The role of acceptance and empowerment in promoting reconciliation from the perspective of the needs-based model

Social Issues and Policy Review

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 159-186

  Shnabel, Nurit ^a   Nadler, Arie ^b   Canetti Nisim, Daphna ^a   Ullrich, Johannes ^c  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^c GOETHE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 69149107091     PISSN: 17512395     EISSN: 17512409     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2409.2008.00014.x     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Akhtar S. Forgiveness: Origins, dynamics, psychopathology, and technical relevance. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 2002, 71:175-212.
2. Allport G W. The nature of prejudice 1954, Cambridge, MA, Addison-Wesley
3. Bandura A. Selective activation and disengagement of moral control. Journal of Social Issues 1990, 46:27-46.
4. Bar-Siman-Tov Y, Bar-Siman-Tov Y. Dialectics between stable peace and reconciliation. From conflict resolution to reconciliation 2004, 61-80. In, Ed, pp., Oxford, England, Oxford University Press
5. Bar-Tal D. Nature, rationale, and effectiveness of education for coexistence. Journal of Social Issues 2004, 60:253-271.
6. Bar-Tal D. Sociopsychological foundations of intractable conflicts. American Behavioral Scientist 2007, 50:1430-1453.
7. Baumeister R F. Evil: Inside human violence and cruelty 1996, New York, Henry Holt
8. Baumeister R F, Exline J J, Sommer K L, Worthington E L. The victim role, grudge theory, and two dimensions of forgiveness. Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research and theological perspectives 1998, 79-104. In, Ed, pp., Radnor, PA, Templeton
9. Baumeister R F, Stillwell A M, Heatherton T F. Guilt: An interpersonal approach. Psychological Bulletin 1994, 115:243-267.
10. Baumeister R F, Stillwell A M, Wotman S R. Victim and perpetrator accounts of interpersonal conflict: Autobiographical narratives about anger. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1990, 59:994-1005.
11. Bennis W G, Shepard H A. A theory of group development. Human Relations 1956, 9:415-437.
12. Boyes-Watson C. Peacemaking circles and urban youth: Bringing justice home 2008, St. Paul, MN, Living Justice Press
13. Branscombe N R, Schmitt M T, Schiffhauer K. Racial attitudes in response to thoughts of White privilege. European Journal of Social Psychology 2007, 37:203-215.
14. Brookings J B, Bolton B. Confirmatory factor analysis of a measure of intrapersonal empowerment. Rehabilitation Psychology 2000, 45:292-298.
15. Burton J W. Conflict and communication: The use of controlled communication in international relations 1969, New York, Free Press
16. Cardwell D, Chan S. Mayor calls 50 shots by the police 'unacceptable.'. The New York Times 2006, November 28, B1. p.
17. Cohen D, Nisbett R E, Bowdle B F, Schwarz N. Insult, aggression, and the Southern culture of honor: An " experimental ethnography." . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1996, 70:945-960.
18. Cottrell C A, Neuberg S L. Different emotional reactions to different groups: A sociofunctional threat-based approach to " prejudice." . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2005, 88:770-789.
19. Cuddy A J C, Fiske S T, Glick P. The BIAS map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2007, 92:631-648.
20. Darby B W, Schlenker B R. Children's reactions to apologies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1982, 43:742-753.
21. Dixon JA, Durrheim K, Tredoux C. Beyond the optimal strategy: A " reality check" for the contact hypothesis. American Psychologist 2005, 60:697-711.
22. Dovidio J F, Gaertner S L, Saguy T. Another view of " we": Majority and minority group perspectives on a common ingroup identity. European Review of Social Psychology 2007, 18:296-330.
23. Enright R D, Freedman S, Rique J, Enright R D, North J. The psychology of interpersonal forgiveness. Exploring forgiveness 1998, 46-62. In, Eds, pp., Madison, WI, University of Wisconsin Press
24. Exline J J, Baumeister R F, McCullough M E, Pargament K I, Thoresen C E. Expressing forgiveness and repentance: Benefits and barriers. Forgiveness: Theory, research and practice 2000, 133-155. In, Eds, pp., New York, Guilford Press
25. Fincham F D, Mikulincer M, Shaver P R. Forgiveness: Integral to a science of close relationships?. Prosocial motives, emotions, and behavior 2009, In, Eds, Washington, DC, American Psychological Association
26. Fincham F D, Beach S R, Davila J. Forgiveness and conflict resolution in marriage. Journal of Family Psychology 2004, 18:72-81.
27. Fiske S T, Cuddy A J C, Glick P, Xu J. A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2002, 82:878-902.
28. Foa E B, Foa U G, Gergen K J, Greenberg M S, Willis R H. Resource theory: Interpersonal behavior as exchange. Social exchange: Advances in theory and research 1980, 77-94. In, Eds, pp., New York, Plenum
29. Forman T A, Krysan M, Lewis A. Color-blind racism and racial indifference: The role of racial apathy in facilitating enduring inequalities. The changing terrain of race and ethnicity 2004, 43-66. In, Eds, pp., New York, Sage
30. Foster C A, Rusbult C E. Injustice and powerseeking. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1999, 25:834-849.
31. Frijda N H, Van Goozen S H M, Van de Poll N E, Sergeant J A. The lex talionis: On vengeance. Emotions: Essays on emotion theory 1994, 263-289. In, Eds, pp., Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum
32. Gobodo-Madikizela P, Nadler A, Malloy T, Fisher J D. Transforming trauma in the aftermath of gross human rights abuses: Making public spaces intimate through the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Social psychology of intergroup reconciliation 2008, 57-76. In, Eds, pp., New York, Oxford University Press
33. Halabi R. Israeli and Palestinian identities in dialogue: The school for peace approach 2004, New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press
34. Halabi S, Dovidio J F, Nadler A. When and how high status groups offer help: Effects of social dominance orientation and status threat. Political Psychology
35. Hoyt W T, Fincham F, McCullough M E, Maio G, Davila J. Responses to interpersonal transgressions in families: Forgivingness, forgivability, and relationship-specific effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2005, 89:375-394.
36. Ignatieff M. The warrior's honor: Ethnic war and the modern conscience 1998, London, Chatto & Windus
37. Insko C A, Kirchner J L, Pinter B, Efaw J, Wildschut T. Interindividual-intergroup discontinuity as a function of trust and categorization: The paradox of expected cooperation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2005, 88:365-385.
38. Jackman M R. The velvet glove 1994, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press
39. Jackson L, Esses V. Effects of perceived economic competition on people's willingness to help empower immigrants. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 2000, 3:419-435.
40. Jones E, Gilbert D T, Fiske S T, Lindzey G. Major developments in five decades of social psychology. The handbook of social psychology 1998, Vol. 1:3-57. In, Eds, 4th ed., pp., New York, McGraw-Hill
41. Kelman H C, Nadler A, Malloy T, Fisher J D. Reconciliation from a social-psychological perspective. Social psychology of intergroup reconciliation 2008, 15-32. In, Eds, pp., New York, Oxford University Press
42. King M L, Levy P. Letter from a Birmingham Jail. Documentary history of the civil rights movement 1963, 58-60. In, Ed, pp., New York, Greenwood
43. Köhler H. 2005, February 2, Address by Horst Köhler, President of the Federal Republic of Germany, to the Israeli Knesset, Jerusalem
44. Kriesberg L, Weiner E. Coexistence and the reconciliation of communal conflicts. The handbook of interethnic coexistence 2000, 182-188. In, Ed, pp., New York, Abraham Fund
45. Lederach J P. Building peace: Sustainable reconciliation in divided societies 1997, Washington, DC, U.S. Institute of Peace Press
46. Lewicki R J, Wiethoff C, Deutsch M, Coleman P T. Trust, trust development, and trust repair. The handbook of conflict resolution: Theory and practice 2000, 86-107. In, Eds, pp., San Francisco, CA, Jossey-Bass
47. Loughnan S, Haslam N. Animals and androids: Implicit associations between social categories and nonhumans. Psychological Science 2007, 18:116-121.
48. Lyman S M, Scott M B. A sociology of the absurd 1970, New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts
49. Maio G R, Thomas G, Fincham F D, Carnelley K. Unraveling the role of forgiveness in family relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2008, 94:307-319.
50. Maoz I, Bar-On D. From working through the Holocaust to current ethnic conflicts: Evaluating the TRT group workshop in Hamburg. Group 2002, 26:29-48.
51. McCullough M E, Rachal K C, Sandage S J, Worthington E L, Brown S W, Hight T L. Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998, 75:1586-1603.
52. Menon S T, Hartmann L C. Generalizability of Menson's empowerment scale: Replication and extension with Australian data. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 2002, 2:137-153.
53. Minow M. Between vengeance and forgiveness: Facing history after genocide and mass violence 1998, Boston, MA, Beacon Press
54. Nadler A. Inter-group helping relations as power relations: Helping relations as affirming or challenging inter-group hierarchy. Journal of Social Issues 2002a, 58:487-502.
55. Nadler A, Salomon G, Nevo B. Post resolution processes: Instrumental and socio-emotional routes to reconciliation. Peace education: The concept, principles, and practices around the world 2002b, In, Eds, Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum
56. Nadler A, Halabi S. Intergroup helping as status relations: Effects of status stability, identification, and type of help on receptivity to high-status group's help. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2006, 91:97-110.
57. Nadler A, Liviatan I, Branscombe N R, Doosje B. Intergroup reconciliation processes in Israel: Theoretical analysis and empirical findings. Collective guilt: International perspectives 2004, 216-235. In, Eds, pp., Cambridge, University Press
58. Nadler A, Malloy T, Fisher J D, Nadler A, Malloy T, Fisher J D. Intergroup reconciliation: Dimensions and themes. Social psychology of intergroup reconciliation 2008, 3-12. In, Eds, pp., New York, Oxford University Press
59. Nadler A, Shnabel N, Nadler A, Malloy T, Fisher J D. Intergroup reconciliation: The instrumental and socio-emotional paths and the need-based model of socio-emotional reconciliation. Social psychology of intergroup reconciliation 2008, 37-56. In, Eds, pp., New York, Oxford University Press
60. Noor M, Brown R J, Prentice G. Precursors and mediators of intergroup reconciliation in Northern Ireland: A new model. British Journal of Social Psychology
61. North J, Enright R D, North J. " ideal" of forgiveness: A philosopher's exploration. Exploring forgiveness 1998, 15-34. In, Eds, pp., Madison, WI, University of Wisconsin Press
62. Pearson A R, West T V, Dovidio J F, Powers S R, Buck R, Henning R. The fragility of intergroup relations: Divergent effects of temporal delay in audio-visual feedback in intergroup and intragroup interaction.
63. Pruitt D G, Gilbert D T, Fiske S T, Lindzey G. Social conflict. The handbook of social psychology 1998, Vol. 2:470-503. In, Eds., 4th ed., pp., New York, McGraw-Hill
64. Riek B M, Mania E W, Gaertner S L. Intergroup threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2006, 10:336-353.
65. Rouhana N N. Group identity and power asymmetry in reconciliation processes: The Israeli-Palestinian case. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 2004, 10:33-52.
66. Saguy T, Dovidio J F, Pratto F. Beyond contact: Intergroup contact in the context of power relations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2008, 34:432-445.
67. Scheff T J. Bloody revenge: Emotions, nationalism and war 1994, Boulder, CO, Westview.
68. Schofield J W, Dovidio J F, Gaertner S L. Causes and consequences of the colorblind perspective. Prejudice, discrimination, and racism 1986, 231-253. In, Eds, pp., San Diego, CA, Academic Press
69. Schönbach P. Account episodes: The management or escalation of conflict 1990, New York, Cambridge University Press
70. Scobie E D, Scobie G E W. Damaging events: The perceived need for forgiveness. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 1998, 28:373-401.
71. Seyranian V, Atuel H, Crano W D. Dimensions of majority and minority groups. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 2008, 11:21-37.
72. Shelton J N, Richeson J A, Vorauer J D, Stoebe W, Hewstone M. Threatened identities and interethnic interactions. European review of social psychology 2006, Vol. 17:312-358. In, Eds, pp., New York, Psychology Press
73. Sherif M, Harvey O J, White B J, Hood W R, Sherif C W. Intergroup cooperation and competition: The Robbers Cave experiment 1961, Norman, OK, University Book Exchange
74. Shnabel N, Nadler A. A needs-based model of reconciliation: Satisfying the differential emotional needs of victim and perpetrator as a key to promoting reconciliation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2008, 94:116-132.
75. Shnabel N, Nadler A, Ullrich J, Dovidio J F. Promoting reconciliation through the satisfaction of the emotional needs of victimized and perpetrating group members: The Needs-based Model of reconciliation. 2008, Unpublished data
76. Smith D. Blair: Britain's 'sorrow' for shame of slave trade. The Observer 2006, November 26, 1. p.
77. Smith E R, Seger C R, Mackie D M. Can emotions be truly group level? Evidence regarding four conceptual criteria. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2007, 93:431-446.
78. Staub E, Pearlman L A, Gubin A, Hagengimana A. Healing, reconciliation, forgiving and the prevention of violence after genocide or mass killing: An intervention and its experimental evaluation in Rwanda. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2005, 24:297-334.
79. Stephan W G, Finlay K. The role of empathy in improving intergroup relations. Journal of Social Issues 1999, 55:729-743.
80. Tajfel H, Turner J C, Worchel S, Austin L W. The social identity theory of inter-group behaviour. Psychology of intergroup relations 1986, 7-24. In, Eds, pp., Chicago, Nelson-Hall
81. Tanguey J E, Wagner P E, Hill-Barlow D, Marschall D E, Gramzow R. Relation of shame and guilt to constructive versus destructive responses to anger across the lifespan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1996, 70:797-809.
82. Tavuchis N. Mea culpa: A sociology of apology and reconciliation 1991, Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press
83. Glossary of nonviolence http://www.thekingcenter.org/prog/non/glossary.html, The King Center, n.d., Retrieved March 5, 2008, from
84. Tropp L R, Pettigrew T F. Relationship between intergroup contact and prejudice among minority and majority status groups. Psychological Science 2005, 16:951-957.
85. Turner J C, Hogg M A, Oakes P J, Reicher S D, Wetherell M S. Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory 1987, Oxford, England, Blackwell
86. Vardi Y. Psychological empowerment as a criterion for adjustment to a new job. Psychological Reports 2000, 87:1083-1093.
87. Wachtel T, McCold P, Strang H, Braithwaite J. Restorative justice in everyday life. Restorative justice in civil society 2001, In, Eds, New York, Cambridge University Press
88. Wohl M J A, Branscombe N R, Klar Y. Collective guilt: Emotional reactions when one's group has done wrong or been wronged. European Review of Social Psychology 2006, 17:1-37.
89. Worthington E L, Wade N G. The psychology of unforgiveness and forgiveness and implications for clinical practice. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 1999, 18:385-418.
90. Yiannakis A, Melnick M J. Contemporary issues in sociology of sport 2001, Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics
91. Zechmeister J S, Romero C. Victim and offender accounts of interpersonal conflict: Autobiographical narratives of forgiveness and unforgiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2002, 82:675-686.