1021-1024.
48. Gómez, A., Dovidio, J. F., Huici, C., Gaertner, S. L., & Cuardrado, I. (2008). The other side of we: When outgroup members express common identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1613-1636.
49. Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B. A. (2015). Statistically small effects of the implicit Association Test can have societally large effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108, 553-561.
50. Greenwald, A. G., & Pettigrew, T. F. (2014). With malice toward none: Ingroup favoritism enables discrimination. American Psychologist, 69, 669-684.
51. Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 17-41.
52. th Jena Workshop on Intergroup Processes, Friedricht Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
53. Guerra, R., Rebelo, M., Monteiro, M. B., Riek, B. M., Maia, E. W., Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (2010). How should intergroup contact be structured to reduce bias among majority and minority group children? Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 13, 445-460.
54. Hagiwara, N., Penner, L. A., Gonzalez, R., & Albrecht, T. L. (2013). Within-group health disparities among Blacks: the effects of Afrocentric features. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 19, 477-480.
55. Hahn, A., Nunes, A., Park, B., & Judd, C. M. (2014). Social-psychological recommendations for a diverse work environment. In K. M. Thomas, V. C. Plaut, & M. Tran (Eds.), Diversity ideologies in organizations (pp. 236-252). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
56. Harth, N. S., & Shnabel, N. (2015). Third-party intervention in intergroup reconciliation: The role of neutrality and common identity. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 18, 676-695.
57. Hehman, E., Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Mania, E. W., Guerra, R. Wilson, D. C., & Friel, B. M. (2012). Group status drives majority and minority integration preferences. Psychological Science, 23, 46-52.
58. Hewstone, M., Turner, R. N., Kenworthy, J. B., & Crisp, R. J. (2006). Multiple social categorization: Integrative themes and future research priorities: In R. J. Crisp & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Multiple social categorization: Processes, models, and applications (pp. 271-310). Hove, E. Sussex, UK: Psychology Press.
59. Hodson, G., Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2002). Processes in racial discrimination: Differential weighting of conflicting information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 460-471.
60. Hodson, G., Hooper, H., Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2005). Aversive racism in Britain: Legal decisions and the use of inadmissible evidence. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 437-448.
61. Hogg, M. A., & Terry, D. J. (2000). Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. The Academy of Management Review, 25, 121-140.
62. Houlette, M., Gaertner, S. L., Johnson, K. M., Banker, B. S., Riek, B. M., & Dovidio, J. F. (2004). Developing a more inclusive social identity: An elementary school intervention. Journal of Social Issues, 60, 35-56.
63. Jaśko, K., & Kossowska, M. (2013). The impact of superordinate identification on the justification of intergroup inequalities. European Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 255-262.
64. Jetten, J., Spears, R., & Postmes, T. (2004). Intergroup distinctiveness and differentiation: A meta-analytic integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 862-879.
65. Jost, J. T., Banaji, M., & Nosek, B. A. (2004). A decade of System Justification Theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political Psychology, 25, 881-919.
66. Jost, J. T., Federico, C. M., & Napier, J. L. (2013). Political ideologies and their social psychological functions. In M. Freeden, L. M., Sargent, & M. Stears (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of political ideologies (pp. 232-250). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
67. Jost, J. T., Pelham, B. W., Sheldon, O., & Ni Sullivan, B. (2003). Social inequality and the reduction of ideological dissonance on behalf of the system: Evidence of enhanced system justification among the disadvantaged. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 13-36.
68. Kaiser, C. R., & Pratt-Hyatt, J. S. (2009). Distributing prejudice unequally: Do Whites direct their prejudice toward strongly identified minorities? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 432-445.
69. Kay, A. C., Gaucher, D., Peach, J. M., Laurin, K., Friesen, J., Zanna, M. P., & Spencer, S. J. (2009). Inequality, discrimination, and the power of the status quo: Direct evidence for a motivation to see the way things are as the way they should be. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 421-434.
70. Kelman, H. C. (2005). Building trust among enemies: The central challenge for international conflict resolution. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 639-650.
71. Kelman, H. C. (2008). Reconcialtion from a social-psychological perspective. In A. Nadler, T. E. Malloy, & J. D. Fisher (Eds.), The social psychology of inter-group reconciliation (pp. 15-37). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
72. Kleinpenning, G., & Hagendoorn, L. (1993). Forms of racism and the cumulative dimension. Social Psychology Quarterly, 56, 21-36.
73. Kovel, J. (1970). White racism: A psychohistory. New York, NY: Pantheon.
74. Kunst, J. R., Thomsen, L., Sam, D. L., & Berry, J. W. (2015). "We are in this together": Majority group members' active acculturation attempts to integrate immigrants. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41, 1438-1453.
75. Mähönen, T. A., & Jasinskaja-Lahti, I. (2015). The ironic effect of national identification on support for collective action. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 567-574.
76. Martell, R. F., Lane, D. M., & Emrich, C. E. (1996). Male-female differences: A computer simulation. American Psychologist, 51, 157-158.
77. Migacheva, K., Tropp, L. R., & Crocker, J. (2011). Focusing beyond the self: Goal orientations in intergroup relations. In L. R. Tropp & R. K. Mallett (Eds.), Moving beyond prejudice reduction: Pathways to positive intergroup relations (pp. 99-115). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
78. Molenberghs, P. (2013). The neuroscience of in-group bias. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 37, 1530-1536.
79. Monin, B., & Miller, D. T. (2001). Moral credentials and the expression of prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 33-43.
80. Mottola, G. R., Bachman, B. A., Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1997). How groups merge: The effects of merger integration patterns on anticipated commitment to the merged organization. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27, 1335-1358.
81. Mummendey, A., & Wenzel, M. (1999). Social discrimination and tolerance in intergroup relations: Reactions to intergroup difference. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 158-174.
82. Nadler, A., & Halabi, S. (2006). Intergroup helping as status relations: Effects of status stability, identification, and type of help on receptivity to high-status group's help. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 97-110.
83. Nier, J. A., Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Banker, B. S., & Ward, C. M. (2001). Changing interracial evaluations and behavior: The effects of a common group identity. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 4, 299-316.
84. Noor, M., Shnabel, N., Halabi, S., & Nadler, A. (2012). When suffering begets suffering: The psychology of competitive victimhood between adversarial groups in violent conflicts. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16, 351-374.
85. Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2002). Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration web site. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 6, 101-115.
86. Pearson, A. R., & Dovidio, J. F. (2014). Intergroup fluency: How processing experiences shape intergroup cognition and communication. In J. P. Forgas, J. Laszlo, & O. Vincze (Eds), Social cognition and communication (pp. 101-120). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
87. Pearson, A. R., Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2009). The nature of contemporary prejudice: Insights from aversive racism. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3, 314-338.
88. Pearson, A. R., West, T. V., Dovidio, J. F., Renfro, S. P., Buck, R., & Henning, R. (2008). The fragility of intergroup relations: Divergent effects of audio-visual feedback in intergroup and intragroup interaction. Psychological Science, 19, 1272-1279.
89. Penner, L. A., Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Hagiwara, N., Porcerelli, J., Markova, T., & Albrecht, T. L. (2013). A social psychological approach to improving the outcomes of racially discordant medical interactions. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 28, 1143-1149.
90. Pfafferott, I., & Brown, R. (2006). Acculturation preferences of majority and minority adolescents in Germany in the context of society and family. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30, 703-717.
91. Plaut, V. C., Garnett, F. G., Buffardi, L. E., & Sanchez-Burks, J. (2011). "What about me?" Perceptions of exclusion and whites reactions to multiculturalism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 337-353.
92. Plaut, V. C., Thomas, K. M., & Goren, M. J. (2009). Is multiculturalism or color blindness better for minorities? Psychological Science, 20, 444-446.
93. Rebelo, M., Guerra, R., & Monteiro, M. B. (2004, June). Reducing prejudice: Comparative effects of three theoretical models. Paper presented at the Fifth Biennial Convention of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, Washington, DC.
94. Richeson, J. A., & Nussbaum, R. J. (2004). The impact of multiculturalism versus color-blindness on racial bias. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 417-423.
95. Roccas, S., & Brewer, M. (2002). Social identity complexity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 88-106.
96. Ryan, C. S., Hunt, J. S., Weible, J. A., Peterson, C. R., & Casas, J. F. (2007). Multicultural and colorblind ideology, stereotypes, and ethnocentrism among Black and White Americans. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 10, 617-637.
97. Saguy, T., & Chernyak-Hai, L. (2012). Intergroup contact can undermine disadvantaged group members' attributions to discrimination. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 714-720.
98. Saguy, T., Dovidio, J. F., & Pratto, F. (2008). Beyond contact: Intergroup contact in the context of power relations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 432-445.
99. Saguy, T., Tausch, N., Dovidio, J. F., & Pratto, F. (2009). The irony of harmony: Intergroup contact can produce false expectations for equality. Psychological Science, 20, 114-121.
100. Saguy, T., Tausch, N., Dovidio, J. F., Pratto, F., & Singh, P. (2011). Tension and harmony in intergroup relations. In R. P. Shaver & C. Mikulincer (Eds.), Understanding and reducing aggression, violence, and their consequences (pp. 333-348), Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
101. Salvatore, J., & Shelton, J. N. (2007). Cognitive costs of exposure to racial prejudice. Psychological Science, 18, 810-815.
102. Sam, D. L., & Berry, J. W. (2010). Acculturation: When individuals of different cultural backgrounds meet. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 472-481.
103. Scheepers, D., Saguy, T., Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2014). A shared dual identity promotes cardiovascular challenge response during interethnic interaction. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 17, 324-341.
104. Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., Postmes, T., & Garcia, A. (2014). The consequences of perceived discrimination for psychological well-being: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 921-948.
105. Sherif, M., Harvey, O. J., White, B. J., Hood, W. R., & Sherif, C. W. (1961). Intergroup conflict and cooperation: The Robbers Cave experiment. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Book Exchange.
106. Shnabel, N., Halabi, S., & Noor, M. (2013). Overcoming competitive victimhood and facilitating forgiveness through recategorization into a common victim or perpetrator identity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 867-877.
107. Shnabel, N., Nadler, A., Canetti-Nisim, D., & Ullrich, J. (2008). The role of acceptance and empowerment in promoting reconciliation from the perspective of the Needs-Based Model. Social Issues and Policy Review, 2, 159-186.
108. Shnabel, N., Nadler, A., Ullrich, J., Dovidio, J. F., & Carmi, D. (2009). Promoting reconciliation through the satisfaction of the emotional needs of victimized and perpetrating group members: The Needs-Based Model of Reconciliation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 1021-1030.
109. Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
110. Simon, B., & Klandermans, B. (2001). Politicized collective identity: A social-psychological analysis. American Psychologist, 56, 319-331.
111. Simon, B., & Ruhs, D. (2008). Identity and politicization among Turkish migrants in Germany: The role of dual identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1354-1366.
112. Simon, B., Reichert, F., & Grabow, O. (2013). When dual identity becomes a liability: Identity and political radicalism among migrants. Psychological Science, 24, 251-257.
113. Son Hing, L. S., Chung-Yan, G. A., Hamilton, L. K., & Zanna, M. P. (2008). A two-dimensional model that employs explicit and implicit attitudes to characterize prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 771-987.
114. Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (2001). Improving intergroup relations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
115. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-48). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
116. Turner, J. C. (1985). Social categorization and the self-concept: A social cognitive theory of group behavior. In E. J. Lawler (Ed.), Advances in group processes (Vol. 2, pp. 77-122). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
117. Tyler, T. R. (2005). Managing conflicts of interest within organizations: Does activating social values change the impact of self-interest on behavior? In D. A. Moore, D. M. Cain, G. Loewenstein, & M. H. Bazerman (Eds.), Conflicts of interest: Challenges and solutions in business, law, medicine, and public policy (pp. 13-35). New York: Cambridge University Press.
118. Tyler, T. R., & Blader, S. L. (2003). The Group Engagement Model: Procedural justice, social identity, and cooperative behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7, 349-361.
119. Ufkes, E. G., Calcagno, J., Glasford, D. E., & Dovidio, J. F. (2016). Understanding how common identity undermines collective action among disadvantaged-group members. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 63, 26-35.
120. Ufkes, E. G., Dovidio, J. F., & Tel, G. (2015). Identity and collective action among European Kurds. British Journal of Social Psychology, 54, 176-186.
121. Uhlmann, E. L., & Cohen, G. L. (2005). Constructed criteria: Redefining merit to justify discrimination. Psychological Science, 16, 474-480.
122. Van Oudenhoven, J. P., Prins, K. S., & Buunk, B. P. (1998). Attitudes of minority and majority members towards adaptation of immigrants. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 995-1013.
123. Van Zomeren, M., Postmes, T., & Spears, R. (2008). Toward an integrative social identity model of collective action: A quantitative research synthesis of three socio-psychological perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 504-535.
124. Verkuyten, M. (2006). Multicultural recognition and ethnic minority rights: A social identity perspective. European Review of Social Psychology, 17, 148-184.
125. Verkuyten, M., & Martinovic, B. (2012). Immigrants' national identification: Meanings, determinants, consequences. Social Issues and Policy Review, 6, 82-122.
126. Verkuyten, M., & Martinovic, B. (2015). Dual identity, in-group projection, and out-group feelings among ethnic minority groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 46, 265-276.
127. Vezzali, L., Stathi, S., Crisp, R. J., Giovannini, D., Capozza, D., & Gaertner, S. L. (2015). Imagined contact and common ingroup identity: An integrative approach. Social Psychology (online ahead of publication).
128. Vorauer, J. D., Gagnon, A., & Sasaki, S. J. (2009). Salient intergroup ideology and intergroup interaction. Psychological Science, 20, 838-845.
129. Waldzus, S., Mummendey, A., Wenzel, M., & Boettcher, F. (2004). Of bikers, teachers, and Germans: Groups' diverging views about their prototypicality. British Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 385-400.
130. Wenzel, M., Mummendey, A., & Waldzus, S. (2007). Superordinate identities and intergroup conflict: The ingroup projection model. European Review of Social Psychology, 18, 331-372.
131. Wohl, M. J. A., & Branscombe, N. R. (2005). Forgiveness and collective guilt assignment to historical perpetrator groups depend on level of social category inclusiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 288-303.
132. Wohl, M. J. A., Hornsey, M. J., & Philpot, C. R. (2011). A critical review of public apologies: Aims, pitfalls, and a staircase model of effectiveness. Social Issues and Policy Review, 5, 70-100.
133. Wojcieszak, M. (2015). Aversive racism in Spain - Testing the theory. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 27, 22-45.
134. Wolsko, C., Park, B., & Judd, C. M. (2006). Considering the Tower of Babel: Correlates of assimilation and multiculturalism among ethnic minority and majority groups in the United States. Social Justice Research, 19, 277-306.
135. Wolsko, C., Park, B., Judd, C. M., & Wittenbrink, B. (2000). Framing interethnic ideology: Effects of multicultural and color-blind perspectives on judgments of groups and individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 635-654.
136. Wright, S. C., & Lubensky, M. E. (2009). The struggle for social equality: Collective action versus prejudice reduction. In S. Demoulin, J. P. Leyens, & J. F. Dovidio (Eds.), Intergroup misunderstandings: Impact of divergent social realities (pp. 291-310). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
137. Zagefka, H., & Brown, R. (2002). The relationship between acculturation strategies, relative fit, and intergroup relations: Immigrant-majority relations in Germany. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 171-188.
138. Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (2000). Reducing intergroup bias: The common ingroup identity model. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.