메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 1, Issue , 2014, Pages 823-846.e5

Acute Pneumonia

Author keywords

Aspiration; Bronchoscopy; Chlamydia pneumoniae; CRB 65; Legionella pneumophila; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia; Pneumonia severity index (PSI); Procalcitonin; Streptococcus pneumoniae

Indexed keywords


EID: 84944612484     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00069-2     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (18)

References (409)
  • 3
    • 80053122563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topographical continuity of bacterial populations in the healthy human respiratory tract
    • Charlson ES, Bittinger K, Haas AR, et al. Topographical continuity of bacterial populations in the healthy human respiratory tract. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011, 184:957-963.
    • (2011) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.184 , pp. 957-963
    • Charlson, E.S.1    Bittinger, K.2    Haas, A.R.3
  • 4
    • 79952063902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of the lung microbiome in the "healthy" smoker and in COPD
    • Erb-Downward JR, Thompson DL, Han MK, et al. Analysis of the lung microbiome in the "healthy" smoker and in COPD. PLoS One 2011, 6:e16384.
    • (2011) PLoS One , vol.6 , pp. e16384
    • Erb-Downward, J.R.1    Thompson, D.L.2    Han, M.K.3
  • 5
    • 84861399683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The lung tissue microbiome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Sze MA, Dimitriu PA, Hayashi S, et al. The lung tissue microbiome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012, 185:1073-1080.
    • (2012) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.185 , pp. 1073-1080
    • Sze, M.A.1    Dimitriu, P.A.2    Hayashi, S.3
  • 6
    • 0024509888 scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary host defenses: state of the art
    • Reynolds HY Pulmonary host defenses: state of the art. Chest 1989, 95(3 suppl):223S-230S.
    • (1989) Chest , vol.95 , Issue.3 , pp. 223S-230S
    • Reynolds, H.Y.1
  • 7
    • 0025121957 scopus 로고
    • Macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils in lung defense and injury
    • Sibille Y, Reynolds HY Macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils in lung defense and injury. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990, 141:471-501.
    • (1990) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.141 , pp. 471-501
    • Sibille, Y.1    Reynolds, H.Y.2
  • 8
    • 0036198121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial polypeptides in host defense of the respiratory tract
    • Ganz T Antimicrobial polypeptides in host defense of the respiratory tract. J Clin Invest 2002, 109:693-697.
    • (2002) J Clin Invest , vol.109 , pp. 693-697
    • Ganz, T.1
  • 9
    • 0030784825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunomodulatory functions of surfactant
    • Wright JR Immunomodulatory functions of surfactant. Physiol Rev 1997, 77:931-962.
    • (1997) Physiol Rev , vol.77 , pp. 931-962
    • Wright, J.R.1
  • 10
    • 0033965560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Innate immunity and pulmonary host defense
    • Zhang P, Summer WR, Bagby GJ, et al. Innate immunity and pulmonary host defense. Immunol Rev 2000, 173:39-51.
    • (2000) Immunol Rev , vol.173 , pp. 39-51
    • Zhang, P.1    Summer, W.R.2    Bagby, G.J.3
  • 12
    • 82555205554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lymphocyte- and macrophage-mediated inflammation in the lung
    • McGraw-Hill, New York, A.P. Fishman, J.A. Elias, J.A. Fishman (Eds.), 4th ed.
    • Little FF, Wilson KC, Berman JS, et al. Lymphocyte- and macrophage-mediated inflammation in the lung. Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders 2008, 291-305. McGraw-Hill, New York. 4th ed. A.P. Fishman, J.A. Elias, J.A. Fishman (Eds.).
    • (2008) Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders , pp. 291-305
    • Little, F.F.1    Wilson, K.C.2    Berman, J.S.3
  • 13
    • 0025281199 scopus 로고
    • Neutrophil kinetics in the lungs
    • MacNee W, Selby C Neutrophil kinetics in the lungs. Clin Sci (Lond) 1990, 79:97-107.
    • (1990) Clin Sci (Lond) , vol.79 , pp. 97-107
    • MacNee, W.1    Selby, C.2
  • 14
    • 0033943385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advances in understanding pulmonary host defense mechanisms: dendritic cell function and immunomodulation
    • Reynolds HY Advances in understanding pulmonary host defense mechanisms: dendritic cell function and immunomodulation. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2000, 6:209-216.
    • (2000) Curr Opin Pulm Med , vol.6 , pp. 209-216
    • Reynolds, H.Y.1
  • 16
    • 0029979617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "The good, the bad, and the ugly." The role of chemokines in models of human disease
    • Strieter RM, Standiford TJ, Huffnagle GB, et al. "The good, the bad, and the ugly." The role of chemokines in models of human disease. J Immunol 1996, 156:3583-3586.
    • (1996) J Immunol , vol.156 , pp. 3583-3586
    • Strieter, R.M.1    Standiford, T.J.2    Huffnagle, G.B.3
  • 17
    • 34248595608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing the toll of inflammatory lung disease
    • Chaudhuri N, Whyte MK, Sabroe I Reducing the toll of inflammatory lung disease. Chest 2007, 131:1550-1556.
    • (2007) Chest , vol.131 , pp. 1550-1556
    • Chaudhuri, N.1    Whyte, M.K.2    Sabroe, I.3
  • 18
    • 0029017307 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of cytokine expression in community-acquired pneumonia
    • Puren AJ, Feldman C, Savage N, et al. Patterns of cytokine expression in community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 1995, 107:1342-1349.
    • (1995) Chest , vol.107 , pp. 1342-1349
    • Puren, A.J.1    Feldman, C.2    Savage, N.3
  • 20
    • 39049085847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute lower respiratory tract infection
    • Mizgerd JP Acute lower respiratory tract infection. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:716-727.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.358 , pp. 716-727
    • Mizgerd, J.P.1
  • 21
    • 0006422025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The innate immune response of the respiratory epithelium
    • Diamond G, Legarda D, Ryan LK The innate immune response of the respiratory epithelium. Immunol Rev 2000, 173:27-38.
    • (2000) Immunol Rev , vol.173 , pp. 27-38
    • Diamond, G.1    Legarda, D.2    Ryan, L.K.3
  • 22
    • 0017872613 scopus 로고
    • Pharyngeal aspiration in normal adults and patients with depressed consciousness
    • Huxley EJ, Viroslav J, Gray WR, et al. Pharyngeal aspiration in normal adults and patients with depressed consciousness. Am J Med 1978, 64:564-568.
    • (1978) Am J Med , vol.64 , pp. 564-568
    • Huxley, E.J.1    Viroslav, J.2    Gray, W.R.3
  • 23
    • 0014214472 scopus 로고
    • The depressant effect of cigarette smoke on the in vitro antibacterial activity of alveolar macrophages
    • Green GM, Carolin D The depressant effect of cigarette smoke on the in vitro antibacterial activity of alveolar macrophages. N Engl J Med 1967, 276:421-427.
    • (1967) N Engl J Med , vol.276 , pp. 421-427
    • Green, G.M.1    Carolin, D.2
  • 24
    • 0036580648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of cigarette smoke on the immune system
    • Sopori M Effects of cigarette smoke on the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2002, 2:372-377.
    • (2002) Nat Rev Immunol , vol.2 , pp. 372-377
    • Sopori, M.1
  • 25
    • 0022512296 scopus 로고
    • Alcohol and immune defense
    • MacGregor RR Alcohol and immune defense. JAMA 1986, 256:1474-1479.
    • (1986) JAMA , vol.256 , pp. 1474-1479
    • MacGregor, R.R.1
  • 26
    • 0021924644 scopus 로고
    • Effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on phagocytic functions
    • Schopf RE, Trompeter M, Bork K, et al. Effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on phagocytic functions. Arch Dermatol Res 1985, 277:131-137.
    • (1985) Arch Dermatol Res , vol.277 , pp. 131-137
    • Schopf, R.E.1    Trompeter, M.2    Bork, K.3
  • 27
    • 17544399972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary host defenses and alcohol
    • Zhang P, Bagby GJ, Happel KI, et al. Pulmonary host defenses and alcohol. Front Biosci 2002, 7:d1314-d1330.
    • (2002) Front Biosci , vol.7 , pp. d1314-d1330
    • Zhang, P.1    Bagby, G.J.2    Happel, K.I.3
  • 29
    • 0017362876 scopus 로고
    • Effect of influenza viral infection on the ingestion and killing of bacteria by alveolar macrophages
    • Warshauer D, Goldstein E, Akers T, et al. Effect of influenza viral infection on the ingestion and killing of bacteria by alveolar macrophages. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977, 115:269-277.
    • (1977) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.115 , pp. 269-277
    • Warshauer, D.1    Goldstein, E.2    Akers, T.3
  • 30
    • 0024987590 scopus 로고
    • Endotoxin-induced suppression of lung host defenses
    • Nelson S, Chidiac C, Bagby G, Summer WR Endotoxin-induced suppression of lung host defenses. J Med 1990, 21:85-103.
    • (1990) J Med , vol.21 , pp. 85-103
    • Nelson, S.1    Chidiac, C.2    Bagby, G.3    Summer, W.R.4
  • 31
    • 84944596983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Host impairments associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection
    • Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, M.S. Niederman, G.A. Sarosi, J. Glassroth (Eds.), 2nd ed.
    • Phair J, Palella FJ Host impairments associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Respiratory Infections 2001, 59-66. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. 2nd ed. M.S. Niederman, G.A. Sarosi, J. Glassroth (Eds.).
    • (2001) Respiratory Infections , pp. 59-66
    • Phair, J.1    Palella, F.J.2
  • 32
    • 84934364500 scopus 로고
    • The pathogenesis and presentation of nosocomial pneumonia
    • Mason CM The pathogenesis and presentation of nosocomial pneumonia. Crit Care Rev 1991, 2:145-155.
    • (1991) Crit Care Rev , vol.2 , pp. 145-155
    • Mason, C.M.1
  • 33
    • 0021814763 scopus 로고
    • Aminophylline-induced suppression of pulmonary antibacterial defenses
    • Nelson S, Summer WR, Jakab GJ Aminophylline-induced suppression of pulmonary antibacterial defenses. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985, 131:923-927.
    • (1985) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.131 , pp. 923-927
    • Nelson, S.1    Summer, W.R.2    Jakab, G.J.3
  • 34
    • 0021739501 scopus 로고
    • Aspirin impairs antibacterial mechanisms in experimental pneumococcal pneumonia
    • Esposito AL Aspirin impairs antibacterial mechanisms in experimental pneumococcal pneumonia. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984, 130:857-862.
    • (1984) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.130 , pp. 857-862
    • Esposito, A.L.1
  • 35
    • 84862557241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of clarithromycin in inflammatory markers of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia and sepsis caused by gram-negative bacteria: results from a randomized clinical study
    • Spyridaki A, Raftogiannis M, Antonopoulou A, et al. Effect of clarithromycin in inflammatory markers of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia and sepsis caused by gram-negative bacteria: results from a randomized clinical study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012, 56:3819-3825.
    • (2012) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.56 , pp. 3819-3825
    • Spyridaki, A.1    Raftogiannis, M.2    Antonopoulou, A.3
  • 36
    • 66149152644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acid-suppressive medication use and the risk for hospital-acquired pneumonia
    • Herzig SJ, Howell MD, Ngo LH, et al. Acid-suppressive medication use and the risk for hospital-acquired pneumonia. JAMA 2009, 301:2120-2128.
    • (2009) JAMA , vol.301 , pp. 2120-2128
    • Herzig, S.J.1    Howell, M.D.2    Ngo, L.H.3
  • 37
    • 54849436450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between proton pump inhibitors and respiratory infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials
    • Sultan N, Nazareno J, Gregor J Association between proton pump inhibitors and respiratory infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Can J Gastroenterol 2008, 22:761-766.
    • (2008) Can J Gastroenterol , vol.22 , pp. 761-766
    • Sultan, N.1    Nazareno, J.2    Gregor, J.3
  • 38
    • 77951250998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of community-acquired pneumonia with antipsychotic drug use in elderly patients: a nested case-control study
    • Trifiro G, Gambassi G, Sen EF, et al. Association of community-acquired pneumonia with antipsychotic drug use in elderly patients: a nested case-control study. Ann Intern Med 2010, 152:418-425.
    • (2010) Ann Intern Med , vol.152 , pp. 418-425
    • Trifiro, G.1    Gambassi, G.2    Sen, E.F.3
  • 39
    • 0014381593 scopus 로고
    • Chronic toxicity of nitrogen dioxide, I. Effect on resistance to bacterial pneumonia
    • Ehrlich R, Henry MC Chronic toxicity of nitrogen dioxide, I. Effect on resistance to bacterial pneumonia. Arch Environ Health 1968, 17:860-865.
    • (1968) Arch Environ Health , vol.17 , pp. 860-865
    • Ehrlich, R.1    Henry, M.C.2
  • 40
    • 0014917231 scopus 로고
    • Impairment of pulmonary bacterial defense mechanisms by immunosuppressive agents
    • Huber GL, LaForce FM, Mason RJ, et al. Impairment of pulmonary bacterial defense mechanisms by immunosuppressive agents. Surg Forum 1970, 21:285-286.
    • (1970) Surg Forum , vol.21 , pp. 285-286
    • Huber, G.L.1    LaForce, F.M.2    Mason, R.J.3
  • 41
    • 0015808294 scopus 로고
    • The effect of pulmonary edema on antibacterial defenses of the lung
    • LaForce FM, Mullane JF, Boehme RF, et al. The effect of pulmonary edema on antibacterial defenses of the lung. J Lab Clin Med 1973, 82:634-648.
    • (1973) J Lab Clin Med , vol.82 , pp. 634-648
    • LaForce, F.M.1    Mullane, J.F.2    Boehme, R.F.3
  • 42
    • 81055138284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early-onset pneumonia after cardiac arrest: characteristics, risk factors and influence on prognosis
    • Perbet S, Mongardon N, Dumas F, et al. Early-onset pneumonia after cardiac arrest: characteristics, risk factors and influence on prognosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011, 184:1048-1054.
    • (2011) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.184 , pp. 1048-1054
    • Perbet, S.1    Mongardon, N.2    Dumas, F.3
  • 43
    • 0027244061 scopus 로고
    • Immunology of the aging lung
    • Gyetko MR, Toews GB Immunology of the aging lung. Clin Chest Med 1993, 14:379-391.
    • (1993) Clin Chest Med , vol.14 , pp. 379-391
    • Gyetko, M.R.1    Toews, G.B.2
  • 45
    • 0026997592 scopus 로고
    • Chronic and recurrent pneumonia
    • Geppert EF Chronic and recurrent pneumonia. Semin Respir Infect 1992, 7:282-288.
    • (1992) Semin Respir Infect , vol.7 , pp. 282-288
    • Geppert, E.F.1
  • 46
    • 0019390978 scopus 로고
    • Selective immunoglobulin G4 deficiency and recurrent infections of the respiratory tract
    • Beck CS, Heiner DC Selective immunoglobulin G4 deficiency and recurrent infections of the respiratory tract. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981, 124:94-96.
    • (1981) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.124 , pp. 94-96
    • Beck, C.S.1    Heiner, D.C.2
  • 47
    • 0020606692 scopus 로고
    • The hyperimmunoglobulin E recurrent-infection (Job's) syndrome: a review of the NIH experience and the literature
    • Donabedian H, Gallin JI The hyperimmunoglobulin E recurrent-infection (Job's) syndrome: a review of the NIH experience and the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1983, 62:195-208.
    • (1983) Medicine (Baltimore) , vol.62 , pp. 195-208
    • Donabedian, H.1    Gallin, J.I.2
  • 48
    • 0036171425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of children with recurrent pneumonia diagnosed by World Health Organization criteria
    • Heffelfinger JD, Davis TE, Gebrian B, et al. Evaluation of children with recurrent pneumonia diagnosed by World Health Organization criteria. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002, 21:108-112.
    • (2002) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.21 , pp. 108-112
    • Heffelfinger, J.D.1    Davis, T.E.2    Gebrian, B.3
  • 50
    • 68749097262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical and genetic aspects of primary ciliary dyskinesia/Kartagener syndrome
    • Leigh MW, Pittman JE, Carson JL, et al. Clinical and genetic aspects of primary ciliary dyskinesia/Kartagener syndrome. Genet Med 2009, 11:473-487.
    • (2009) Genet Med , vol.11 , pp. 473-487
    • Leigh, M.W.1    Pittman, J.E.2    Carson, J.L.3
  • 51
    • 0142043977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiology and management of pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis
    • Gibson RL, Burns JL, Ramsey BW Pathophysiology and management of pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003, 168:918-951.
    • (2003) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.168 , pp. 918-951
    • Gibson, R.L.1    Burns, J.L.2    Ramsey, B.W.3
  • 52
    • 0032517037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National trends in the use of antibiotics by primary care physicians for adult patients with cough
    • Metlay JP, Stafford RS, Singer DE National trends in the use of antibiotics by primary care physicians for adult patients with cough. Arch Intern Med 1998, 158:1813-1818.
    • (1998) Arch Intern Med , vol.158 , pp. 1813-1818
    • Metlay, J.P.1    Stafford, R.S.2    Singer, D.E.3
  • 53
    • 0030713041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does this patient have community-acquired pneumonia? Diagnosing pneumonia by history and physical examination
    • Metlay JP, Kapoor WN, Fine MJ Does this patient have community-acquired pneumonia? Diagnosing pneumonia by history and physical examination. JAMA 1997, 278:1440-1445.
    • (1997) JAMA , vol.278 , pp. 1440-1445
    • Metlay, J.P.1    Kapoor, W.N.2    Fine, M.J.3
  • 54
    • 0030878141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of age on symptoms at presentation in patients with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Metlay JP, Schulz R, Li YH, et al. Influence of age on symptoms at presentation in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1997, 157:1453-1459.
    • (1997) Arch Intern Med , vol.157 , pp. 1453-1459
    • Metlay, J.P.1    Schulz, R.2    Li, Y.H.3
  • 55
    • 0030814756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization: results of a population-based active surveillance study in Ohio. The Community-Based Pneumonia Incidence Study Group
    • Marston BJ, Plouffe JF, File TM, et al. Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization: results of a population-based active surveillance study in Ohio. The Community-Based Pneumonia Incidence Study Group. Arch Intern Med 1997, 157:1709-1718.
    • (1997) Arch Intern Med , vol.157 , pp. 1709-1718
    • Marston, B.J.1    Plouffe, J.F.2    File, T.M.3
  • 56
    • 84872384525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial coinfection in influenza: a grand rounds review
    • Chertow DS, Memoli MJ Bacterial coinfection in influenza: a grand rounds review. JAMA 2013, 309:275-282.
    • (2013) JAMA , vol.309 , pp. 275-282
    • Chertow, D.S.1    Memoli, M.J.2
  • 57
    • 0037006653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying gene for Panton-Valentine leukocidin and highly lethal necrotising pneumonia in young immunocompetent patients
    • Gillet Y, Issartel B, Vanhems P, et al. Association between Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying gene for Panton-Valentine leukocidin and highly lethal necrotising pneumonia in young immunocompetent patients. Lancet 2002, 359:753-759.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.359 , pp. 753-759
    • Gillet, Y.1    Issartel, B.2    Vanhems, P.3
  • 58
    • 25644446883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus necrotizing pneumonia
    • Monaco M, Antonucci R, Palange P, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus necrotizing pneumonia. Emerg Infect Dis 2005, 11:1647-1648.
    • (2005) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.11 , pp. 1647-1648
    • Monaco, M.1    Antonucci, R.2    Palange, P.3
  • 59
    • 0015761318 scopus 로고
    • Etiologies and characteristic features of pneumonias in a municipal hospital
    • Dorff GJ, Rytel MW, Farmer SG, et al. Etiologies and characteristic features of pneumonias in a municipal hospital. Am J Med Sci 1973, 266:349-358.
    • (1973) Am J Med Sci , vol.266 , pp. 349-358
    • Dorff, G.J.1    Rytel, M.W.2    Farmer, S.G.3
  • 60
    • 49649096400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New evidence of risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia: a population-based study
    • Almirall J, Bolibar I, Serra-Prat M, et al. New evidence of risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia: a population-based study. Eur Respir J 2008, 31:1274-1284.
    • (2008) Eur Respir J , vol.31 , pp. 1274-1284
    • Almirall, J.1    Bolibar, I.2    Serra-Prat, M.3
  • 61
    • 22544486322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved diagnosis of the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia with real-time polymerase chain reaction
    • Templeton KE, Scheltinga SA, van den Eeden WC, et al. Improved diagnosis of the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia with real-time polymerase chain reaction. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41:345-351.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.41 , pp. 345-351
    • Templeton, K.E.1    Scheltinga, S.A.2    van den Eeden, W.C.3
  • 62
    • 79960470767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical impact of combined viral and bacterial infection in patients with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Johansson N, Kalin M, Hedlund J Clinical impact of combined viral and bacterial infection in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Scand J Infect Dis 2011, 43:609-615.
    • (2011) Scand J Infect Dis , vol.43 , pp. 609-615
    • Johansson, N.1    Kalin, M.2    Hedlund, J.3
  • 64
    • 10544237677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a Spanish multicenter study
    • Torres A, Dorca J, Zalacain R, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a Spanish multicenter study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996, 154:1456-1461.
    • (1996) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.154 , pp. 1456-1461
    • Torres, A.1    Dorca, J.2    Zalacain, R.3
  • 65
    • 0037048257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired pneumonia due to gram-negative bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: incidence, risk, and prognosis
    • Arancibia F, Bauer TT, Ewig S, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia due to gram-negative bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: incidence, risk, and prognosis. Arch Intern Med 2002, 162:1849-1858.
    • (2002) Arch Intern Med , vol.162 , pp. 1849-1858
    • Arancibia, F.1    Bauer, T.T.2    Ewig, S.3
  • 66
    • 0027131338 scopus 로고
    • Respiratory illness in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection. The Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study Group
    • Wallace JM, Rao AV, Glassroth J, et al. Respiratory illness in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection. The Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study Group. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993, 148(6 pt 1):1523-1529.
    • (1993) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.148 , Issue.6 , pp. 1523-1529
    • Wallace, J.M.1    Rao, A.V.2    Glassroth, J.3
  • 67
    • 54249143497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hospitalization for pneumonia among individuals with and without HIV infection, 1995-2007: a Danish population-based, nationwide cohort study
    • Sogaard OS, Lohse N, Gerstoft J, et al. Hospitalization for pneumonia among individuals with and without HIV infection, 1995-2007: a Danish population-based, nationwide cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 47:1345-1353.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.47 , pp. 1345-1353
    • Sogaard, O.S.1    Lohse, N.2    Gerstoft, J.3
  • 68
    • 57349126820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changing global epidemiology of pulmonary manifestations of HIV/AIDS
    • Hull MW, Phillips P, Montaner JS Changing global epidemiology of pulmonary manifestations of HIV/AIDS. Chest 2008, 134:1287-1298.
    • (2008) Chest , vol.134 , pp. 1287-1298
    • Hull, M.W.1    Phillips, P.2    Montaner, J.S.3
  • 69
    • 65449150673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents: Recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medical Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
    • Available at, Accessed May 7
    • Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents: Recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medical Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Available at, Accessed May 7, 2013. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf.
    • (2013)
  • 70
    • 33745299968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial pneumonia, HIV therapy, and disease progression among HIV-infected women in the HIV epidemiologic research (HER) study
    • Kohli R, Lo Y, Homel P, et al. Bacterial pneumonia, HIV therapy, and disease progression among HIV-infected women in the HIV epidemiologic research (HER) study. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 43:90-98.
    • (2006) Clin Infect Dis , vol.43 , pp. 90-98
    • Kohli, R.1    Lo, Y.2    Homel, P.3
  • 71
    • 77953913629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses in US patients, 1994-2007: a cohort study
    • Buchacz K, Baker RK, Palella FJ, et al. AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses in US patients, 1994-2007: a cohort study. AIDS 2010, 24:1549-1559.
    • (2010) AIDS , vol.24 , pp. 1549-1559
    • Buchacz, K.1    Baker, R.K.2    Palella, F.J.3
  • 72
    • 0029074827 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial pneumonia in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study Group
    • Hirschtick RE, Glassroth J, Jordan MC, et al. Bacterial pneumonia in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995, 333:845-851.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.333 , pp. 845-851
    • Hirschtick, R.E.1    Glassroth, J.2    Jordan, M.C.3
  • 73
    • 0029045298 scopus 로고
    • + T lymphocytes at diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining and other human immunodeficiency virus-related illnesses. The Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Project Group
    • + T lymphocytes at diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining and other human immunodeficiency virus-related illnesses. The Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Project Group. Arch Intern Med 1995, 155:1537-1542.
    • (1995) Arch Intern Med , vol.155 , pp. 1537-1542
    • Hanson, D.L.1    Chu, S.Y.2    Farizo, K.M.3
  • 74
    • 77955694435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbial etiologies of hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia
    • Jones RN Microbial etiologies of hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 51(suppl 1):S81-S87.
    • (2010) Clin Infect Dis , vol.51 , pp. S81-S87
    • Jones, R.N.1
  • 75
    • 0022379614 scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Is it different in the elderly?
    • Marrie TJ, Haldane EV, Faulkner RS, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Is it different in the elderly?. J Am Geriatr Soc 1985, 33:671-680.
    • (1985) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.33 , pp. 671-680
    • Marrie, T.J.1    Haldane, E.V.2    Faulkner, R.S.3
  • 76
    • 0037910388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired pneumonia in very elderly patients: causative organisms, clinical characteristics, and outcomes
    • Fernandez-Sabe N, Carratala J, Roson B, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in very elderly patients: causative organisms, clinical characteristics, and outcomes. Medicine (Baltimore) 2003, 82:159-169.
    • (2003) Medicine (Baltimore) , vol.82 , pp. 159-169
    • Fernandez-Sabe, N.1    Carratala, J.2    Roson, B.3
  • 77
    • 13644269309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia
    • American Thoracic Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005, 171:388-416.
    • (2005) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.171 , pp. 388-416
  • 78
    • 34447305472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health care-associated pneumonia requiring hospital admission: epidemiology, antibiotic therapy, and clinical outcomes
    • Carratala J, Mykietiuk A, Fernandez-Sabe N, et al. Health care-associated pneumonia requiring hospital admission: epidemiology, antibiotic therapy, and clinical outcomes. Arch Intern Med 2007, 167:1393-1399.
    • (2007) Arch Intern Med , vol.167 , pp. 1393-1399
    • Carratala, J.1    Mykietiuk, A.2    Fernandez-Sabe, N.3
  • 79
    • 0016184340 scopus 로고
    • Anaerobic infections of the lung and pleural space
    • Bartlett JG, Finegold SM Anaerobic infections of the lung and pleural space. Am Rev Respir Dis 1974, 110:56-77.
    • (1974) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.110 , pp. 56-77
    • Bartlett, J.G.1    Finegold, S.M.2
  • 80
    • 0031941995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of pneumonia in the outpatient setting
    • Woodhead M Management of pneumonia in the outpatient setting. Semin Respir Infect 1998, 13:8-16.
    • (1998) Semin Respir Infect , vol.13 , pp. 8-16
    • Woodhead, M.1
  • 81
    • 0033599970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosing pneumonia by physical examination: relevant or relic?
    • Wipf JE, Lipsky BA, Hirschmann JV, et al. Diagnosing pneumonia by physical examination: relevant or relic?. Arch Intern Med 1999, 159:1082-1087.
    • (1999) Arch Intern Med , vol.159 , pp. 1082-1087
    • Wipf, J.E.1    Lipsky, B.A.2    Hirschmann, J.V.3
  • 82
    • 23744472099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison between pathogen directed antibiotic treatment and empirical broad spectrum antibiotic treatment in patients with community acquired pneumonia: a prospective randomised study
    • van der Eerden MM, Vlaspolder F, de Graaff CS, et al. Comparison between pathogen directed antibiotic treatment and empirical broad spectrum antibiotic treatment in patients with community acquired pneumonia: a prospective randomised study. Thorax 2005, 60:672-678.
    • (2005) Thorax , vol.60 , pp. 672-678
    • van der Eerden, M.M.1    Vlaspolder, F.2    de Graaff, C.S.3
  • 83
    • 73649093453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: increased microbiological yield with new diagnostic methods
    • Johansson N, Kalin M, Tiveljung-Lindell A, et al. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: increased microbiological yield with new diagnostic methods. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 50:202-209.
    • (2010) Clin Infect Dis , vol.50 , pp. 202-209
    • Johansson, N.1    Kalin, M.2    Tiveljung-Lindell, A.3
  • 84
    • 33847155159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults
    • Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 44(suppl 2):S27-S72.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.44 , pp. S27-S72
    • Mandell, L.A.1    Wunderink, R.G.2    Anzueto, A.3
  • 85
    • 0034450704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective study of the usefulness of sputum Gram stain in the initial approach to community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization
    • Roson B, Carratala J, Verdaguer R, et al. Prospective study of the usefulness of sputum Gram stain in the initial approach to community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Clin Infect Dis 2000, 31:869-874.
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.31 , pp. 869-874
    • Roson, B.1    Carratala, J.2    Verdaguer, R.3
  • 86
    • 42049092349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of the usefulness of sputum Gram stain and culture for diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization
    • Miyashita N, Shimizu H, Ouchi K, et al. Assessment of the usefulness of sputum Gram stain and culture for diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Med Sci Monit 2008, 14:CR171-CR176.
    • (2008) Med Sci Monit , vol.14 , pp. CR171-CR176
    • Miyashita, N.1    Shimizu, H.2    Ouchi, K.3
  • 87
    • 3242758871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic value of microscopic examination of Gram-stained sputum and sputum cultures in patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia
    • Musher DM, Montoya R, Wanahita A Diagnostic value of microscopic examination of Gram-stained sputum and sputum cultures in patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 39:165-169.
    • (2004) Clin Infect Dis , vol.39 , pp. 165-169
    • Musher, D.M.1    Montoya, R.2    Wanahita, A.3
  • 88
    • 3242775261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decline in microbial studies for patients with pulmonary infections
    • Bartlett JG Decline in microbial studies for patients with pulmonary infections. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 39:170-172.
    • (2004) Clin Infect Dis , vol.39 , pp. 170-172
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 89
    • 0031957615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of the microbiology laboratory in the diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections
    • Reimer LG, Carroll KC Role of the microbiology laboratory in the diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections. Clin Infect Dis 1998, 26:742-748.
    • (1998) Clin Infect Dis , vol.26 , pp. 742-748
    • Reimer, L.G.1    Carroll, K.C.2
  • 90
    • 0013973569 scopus 로고
    • Mycoplasma and adenovirus pneumonias: comparison with other atypical pneumonias in a military population
    • George RB, Ziskind MM, Rasch JR, et al. Mycoplasma and adenovirus pneumonias: comparison with other atypical pneumonias in a military population. Ann Intern Med 1966, 65:931-942.
    • (1966) Ann Intern Med , vol.65 , pp. 931-942
    • George, R.B.1    Ziskind, M.M.2    Rasch, J.R.3
  • 92
    • 35348856469 scopus 로고
    • Primary Friedlander pneumonia
    • Solomon S Primary Friedlander pneumonia. JAMA 1937, 108:937-947.
    • (1937) JAMA , vol.108 , pp. 937-947
    • Solomon, S.1
  • 93
    • 0019941958 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of six different criteria for judging the acceptability of sputum specimens
    • Wong LK, Barry AL, Horgan SM Comparison of six different criteria for judging the acceptability of sputum specimens. J Clin Microbiol 1982, 16:627-631.
    • (1982) J Clin Microbiol , vol.16 , pp. 627-631
    • Wong, L.K.1    Barry, A.L.2    Horgan, S.M.3
  • 94
    • 0018091158 scopus 로고
    • Accuracy of Gram's stain in identifying pneumococci in sputum
    • Rein MF, Gwaltney JM, O'Brien WM, et al. Accuracy of Gram's stain in identifying pneumococci in sputum. JAMA 1978, 239:2671-2673.
    • (1978) JAMA , vol.239 , pp. 2671-2673
    • Rein, M.F.1    Gwaltney, J.M.2    O'Brien, W.M.3
  • 95
    • 0016741798 scopus 로고
    • Spread of Streptococcus pneumoniae in families, I. Carriage rates and distribution of types
    • Hendley JO, Sande MA, Stewart PM, et al. Spread of Streptococcus pneumoniae in families, I. Carriage rates and distribution of types. J Infect Dis 1975, 132:55-61.
    • (1975) J Infect Dis , vol.132 , pp. 55-61
    • Hendley, J.O.1    Sande, M.A.2    Stewart, P.M.3
  • 96
    • 0017862134 scopus 로고
    • Hemophilus influenzae pneumonia in adults
    • Wallace RJ, Musher DM, Martin RR Hemophilus influenzae pneumonia in adults. Am J Med 1978, 64:87-93.
    • (1978) Am J Med , vol.64 , pp. 87-93
    • Wallace, R.J.1    Musher, D.M.2    Martin, R.R.3
  • 97
    • 0017349847 scopus 로고
    • Bacteremic Hemophilus influenzae pneumonia in adults: a report of 24 cases and a review of the literature
    • Levin DC, Schwarz MI, Matthay RA, et al. Bacteremic Hemophilus influenzae pneumonia in adults: a report of 24 cases and a review of the literature. Am J Med 1977, 62:219-224.
    • (1977) Am J Med , vol.62 , pp. 219-224
    • Levin, D.C.1    Schwarz, M.I.2    Matthay, R.A.3
  • 98
    • 0017304812 scopus 로고
    • Bacteriologic diag-nosis of acute pneumonia: comparison of sputum, transtracheal aspirates, and lung aspirates
    • Davidson M, Tempest B, Palmer DL Bacteriologic diag-nosis of acute pneumonia: comparison of sputum, transtracheal aspirates, and lung aspirates. JAMA 1976, 235:158-163.
    • (1976) JAMA , vol.235 , pp. 158-163
    • Davidson, M.1    Tempest, B.2    Palmer, D.L.3
  • 99
    • 0037235164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of Legionella infection
    • Murdoch DR Diagnosis of Legionella infection. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 36:64-69.
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.36 , pp. 64-69
    • Murdoch, D.R.1
  • 100
    • 0029966535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The laboratory evaluation of opportunistic pulmonary infections
    • Shelhamer JH, Gill VJ, Quinn TC, et al. The laboratory evaluation of opportunistic pulmonary infections. Ann Intern Med 1996, 124:585-599.
    • (1996) Ann Intern Med , vol.124 , pp. 585-599
    • Shelhamer, J.H.1    Gill, V.J.2    Quinn, T.C.3
  • 101
    • 35448994381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical picture of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in cancer patients
    • Bollee G, Sarfati C, Thiery G, et al. Clinical picture of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in cancer patients. Chest 2007, 132:1305-1310.
    • (2007) Chest , vol.132 , pp. 1305-1310
    • Bollee, G.1    Sarfati, C.2    Thiery, G.3
  • 102
    • 12844268668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular genetic methods in the diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections
    • Murdoch DR Molecular genetic methods in the diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections. APMIS 2004, 112:713-727.
    • (2004) APMIS , vol.112 , pp. 713-727
    • Murdoch, D.R.1
  • 103
    • 54249126863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of respiratory viruses by molecular methods
    • Mahony JB Detection of respiratory viruses by molecular methods. Clin Microbiol Rev 2008, 21:716-747.
    • (2008) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.21 , pp. 716-747
    • Mahony, J.B.1
  • 104
    • 58049206788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of respiratory viruses and Legionella spp. by real-time polymerase chain reaction in patients with community acquired pneumonia
    • Diederen BM, Van Der Eerden MM, Vlaspolder F, et al. Detection of respiratory viruses and Legionella spp. by real-time polymerase chain reaction in patients with community acquired pneumonia. Scand J Infect Dis 2009, 41:45-50.
    • (2009) Scand J Infect Dis , vol.41 , pp. 45-50
    • Diederen, B.M.1    Van Der Eerden, M.M.2    Vlaspolder, F.3
  • 106
    • 20044394019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Value of intensive diagnostic microbiological investigation in low- and high-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia
    • van der Eerden MM, Vlaspolder F, de Graaff CS, et al. Value of intensive diagnostic microbiological investigation in low- and high-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005, 24:241-249.
    • (2005) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.24 , pp. 241-249
    • van der Eerden, M.M.1    Vlaspolder, F.2    de Graaff, C.S.3
  • 107
    • 0029153763 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of bronchoscopic techniques for the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia
    • Chastre J, Fagon JY, Bornet-Lecso M, et al. Evaluation of bronchoscopic techniques for the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995, 152:231-240.
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.152 , pp. 231-240
    • Chastre, J.1    Fagon, J.Y.2    Bornet-Lecso, M.3
  • 108
    • 0026213190 scopus 로고
    • Bronchoscopic protected specimen brush and bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia
    • Broughton WA, Middleton RM, Kirkpatrick MB, et al. Bronchoscopic protected specimen brush and bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1991, 5:437-452.
    • (1991) Infect Dis Clin North Am , vol.5 , pp. 437-452
    • Broughton, W.A.1    Middleton, R.M.2    Kirkpatrick, M.B.3
  • 109
    • 0029055820 scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic tests for pneumonia in ventilated patients: prospective evaluation of diagnostic accuracy using histology as a diagnostic gold standard
    • Marquette CH, Copin MC, Wallet F, et al. Diagnostic tests for pneumonia in ventilated patients: prospective evaluation of diagnostic accuracy using histology as a diagnostic gold standard. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995, 151:1878-1888.
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.151 , pp. 1878-1888
    • Marquette, C.H.1    Copin, M.C.2    Wallet, F.3
  • 110
    • 0037111383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of design-related bias in studies of diagnostic tests for ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Michaud S, Suzuki S, Harbarth S Effect of design-related bias in studies of diagnostic tests for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002, 166:1320-1325.
    • (2002) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.166 , pp. 1320-1325
    • Michaud, S.1    Suzuki, S.2    Harbarth, S.3
  • 111
    • 0021856523 scopus 로고
    • Bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy for the diagnosis of pulmonary infections in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
    • Broaddus C, Dake MD, Stulbarg MS, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy for the diagnosis of pulmonary infections in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1985, 102:747-752.
    • (1985) Ann Intern Med , vol.102 , pp. 747-752
    • Broaddus, C.1    Dake, M.D.2    Stulbarg, M.S.3
  • 112
    • 0026537246 scopus 로고
    • Clinical utility of bronchoalveolar lavage in immunocompromised hosts
    • Pisani RJ, Wright AJ Clinical utility of bronchoalveolar lavage in immunocompromised hosts. Mayo Clin Proc 1992, 67:221-227.
    • (1992) Mayo Clin Proc , vol.67 , pp. 221-227
    • Pisani, R.J.1    Wright, A.J.2
  • 113
    • 0026085885 scopus 로고
    • Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage in tuberculosis and fungal infections
    • Baughman RP, Dohn MN, Loudon RG, et al. Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage in tuberculosis and fungal infections. Chest 1991, 99:92-97.
    • (1991) Chest , vol.99 , pp. 92-97
    • Baughman, R.P.1    Dohn, M.N.2    Loudon, R.G.3
  • 114
    • 84867533256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic accuracy of PCR alone compared to galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: a systematic review
    • Avni T, Levy I, Sprecher H, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of PCR alone compared to galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: a systematic review. J Clin Microbiol 2012, 50:3652-3658.
    • (2012) J Clin Microbiol , vol.50 , pp. 3652-3658
    • Avni, T.1    Levy, I.2    Sprecher, H.3
  • 115
    • 0028284951 scopus 로고
    • Use of bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of infection in the immunocompromised host
    • Baughman R Use of bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of infection in the immunocompromised host. Thorax 1994, 49:3-7.
    • (1994) Thorax , vol.49 , pp. 3-7
    • Baughman, R.1
  • 116
    • 0024319736 scopus 로고
    • Bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of pulmonary histoplasmosis
    • Prechter GC, Prakash UB Bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of pulmonary histoplasmosis. Chest 1989, 95:1033-1036.
    • (1989) Chest , vol.95 , pp. 1033-1036
    • Prechter, G.C.1    Prakash, U.B.2
  • 117
    • 0031943717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: repeatability of the bronchoalveolar lavage
    • Gerbeaux P, Ledoray V, Boussuges A, et al. Diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: repeatability of the bronchoalveolar lavage. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998, 157:76-80.
    • (1998) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.157 , pp. 76-80
    • Gerbeaux, P.1    Ledoray, V.2    Boussuges, A.3
  • 118
    • 33845693544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial of diagnostic techniques for ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • A randomized trial of diagnostic techniques for ventilator-associated pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:2619-2630. Canadian Critical Care Trials Group.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.355 , pp. 2619-2630
  • 119
    • 0027742167 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative cultures of endotracheal aspirates for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • el-Ebiary M, Torres A, Gonzalez J, et al. Quantitative cultures of endotracheal aspirates for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993, 148(6 pt 1):1552-1557.
    • (1993) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.148 , Issue.6 , pp. 1552-1557
    • el-Ebiary, M.1    Torres, A.2    Gonzalez, J.3
  • 120
    • 0029153764 scopus 로고
    • Role of quantitative cultures of endotracheal aspirates in the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia
    • Jourdain B, Novara A, Joly-Guillou ML, et al. Role of quantitative cultures of endotracheal aspirates in the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995, 152:241-246.
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.152 , pp. 241-246
    • Jourdain, B.1    Novara, A.2    Joly-Guillou, M.L.3
  • 121
    • 0031028968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship of microbiologic diagnostic criteria to morbidity and mortality in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Bregeon F, Papazian L, Visconti A, et al. Relationship of microbiologic diagnostic criteria to morbidity and mortality in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. JAMA 1997, 277:655-662.
    • (1997) JAMA , vol.277 , pp. 655-662
    • Bregeon, F.1    Papazian, L.2    Visconti, A.3
  • 122
    • 44049106813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review of the literature
    • Rea-Neto A, Youssef NC, Tuche F, et al. Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review of the literature. Crit Care 2008, 12:R56.
    • (2008) Crit Care , vol.12 , pp. R56
    • Rea-Neto, A.1    Youssef, N.C.2    Tuche, F.3
  • 123
    • 0025144821 scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic value of nonfluoroscopic percutaneous lung needle aspiration in patients with pneumonia
    • Torres A, Jimenez P, Puig de la Bellacasa J, et al. Diagnostic value of nonfluoroscopic percutaneous lung needle aspiration in patients with pneumonia. Chest 1990, 98:840-844.
    • (1990) Chest , vol.98 , pp. 840-844
    • Torres, A.1    Jimenez, P.2    Puig de la Bellacasa, J.3
  • 124
    • 0028136817 scopus 로고
    • Transthoracic needle aspiration in the study of pulmonary infections in patients with HIV
    • Falguera M, Nogues A, Ruiz-Gonzalez A, et al. Transthoracic needle aspiration in the study of pulmonary infections in patients with HIV. Chest 1994, 106:697-702.
    • (1994) Chest , vol.106 , pp. 697-702
    • Falguera, M.1    Nogues, A.2    Ruiz-Gonzalez, A.3
  • 125
    • 84864917023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The diagnostic yield of CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy in solid organ transplant recipients
    • Hsu JL, Kuschner WG, Paik J, et al. The diagnostic yield of CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy in solid organ transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 2012, 26:615-621.
    • (2012) Clin Transplant , vol.26 , pp. 615-621
    • Hsu, J.L.1    Kuschner, W.G.2    Paik, J.3
  • 127
    • 0031907879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of open lung biopsy in the management and outcome of patients with diffuse lung disease
    • Kramer MR, Berkman N, Mintz B, et al. The role of open lung biopsy in the management and outcome of patients with diffuse lung disease. Ann Thorac Surg 1998, 65:198-202.
    • (1998) Ann Thorac Surg , vol.65 , pp. 198-202
    • Kramer, M.R.1    Berkman, N.2    Mintz, B.3
  • 128
    • 33644501812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parapneumonic effusions and empyema
    • Light RW Parapneumonic effusions and empyema. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006, 3:75-80.
    • (2006) Proc Am Thorac Soc , vol.3 , pp. 75-80
    • Light, R.W.1
  • 129
    • 79955384752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pleural infection: changing bacteriology and its implications
    • Lisboa T, Waterer GW, Lee YC Pleural infection: changing bacteriology and its implications. Respirology 2011, 16:598-603.
    • (2011) Respirology , vol.16 , pp. 598-603
    • Lisboa, T.1    Waterer, G.W.2    Lee, Y.C.3
  • 130
    • 74049156843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empyema hospitalizations increased in US children despite pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
    • Li ST, Tancredi DJ Empyema hospitalizations increased in US children despite pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatrics 2010, 125:26-33.
    • (2010) Pediatrics , vol.125 , pp. 26-33
    • Li, S.T.1    Tancredi, D.J.2
  • 131
    • 38449103788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and management of parapneumonic effusions and empyema
    • Sahn SA Diagnosis and management of parapneumonic effusions and empyema. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 45:1480-1486.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , pp. 1480-1486
    • Sahn, S.A.1
  • 132
    • 20044365983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.K. Controlled trial of intrapleural streptokinase for pleural infection
    • Maskell NA, Davies CW, Nunn AJ, et al. U.K. Controlled trial of intrapleural streptokinase for pleural infection. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:865-874.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.352 , pp. 865-874
    • Maskell, N.A.1    Davies, C.W.2    Nunn, A.J.3
  • 133
    • 79954972071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular analysis improves pathogen identification and epidemiologic study of pediatric parapneumonic empyema
    • Blaschke AJ, Heyrend C, Byington CL, et al. Molecular analysis improves pathogen identification and epidemiologic study of pediatric parapneumonic empyema. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011, 30:289-294.
    • (2011) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.30 , pp. 289-294
    • Blaschke, A.J.1    Heyrend, C.2    Byington, C.L.3
  • 134
    • 0034885429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of polymerase chain reaction for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in pleural fluid
    • Nagesh BS, Sehgal S, Jindal SK, et al. Evaluation of polymerase chain reaction for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in pleural fluid. Chest 2001, 119:1737-1741.
    • (2001) Chest , vol.119 , pp. 1737-1741
    • Nagesh, B.S.1    Sehgal, S.2    Jindal, S.K.3
  • 135
    • 0042662549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adenosine deaminase and interferon gamma measurements for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy: a meta-analysis
    • Greco S, Girardi E, Masciangelo R, et al. Adenosine deaminase and interferon gamma measurements for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy: a meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2003, 7:777-786.
    • (2003) Int J Tuberc Lung Dis , vol.7 , pp. 777-786
    • Greco, S.1    Girardi, E.2    Masciangelo, R.3
  • 136
    • 41149123875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic accuracy of adenosine deaminase in tuberculous pleurisy: a meta-analysis
    • Liang QL, Shi HZ, Wang K, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of adenosine deaminase in tuberculous pleurisy: a meta-analysis. Respir Med 2008, 102:744-754.
    • (2008) Respir Med , vol.102 , pp. 744-754
    • Liang, Q.L.1    Shi, H.Z.2    Wang, K.3
  • 137
    • 0034931115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of the severity of community-acquired pneumonia on the usefulness of blood cultures
    • Waterer GW, Wunderink RG The influence of the severity of community-acquired pneumonia on the usefulness of blood cultures. Respir Med 2001, 95:78-82.
    • (2001) Respir Med , vol.95 , pp. 78-82
    • Waterer, G.W.1    Wunderink, R.G.2
  • 138
    • 1642496876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting bacteremia in patients with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Metersky ML, Ma A, Bratzler DW, et al. Predicting bacteremia in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004, 169:342-347.
    • (2004) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.169 , pp. 342-347
    • Metersky, M.L.1    Ma, A.2    Bratzler, D.W.3
  • 139
    • 67651113459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prediction rule for estimating the risk of bacteremia in patients with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Falguera M, Trujillano J, Caro S, et al. A prediction rule for estimating the risk of bacteremia in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 49:409-416.
    • (2009) Clin Infect Dis , vol.49 , pp. 409-416
    • Falguera, M.1    Trujillano, J.2    Caro, S.3
  • 140
    • 40549108652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The presence of pneumococcal bacteremia does not influence clinical outcomes in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: results from the Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organization (CAPO) International Cohort study
    • Bordon J, Peyrani P, Brock GN, et al. The presence of pneumococcal bacteremia does not influence clinical outcomes in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: results from the Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organization (CAPO) International Cohort study. Chest 2008, 133:618-624.
    • (2008) Chest , vol.133 , pp. 618-624
    • Bordon, J.1    Peyrani, P.2    Brock, G.N.3
  • 141
    • 0344519703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contribution of blood cultures to the clinical management of adult patients admitted to the hospital with community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective observational study
    • Campbell SG, Marrie TJ, Anstey R, et al. The contribution of blood cultures to the clinical management of adult patients admitted to the hospital with community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective observational study. Chest 2003, 123:1142-1150.
    • (2003) Chest , vol.123 , pp. 1142-1150
    • Campbell, S.G.1    Marrie, T.J.2    Anstey, R.3
  • 142
    • 0035944368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Processes of care, illness severity, and outcomes in the management of community-acquired pneumonia at academic hospitals
    • Dedier J, Singer DE, Chang Y, et al. Processes of care, illness severity, and outcomes in the management of community-acquired pneumonia at academic hospitals. Arch Intern Med 2001, 161:2099-2104.
    • (2001) Arch Intern Med , vol.161 , pp. 2099-2104
    • Dedier, J.1    Singer, D.E.2    Chang, Y.3
  • 143
    • 0028788224 scopus 로고
    • Justifying the use of blood cultures when diagnosing community-acquired pneumonia
    • Berk SL Justifying the use of blood cultures when diagnosing community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 1995, 108:891-892.
    • (1995) Chest , vol.108 , pp. 891-892
    • Berk, S.L.1
  • 144
    • 1642455896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood cultures for community-acquired pneumonia: piecing together a mosaic for doing less
    • Craven DE Blood cultures for community-acquired pneumonia: piecing together a mosaic for doing less. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004, 169:327-328.
    • (2004) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.169 , pp. 327-328
    • Craven, D.E.1
  • 145
    • 0035882178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standardizing Chlamydia pneumoniae assays: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA) and the Laboratory Centre for Disease Control (Canada)
    • Dowell SF, Peeling RW, Boman J, et al. Standardizing Chlamydia pneumoniae assays: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA) and the Laboratory Centre for Disease Control (Canada). Clin Infect Dis 2001, 33:492-503.
    • (2001) Clin Infect Dis , vol.33 , pp. 492-503
    • Dowell, S.F.1    Peeling, R.W.2    Boman, J.3
  • 146
    • 41849098877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of serological tests for detection of immunoglobulin M antibodies to Chlamydophila pneumoniae
    • Miyashita N, Ouchi K, Kawasaki K, et al. Comparison of serological tests for detection of immunoglobulin M antibodies to Chlamydophila pneumoniae. Respirology 2008, 13:427-431.
    • (2008) Respirology , vol.13 , pp. 427-431
    • Miyashita, N.1    Ouchi, K.2    Kawasaki, K.3
  • 147
    • 5644300391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mycoplasma pneumoniae and its role as a human pathogen
    • Waites KB, Talkington DF Mycoplasma pneumoniae and its role as a human pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004, 17:697-728.
    • (2004) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.17 , pp. 697-728
    • Waites, K.B.1    Talkington, D.F.2
  • 148
    • 0025690202 scopus 로고
    • The limitations of IgM assays in the serological diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections
    • Sillis M The limitations of IgM assays in the serological diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. J Med Microbiol 1990, 33:253-258.
    • (1990) J Med Microbiol , vol.33 , pp. 253-258
    • Sillis, M.1
  • 149
    • 59349087237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chlamydophila pneumoniae diagnostics: importance of methodology in relation to timing of sampling
    • Hvidsten D, Halvorsen DS, Berdal BP, et al. Chlamydophila pneumoniae diagnostics: importance of methodology in relation to timing of sampling. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009, 15:42-49.
    • (2009) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.15 , pp. 42-49
    • Hvidsten, D.1    Halvorsen, D.S.2    Berdal, B.P.3
  • 150
    • 0026572078 scopus 로고
    • Role of pneumococcal antigen in the diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia
    • Venkatesan P, Macfarlane JT Role of pneumococcal antigen in the diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia. Thorax 1992, 47:329-331.
    • (1992) Thorax , vol.47 , pp. 329-331
    • Venkatesan, P.1    Macfarlane, J.T.2
  • 151
    • 41949119188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feasibility of real-time polymerase chain reaction in whole blood to identify Streptococcus pneumoniae in patients with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Kee C, Palladino S, Kay I, et al. Feasibility of real-time polymerase chain reaction in whole blood to identify Streptococcus pneumoniae in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008, 61:72-75.
    • (2008) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.61 , pp. 72-75
    • Kee, C.1    Palladino, S.2    Kay, I.3
  • 152
    • 84864446193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary fungal infections
    • Smith JA, Kauffman CA Pulmonary fungal infections. Respirology 2012, 17:913-926.
    • (2012) Respirology , vol.17 , pp. 913-926
    • Smith, J.A.1    Kauffman, C.A.2
  • 153
    • 30744440414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a (1→3)-beta-d-glucan assay for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections
    • Pickering JW, Sant HW, Bowles CA, et al. Evaluation of a (1→3)-beta-d-glucan assay for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections. J Clin Microbiol 2005, 43:5957-5962.
    • (2005) J Clin Microbiol , vol.43 , pp. 5957-5962
    • Pickering, J.W.1    Sant, H.W.2    Bowles, C.A.3
  • 154
    • 84555188028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic accuracy of serum 1,3-beta-d-glucan for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, invasive candidiasis, and invasive aspergillosis: systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Onishi A, Sugiyama D, Kogata Y, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of serum 1,3-beta-d-glucan for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, invasive candidiasis, and invasive aspergillosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2012, 50:7-15.
    • (2012) J Clin Microbiol , vol.50 , pp. 7-15
    • Onishi, A.1    Sugiyama, D.2    Kogata, Y.3
  • 155
    • 84865155962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum (1→3)-beta-d-glucan measurement in coccidioidomycosis
    • Thompson GR, Bays DJ, Johnson SM, et al. Serum (1→3)-beta-d-glucan measurement in coccidioidomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 2012, 50:3060-3062.
    • (2012) J Clin Microbiol , vol.50 , pp. 3060-3062
    • Thompson, G.R.1    Bays, D.J.2    Johnson, S.M.3
  • 156
    • 79959762568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood (1→3)-beta-d-glucan as a diagnostic test for HIV-related Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
    • Sax PE, Komarow L, Finkelman MA, et al. Blood (1→3)-beta-d-glucan as a diagnostic test for HIV-related Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 53:197-202.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.53 , pp. 197-202
    • Sax, P.E.1    Komarow, L.2    Finkelman, M.A.3
  • 157
    • 58149269488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological markers to determine eligibility in trials for community-acquired pneumonia: a focus on procalcitonin
    • Niederman MS Biological markers to determine eligibility in trials for community-acquired pneumonia: a focus on procalcitonin. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 47(suppl 3):S127-S132.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.47 , pp. S127-S132
    • Niederman, M.S.1
  • 158
    • 38449105578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomarkers in respiratory tract infections: diagnostic guides to antibiotic prescription, prognostic markers and mediators
    • Christ-Crain M, Muller B Biomarkers in respiratory tract infections: diagnostic guides to antibiotic prescription, prognostic markers and mediators. Eur Respir J 2007, 30:556-573.
    • (2007) Eur Respir J , vol.30 , pp. 556-573
    • Christ-Crain, M.1    Muller, B.2
  • 159
    • 43149113658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum markers in community-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Povoa P Serum markers in community-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2008, 21:157-162.
    • (2008) Curr Opin Infect Dis , vol.21 , pp. 157-162
    • Povoa, P.1
  • 160
    • 39849091058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C-reactive protein is an independent predictor of severity in community-acquired pneumonia
    • Chalmers JD, Singanayagam A, Hill AT C-reactive protein is an independent predictor of severity in community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med 2008, 121:219-225.
    • (2008) Am J Med , vol.121 , pp. 219-225
    • Chalmers, J.D.1    Singanayagam, A.2    Hill, A.T.3
  • 161
    • 70149088214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of procalcitonin-based guidelines vs standard guidelines on antibiotic use in lower respiratory tract infections: the ProHOSP randomized controlled trial
    • Schuetz P, Christ-Crain M, Thomann R, et al. Effect of procalcitonin-based guidelines vs standard guidelines on antibiotic use in lower respiratory tract infections: the ProHOSP randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009, 302:1059-1066.
    • (2009) JAMA , vol.302 , pp. 1059-1066
    • Schuetz, P.1    Christ-Crain, M.2    Thomann, R.3
  • 162
    • 84861158484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness and safety of procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy in lower respiratory tract infections in "real life": an international, multicenter poststudy survey (ProREAL)
    • Albrich WC, Dusemund F, Bucher B, et al. Effectiveness and safety of procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy in lower respiratory tract infections in "real life": an international, multicenter poststudy survey (ProREAL). Arch Intern Med 2012, 172:715-722.
    • (2012) Arch Intern Med , vol.172 , pp. 715-722
    • Albrich, W.C.1    Dusemund, F.2    Bucher, B.3
  • 163
    • 84873044315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procalcitonin to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections
    • Schuetz P, Muller B, Christ-Crain M, et al. Procalcitonin to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012, (9).
    • (2012) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.9
    • Schuetz, P.1    Muller, B.2    Christ-Crain, M.3
  • 164
    • 33748782250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procalcitonin increase in early identification of critically ill patients at high risk of mortality
    • Jensen JU, Heslet L, Jensen TH, et al. Procalcitonin increase in early identification of critically ill patients at high risk of mortality. Crit Care Med 2006, 34:2596-2602.
    • (2006) Crit Care Med , vol.34 , pp. 2596-2602
    • Jensen, J.U.1    Heslet, L.2    Jensen, T.H.3
  • 165
    • 55849152422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adrenal response in severe community-acquired pneumonia: impact on outcomes and disease severity
    • Salluh JI, Bozza FA, Soares M, et al. Adrenal response in severe community-acquired pneumonia: impact on outcomes and disease severity. Chest 2008, 134:947-954.
    • (2008) Chest , vol.134 , pp. 947-954
    • Salluh, J.I.1    Bozza, F.A.2    Soares, M.3
  • 166
    • 36048932497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Free and total cortisol levels as predictors of severity and outcome in community-acquired pneumonia
    • Christ-Crain M, Stolz D, Jutla S, et al. Free and total cortisol levels as predictors of severity and outcome in community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007, 176:913-920.
    • (2007) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.176 , pp. 913-920
    • Christ-Crain, M.1    Stolz, D.2    Jutla, S.3
  • 167
    • 0035126403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen by a rapid immunochromatographic assay in urine samples
    • Dominguez J, Gali N, Blanco S, et al. Detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen by a rapid immunochromatographic assay in urine samples. Chest 2001, 119:243-249.
    • (2001) Chest , vol.119 , pp. 243-249
    • Dominguez, J.1    Gali, N.2    Blanco, S.3
  • 168
    • 1642497534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of a urinary antigen assay (Binax NOW) to the early diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia
    • Roson B, Fernandez-Sabe N, Carratala J, et al. Contribution of a urinary antigen assay (Binax NOW) to the early diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 38:222-226.
    • (2004) Clin Infect Dis , vol.38 , pp. 222-226
    • Roson, B.1    Fernandez-Sabe, N.2    Carratala, J.3
  • 169
    • 12444281683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 3-year prospective study of a urinary antigen-detection test for Streptococcus pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia: utility and clinical impact on the reported etiology
    • Ishida T, Hashimoto T, Arita M, et al. A 3-year prospective study of a urinary antigen-detection test for Streptococcus pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia: utility and clinical impact on the reported etiology. J Infect Chemother 2004, 10:359-363.
    • (2004) J Infect Chemother , vol.10 , pp. 359-363
    • Ishida, T.1    Hashimoto, T.2    Arita, M.3
  • 170
    • 0037321388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid urinary antigen test for diagnosis of pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia in adults
    • Marcos MA, Jimenez de Anta MT, de la Bellacasa JP, et al. Rapid urinary antigen test for diagnosis of pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Eur Respir J 2003, 21:209-214.
    • (2003) Eur Respir J , vol.21 , pp. 209-214
    • Marcos, M.A.1    Jimenez de Anta, M.T.2    de la Bellacasa, J.P.3
  • 171
    • 0035282357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of Binax NOW, an assay for the detection of pneumococcal antigen in urine samples, performed among pediatric patients
    • Dowell SF, Garman RL, Liu G, et al. Evaluation of Binax NOW, an assay for the detection of pneumococcal antigen in urine samples, performed among pediatric patients. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 32:824-825.
    • (2001) Clin Infect Dis , vol.32 , pp. 824-825
    • Dowell, S.F.1    Garman, R.L.2    Liu, G.3
  • 172
    • 84879461667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positive urinary antigen tests for Streptococcus pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia: a 7-year retrospective evaluation of health care cost and treatment consequences
    • Engel MF, van Velzen M, Hoepelman AI, et al. Positive urinary antigen tests for Streptococcus pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia: a 7-year retrospective evaluation of health care cost and treatment consequences. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013, 32:485-492.
    • (2013) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.32 , pp. 485-492
    • Engel, M.F.1    van Velzen, M.2    Hoepelman, A.I.3
  • 173
    • 0029759183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interobserver reliability of the chest radiograph in community-acquired pneumonia. PORT Investigators
    • Albaum MN, Hill LC, Murphy M, et al. Interobserver reliability of the chest radiograph in community-acquired pneumonia. PORT Investigators. Chest 1996, 110:343-350.
    • (1996) Chest , vol.110 , pp. 343-350
    • Albaum, M.N.1    Hill, L.C.2    Murphy, M.3
  • 174
    • 33645841327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reliability of radiographic findings and the relation to etiologic agents in community-acquired pneumonia
    • Boersma WG, Daniels JM, Lowenberg A, et al. Reliability of radiographic findings and the relation to etiologic agents in community-acquired pneumonia. Respir Med 2006, 100:926-932.
    • (2006) Respir Med , vol.100 , pp. 926-932
    • Boersma, W.G.1    Daniels, J.M.2    Lowenberg, A.3
  • 175
    • 44149101259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
    • Rubinstein E, Kollef MH, Nathwani D Pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46(suppl 5):S378-S385.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.46 , pp. S378-S385
    • Rubinstein, E.1    Kollef, M.H.2    Nathwani, D.3
  • 176
    • 34547100955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors predicting mortality in necrotizing community-acquired pneumonia caused by Staphylococcus aureus containing Panton-Valentine leukocidin
    • Gillet Y, Vanhems P, Lina G, et al. Factors predicting mortality in necrotizing community-acquired pneumonia caused by Staphylococcus aureus containing Panton-Valentine leukocidin. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 45:315-321.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , pp. 315-321
    • Gillet, Y.1    Vanhems, P.2    Lina, G.3
  • 177
    • 0036778007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viral pneumonias in adults: radiologic and pathologic findings
    • Kim EA, Lee KS, Primack SL, et al. Viral pneumonias in adults: radiologic and pathologic findings. RadioGraphics 2002, 22(spec no):S137-S149.
    • (2002) RadioGraphics , vol.22 , Issue.SPEC NO , pp. S137-S149
    • Kim, E.A.1    Lee, K.S.2    Primack, S.L.3
  • 178
    • 0036134959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiographic findings in 20 patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome correlated with clinical outcome
    • Boroja M, Barrie JR, Raymond GS Radiographic findings in 20 patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome correlated with clinical outcome. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002, 178:159-163.
    • (2002) AJR Am J Roentgenol , vol.178 , pp. 159-163
    • Boroja, M.1    Barrie, J.R.2    Raymond, G.S.3
  • 179
    • 0013165966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Canada
    • Poutanen SM, Low DE, Henry B, et al. Identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Canada. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:1995-2005.
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.348 , pp. 1995-2005
    • Poutanen, S.M.1    Low, D.E.2    Henry, B.3
  • 180
    • 0037727352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe acute respiratory syndrome: radiographic appearances and pattern of progression in 138 patients
    • Wong KT, Antonio GE, Hui DS, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome: radiographic appearances and pattern of progression in 138 patients. Radiology 2003, 228:401-406.
    • (2003) Radiology , vol.228 , pp. 401-406
    • Wong, K.T.1    Antonio, G.E.2    Hui, D.S.3
  • 181
    • 84868516062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia
    • Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, et al. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med 2012, 367:1814-1820.
    • (2012) N Engl J Med , vol.367 , pp. 1814-1820
    • Zaki, A.M.1    van Boheemen, S.2    Bestebroer, T.M.3
  • 182
    • 38849160148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human metapneumovirus pneumonia in adults: results of a prospective study
    • Johnstone J, Majumdar SR, Fox JD, et al. Human metapneumovirus pneumonia in adults: results of a prospective study. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46:571-574.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.46 , pp. 571-574
    • Johnstone, J.1    Majumdar, S.R.2    Fox, J.D.3
  • 183
    • 23244452361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human metapneumovirus infection in adults with community-acquired pneumonia and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Hamelin ME, Cote S, Laforge J, et al. Human metapneumovirus infection in adults with community-acquired pneumonia and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41:498-502.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.41 , pp. 498-502
    • Hamelin, M.E.1    Cote, S.2    Laforge, J.3
  • 184
    • 84855689391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human bocavirus-the first 5 years
    • Jartti T, Hedman K, Jartti L, et al. Human bocavirus-the first 5 years. Rev Med Virol 2012, 22:46-64.
    • (2012) Rev Med Virol , vol.22 , pp. 46-64
    • Jartti, T.1    Hedman, K.2    Jartti, L.3
  • 185
    • 34249003638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mycoplasma pneumonia: clinical and radiographic features in 39 children
    • Hsieh SC, Kuo YT, Chern MS, et al. Mycoplasma pneumonia: clinical and radiographic features in 39 children. Pediatr Int 2007, 49:363-367.
    • (2007) Pediatr Int , vol.49 , pp. 363-367
    • Hsieh, S.C.1    Kuo, Y.T.2    Chern, M.S.3
  • 186
    • 0014937441 scopus 로고
    • Frequency of pleural effusions in Mycoplasma and viral pneumonias
    • Fine NL, Smith LR, Sheedy PF Frequency of pleural effusions in Mycoplasma and viral pneumonias. N Engl J Med 1970, 283:790-793.
    • (1970) N Engl J Med , vol.283 , pp. 790-793
    • Fine, N.L.1    Smith, L.R.2    Sheedy, P.F.3
  • 187
    • 0017726281 scopus 로고
    • Legionnaires' disease: description of an epidemic of pneumonia
    • Fraser DW, Tsai TR, Orenstein W, et al. Legionnaires' disease: description of an epidemic of pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1977, 297:1189-1197.
    • (1977) N Engl J Med , vol.297 , pp. 1189-1197
    • Fraser, D.W.1    Tsai, T.R.2    Orenstein, W.3
  • 188
    • 0020057335 scopus 로고
    • Pittsburgh pneumonia agent: chest film manifestations
    • Pope TL, Armstrong P, Thompson R, et al. Pittsburgh pneumonia agent: chest film manifestations. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1982, 138:237-241.
    • (1982) AJR Am J Roentgenol , vol.138 , pp. 237-241
    • Pope, T.L.1    Armstrong, P.2    Thompson, R.3
  • 189
    • 0031902211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-resolution computed tomography for the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia
    • Syrjala H, Broas M, Suramo I, et al. High-resolution computed tomography for the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 1998, 27:358-363.
    • (1998) Clin Infect Dis , vol.27 , pp. 358-363
    • Syrjala, H.1    Broas, M.2    Suramo, I.3
  • 190
    • 62749104416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chest radiograph vs. computed tomography scan in the evaluation for pneumonia
    • Hayden GE, Wrenn KW Chest radiograph vs. computed tomography scan in the evaluation for pneumonia. J Emerg Med 2009, 36:266-270.
    • (2009) J Emerg Med , vol.36 , pp. 266-270
    • Hayden, G.E.1    Wrenn, K.W.2
  • 191
    • 78649823065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pneumonia in the immunocompetent patient
    • Reynolds JH, McDonald G, Alton H, et al. Pneumonia in the immunocompetent patient. Br J Radiol 2010, 83:998-1009.
    • (2010) Br J Radiol , vol.83 , pp. 998-1009
    • Reynolds, J.H.1    McDonald, G.2    Alton, H.3
  • 192
    • 84874081849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radionuclide imaging of inflammation and infection in the acute care setting
    • Love C, Palestro CJ Radionuclide imaging of inflammation and infection in the acute care setting. Semin Nucl Med 2013, 43:102-113.
    • (2013) Semin Nucl Med , vol.43 , pp. 102-113
    • Love, C.1    Palestro, C.J.2
  • 193
    • 0030278374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ambulatory patients with community-acquired pneumonia: the frequency of atypical agents and clinical course
    • Marrie TJ, Peeling RW, Fine MJ, et al. Ambulatory patients with community-acquired pneumonia: the frequency of atypical agents and clinical course. Am J Med 1996, 101:508-515.
    • (1996) Am J Med , vol.101 , pp. 508-515
    • Marrie, T.J.1    Peeling, R.W.2    Fine, M.J.3
  • 194
    • 11944258698 scopus 로고
    • New and emerging etiologies for community-acquired pneumonia with implications for therapy: a prospective multicenter study of 359 cases
    • Fang GD, Fine M, Orloff J, et al. New and emerging etiologies for community-acquired pneumonia with implications for therapy: a prospective multicenter study of 359 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 1990, 69:307-316.
    • (1990) Medicine (Baltimore) , vol.69 , pp. 307-316
    • Fang, G.D.1    Fine, M.2    Orloff, J.3
  • 195
    • 80052058775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Legionellosis-United States, 2000-2009
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Legionellosis-United States, 2000-2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011, 60:1083-1086.
    • (2011) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , vol.60 , pp. 1083-1086
  • 196
    • 0029115663 scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired pneumonia: impact of immune status
    • Mundy LM, Auwaerter PG, Oldach D, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia: impact of immune status. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995, 152(4 pt 1):1309-1315.
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.152 , Issue.4 , pp. 1309-1315
    • Mundy, L.M.1    Auwaerter, P.G.2    Oldach, D.3
  • 197
    • 0035075630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective outpatient study
    • Bochud PY, Moser F, Erard P, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective outpatient study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2001, 80:75-87.
    • (2001) Medicine (Baltimore) , vol.80 , pp. 75-87
    • Bochud, P.Y.1    Moser, F.2    Erard, P.3
  • 198
    • 0037137456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice. Management of community-acquired pneumonia
    • Halm EA, Teirstein AS Clinical practice. Management of community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2002, 347:2039-2045.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.347 , pp. 2039-2045
    • Halm, E.A.1    Teirstein, A.S.2
  • 199
    • 0033542045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Processes and outcomes of care for patients with community-acquired pneumonia: results from the Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) cohort study
    • Fine MJ, Stone RA, Singer DE, et al. Processes and outcomes of care for patients with community-acquired pneumonia: results from the Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) cohort study. Arch Intern Med 1999, 159:970-980.
    • (1999) Arch Intern Med , vol.159 , pp. 970-980
    • Fine, M.J.1    Stone, R.A.2    Singer, D.E.3
  • 200
    • 0030844998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring symptomatic and functional recovery in patients with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Metlay JP, Fine MJ, Schulz R, et al. Measuring symptomatic and functional recovery in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. J Gen Intern Med 1997, 12:423-430.
    • (1997) J Gen Intern Med , vol.12 , pp. 423-430
    • Metlay, J.P.1    Fine, M.J.2    Schulz, R.3
  • 201
    • 10944232014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia treated in an ambulatory setting
    • Marrie TJ, Poulin-Costello M, Beecroft MD, et al. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia treated in an ambulatory setting. Respir Med 2005, 99:60-65.
    • (2005) Respir Med , vol.99 , pp. 60-65
    • Marrie, T.J.1    Poulin-Costello, M.2    Beecroft, M.D.3
  • 202
    • 0035059902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study of community acquired pneumonia aetiology (SCAPA) in adults admitted to hospital: implications for management guidelines
    • Lim WS, Macfarlane JT, Boswell TC, et al. Study of community acquired pneumonia aetiology (SCAPA) in adults admitted to hospital: implications for management guidelines. Thorax 2001, 56:296-301.
    • (2001) Thorax , vol.56 , pp. 296-301
    • Lim, W.S.1    Macfarlane, J.T.2    Boswell, T.C.3
  • 203
    • 0347364864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired pneumonia
    • File TM Community-acquired pneumonia. Lancet 2003, 362:1991-2001.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , pp. 1991-2001
    • File, T.M.1
  • 204
    • 34249895590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changing characteristics of invasive pneumococcal disease in Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, after introduction of a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
    • Albrich WC, Baughman W, Schmotzer B, et al. Changing characteristics of invasive pneumococcal disease in Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, after introduction of a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 44:1569-1576.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.44 , pp. 1569-1576
    • Albrich, W.C.1    Baughman, W.2    Schmotzer, B.3
  • 205
    • 84880290432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. hospitalizations for pneumonia after a decade of pneumococcal vaccination
    • Griffin MR, Zhu Y, Moore MR, et al. U.S. hospitalizations for pneumonia after a decade of pneumococcal vaccination. N Engl J Med 2013, 369:155-163.
    • (2013) N Engl J Med , vol.369 , pp. 155-163
    • Griffin, M.R.1    Zhu, Y.2    Moore, M.R.3
  • 206
  • 207
    • 0029125025 scopus 로고
    • Pneumococcal bacteremia in adults: a 14-year experience in an inner-city university hospital
    • Afessa B, Greaves WL, Frederick WR Pneumococcal bacteremia in adults: a 14-year experience in an inner-city university hospital. Clin Infect Dis 1995, 21:345-351.
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.21 , pp. 345-351
    • Afessa, B.1    Greaves, W.L.2    Frederick, W.R.3
  • 208
    • 33847647179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The changing epidemiology of invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease, especially in persons > or =65 years old
    • Dworkin MS, Park L, Borchardt SM The changing epidemiology of invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease, especially in persons > or =65 years old. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 44:810-816.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.44 , pp. 810-816
    • Dworkin, M.S.1    Park, L.2    Borchardt, S.M.3
  • 209
    • 0029096581 scopus 로고
    • Clinical features, site of involvement, bacteriologic findings, and outcome of infective endocarditis in intravenous drug users
    • Mathew J, Addai T, Anand A, et al. Clinical features, site of involvement, bacteriologic findings, and outcome of infective endocarditis in intravenous drug users. Arch Intern Med 1995, 155:1641-1648.
    • (1995) Arch Intern Med , vol.155 , pp. 1641-1648
    • Mathew, J.1    Addai, T.2    Anand, A.3
  • 210
    • 0019522746 scopus 로고
    • Hematogenous staphylococcal pneumonia secondary to soft tissue infection
    • Naraqi S, McDonnell G Hematogenous staphylococcal pneumonia secondary to soft tissue infection. Chest 1981, 79:173-175.
    • (1981) Chest , vol.79 , pp. 173-175
    • Naraqi, S.1    McDonnell, G.2
  • 211
    • 52449134624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of necrotizing pneumonia with Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus, regardless of methicillin resistance
    • Gillet Y, Etienne J, Lina G, et al. Association of necrotizing pneumonia with Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus, regardless of methicillin resistance. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 47:985-986.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.47 , pp. 985-986
    • Gillet, Y.1    Etienne, J.2    Lina, G.3
  • 212
    • 48449104764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical outcomes and risk factors of community-acquired pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacilli
    • Kang CI, Song JH, Oh WS, et al. Clinical outcomes and risk factors of community-acquired pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacilli. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008, 27:657-661.
    • (2008) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.27 , pp. 657-661
    • Kang, C.I.1    Song, J.H.2    Oh, W.S.3
  • 213
    • 84879282664 scopus 로고
    • Legionnaires' disease: new clinical perspective from a prospective pneumonia study
    • Yu VL, Kroboth FJ, Shonnard J, et al. Legionnaires' disease: new clinical perspective from a prospective pneumonia study. Am J Med 1982, 73:357-361.
    • (1982) Am J Med , vol.73 , pp. 357-361
    • Yu, V.L.1    Kroboth, F.J.2    Shonnard, J.3
  • 214
    • 49449093755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing incidence of legionellosis in the United States, 1990-2005: changing epidemiologic trends
    • Neil K, Berkelman R Increasing incidence of legionellosis in the United States, 1990-2005: changing epidemiologic trends. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 47:591-599.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.47 , pp. 591-599
    • Neil, K.1    Berkelman, R.2
  • 215
    • 0022622795 scopus 로고
    • Branhamella catarrhalis as a lower respiratory tract pathogen in patients with chronic lung disease
    • Nicotra B, Rivera M, Luman JI, et al. Branhamella catarrhalis as a lower respiratory tract pathogen in patients with chronic lung disease. Arch Intern Med 1986, 146:890-893.
    • (1986) Arch Intern Med , vol.146 , pp. 890-893
    • Nicotra, B.1    Rivera, M.2    Luman, J.I.3
  • 216
    • 34447274530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial community-acquired pneumonia in older patients
    • Donowitz GR, Cox HL Bacterial community-acquired pneumonia in older patients. Clin Geriatr Med 2007, 23:515-534.
    • (2007) Clin Geriatr Med , vol.23 , pp. 515-534
    • Donowitz, G.R.1    Cox, H.L.2
  • 217
    • 0345517133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognosis after community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: a population-based 12-year follow-up study
    • Koivula I, Sten M, Makela PH Prognosis after community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: a population-based 12-year follow-up study. Arch Intern Med 1999, 159:1550-1555.
    • (1999) Arch Intern Med , vol.159 , pp. 1550-1555
    • Koivula, I.1    Sten, M.2    Makela, P.H.3
  • 218
    • 0033773975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonspecific presentation of pneumonia in hospitalized older people: age effect or dementia?
    • Johnson JC, Jayadevappa R, Baccash PD, et al. Nonspecific presentation of pneumonia in hospitalized older people: age effect or dementia?. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000, 48:1316-1320.
    • (2000) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.48 , pp. 1316-1320
    • Johnson, J.C.1    Jayadevappa, R.2    Baccash, P.D.3
  • 219
    • 0001372661 scopus 로고
    • Pneumococcal bacteremia with especial reference to bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia
    • Austrian R, Gold J Pneumococcal bacteremia with especial reference to bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 1964, 60:759-776.
    • (1964) Ann Intern Med , vol.60 , pp. 759-776
    • Austrian, R.1    Gold, J.2
  • 220
    • 0020084385 scopus 로고
    • Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in the elderly
    • Berk SL, Holtsclaw SA, Wiener SL, et al. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in the elderly. Arch Intern Med 1982, 142:537-539.
    • (1982) Arch Intern Med , vol.142 , pp. 537-539
    • Berk, S.L.1    Holtsclaw, S.A.2    Wiener, S.L.3
  • 221
    • 0018143585 scopus 로고
    • Factors predisposing to oropharyngeal colonization with gram-negative bacilli in the aged
    • Valenti WM, Trudell RG, Bentley DW Factors predisposing to oropharyngeal colonization with gram-negative bacilli in the aged. N Engl J Med 1978, 298:1108-1111.
    • (1978) N Engl J Med , vol.298 , pp. 1108-1111
    • Valenti, W.M.1    Trudell, R.G.2    Bentley, D.W.3
  • 222
    • 0037531483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbiology of severe aspiration pneumonia in institutionalized elderly
    • El-Solh AA, Pietrantoni C, Bhat A, et al. Microbiology of severe aspiration pneumonia in institutionalized elderly. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003, 167:1650-1654.
    • (2003) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.167 , pp. 1650-1654
    • El-Solh, A.A.1    Pietrantoni, C.2    Bhat, A.3
  • 223
    • 48149100593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective comparison of nursing home-acquired pneumonia with hospital-acquired pneumonia in non-intubated elderly
    • Maruyama T, Niederman MS, Kobayashi T, et al. A prospective comparison of nursing home-acquired pneumonia with hospital-acquired pneumonia in non-intubated elderly. Respir Med 2008, 102:1287-1295.
    • (2008) Respir Med , vol.102 , pp. 1287-1295
    • Maruyama, T.1    Niederman, M.S.2    Kobayashi, T.3
  • 224
    • 32044470947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viral pneumonia in older adults
    • Falsey AR, Walsh EE Viral pneumonia in older adults. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 42:518-524.
    • (2006) Clin Infect Dis , vol.42 , pp. 518-524
    • Falsey, A.R.1    Walsh, E.E.2
  • 225
    • 57349149486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viral infection in adults hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: prevalence, pathogens, and presentation
    • Johnstone J, Majumdar SR, Fox JD, et al. Viral infection in adults hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: prevalence, pathogens, and presentation. Chest 2008, 134:1141-1148.
    • (2008) Chest , vol.134 , pp. 1141-1148
    • Johnstone, J.1    Majumdar, S.R.2    Fox, J.D.3
  • 226
    • 38349179639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence and characteristics of viral community-acquired pneumonia in adults
    • Jennings LC, Anderson TP, Beynon KA, et al. Incidence and characteristics of viral community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Thorax 2008, 63:42-48.
    • (2008) Thorax , vol.63 , pp. 42-48
    • Jennings, L.C.1    Anderson, T.P.2    Beynon, K.A.3
  • 227
    • 9144242443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of rhinovirus infection on the adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae to cultured human airway epithelial cells
    • Ishizuka S, Yamaya M, Suzuki T, et al. Effects of rhinovirus infection on the adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae to cultured human airway epithelial cells. J Infect Dis 2003, 188:1928-1939.
    • (2003) J Infect Dis , vol.188 , pp. 1928-1939
    • Ishizuka, S.1    Yamaya, M.2    Suzuki, T.3
  • 228
    • 0037111539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nursing home-acquired pneumonia
    • Mylotte JM Nursing home-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2002, 35:1205-1211.
    • (2002) Clin Infect Dis , vol.35 , pp. 1205-1211
    • Mylotte, J.M.1
  • 229
    • 33847305467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pneumonia and lower respiratory infections in nursing home residents: predictors of hospitalization and mortality
    • Chan Carusone SB, Walter SD, Brazil K, et al. Pneumonia and lower respiratory infections in nursing home residents: predictors of hospitalization and mortality. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007, 55:414-419.
    • (2007) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.55 , pp. 414-419
    • Chan Carusone, S.B.1    Walter, S.D.2    Brazil, K.3
  • 230
    • 34447280393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nursing home-associated pneumonia
    • Mylotte JM Nursing home-associated pneumonia. Clin Geriatr Med 2007, 23:553-565.
    • (2007) Clin Geriatr Med , vol.23 , pp. 553-565
    • Mylotte, J.M.1
  • 231
    • 11144244271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modifiable risk factors for nursing home-acquired pneumonia
    • Quagliarello V, Ginter S, Han L, et al. Modifiable risk factors for nursing home-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 40:1-6.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.40 , pp. 1-6
    • Quagliarello, V.1    Ginter, S.2    Han, L.3
  • 232
    • 33645077914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two outbreaks of severe respiratory disease in nursing homes associated with rhinovirus
    • Hicks LA, Shepard CW, Britz PH, et al. Two outbreaks of severe respiratory disease in nursing homes associated with rhinovirus. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006, 54:284-289.
    • (2006) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.54 , pp. 284-289
    • Hicks, L.A.1    Shepard, C.W.2    Britz, P.H.3
  • 233
    • 0037383566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infectious disease outbreaks in nursing homes: an unappreciated hazard for frail elderly persons
    • Strausbaugh LJ, Sukumar SR, Joseph CL Infectious disease outbreaks in nursing homes: an unappreciated hazard for frail elderly persons. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 36:870-876.
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.36 , pp. 870-876
    • Strausbaugh, L.J.1    Sukumar, S.R.2    Joseph, C.L.3
  • 234
    • 0031012761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1997, 336:243-250.
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.336 , pp. 243-250
    • Fine, M.J.1    Auble, T.E.2    Yealy, D.M.3
  • 235
    • 0025330089 scopus 로고
    • Severe community-acquired pneumonia: etiology, prognosis, and treatment
    • Pachon J, Prados MD, Capote F, et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: etiology, prognosis, and treatment. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990, 142:369-373.
    • (1990) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.142 , pp. 369-373
    • Pachon, J.1    Prados, M.D.2    Capote, F.3
  • 236
    • 0027396561 scopus 로고
    • A three-year study of severe community-acquired pneumonia with emphasis on outcome
    • Rello J, Quintana E, Ausina V, et al. A three-year study of severe community-acquired pneumonia with emphasis on outcome. Chest 1993, 103:232-235.
    • (1993) Chest , vol.103 , pp. 232-235
    • Rello, J.1    Quintana, E.2    Ausina, V.3
  • 237
    • 79953088705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical characteristics of Pneumocystis pneumonia in non-HIV patients and prognostic factors including microbiological genotypes
    • Matsumura Y, Shindo Y, Iinuma Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of Pneumocystis pneumonia in non-HIV patients and prognostic factors including microbiological genotypes. BMC Infect Dis 2011, 11:76.
    • (2011) BMC Infect Dis , vol.11 , pp. 76
    • Matsumura, Y.1    Shindo, Y.2    Iinuma, Y.3
  • 238
    • 41549146627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical care management and outcome of severe Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with and without HIV infection
    • Monnet X, Vidal-Petiot E, Osman D, et al. Critical care management and outcome of severe Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with and without HIV infection. Crit Care 2008, 12:R28.
    • (2008) Crit Care , vol.12 , pp. R28
    • Monnet, X.1    Vidal-Petiot, E.2    Osman, D.3
  • 239
    • 84878392935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients treated with rituximab
    • Martin-Garrido I, Carmona EM, Specks U, et al. Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients treated with rituximab. Chest 2013, 144:258-265.
    • (2013) Chest , vol.144 , pp. 258-265
    • Martin-Garrido, I.1    Carmona, E.M.2    Specks, U.3
  • 240
    • 0030031642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognosis and outcomes of patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis
    • Fine MJ, Smith MA, Carson CA, et al. Prognosis and outcomes of patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis. JAMA 1996, 275:134-141.
    • (1996) JAMA , vol.275 , pp. 134-141
    • Fine, M.J.1    Smith, M.A.2    Carson, C.A.3
  • 241
    • 10244265940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community acquired pneumonia: aetiology and usefulness of severity criteria on admission
    • Neill AM, Martin IR, Weir R, et al. Community acquired pneumonia: aetiology and usefulness of severity criteria on admission. Thorax 1996, 51:1010-1016.
    • (1996) Thorax , vol.51 , pp. 1010-1016
    • Neill, A.M.1    Martin, I.R.2    Weir, R.3
  • 242
    • 0038554228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study
    • Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax 2003, 58:377-382.
    • (2003) Thorax , vol.58 , pp. 377-382
    • Lim, W.S.1    van der Eerden, M.M.2    Laing, R.3
  • 243
    • 30744456545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of a predictive rule for the management of community-acquired pneumonia
    • Capelastegui A, Espana PP, Quintana JM, et al. Validation of a predictive rule for the management of community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2006, 27:151-157.
    • (2006) Eur Respir J , vol.27 , pp. 151-157
    • Capelastegui, A.1    Espana, P.P.2    Quintana, J.M.3
  • 244
    • 33845547409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and validation of a clinical prediction rule for severe community-acquired pneumonia
    • Espana PP, Capelastegui A, Gorordo I, et al. Development and validation of a clinical prediction rule for severe community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006, 174:1249-1256.
    • (2006) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.174 , pp. 1249-1256
    • Espana, P.P.1    Capelastegui, A.2    Gorordo, I.3
  • 245
    • 47549084617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SMART-COP: a tool for predicting the need for intensive respiratory or vasopressor support in community-acquired pneumonia
    • Charles PG, Wolfe R, Whitby M, et al. SMART-COP: a tool for predicting the need for intensive respiratory or vasopressor support in community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 47:375-384.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.47 , pp. 375-384
    • Charles, P.G.1    Wolfe, R.2    Whitby, M.3
  • 246
    • 84866382989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of a clinical prediction model for early admission to the intensive care unit of patients with pneumonia
    • Labarere J, Schuetz P, Renaud B, et al. Validation of a clinical prediction model for early admission to the intensive care unit of patients with pneumonia. Acad Emerg Med 2012, 19:993-1003.
    • (2012) Acad Emerg Med , vol.19 , pp. 993-1003
    • Labarere, J.1    Schuetz, P.2    Renaud, B.3
  • 247
    • 58149402009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcomes of patients hospitalized with community-acquired, health care-associated, and hospital-acquired pneumonia
    • Study Group of the Italian Society of Internal Medicine
    • Venditti M, Falcone M, Corrao S, et al. Outcomes of patients hospitalized with community-acquired, health care-associated, and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 2009, 150:19-26. Study Group of the Italian Society of Internal Medicine.
    • (2009) Ann Intern Med , vol.150 , pp. 19-26
    • Venditti, M.1    Falcone, M.2    Corrao, S.3
  • 248
    • 30344451643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and outcomes of health-care-associated pneumonia: results from a large US database of culture-positive pneumonia
    • Kollef MH, Shorr A, Tabak YP, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of health-care-associated pneumonia: results from a large US database of culture-positive pneumonia. Chest 2005, 128:3854-3862.
    • (2005) Chest , vol.128 , pp. 3854-3862
    • Kollef, M.H.1    Shorr, A.2    Tabak, Y.P.3
  • 249
    • 84942481495 scopus 로고
    • An acute infection of the respiratory tract with atypical pneumonia: a disease entity probably caused by a filtrable virus
    • Reimann HA An acute infection of the respiratory tract with atypical pneumonia: a disease entity probably caused by a filtrable virus. JAMA 1938, 111:2377-2384.
    • (1938) JAMA , vol.111 , pp. 2377-2384
    • Reimann, H.A.1
  • 250
    • 38149088213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aetiological diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia: utility of rapid microbiological methods with respect to disease severity
    • Hohenthal U, Vainionpaa R, Meurman O, et al. Aetiological diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia: utility of rapid microbiological methods with respect to disease severity. Scand J Infect Dis 2008, 40:131-138.
    • (2008) Scand J Infect Dis , vol.40 , pp. 131-138
    • Hohenthal, U.1    Vainionpaa, R.2    Meurman, O.3
  • 251
    • 0034887134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonsevere community-acquired pneumonia: correlation between cause and severity or comorbidity
    • Falguera M, Sacristan O, Nogues A, et al. Nonsevere community-acquired pneumonia: correlation between cause and severity or comorbidity. Arch Intern Med 2001, 161:1866-1872.
    • (2001) Arch Intern Med , vol.161 , pp. 1866-1872
    • Falguera, M.1    Sacristan, O.2    Nogues, A.3
  • 252
    • 0033119559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is Streptococcus pneumoniae the leading cause of pneumonia of unknown etiology? A microbiologic study of lung aspirates in consecutive patients with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Ruiz-Gonzalez A, Falguera M, Nogues A, et al. Is Streptococcus pneumoniae the leading cause of pneumonia of unknown etiology? A microbiologic study of lung aspirates in consecutive patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med 1999, 106:385-390.
    • (1999) Am J Med , vol.106 , pp. 385-390
    • Ruiz-Gonzalez, A.1    Falguera, M.2    Nogues, A.3
  • 253
    • 50249097667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in the elderly
    • Miyashita N, Ouchi K, Kawasaki K, et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in the elderly. Med Sci Monit 2008, 14:CR387-CR391.
    • (2008) Med Sci Monit , vol.14 , pp. CR387-CR391
    • Miyashita, N.1    Ouchi, K.2    Kawasaki, K.3
  • 254
    • 37249037555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical features of severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in adults admitted to an intensive care unit
    • Miyashita N, Obase Y, Ouchi K, et al. Clinical features of severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in adults admitted to an intensive care unit. J Med Microbiol 2007, 56(pt 12):1625-1629.
    • (2007) J Med Microbiol , vol.56 , pp. 1625-1629
    • Miyashita, N.1    Obase, Y.2    Ouchi, K.3
  • 255
    • 0032814247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical characteristics of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection as the sole cause of community-acquired pneumonia
    • File TM, Plouffe JF, Breiman RF, et al. Clinical characteristics of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection as the sole cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 1999, 29:426-428.
    • (1999) Clin Infect Dis , vol.29 , pp. 426-428
    • File, T.M.1    Plouffe, J.F.2    Breiman, R.F.3
  • 256
    • 0026464745 scopus 로고
    • Infections caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR
    • Grayston JT Infections caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR. Clin Infect Dis 1992, 15:757-761.
    • (1992) Clin Infect Dis , vol.15 , pp. 757-761
    • Grayston, J.T.1
  • 257
    • 0029084733 scopus 로고
    • Respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A infections in the hospitalized elderly
    • Falsey AR, Cunningham CK, Barker WH, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A infections in the hospitalized elderly. J Infect Dis 1995, 172:389-394.
    • (1995) J Infect Dis , vol.172 , pp. 389-394
    • Falsey, A.R.1    Cunningham, C.K.2    Barker, W.H.3
  • 258
    • 77957843580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory viruses in adults with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Lieberman D, Shimoni A, Shemer-Avni Y, et al. Respiratory viruses in adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2010, 138:811-816.
    • (2010) Chest , vol.138 , pp. 811-816
    • Lieberman, D.1    Shimoni, A.2    Shemer-Avni, Y.3
  • 259
    • 84863981641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spectrum of respiratory viruses in children with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Garcia-Garcia ML, Calvo C, Pozo F, et al. Spectrum of respiratory viruses in children with community-acquired pneumonia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012, 31:808-813.
    • (2012) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.31 , pp. 808-813
    • Garcia-Garcia, M.L.1    Calvo, C.2    Pozo, F.3
  • 260
    • 84865298928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viral infection in patients with severe pneumonia requiring intensive care unit admission
    • Choi SH, Hong SB, Ko GB, et al. Viral infection in patients with severe pneumonia requiring intensive care unit admission. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012, 186:325-332.
    • (2012) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.186 , pp. 325-332
    • Choi, S.H.1    Hong, S.B.2    Ko, G.B.3
  • 261
    • 84870008933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory viral coinfections identified by a 10-plex real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay in patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory illness-South Africa, 2009-2010
    • Pretorius MA, Madhi SA, Cohen C, et al. Respiratory viral coinfections identified by a 10-plex real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay in patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory illness-South Africa, 2009-2010. J Infect Dis 2012, 206(suppl 1):S159-S165.
    • (2012) J Infect Dis , vol.206 , pp. S159-S165
    • Pretorius, M.A.1    Madhi, S.A.2    Cohen, C.3
  • 263
    • 0036642514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of Legionella species and serogroups isolated by culture in patients with sporadic community-acquired legionellosis: an international collaborative survey
    • Yu VL, Plouffe JF, Pastoris MC, et al. Distribution of Legionella species and serogroups isolated by culture in patients with sporadic community-acquired legionellosis: an international collaborative survey. J Infect Dis 2002, 186:127-128.
    • (2002) J Infect Dis , vol.186 , pp. 127-128
    • Yu, V.L.1    Plouffe, J.F.2    Pastoris, M.C.3
  • 265
    • 33645048483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in the features of aspiration pneumonia according to site of acquisition: community or continuing care facility
    • Reza Shariatzadeh M, Huang JQ, Marrie TJ Differences in the features of aspiration pneumonia according to site of acquisition: community or continuing care facility. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006, 54:296-302.
    • (2006) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.54 , pp. 296-302
    • Reza Shariatzadeh, M.1    Huang, J.Q.2    Marrie, T.J.3
  • 266
    • 0029782816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acid aspiration induced lung injury: new insights and therapeutic options
    • Matthay MA, Rosen GD Acid aspiration induced lung injury: new insights and therapeutic options. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996, 154(2 pt 1):277-278.
    • (1996) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.154 , Issue.2 , pp. 277-278
    • Matthay, M.A.1    Rosen, G.D.2
  • 267
    • 0035282729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia
    • Marik PE Aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2001, 344:665-671.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.344 , pp. 665-671
    • Marik, P.E.1
  • 268
    • 0029121846 scopus 로고
    • Aspiration-induced lung injury: role of complement
    • Rabinovici R, Neville LF, Abdullah F, et al. Aspiration-induced lung injury: role of complement. Crit Care Med 1995, 23:1405-1411.
    • (1995) Crit Care Med , vol.23 , pp. 1405-1411
    • Rabinovici, R.1    Neville, L.F.2    Abdullah, F.3
  • 269
    • 0025898979 scopus 로고
    • Aspiration pneumonia
    • Finegold SM Aspiration pneumonia. Rev Infect Dis 1991, 13(suppl 9):S737-S742.
    • (1991) Rev Infect Dis , vol.13 , pp. S737-S742
    • Finegold, S.M.1
  • 270
    • 0027256164 scopus 로고
    • Anaerobic bacterial infections of the lung and pleural space
    • Bartlett JG Anaerobic bacterial infections of the lung and pleural space. Clin Infect Dis 1993, 16(suppl 4):S248-S255.
    • (1993) Clin Infect Dis , vol.16 , pp. S248-S255
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 271
    • 20444504388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eosinophilic pneumonias
    • Cottin V, Cordier JF Eosinophilic pneumonias. Allergy 2005, 60:841-857.
    • (2005) Allergy , vol.60 , pp. 841-857
    • Cottin, V.1    Cordier, J.F.2
  • 273
  • 274
    • 0031658708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia: a clinical and follow-up study of 62 cases. Groupe d'Études et de Recherche sur les Maladies "Orphelines" Pulmonaires (GERM"O"P)
    • Marchand E, Reynaud-Gaubert M, Lauque D, et al. Idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia: a clinical and follow-up study of 62 cases. Groupe d'Études et de Recherche sur les Maladies "Orphelines" Pulmonaires (GERM"O"P). Medicine (Baltimore) 1998, 77:299-312.
    • (1998) Medicine (Baltimore) , vol.77 , pp. 299-312
    • Marchand, E.1    Reynaud-Gaubert, M.2    Lauque, D.3
  • 275
    • 62149144052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
    • Agarwal R Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Chest 2009, 135:805-826.
    • (2009) Chest , vol.135 , pp. 805-826
    • Agarwal, R.1
  • 276
    • 84878103683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia: recent advances in epidemiology and management
    • Barbier F, Andremont A, Wolff M, et al. Hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia: recent advances in epidemiology and management. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2013, 19:216-228.
    • (2013) Curr Opin Pulm Med , vol.19 , pp. 216-228
    • Barbier, F.1    Andremont, A.2    Wolff, M.3
  • 277
    • 1642525257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for preventing health-care-associated pneumonia, 2003: recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee
    • Tablan OC, Anderson LJ, Besser R, et al. Guidelines for preventing health-care-associated pneumonia, 2003: recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. MMWR Recomm Rep 2004, 53(RR-3):1-36.
    • (2004) MMWR Recomm Rep , vol.53 , Issue.RR3 , pp. 1-36
    • Tablan, O.C.1    Anderson, L.J.2    Besser, R.3
  • 278
    • 62849086806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost of hospital-associated infections in Massachusetts
    • Stone PW, Kunches L, Hirschhorn L Cost of hospital-associated infections in Massachusetts. Am J Infect Control 2009, 37:210-214.
    • (2009) Am J Infect Control , vol.37 , pp. 210-214
    • Stone, P.W.1    Kunches, L.2    Hirschhorn, L.3
  • 279
    • 0032531113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of and risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients
    • Cook DJ, Walter SD, Cook RJ, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients. Ann Intern Med 1998, 129:433-440.
    • (1998) Ann Intern Med , vol.129 , pp. 433-440
    • Cook, D.J.1    Walter, S.D.2    Cook, R.J.3
  • 280
    • 0031019793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of colonization of the upper intestinal tract in the pathogenesis of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Bonten MJ, Gaillard CA, de Leeuw PW, et al. Role of colonization of the upper intestinal tract in the pathogenesis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 1997, 24:309-319.
    • (1997) Clin Infect Dis , vol.24 , pp. 309-319
    • Bonten, M.J.1    Gaillard, C.A.2    de Leeuw, P.W.3
  • 281
    • 34447304372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia compared with that of hospital-acquired pneumonia
    • Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Sickbert-Bennett EE, et al. Microbiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia compared with that of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007, 28:825-831.
    • (2007) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.28 , pp. 825-831
    • Weber, D.J.1    Rutala, W.A.2    Sickbert-Bennett, E.E.3
  • 282
    • 84934830572 scopus 로고
    • Bacteriology of hospital-acquired pneumonia
    • Bartlett JG, O'Keefe P, Tally FP, et al. Bacteriology of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1986, 146:868-871.
    • (1986) Arch Intern Med , vol.146 , pp. 868-871
    • Bartlett, J.G.1    O'Keefe, P.2    Tally, F.P.3
  • 283
    • 0029930876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of anaerobes in ventilator-associated pneumonia with use of a protected specimen brush
    • Dore P, Robert R, Grollier G, et al. Incidence of anaerobes in ventilator-associated pneumonia with use of a protected specimen brush. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996, 153(4 pt 1):1292-1298.
    • (1996) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.153 , Issue.4 , pp. 1292-1298
    • Dore, P.1    Robert, R.2    Grollier, G.3
  • 284
    • 77349095417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009
    • iii1-iii55
    • Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax 2009, 64(suppl 3):iii1-iii55.
    • (2009) Thorax , vol.64
    • Lim, W.S.1    Baudouin, S.V.2    George, R.C.3
  • 285
    • 0031693610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cost of treating community-acquired pneumonia
    • Niederman MS, McCombs JS, Unger AN, et al. The cost of treating community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Ther 1998, 20:820-837.
    • (1998) Clin Ther , vol.20 , pp. 820-837
    • Niederman, M.S.1    McCombs, J.S.2    Unger, A.N.3
  • 286
    • 19944431797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outpatient care compared with hospitalization for community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized trial in low-risk patients
    • Carratala J, Fernandez-Sabe N, Ortega L, et al. Outpatient care compared with hospitalization for community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized trial in low-risk patients. Ann Intern Med 2005, 142:165-172.
    • (2005) Ann Intern Med , vol.142 , pp. 165-172
    • Carratala, J.1    Fernandez-Sabe, N.2    Ortega, L.3
  • 287
    • 8944247753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preferences for home vs hospital care among low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Coley CM, Li YH, Medsger AR, et al. Preferences for home vs hospital care among low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1996, 156:1565-1571.
    • (1996) Arch Intern Med , vol.156 , pp. 1565-1571
    • Coley, C.M.1    Li, Y.H.2    Medsger, A.R.3
  • 288
    • 0033974755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A controlled trial of a critical pathway for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. CAPITAL Study Investigators. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Intervention Trial Assessing Levofloxacin
    • Marrie TJ, Lau CY, Wheeler SL, et al. A controlled trial of a critical pathway for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. CAPITAL Study Investigators. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Intervention Trial Assessing Levofloxacin. JAMA 2000, 283:749-755.
    • (2000) JAMA , vol.283 , pp. 749-755
    • Marrie, T.J.1    Lau, C.Y.2    Wheeler, S.L.3
  • 289
    • 0031806573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safely increasing the proportion of patients with community-acquired pneumonia treated as outpatients: an interventional trial
    • Atlas SJ, Benzer TI, Borowsky LH, et al. Safely increasing the proportion of patients with community-acquired pneumonia treated as outpatients: an interventional trial. Arch Intern Med 1998, 158:1350-1356.
    • (1998) Arch Intern Med , vol.158 , pp. 1350-1356
    • Atlas, S.J.1    Benzer, T.I.2    Borowsky, L.H.3
  • 290
    • 77957192940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severity assessment tools for predicting mortality in hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia: systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Chalmers JD, Singanayagam A, Akram AR, et al. Severity assessment tools for predicting mortality in hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax 2010, 65:878-883.
    • (2010) Thorax , vol.65 , pp. 878-883
    • Chalmers, J.D.1    Singanayagam, A.2    Akram, A.R.3
  • 291
    • 79953717784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing outpatient treatment of mild community-acquired pneumonia: systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Chalmers JD, Akram AR, Hill AT Increasing outpatient treatment of mild community-acquired pneumonia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 2011, 37:858-864.
    • (2011) Eur Respir J , vol.37 , pp. 858-864
    • Chalmers, J.D.1    Akram, A.R.2    Hill, A.T.3
  • 292
    • 78651485200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application and comparison of scoring indices to predict outcomes in patients with healthcare-associated pneumonia
    • Fang WF, Yang KY, Wu CL, et al. Application and comparison of scoring indices to predict outcomes in patients with healthcare-associated pneumonia. Crit Care 2011, 15:R32.
    • (2011) Crit Care , vol.15 , pp. R32
    • Fang, W.F.1    Yang, K.Y.2    Wu, C.L.3
  • 293
    • 84868541446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severity assessment of healthcare-associated pneumonia and pneumonia in immunosuppression
    • Carrabba M, Zarantonello M, Bonara P, et al. Severity assessment of healthcare-associated pneumonia and pneumonia in immunosuppression. Eur Respir J 2012, 40:1201-1210.
    • (2012) Eur Respir J , vol.40 , pp. 1201-1210
    • Carrabba, M.1    Zarantonello, M.2    Bonara, P.3
  • 294
    • 80052233314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of the Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society minor criteria for intensive care unit admission in community-acquired pneumonia patients without major criteria or contraindications to intensive care unit care
    • Chalmers JD, Taylor JK, Mandal P, et al. Validation of the Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society minor criteria for intensive care unit admission in community-acquired pneumonia patients without major criteria or contraindications to intensive care unit care. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 53:503-511.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.53 , pp. 503-511
    • Chalmers, J.D.1    Taylor, J.K.2    Mandal, P.3
  • 295
    • 0026769020 scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary disposition of antimicrobial agents: in vivo observations and clinical relevance
    • Baldwin DR, Honeybourne D, Wise R Pulmonary disposition of antimicrobial agents: in vivo observations and clinical relevance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992, 36:1176-1180.
    • (1992) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.36 , pp. 1176-1180
    • Baldwin, D.R.1    Honeybourne, D.2    Wise, R.3
  • 296
    • 20444384347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of daptomycin by pulmonary surfactant: in vitro modeling and clinical impact
    • Silverman JA, Mortin LI, Vanpraagh AD, et al. Inhibition of daptomycin by pulmonary surfactant: in vitro modeling and clinical impact. J Infect Dis 2005, 191:2149-2152.
    • (2005) J Infect Dis , vol.191 , pp. 2149-2152
    • Silverman, J.A.1    Mortin, L.I.2    Vanpraagh, A.D.3
  • 297
    • 0031952586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters: rationale for antibacterial dosing of mice and men
    • Craig WA Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters: rationale for antibacterial dosing of mice and men. Clin Infect Dis 1998, 26:1-10.
    • (1998) Clin Infect Dis , vol.26 , pp. 1-10
    • Craig, W.A.1
  • 298
    • 0035522312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimisation of antimicrobial therapy using pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters
    • Jacobs MR Optimisation of antimicrobial therapy using pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. Clin Microbiol Infect 2001, 7:589-596.
    • (2001) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.7 , pp. 589-596
    • Jacobs, M.R.1
  • 299
    • 0021221208 scopus 로고
    • Association of aminoglycoside plasma levels with therapeutic outcome in gram-negative pneumonia
    • Moore RD, Smith CR, Lietman PS Association of aminoglycoside plasma levels with therapeutic outcome in gram-negative pneumonia. Am J Med 1984, 77:657-662.
    • (1984) Am J Med , vol.77 , pp. 657-662
    • Moore, R.D.1    Smith, C.R.2    Lietman, P.S.3
  • 300
    • 0032979927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimizing aminoglycoside therapy for nosocomial pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacteria
    • Kashuba AD, Nafziger AN, Drusano GL, et al. Optimizing aminoglycoside therapy for nosocomial pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999, 43:623-629.
    • (1999) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.43 , pp. 623-629
    • Kashuba, A.D.1    Nafziger, A.N.2    Drusano, G.L.3
  • 301
    • 7444254040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacodynamics of vancomycin and other antimicrobials in patients with Staphylococcus aureus lower respiratory tract infections
    • Moise-Broder PA, Forrest A, Birmingham MC, et al. Pharmacodynamics of vancomycin and other antimicrobials in patients with Staphylococcus aureus lower respiratory tract infections. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004, 43:925-942.
    • (2004) Clin Pharmacokinet , vol.43 , pp. 925-942
    • Moise-Broder, P.A.1    Forrest, A.2    Birmingham, M.C.3
  • 302
    • 62449183879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin in adult patients: a consensus review of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists
    • Rybak M, Lomaestro B, Rotschafer JC, et al. Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin in adult patients: a consensus review of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2009, 66:82-98.
    • (2009) Am J Health Syst Pharm , vol.66 , pp. 82-98
    • Rybak, M.1    Lomaestro, B.2    Rotschafer, J.C.3
  • 303
    • 34249906193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Counterpoint: Vancomycin and Staphylococcus aureus-an antibiotic enters obsolescence
    • Deresinski S Counterpoint: Vancomycin and Staphylococcus aureus-an antibiotic enters obsolescence. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 44:1543-1548.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.44 , pp. 1543-1548
    • Deresinski, S.1
  • 304
    • 80054856346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in children: update 2011
    • Harris M, Clark J, Coote N, et al. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in children: update 2011. Thorax 2011, 66(suppl 2):ii1-ii23.
    • (2011) Thorax , vol.66 , pp. ii1-ii23
    • Harris, M.1    Clark, J.2    Coote, N.3
  • 305
    • 80052481839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America
    • Bradley JS, Byington CL, Shah SS, et al. The management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 53:e25-e76.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.53 , pp. e25-e76
    • Bradley, J.S.1    Byington, C.L.2    Shah, S.S.3
  • 306
    • 0043269792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An international prospective study of pneumococcal bacteremia: correlation with in vitro resistance, antibiotics administered, and clinical outcome
    • Yu VL, Chiou CC, Feldman C, et al. An international prospective study of pneumococcal bacteremia: correlation with in vitro resistance, antibiotics administered, and clinical outcome. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 37:230-237.
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.37 , pp. 230-237
    • Yu, V.L.1    Chiou, C.C.2    Feldman, C.3
  • 307
    • 0035282390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for acquisition of levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: a case-control study
    • Ho PL, Tse WS, Tsang KW, et al. Risk factors for acquisition of levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: a case-control study. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 32:701-707.
    • (2001) Clin Infect Dis , vol.32 , pp. 701-707
    • Ho, P.L.1    Tse, W.S.2    Tsang, K.W.3
  • 308
    • 17644366524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting antimicrobial resistance in invasive pneumococcal infections
    • Toronto Invasive Bacterial Disease Network
    • Vanderkooi OG, Low DE, Green K, et al. Predicting antimicrobial resistance in invasive pneumococcal infections. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 40:1288-1297. Toronto Invasive Bacterial Disease Network.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.40 , pp. 1288-1297
    • Vanderkooi, O.G.1    Low, D.E.2    Green, K.3
  • 309
    • 33746608911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macrolide resistance in bacteremic pneumococcal disease: implications for patient management
    • Toronto Invasive Bacterial Diseases Network
    • Daneman N, McGeer A, Green K, et al. Macrolide resistance in bacteremic pneumococcal disease: implications for patient management. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 43:432-438. Toronto Invasive Bacterial Diseases Network.
    • (2006) Clin Infect Dis , vol.43 , pp. 432-438
    • Daneman, N.1    McGeer, A.2    Green, K.3
  • 310
    • 42549097102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • At the threshold: defining clinically meaningful resistance thresholds for antibiotic choice in community-acquired pneumonia
    • Daneman N, Low DE, McGeer A, et al. At the threshold: defining clinically meaningful resistance thresholds for antibiotic choice in community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46:1131-1138.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.46 , pp. 1131-1138
    • Daneman, N.1    Low, D.E.2    McGeer, A.3
  • 311
    • 84863933351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macrolide-based regimens and mortality in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Asadi L, Sligl WI, Eurich DT, et al. Macrolide-based regimens and mortality in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2012, 55:371-380.
    • (2012) Clin Infect Dis , vol.55 , pp. 371-380
    • Asadi, L.1    Sligl, W.I.2    Eurich, D.T.3
  • 312
    • 84855891949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guideline adherence and macrolides reduced mortality in outpatients with pneumonia
    • Asadi L, Eurich DT, Gamble JM, et al. Guideline adherence and macrolides reduced mortality in outpatients with pneumonia. Respir Med 2012, 106:451-458.
    • (2012) Respir Med , vol.106 , pp. 451-458
    • Asadi, L.1    Eurich, D.T.2    Gamble, J.M.3
  • 313
    • 84874315562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of guideline-concordant antibiotics and macrolide/beta-lactam combinations in 3203 patients hospitalized with pneumonia: prospective cohort study
    • Asadi L, Eurich DT, Gamble JM, et al. Impact of guideline-concordant antibiotics and macrolide/beta-lactam combinations in 3203 patients hospitalized with pneumonia: prospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013, 19:257-264.
    • (2013) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.19 , pp. 257-264
    • Asadi, L.1    Eurich, D.T.2    Gamble, J.M.3
  • 314
    • 84861076083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Azithromycin and the risk of cardiovascular death
    • Ray WA, Murray KT, Hall K, et al. Azithromycin and the risk of cardiovascular death. N Engl J Med 2012, 366:1881-1890.
    • (2012) N Engl J Med , vol.366 , pp. 1881-1890
    • Ray, W.A.1    Murray, K.T.2    Hall, K.3
  • 315
    • 84877267913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular risks with azithromycin and other antibacterial drugs
    • Mosholder AD, Mathew J, Alexander JJ, et al. Cardiovascular risks with azithromycin and other antibacterial drugs. N Engl J Med 2013, 368:1665-1668.
    • (2013) N Engl J Med , vol.368 , pp. 1665-1668
    • Mosholder, A.D.1    Mathew, J.2    Alexander, J.J.3
  • 316
    • 84877254751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of azithromycin and death from cardiovascular causes
    • Svanstrom H, Pasternak B, Hviid A Use of azithromycin and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 2013, 368:1704-1712.
    • (2013) N Engl J Med , vol.368 , pp. 1704-1712
    • Svanstrom, H.1    Pasternak, B.2    Hviid, A.3
  • 317
    • 79951821210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children: executive summary
    • Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children: executive summary. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 52:285-292.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.52 , pp. 285-292
    • Liu, C.1    Bayer, A.2    Cosgrove, S.E.3
  • 318
    • 84856937734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linezolid in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial pneumonia: a randomized, controlled study
    • Wunderink RG, Niederman MS, Kollef MH, et al. Linezolid in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial pneumonia: a randomized, controlled study. Clin Infect Dis 2012, 54:621-629.
    • (2012) Clin Infect Dis , vol.54 , pp. 621-629
    • Wunderink, R.G.1    Niederman, M.S.2    Kollef, M.H.3
  • 319
    • 79953848771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ceftaroline: a novel cephalosporin with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
    • Saravolatz LD, Stein GE, Johnson LB Ceftaroline: a novel cephalosporin with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 52:1156-1163.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.52 , pp. 1156-1163
    • Saravolatz, L.D.1    Stein, G.E.2    Johnson, L.B.3
  • 320
    • 34547700428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal management therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventilator-associated pneumonia: an observational, multicenter study comparing monotherapy with combination antibiotic therapy
    • Garnacho-Montero J, Sa-Borges M, Sole-Violan J, et al. Optimal management therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventilator-associated pneumonia: an observational, multicenter study comparing monotherapy with combination antibiotic therapy. Crit Care Med 2007, 35:1888-1895.
    • (2007) Crit Care Med , vol.35 , pp. 1888-1895
    • Garnacho-Montero, J.1    Sa-Borges, M.2    Sole-Violan, J.3
  • 321
    • 44449125270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized trial of combination versus monotherapy for the empiric treatment of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Canadian Critical Care Trials Group
    • Heyland DK, Dodek P, Muscedere J, et al. Randomized trial of combination versus monotherapy for the empiric treatment of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med 2008, 36:737-744. Canadian Critical Care Trials Group.
    • (2008) Crit Care Med , vol.36 , pp. 737-744
    • Heyland, D.K.1    Dodek, P.2    Muscedere, J.3
  • 322
    • 77951217224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empiric combination antibiotic therapy is associated with improved outcome against sepsis due to gram-negative bacteria: a retrospective analysis
    • Micek ST, Welch EC, Khan J, et al. Empiric combination antibiotic therapy is associated with improved outcome against sepsis due to gram-negative bacteria: a retrospective analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010, 54:1742-1748.
    • (2010) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.54 , pp. 1742-1748
    • Micek, S.T.1    Welch, E.C.2    Khan, J.3
  • 323
    • 34249304464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination antibiotic therapy improves survival in patients with community-acquired pneumonia and shock
    • Rodriguez A, Mendia A, Sirvent JM, et al. Combination antibiotic therapy improves survival in patients with community-acquired pneumonia and shock. Crit Care Med 2007, 35:1493-1498.
    • (2007) Crit Care Med , vol.35 , pp. 1493-1498
    • Rodriguez, A.1    Mendia, A.2    Sirvent, J.M.3
  • 324
    • 0031472414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quality of care, process, and outcomes in elderly patients with pneumonia
    • Meehan TP, Fine MJ, Krumholz HM, et al. Quality of care, process, and outcomes in elderly patients with pneumonia. JAMA 1997, 278:2080-2084.
    • (1997) JAMA , vol.278 , pp. 2080-2084
    • Meehan, T.P.1    Fine, M.J.2    Krumholz, H.M.3
  • 325
    • 1642286527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing of antibiotic administration and outcomes for Medicare patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Houck PM, Bratzler DW, Nsa W, et al. Timing of antibiotic administration and outcomes for Medicare patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2004, 164:637-644.
    • (2004) Arch Intern Med , vol.164 , pp. 637-644
    • Houck, P.M.1    Bratzler, D.W.2    Nsa, W.3
  • 326
    • 40449105052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic timing and errors in diagnosing pneumonia
    • Welker JA, Huston M, McCue JD Antibiotic timing and errors in diagnosing pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2008, 168:351-356.
    • (2008) Arch Intern Med , vol.168 , pp. 351-356
    • Welker, J.A.1    Huston, M.2    McCue, J.D.3
  • 327
    • 59949101253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) community-acquired pneumonia core measures lead to unnecessary antibiotic administration by emergency physicians
    • Nicks BA, Manthey DE, Fitch MT The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) community-acquired pneumonia core measures lead to unnecessary antibiotic administration by emergency physicians. Acad Emerg Med 2009, 16:184-187.
    • (2009) Acad Emerg Med , vol.16 , pp. 184-187
    • Nicks, B.A.1    Manthey, D.E.2    Fitch, M.T.3
  • 328
    • 79956075704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hospital-reported data on the pneumonia quality measure "Time to First Antibiotic Dose" are not associated with inpatient mortality: results of a nationwide cross-sectional analysis
    • Quattromani E, Powell ES, Khare RK, et al. Hospital-reported data on the pneumonia quality measure "Time to First Antibiotic Dose" are not associated with inpatient mortality: results of a nationwide cross-sectional analysis. Acad Emerg Med 2011, 18:496-503.
    • (2011) Acad Emerg Med , vol.18 , pp. 496-503
    • Quattromani, E.1    Powell, E.S.2    Khare, R.K.3
  • 329
    • 33744527833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock
    • Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE, et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 2006, 34:1589-1596.
    • (2006) Crit Care Med , vol.34 , pp. 1589-1596
    • Kumar, A.1    Roberts, D.2    Wood, K.E.3
  • 330
    • 38849164375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Maxwell Finland Lecture: for the duration-rational antibiotic administration in an era of antimicrobial resistance and Clostridium difficile
    • Rice LB The Maxwell Finland Lecture: for the duration-rational antibiotic administration in an era of antimicrobial resistance and Clostridium difficile. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46:491-496.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.46 , pp. 491-496
    • Rice, L.B.1
  • 331
    • 0032513753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time to clinical stability in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: implications for practice guidelines
    • Halm EA, Fine MJ, Marrie TJ, et al. Time to clinical stability in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: implications for practice guidelines. JAMA 1998, 279:1452-1457.
    • (1998) JAMA , vol.279 , pp. 1452-1457
    • Halm, E.A.1    Fine, M.J.2    Marrie, T.J.3
  • 332
    • 84885024459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of clinical stability criteria to predict hospital course in community-acquired pneumonia
    • Akram AR, Chalmers JD, Taylor JK, et al. An evaluation of clinical stability criteria to predict hospital course in community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013, 19:1174-1180.
    • (2013) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.19 , pp. 1174-1180
    • Akram, A.R.1    Chalmers, J.D.2    Taylor, J.K.3
  • 333
    • 0030895121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Streamlining antimicrobial therapy for lower respiratory tract infections
    • Hitt CM, Nightingale CH, Quintiliani R, et al. Streamlining antimicrobial therapy for lower respiratory tract infections. Clin Infect Dis 1997, 24(suppl 2):S231-S237.
    • (1997) Clin Infect Dis , vol.24 , pp. S231-S237
    • Hitt, C.M.1    Nightingale, C.H.2    Quintiliani, R.3
  • 334
    • 0035478105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of oral and early-switch therapy for community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial
    • Castro-Guardiola A, Viejo-Rodriguez AL, Soler-Simon S, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral and early-switch therapy for community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Med 2001, 111:367-374.
    • (2001) Am J Med , vol.111 , pp. 367-374
    • Castro-Guardiola, A.1    Viejo-Rodriguez, A.L.2    Soler-Simon, S.3
  • 335
    • 33845589493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of early switch from intravenous to oral antibiotics in severe community acquired pneumonia: multicentre randomised trial
    • Oosterheert JJ, Bonten MJ, Schneider MM, et al. Effectiveness of early switch from intravenous to oral antibiotics in severe community acquired pneumonia: multicentre randomised trial. BMJ 2006, 333:1193.
    • (2006) BMJ , vol.333 , pp. 1193
    • Oosterheert, J.J.1    Bonten, M.J.2    Schneider, M.M.3
  • 336
    • 33646901303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In-hospital observation after antibiotic switch in pneumonia: a national evaluation
    • Nathan RV, Rhew DC, Murray C, et al. In-hospital observation after antibiotic switch in pneumonia: a national evaluation. Am J Med 2006, 119:512.e1-512.e7.
    • (2006) Am J Med , vol.119 , pp. 512.e1-512.e7
    • Nathan, R.V.1    Rhew, D.C.2    Murray, C.3
  • 337
    • 0037054038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instability on hospital discharge and the risk of adverse outcomes in patients with pneumonia
    • Halm EA, Fine MJ, Kapoor WN, et al. Instability on hospital discharge and the risk of adverse outcomes in patients with pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2002, 162:1278-1284.
    • (2002) Arch Intern Med , vol.162 , pp. 1278-1284
    • Halm, E.A.1    Fine, M.J.2    Kapoor, W.N.3
  • 338
    • 70350098230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of short-term rehospitalization following discharge of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Capelastegui A, Espana Yandiola PP, Quintana JM, et al. Predictors of short-term rehospitalization following discharge of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2009, 136:1079-1085.
    • (2009) Chest , vol.136 , pp. 1079-1085
    • Capelastegui, A.1    Espana Yandiola, P.P.2    Quintana, J.M.3
  • 339
    • 34548172901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of short-course antibiotic regimens for community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis
    • Li JZ, Winston LG, Moore DH, et al. Efficacy of short-course antibiotic regimens for community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 2007, 120:783-790.
    • (2007) Am J Med , vol.120 , pp. 783-790
    • Li, J.Z.1    Winston, L.G.2    Moore, D.H.3
  • 340
    • 33745008356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of discontinuing antibiotic treatment after three days versus eight days in mild to moderate-severe community acquired pneumonia: randomised, double blind study
    • el Moussaoui R, de Borgie CA, van den Broek P, et al. Effectiveness of discontinuing antibiotic treatment after three days versus eight days in mild to moderate-severe community acquired pneumonia: randomised, double blind study. BMJ 2006, 332:1355.
    • (2006) BMJ , vol.332 , pp. 1355
    • el Moussaoui, R.1    de Borgie, C.A.2    van den Broek, P.3
  • 341
    • 33748796684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of guideline-concordant empiric antibiotic therapy in community-acquired pneumonia
    • Frei CR, Restrepo MI, Mortensen EM, et al. Impact of guideline-concordant empiric antibiotic therapy in community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med 2006, 119:865-871.
    • (2006) Am J Med , vol.119 , pp. 865-871
    • Frei, C.R.1    Restrepo, M.I.2    Mortensen, E.M.3
  • 342
    • 70349264521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving outcomes in elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia by adhering to national guidelines: Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organization International cohort study results
    • Arnold FW, LaJoie AS, Brock GN, et al. Improving outcomes in elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia by adhering to national guidelines: Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organization International cohort study results. Arch Intern Med 2009, 169:1515-1524.
    • (2009) Arch Intern Med , vol.169 , pp. 1515-1524
    • Arnold, F.W.1    LaJoie, A.S.2    Brock, G.N.3
  • 343
    • 70349252247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guideline-concordant therapy and reduced mortality and length of stay in adults with community-acquired pneumonia: playing by the rules
    • McCabe C, Kirchner C, Zhang H, et al. Guideline-concordant therapy and reduced mortality and length of stay in adults with community-acquired pneumonia: playing by the rules. Arch Intern Med 2009, 169:1525-1531.
    • (2009) Arch Intern Med , vol.169 , pp. 1525-1531
    • McCabe, C.1    Kirchner, C.2    Zhang, H.3
  • 344
    • 84866267949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guideline-concordant antibiotic therapy and clinical outcomes in healthcare-associated pneumonia
    • Webb BJ, Dangerfield BS, Pasha JS, et al. Guideline-concordant antibiotic therapy and clinical outcomes in healthcare-associated pneumonia. Respir Med 2012, 106:1606-1612.
    • (2012) Respir Med , vol.106 , pp. 1606-1612
    • Webb, B.J.1    Dangerfield, B.S.2    Pasha, J.S.3
  • 345
    • 0142243134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implementation of an evidence-based guideline to reduce duration of intra-venous antibiotic therapy and length of stay for patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial
    • Fine MJ, Stone RA, Lave JR, et al. Implementation of an evidence-based guideline to reduce duration of intra-venous antibiotic therapy and length of stay for patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Med 2003, 115:343-351.
    • (2003) Am J Med , vol.115 , pp. 343-351
    • Fine, M.J.1    Stone, R.A.2    Lave, J.R.3
  • 346
    • 84863004653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of a 3-step critical pathway to reduce duration of intravenous antibiotic therapy and length of stay in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial
    • Carratala J, Garcia-Vidal C, Ortega L, et al. Effect of a 3-step critical pathway to reduce duration of intravenous antibiotic therapy and length of stay in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2012, 172:922-928.
    • (2012) Arch Intern Med , vol.172 , pp. 922-928
    • Carratala, J.1    Garcia-Vidal, C.2    Ortega, L.3
  • 347
    • 38849117898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causes and risk factors for rehospitalization of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Jasti H, Mortensen EM, Obrosky DS, et al. Causes and risk factors for rehospitalization of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46:550-556.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.46 , pp. 550-556
    • Jasti, H.1    Mortensen, E.M.2    Obrosky, D.S.3
  • 348
    • 13244291394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides-an underappreciated benefit in the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections and chronic inflammatory pulmonary conditions?
    • Amsden GW Anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides-an underappreciated benefit in the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections and chronic inflammatory pulmonary conditions?. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005, 55:10-21.
    • (2005) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.55 , pp. 10-21
    • Amsden, G.W.1
  • 349
    • 79958771376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dexa-methasone and length of hospital stay in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Meijvis SC, Hardeman H, Remmelts HH, et al. Dexa-methasone and length of hospital stay in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2011, 377:2023-2030.
    • (2011) Lancet , vol.377 , pp. 2023-2030
    • Meijvis, S.C.1    Hardeman, H.2    Remmelts, H.H.3
  • 350
    • 84873419809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adjuvant steroid therapy in community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Shafiq M, Mansoor MS, Khan AA, et al. Adjuvant steroid therapy in community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hosp Med 2013, 8:68-75.
    • (2013) J Hosp Med , vol.8 , pp. 68-75
    • Shafiq, M.1    Mansoor, M.S.2    Khan, A.A.3
  • 351
    • 70449337451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does statin use improve pneumonia outcomes?
    • Chopra V, Flanders SA Does statin use improve pneumonia outcomes?. Chest 2009, 136:1381-1388.
    • (2009) Chest , vol.136 , pp. 1381-1388
    • Chopra, V.1    Flanders, S.A.2
  • 352
    • 79961024148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the potential role of statins in pneumonia and sepsis
    • Yende S, Milbrandt EB, Kellum JA, et al. Understanding the potential role of statins in pneumonia and sepsis. Crit Care Med 2011, 39:1871-1878.
    • (2011) Crit Care Med , vol.39 , pp. 1871-1878
    • Yende, S.1    Milbrandt, E.B.2    Kellum, J.A.3
  • 353
    • 52949127031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adjunctive therapies for community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review
    • Siempos II, Vardakas KZ, Kopterides P, et al. Adjunctive therapies for community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008, 62:661-668.
    • (2008) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.62 , pp. 661-668
    • Siempos, I.I.1    Vardakas, K.Z.2    Kopterides, P.3
  • 354
    • 0029128905 scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of influenza vaccine in elderly persons: a meta-analysis and review of the literature
    • Gross PA, Hermogenes AW, Sacks HS, et al. The efficacy of influenza vaccine in elderly persons: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. Ann Intern Med 1995, 123:518-527.
    • (1995) Ann Intern Med , vol.123 , pp. 518-527
    • Gross, P.A.1    Hermogenes, A.W.2    Sacks, H.S.3
  • 355
    • 34948849855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in the community-dwelling elderly
    • Nichol KL, Nordin JD, Nelson DB, et al. Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in the community-dwelling elderly. N Engl J Med 2007, 357:1373-1381.
    • (2007) N Engl J Med , vol.357 , pp. 1373-1381
    • Nichol, K.L.1    Nordin, J.D.2    Nelson, D.B.3
  • 356
    • 84866404175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)-United States, 2012-13 influenza season
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)-United States, 2012-13 influenza season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012, 61:613-618.
    • (2012) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , vol.61 , pp. 613-618
  • 357
    • 77953756836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of the pneumococcal vaccine on long-term morbidity and mortality of adults at high risk for pneumonia
    • Johnstone J, Eurich DT, Minhas JK, et al. Impact of the pneumococcal vaccine on long-term morbidity and mortality of adults at high risk for pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 51:15-22.
    • (2010) Clin Infect Dis , vol.51 , pp. 15-22
    • Johnstone, J.1    Eurich, D.T.2    Minhas, J.K.3
  • 359
    • 0344389049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a population-based case-control study
    • Almirall J, Bolibar I, Balanzo X, et al. Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a population-based case-control study. Eur Respir J 1999, 13:349-355.
    • (1999) Eur Respir J , vol.13 , pp. 349-355
    • Almirall, J.1    Bolibar, I.2    Balanzo, X.3
  • 360
    • 84861198106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking cessation and the risk of hospitalization for pneumonia
    • Cecere LM, Williams EC, Sun H, et al. Smoking cessation and the risk of hospitalization for pneumonia. Respir Med 2012, 106:1055-1062.
    • (2012) Respir Med , vol.106 , pp. 1055-1062
    • Cecere, L.M.1    Williams, E.C.2    Sun, H.3
  • 361
    • 39049085847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute lower respiratory tract infection
    • Mizgerd JP Acute lower respiratory tract infection. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:716-727.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.358 , pp. 716-727
    • Mizgerd, J.P.1
  • 362
    • 0030713041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does this patient have community-acquired pneumonia? Diagnosing pneumonia by history and physical examination
    • Metlay JP, Kapoor WN, Fine MJ Does this patient have community-acquired pneumonia? Diagnosing pneumonia by history and physical examination. JAMA 1997, 278:1440-1445.
    • (1997) JAMA , vol.278 , pp. 1440-1445
    • Metlay, J.P.1    Kapoor, W.N.2    Fine, M.J.3
  • 363
    • 0030878141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of age on symptoms at presentation in patients with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Metlay JP, Schulz R, Li YH, et al. Influence of age on symptoms at presentation in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1997, 157:1453-1459.
    • (1997) Arch Intern Med , vol.157 , pp. 1453-1459
    • Metlay, J.P.1    Schulz, R.2    Li, Y.H.3
  • 364
    • 0030814756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization: results of a population-based active surveillance study in Ohio. The Community-Based Pneumonia Incidence Study Group
    • Marston BJ, Plouffe JF, File TM, et al. Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization: results of a population-based active surveillance study in Ohio. The Community-Based Pneumonia Incidence Study Group. Arch Intern Med 1997, 157:1709-1718.
    • (1997) Arch Intern Med , vol.157 , pp. 1709-1718
    • Marston, B.J.1    Plouffe, J.F.2    File, T.M.3
  • 365
    • 84872384525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial coinfection in influenza: a grand rounds review
    • Chertow DS, Memoli MJ Bacterial coinfection in influenza: a grand rounds review. JAMA 2013, 309:275-282.
    • (2013) JAMA , vol.309 , pp. 275-282
    • Chertow, D.S.1    Memoli, M.J.2
  • 366
    • 79960470767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical impact of combined viral and bacterial infection in patients with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Johansson N, Kalin M, Hedlund J Clinical impact of combined viral and bacterial infection in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Scand J Infect Dis 2011, 43:609-615.
    • (2011) Scand J Infect Dis , vol.43 , pp. 609-615
    • Johansson, N.1    Kalin, M.2    Hedlund, J.3
  • 367
    • 65449150673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents: Recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medical Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
    • Available at, Accessed May 7
    • Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents: Recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medical Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Available at, Accessed May 7, 2013. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf.
    • (2013)
  • 368
    • 0037910388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired pneumonia in very elderly patients: causative organisms, clinical characteristics, and outcomes
    • Fernandez-Sabe N, Carratala J, Roson B, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in very elderly patients: causative organisms, clinical characteristics, and outcomes. Medicine (Baltimore) 2003, 82:159-169.
    • (2003) Medicine (Baltimore) , vol.82 , pp. 159-169
    • Fernandez-Sabe, N.1    Carratala, J.2    Roson, B.3
  • 369
    • 13644269309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia
    • American Thoracic Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005, 171:388-416.
    • (2005) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.171 , pp. 388-416
  • 370
    • 34447305472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health care-associated pneumonia requiring hospital admission: epidemiology, antibiotic therapy, and clinical outcomes
    • Carratala J, Mykietiuk A, Fernandez-Sabe N, et al. Health care-associated pneumonia requiring hospital admission: epidemiology, antibiotic therapy, and clinical outcomes. Arch Intern Med 2007, 167:1393-1399.
    • (2007) Arch Intern Med , vol.167 , pp. 1393-1399
    • Carratala, J.1    Mykietiuk, A.2    Fernandez-Sabe, N.3
  • 371
    • 73649093453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: increased microbiological yield with new diagnostic methods
    • Johansson N, Kalin M, Tiveljung-Lindell A, et al. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: increased microbiological yield with new diagnostic methods. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 50:202-209.
    • (2010) Clin Infect Dis , vol.50 , pp. 202-209
    • Johansson, N.1    Kalin, M.2    Tiveljung-Lindell, A.3
  • 372
    • 33847155159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults
    • Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 44(suppl 2):S27-S72.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.44 , pp. S27-S72
    • Mandell, L.A.1    Wunderink, R.G.2    Anzueto, A.3
  • 373
    • 0034450704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective study of the usefulness of sputum Gram stain in the initial approach to community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization
    • Roson B, Carratala J, Verdaguer R, et al. Prospective study of the usefulness of sputum Gram stain in the initial approach to community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Clin Infect Dis 2000, 31:869-874.
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.31 , pp. 869-874
    • Roson, B.1    Carratala, J.2    Verdaguer, R.3
  • 374
    • 3242758871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic value of microscopic examination of Gram-stained sputum and sputum cultures in patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia
    • Musher DM, Montoya R, Wanahita A Diagnostic value of microscopic examination of Gram-stained sputum and sputum cultures in patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 39:165-169.
    • (2004) Clin Infect Dis , vol.39 , pp. 165-169
    • Musher, D.M.1    Montoya, R.2    Wanahita, A.3
  • 375
    • 0037235164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of Legionella infection
    • Murdoch DR Diagnosis of Legionella infection. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 36:64-69.
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.36 , pp. 64-69
    • Murdoch, D.R.1
  • 376
    • 33845693544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial of diagnostic techniques for ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • A randomized trial of diagnostic techniques for ventilator-associated pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:2619-2630. Canadian Critical Care Trials Group.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.355 , pp. 2619-2630
  • 377
    • 33644501812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parapneumonic effusions and empyema
    • Light RW Parapneumonic effusions and empyema. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006, 3:75-80.
    • (2006) Proc Am Thorac Soc , vol.3 , pp. 75-80
    • Light, R.W.1
  • 378
    • 38449103788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and management of parapneumonic effusions and empyema
    • Sahn SA Diagnosis and management of parapneumonic effusions and empyema. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 45:1480-1486.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , pp. 1480-1486
    • Sahn, S.A.1
  • 379
    • 67651113459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prediction rule for estimating the risk of bacteremia in patients with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Falguera M, Trujillano J, Caro S, et al. A prediction rule for estimating the risk of bacteremia in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 49:409-416.
    • (2009) Clin Infect Dis , vol.49 , pp. 409-416
    • Falguera, M.1    Trujillano, J.2    Caro, S.3
  • 380
    • 5644300391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mycoplasma pneumoniae and its role as a human pathogen
    • Waites KB, Talkington DF Mycoplasma pneumoniae and its role as a human pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004, 17:697-728.
    • (2004) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.17 , pp. 697-728
    • Waites, K.B.1    Talkington, D.F.2
  • 381
    • 84864446193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary fungal infections
    • Smith JA, Kauffman CA Pulmonary fungal infections. Respirology 2012, 17:913-926.
    • (2012) Respirology , vol.17 , pp. 913-926
    • Smith, J.A.1    Kauffman, C.A.2
  • 382
    • 84555188028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic accuracy of serum 1,3-beta-d-glucan for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, invasive candidiasis, and invasive aspergillosis: systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Onishi A, Sugiyama D, Kogata Y, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of serum 1,3-beta-d-glucan for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, invasive candidiasis, and invasive aspergillosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2012, 50:7-15.
    • (2012) J Clin Microbiol , vol.50 , pp. 7-15
    • Onishi, A.1    Sugiyama, D.2    Kogata, Y.3
  • 383
    • 84873044315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procalcitonin to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections
    • Schuetz P, Muller B, Christ-Crain M, et al. Procalcitonin to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012, (9).
    • (2012) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.9
    • Schuetz, P.1    Muller, B.2    Christ-Crain, M.3
  • 384
    • 33645841327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reliability of radiographic findings and the relation to etiologic agents in community-acquired pneumonia
    • Boersma WG, Daniels JM, Lowenberg A, et al. Reliability of radiographic findings and the relation to etiologic agents in community-acquired pneumonia. Respir Med 2006, 100:926-932.
    • (2006) Respir Med , vol.100 , pp. 926-932
    • Boersma, W.G.1    Daniels, J.M.2    Lowenberg, A.3
  • 385
    • 0030278374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ambulatory patients with community-acquired pneumonia: the frequency of atypical agents and clinical course
    • Marrie TJ, Peeling RW, Fine MJ, et al. Ambulatory patients with community-acquired pneumonia: the frequency of atypical agents and clinical course. Am J Med 1996, 101:508-515.
    • (1996) Am J Med , vol.101 , pp. 508-515
    • Marrie, T.J.1    Peeling, R.W.2    Fine, M.J.3
  • 386
    • 11944258698 scopus 로고
    • New and emerging etiologies for community-acquired pneumonia with implications for therapy: a prospective multicenter study of 359 cases
    • Fang GD, Fine M, Orloff J, et al. New and emerging etiologies for community-acquired pneumonia with implications for therapy: a prospective multicenter study of 359 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 1990, 69:307-316.
    • (1990) Medicine (Baltimore) , vol.69 , pp. 307-316
    • Fang, G.D.1    Fine, M.2    Orloff, J.3
  • 387
    • 0035075630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective outpatient study
    • Bochud PY, Moser F, Erard P, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective outpatient study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2001, 80:75-87.
    • (2001) Medicine (Baltimore) , vol.80 , pp. 75-87
    • Bochud, P.Y.1    Moser, F.2    Erard, P.3
  • 388
    • 0033542045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Processes and outcomes of care for patients with community-acquired pneumonia: results from the Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) cohort study
    • Fine MJ, Stone RA, Singer DE, et al. Processes and outcomes of care for patients with community-acquired pneumonia: results from the Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) cohort study. Arch Intern Med 1999, 159:970-980.
    • (1999) Arch Intern Med , vol.159 , pp. 970-980
    • Fine, M.J.1    Stone, R.A.2    Singer, D.E.3
  • 389
    • 0037531483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbiology of severe aspiration pneumonia in institutionalized elderly
    • El-Solh AA, Pietrantoni C, Bhat A, et al. Microbiology of severe aspiration pneumonia in institutionalized elderly. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003, 167:1650-1654.
    • (2003) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.167 , pp. 1650-1654
    • El-Solh, A.A.1    Pietrantoni, C.2    Bhat, A.3
  • 390
    • 57349149486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viral infection in adults hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: prevalence, pathogens, and presentation
    • Johnstone J, Majumdar SR, Fox JD, et al. Viral infection in adults hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: prevalence, pathogens, and presentation. Chest 2008, 134:1141-1148.
    • (2008) Chest , vol.134 , pp. 1141-1148
    • Johnstone, J.1    Majumdar, S.R.2    Fox, J.D.3
  • 391
    • 0031012761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1997, 336:243-250.
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.336 , pp. 243-250
    • Fine, M.J.1    Auble, T.E.2    Yealy, D.M.3
  • 392
    • 0038554228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study
    • Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax 2003, 58:377-382.
    • (2003) Thorax , vol.58 , pp. 377-382
    • Lim, W.S.1    van der Eerden, M.M.2    Laing, R.3
  • 393
    • 30744456545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of a predictive rule for the management of community-acquired pneumonia
    • Capelastegui A, Espana PP, Quintana JM, et al. Validation of a predictive rule for the management of community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2006, 27:151-157.
    • (2006) Eur Respir J , vol.27 , pp. 151-157
    • Capelastegui, A.1    Espana, P.P.2    Quintana, J.M.3
  • 394
    • 0032814247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical characteristics of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection as the sole cause of community-acquired pneumonia
    • File TM, Plouffe JF, Breiman RF, et al. Clinical characteristics of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection as the sole cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 1999, 29:426-428.
    • (1999) Clin Infect Dis , vol.29 , pp. 426-428
    • File, T.M.1    Plouffe, J.F.2    Breiman, R.F.3
  • 395
    • 77957843580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory viruses in adults with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Lieberman D, Shimoni A, Shemer-Avni Y, et al. Respiratory viruses in adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2010, 138:811-816.
    • (2010) Chest , vol.138 , pp. 811-816
    • Lieberman, D.1    Shimoni, A.2    Shemer-Avni, Y.3
  • 398
    • 33645048483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in the features of aspiration pneumonia according to site of acquisition: community or continuing care facility
    • Reza Shariatzadeh M, Huang JQ, Marrie TJ Differences in the features of aspiration pneumonia according to site of acquisition: community or continuing care facility. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006, 54:296-302.
    • (2006) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.54 , pp. 296-302
    • Reza Shariatzadeh, M.1    Huang, J.Q.2    Marrie, T.J.3
  • 399
    • 84878103683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia: recent advances in epidemiology and management
    • Barbier F, Andremont A, Wolff M, et al. Hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia: recent advances in epidemiology and management. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2013, 19:216-228.
    • (2013) Curr Opin Pulm Med , vol.19 , pp. 216-228
    • Barbier, F.1    Andremont, A.2    Wolff, M.3
  • 400
    • 77349095417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009
    • iii1-iii55
    • Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax 2009, 64(suppl 3):iii1-iii55.
    • (2009) Thorax , vol.64
    • Lim, W.S.1    Baudouin, S.V.2    George, R.C.3
  • 401
    • 62449183879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin in adult patients: a consensus review of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists
    • Rybak M, Lomaestro B, Rotschafer JC, et al. Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin in adult patients: a consensus review of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2009, 66:82-98.
    • (2009) Am J Health Syst Pharm , vol.66 , pp. 82-98
    • Rybak, M.1    Lomaestro, B.2    Rotschafer, J.C.3
  • 402
    • 80054856346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in children: update 2011
    • Harris M, Clark J, Coote N, et al. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in children: update 2011. Thorax 2011, 66(suppl 2):ii1-ii23.
    • (2011) Thorax , vol.66 , pp. ii1-ii23
    • Harris, M.1    Clark, J.2    Coote, N.3
  • 403
    • 80052481839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America
    • Bradley JS, Byington CL, Shah SS, et al. The management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 53:e25-e76.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.53 , pp. e25-e76
    • Bradley, J.S.1    Byington, C.L.2    Shah, S.S.3
  • 404
    • 44449125270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized trial of combination versus monotherapy for the empiric treatment of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Canadian Critical Care Trials Group
    • Heyland DK, Dodek P, Muscedere J, et al. Randomized trial of combination versus monotherapy for the empiric treatment of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med 2008, 36:737-744. Canadian Critical Care Trials Group.
    • (2008) Crit Care Med , vol.36 , pp. 737-744
    • Heyland, D.K.1    Dodek, P.2    Muscedere, J.3
  • 405
    • 0031472414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quality of care, process, and outcomes in elderly patients with pneumonia
    • Meehan TP, Fine MJ, Krumholz HM, et al. Quality of care, process, and outcomes in elderly patients with pneumonia. JAMA 1997, 278:2080-2084.
    • (1997) JAMA , vol.278 , pp. 2080-2084
    • Meehan, T.P.1    Fine, M.J.2    Krumholz, H.M.3
  • 406
    • 0032513753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time to clinical stability in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: implications for practice guidelines
    • Halm EA, Fine MJ, Marrie TJ, et al. Time to clinical stability in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: implications for practice guidelines. JAMA 1998, 279:1452-1457.
    • (1998) JAMA , vol.279 , pp. 1452-1457
    • Halm, E.A.1    Fine, M.J.2    Marrie, T.J.3
  • 407
    • 70350098230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of short-term rehospitalization following discharge of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Capelastegui A, Espana Yandiola PP, Quintana JM, et al. Predictors of short-term rehospitalization following discharge of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2009, 136:1079-1085.
    • (2009) Chest , vol.136 , pp. 1079-1085
    • Capelastegui, A.1    Espana Yandiola, P.P.2    Quintana, J.M.3
  • 408
    • 0142243134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implementation of an evidence-based guideline to reduce duration of intravenous antibiotic therapy and length of stay for patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial
    • Fine MJ, Stone RA, Lave JR, et al. Implementation of an evidence-based guideline to reduce duration of intravenous antibiotic therapy and length of stay for patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Med 2003, 115:343-351.
    • (2003) Am J Med , vol.115 , pp. 343-351
    • Fine, M.J.1    Stone, R.A.2    Lave, J.R.3
  • 409
    • 34948849855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in the community-dwelling elderly
    • Nichol KL, Nordin JD, Nelson DB, et al. Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in the community-dwelling elderly. N Engl J Med 2007, 357:1373-1381.
    • (2007) N Engl J Med , vol.357 , pp. 1373-1381
    • Nichol, K.L.1    Nordin, J.D.2    Nelson, D.B.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.