Innate immunity and pulmonary host defense

Immunological Reviews

Volumn 173, Issue , 2000, Pages 39-51

  Zhang, Ping ^a   Summer, Warren R ^a   Bagby, Gregory J ^a   Nelson, Steve ^a  

^a LOUISIANA STATE UNIV MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; CHEMOKINE; CYTOKINE;

CHEMOTAXIS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; HOST RESISTANCE; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INFLAMMATORY CELL; LUNG ALVEOLUS EPITHELIUM; LUNG ALVEOLUS MACROPHAGE; LUNG INFECTION; MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION; NEUTROPHIL; PHAGOCYTE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; CYTOKINES; LUNG; MACROPHAGES; MODELS, IMMUNOLOGICAL; MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE; NEUTROPHILS; PEPTIDES; PHAGOCYTOSIS;

EID: 0033965560     PISSN: 01052896     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-065X.2000.917306.x     Document Type: Review

References (157)

1. 1. Mercer RR, Crapo JD. Normal anatomy and defense mechanisms of the lung. In: Baum GL, Crapo JD, Celli BR, Karlinsky JB, eds. Textbook of pulmonary diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 1998. p. 23-45
2. 2. Coonrod J. The role of extracellular bactericidal factors in pulmonary host defense. Semin Respir Infect 1986;1:118-129.
3. 3. Kaltreider HB. Immune mechanisms in the normal lung. Semin Respir Med 1991;12:143-155.
4. 4. Martin TR, et al. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein enhances the responsiveness of alveolar macrophages to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Implications for cytokine production in normal and injured lung. J Clin Invest 1992;90:2209-2219.
5. 5. Hiratsuka T, et al. Identification of human β-defensin-2 in respiratory tract and plasma and its increase in bacterial pneumonia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998;249:943-947.
6. 6. Schnapp D, Harris A. Antibacterial peptides in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998;19:352-356.
7. 7. Ashitani J, et al. Elevated concentrations of defensins in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in diffuse panbronchiolitis. Eur Respir J 1998;11:104-111.
8. 8. McCray PB Jr, Bentley L. Human airway epithelia express a defensin. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1997;16:343-349.
9. 9. Bals R, Wang XR, Zasloff M, Wilson JM. The peptide antibiotic LL-37/hCAP-18 is expressed in epithelia of the human lung where it has broad antimicrobial activity at the airway surface. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:9541-9546.
10. 10. Crouch EC. Collectins and pulmonary host defense. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998;19:177-201.
11. 11. Ganz T, Lehrer RI. Defensins. Pharmacol Ther 1995;66:191-205.
12. 12. Bensch KW, Raida M, Mägert HJ, Schulz-Knappe P, Forssmann WG. hBD-1: a novel β-defensin from human plasma. FEBS Lett 1995;368:331-335.
13. 13. Harder J, Bartels J, Christophers E, Schröder JM. A peptide antibiotic from human skin. Nature 1997;387:861.
14. 14. Ganz T, Weiss J. Antimicrobial peptides of phagocytes and epithelia. Semin Hematol 1997;34:343-354.
15. 15. Goldman MJ, Anderson GM, Stolzenberg ED, Kari UP, Zasloff M, Wilson JM. Human β-defensin-1 is a salt-sensitive antibiotic in lung that is inactivated in cystic fibrosis. Cell 1997;88:553-560.
16. 16. Fujii G, Selsted ME, Eisenberg D. Defensins promote fusion and lysis of negatively charged membranes. Protein Sci 1993;2:1301-1312.
17. 17. Kagan BL, Selsted ME, Ganz T, Lehrer RI. Antimicrobial defensin peptides from voltage-dependent ion-permeable channels in planar lipid bilayer membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:210-214.
18. 18. Lehrer RI, Barton A, Daher KA, Harwig SS, Ganz T, Selsted ME. Interaction of human defensins with Escherichia coli. Mechanism of bactericidal activity. J Clin Invest 1989;84:553-561.
19. 19. Lehrer RI, Ganz T, Szklarek D, Selsted ME. Modulation of the in vitro candidacidal activity of human neutrophil defensins by target cell metabolism and divalent cations. J Clin Invest 1988;81:1829-1835.
20. 20. Lichtenstein AK, Ganz T, Nguyen TM, Selsted ME, Lehrer RI. Mechanism to target cytolysis by peptide defensins. Target cell metabolic activities, possibly involving endocytosis, are crucial for expression of cytotoxicity. J Immunol 1988;140:2686-2694.
21. 21. White SH, Wimley WC, Selsted ME. Structure, function, and membrane integration of defensins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 1995;5:521-527.
22. 22. Wimley WC, Selsted ME, White SH. Interactions between human defensins and lipid bilayers: evidence for formation of multimeric pores. Protein Sci 1994;3:1362-1373.
23. 23. Zhao C, Wang I, Lehrer RI. Widespread expression of β-defensin-hbd-1 in human secretory glands and epithelial cells. FEBS Lett 1996;396:319-322.
24. 24. Singh PK, et al. Production of β-defensins by human airway epithelia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:14961-14966
25. 25. Morrison GM, Davidson DJ, Dorin JR. A novel mouse β defensin, Defb2, which is upregulated in the airways by lipopolysaccharide. FEBS Lett 1999;442:112-116.
26. 26. Stolzenberg ED, Anderson GM, Ackermann MR, Whitlock RH, Zasloff M. Epithelial antibiotic induced in states of disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:8686-8690.
27. 27. Diamond G, Jones DE, Bevins CL. Airway epithelial cells are the site of expression of a mammalian antimicrobial peptide gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:4596-4600.
28. 28. Russell JP, Diamond G, Tarver AP, Scanlin TF, Bevins CL. Coordinate induction of two antibiotic genes in tracheal epithelial cells exposed to the inflammatory mediators lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor-α. Infect Immun 1996;64:1565-1568.
29. 29. Diamond G, Russell JP, Bevins CL. Inducible expression of an antibiotic peptide gene in lipopolysaccharide-challenged tracheal epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:5156-5160.
30. 30. Harwig SSL, Ganz T, Lehrer RI. Neutrophil defensins: purification, characterization and antimicrobial testing. Methods Enzymol 1994;236:160-172.
31. 31. Hiemstra PS, van Wetering S, Stolk J. Neutrophil serine proteinases and defensins in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effects on pulmonary epithelium. Eur Respir J 1998;12:1200-1208.
32. 32. Ganz T, Rayner JR, Valore EV, Tumolo A, Talmadge K, Fuller F. The structure of the rabbit macrophage defensin genes and their organ-specific expression. J Immunol 1989;143:1358-1365.
33. 33. Ryan LK, Rhodes J, Bhat M, Diamond G. Expression of β-defensin genes in bovine alveolar macrophages. Infect Immun 1998;66:878-881.
34. 34. Gilljam H, Ellin A, Strandvik B. Increased bronchial chloride concentration in cystic fibrosis. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1989;49:111-124.
35. 35. Joris L, Dab I, Quinton PM. Elemental composition of human airway surface fluid in healthy and diseased airways. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148:1633-1637.
36. 36. Smith JJ. Travis SM, Greenberg EP, Welsh MJ. Cystic fibrosis airway epithelia fail to kill bacteria because of abnormal airway surface fluid. Cell 1996;85:229-236.
37. 37. Lehrer RI, Lichtenstein AK, Ganz T. Defensins: antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptides of mammalian cells. Annu Rev Immunol 1993;11:105-128.
38. 38. Prohaszka Z, Nemet K, Csermely P, Hudecz F, Mezo G, Fust G. Defensins purified from human granulocytes bind C1q and activate the classical complement pathway like the transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 of HIV-1. Mol Immunol 1997;34:809-816.
39. 39. Van Wetering S, Mannesse-Lazeroms SP, Dijkman JH, Hiemstra PS. Effect of neutrophil serine proteinases and defensins on lung epithelial cells: modulation of cytotoxicity and IL-8 production. J Leukoc Biol 1997;62:217-226.
40. 40. Van Wetering S, Mannesse-Lazeroms SP, Van Sterkenberg MA, Daha MR, Dijkman JH, Hiemstra PS. Effect of defensins on interleukin-8 synthesis in airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 1997;272:L888-L896.
41. 41. Yomogida S, Nagaoka I, Saito K, Yamashita T. Evaluation of the effects of defensins on neutrophil functions. Inflam Res 1996;45:62-67.
42. 42. Lillard JW Jr, Boyaka PN, Chertov O, Oppenheim JJ, McGhee JR. Mechanisms for induction of acquired host immunity by neutrophil peptide defensins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:651-656.
43. 43. Zanetti M, Gennaro R, Romeo D. Cathelicidins: a novel protein family with a common proregion and a variable C-terminal antimicrobial domain. FEBS Lett 1995;374:1-5.
44. 44. Storici P, Tossi A, Lenarcic B, Romeo D. Purification and structural characterization of bovine cathelicidins, precursors of antimicrobial peptides. Eur J Biochem 1996;238:769-776
45. 45. Cowland JB, Johnsen AH, Borregaard N. HCAP-18, a cathelin/pro-bactenecin-like protein of human neutrophil specific granules. FEBS Lett 1995;368:173-176.
46. 46. Larrick JW, Hirata M, Balint RF, Lee J, Zhong J, Wright SC. Human CAP18: a novel antimicrobial lipopolysaccharide-binding protein. Infect Immun 1995;63:1291-1297.
47. 47. Gudmundsson GH, Agerberth B, Odeberg J, Bergman T, Olsson B, Salcedo R. The human gene FALL39 and processing of the cathelin precursor to the antibacterial peptide LL37 in granulocytes. Eur J Biochem 1996;238:325-332.
48. 48. Agerberth B, Gunne H, Odeberg J, Kogner P, Boman HG, Gudmundsson GH. FALL-39, a putative human peptide antibiotic, is cysteine-free and expressed in bone marrow and testis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:195-199.
49. 49. Mason RJ, Greene K, Voelker DR. Surfactant protein A and surfactant protein D in health and disease. Am J Physiol 1998;275:L1-L13.
50. 50. Wright JR. Immunomodulatory functions of surfactant. Physiol Rev 1997;77:931-962.
51. 51. Benne CA, et al. Interactions of surfactant protein A with influenza viruses: binding and neutralization. J Infect Dis 1995;171:335-341.
52. 52. Hartshorn K, Clung D, Rust K, White M, Heuser J, Crouch E. Interactions of recombinant human pulmonary surfactant protein D and SP-D multimers with influenza A. Am J Physiol 1996;271: L753-L762.
53. 53. Hartshorn KL, et al. Evidence for a protective role of pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D) against influenza A viruses. J Clin Invest 1994;94:311-319.
54. 54. Van Iwaarden JF, van Strijp JAG, Ebskamp MJ, Welmers AC, Verhoef J, van Golde LMG. Surfactant protein A is opsonin in phagocytosis of herpes simplex virus type 1 by rat alveolar macrophages. Am J Physiol 1991;261:L204-L209.
55. 55. Kuan SF, Persson A, Parghi D, Crouch E. Lectin-mediated interactions of surfactant protein D with alveolar macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1994;10:430-436.
56. 56. Pikaar JC, Voorhout WF, van Golde LM, Verhoef J, van Strijp JA, van Iwaarden JF. Opsonic activities of surfactant proteins A and D in phagocytosis of gram-negative bacteria by alveolar macrophages. J Infect Dis 1995;172:481-489.
57. 57. McNeely TB, Coonrod JD. Comparison of the opsonic activity of human surfactant protein A for Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae with rabbit and human macrophages. J Infect Dis 1993;167:91-97.
58. 58. Gaynor CD, McCormack FX, Voelker DR, McGowan SE, Schlesinger LS. Pulmonary surfactant protein A mediates enhanced phagocytosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by a direct interaction with human macrophages. J Immunol 1995;155:5343-5351.
59. 59. Martin WJ II, Downing JF, Williams MD, Pasula R, Twigg HL III, Wright JR. Role of surfactant protein A in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis in subjects with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Proc Assoc Am Physicians 1995;107:340-345.
60. 60. Madan T, et al. Binding of pulmonary surfactant proteins A and D to Aspergillus fumigatus conidia enhances phagocytosis and killing by human neutrophils and alveolar macrophages. Infect Immun 1997;65:3171-3179.
61. 61. Schelenz S, Malhotra R, Sim RB, Holmskov U, Bancroft GJ. Binding of host collectins to the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans: human surfactant protein D acts as an agglutinin for acapsular yeast cells. Infect Immun 1995;63:3360-3366.
62. 62. O'Riordan DM, Standing JE, Kwon KY, Chang D, Crouch EC, Limper AH. Surfactant protein D interacts with Pneumocystis carinii and mediates organism adherence to alveolar macrophages. J Clin Invest 1995;95:2699-2710.
63. 63. Zimmerman PE, Voelker DR, McCormack FX, Paulsrud JR, Martin WJ. 120-kD surface glycoprotein of Pneumocystis carinii is a ligand for surfactant protein A. J Clin Invest 1992;89:143-149.
64. 64. Malhotra R, Haurum J, Thiel S, Jensenius C, Sim RB. Pollen grains bind to lung alveolar type II cells (A549) via lung surfactant protein A (SP-A). Biosci Rep 1993;13:79-90.
65. 65. Wang JY, Kishore U, Lim BL, Strong P, Reid KBM. Interaction of human lung surfactant proteins A and D with mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) allergens. Clin Exp Immunol 1996;106:367-373.
66. 66. Stringer B, Kobzik L. Alveolar macrophage uptake of the environmental paniculate titanium dioxide - role of surfactant components. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1996;14:155-160.
67. 67. Manz-Keinke H, Plattner H, Schlepper-Schäfer. Lung surfactant protein A (SP-A) enhances serum-independent phagocytosis of bacteria by alveolar macrophages. Eur J Cell Biol 1992;57:95-100.
68. 68. Tino MJ, Wright JR. Surfactant protein A stimulates phagocytosis of specific pulmonary pathogens by alveolar macrophages. Am J Physiol 1996;270: L677-L688.
69. 69. Van Iwaarden F, Welmers B, Verhoef J, Haagsman HP, van Golde LMG. Pulmonary surfactant protein A enhances the host-defense mechanism of rat alveolar macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1990;2:91-98.
70. 70. Van Iwaarden JF, et al. Binding of surfactant protein A to the lipid A moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Biochem J 1994;303:407-411.
71. 71. Kabha K, Schmegner J, Keisari Y, Parolis H, Schlepper-Schaefer J, Ofek I. SP-A enhances phagocytosis of Klebsiella by interaction with capsular polysaccharides and alveolar macrophages. Am J Physiol 1997;272: L344-L352.
72. 72. LeVine AM, Kurak KE, Bruno MD, Stark JM, Whitsett JA, Korfhagen TR. Surfactant protein-A-deficient mice are susceptible to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998;19:700-708.
73. 73. LeVine AM, Bruno MD, Huelsman KM, Ross GF, Whitsett JA, Korfhagen TR. Surfactant protein A-deficient mice are susceptible to group B streptococcal infection. J Immunol 1997;158:4336-4340.
74. 74. Crouch EC, Persson A, Griffin GL, Chang D, Senior RM. Interactions of pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D) with human blood leukocyte. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1995;12:410-415.
75. 75. Wright JR, Youmans DC. Pulmonary surfactant protein A stimulates chemotaxis of alveolar macrophage. Am J Physiol 1993;264: L338-344.
76. 76. Van Iwaarden JF, Shimizu H, van Golde PH, Voelker DR, van Golde LM. Rat surfactant protein D enhances the production of oxygen radicals by rat alveolar macrophages. Biochem J 1992;286:5-8.
77. 77. Weissbach S, Neuendank A, Pettersson M, Schaberg T, Pison U. Surfactant protein A modulates release of reactive oxygen species from alveolar macrophages. Am J Physiol 1994;267: L660-L666.
78. 78. Ohmer-Schröck D, Schlatterer C, Plattner H, Schlepper-Schäfer J. Interaction of lung surfactant protein A with alveolar macrophages. Microsc Res Tech 1993;26:374-380.
79. 79. Kremlev SG, Phelps DS. Surfactant protein A stimulation of inflammatory cytokine and immunoglobulin production. Am J Physiol 1994;267:L712-L719.
80. 80. Sibille Y, Reynolds HY. Macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils in lung defense and injury. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;141:471-501.
81. 81. Nelson S, Summer WR. Innate immunity, cytokines, and pulmonary host defense. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1998;12:555-567.
82. 82. Twigg PH III. Pulmonary host defenses. J Thorac Imaging 1998;13:221-233.
83. 83. Ozaki T, et al. Role of alveolar macrophages in the neutrophil-dependent defense system against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in the lower respiratory tract. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;140:1595-1601.
84. 84. Toews GB. Determinants of bacterial clearance from the lower respiratory tract. Semin Respir Infect 1986;1:68-78.
85. 85. Reynolds HY. Lung inflammation: role of endogenous chemotactic factors in attracting polymorphonuclear granulocytes. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983;127: S16-S25.
86. 86. Standiford TJ, Kunkel SL, Greenberger MJ, Laichalk LL, Stricter RM. Expression and regulation of chemokines in bacterial pneumonia. J Leukoc Biol 1996;59:24-28.
87. 87. Nelson S, Mason CM, Kolls J, Summer WR. Pathophysiology of pneumonia. Clin Chest Med 1995;16:1-12.
88. 88. Nelson S, Bagby GJ, Bainton BG, Wilson LA, Tompson JJ, Summer WR. Compartmentalization of intra-alveolar and systemic lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor and the pulmonary inflammatory response. J Infect Dis 1989;159:189-194.
89. 89. Nelson S, Bagby GJ, Summer WR. Anti-tumor necrosis factor-α antibody suppresses pulmonary antibacterial defenses. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;143:S393.
90. 90. Kolls J, Lei D, Nelson S, Summer WR, Greenberg S, Beutler B. Adenovirus-mediated blockade of tumor necrosis factor in mice protects against endotoxic shock yet impairs pulmonary host defense. J Infect Dis 1995;171:570-575.
91. 91. Hashimoto S, et al. Depletion of alveolar macrophages decreases neutrophil chemotaxis to Pseudomonas airspace infection. Am J Physiol 1996;270: L819-L828.
92. 92. Boujoukos AJ, Martich GD, Supinski E, Suffredini AE Compartmentalization of the acute cytokine response in humans after intravenous endotoxin administration. J Appl Physiol 1993;74:3027-3033.
93. 93. Dehoux M, et al. Compartmentalized cytokine production within the human lung in unilateral pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:710-716.
94. 94. Boutten A, et al. Compartmentalized IL-8 and elastase release within the human lung in unilateral pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:336-342.
95. 95. Kunkel SL, Standiford T, Kassahara K, Stricter RM. Interleukin-8: the major neutrophil chemotactic factor in the lung. Exp Lung Res 1991;17:17-23.
96. 96. Standiford TJ, Kunkel SL, Greenberger MJ, Laichalk LL, Stricter RM. Expression and regulation of chemokines in bacterial pneumonia. J Leukoc Biol 1996;59:24-28.
97. 97. Greenberger MJ, et al. Neutralization of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 attenuates neutrophil recruitment and bacterial clearance in murine Klebsiella pneumonia. J Infect Dis 1996;173:159-165.
98. 98. Gupta S, Feng L, Yoshimura T, Redick J, Fu SM, Rose CE Jr. Intra-alveolar macrophage-inflammatory peptide 2 induces rapid neutrophil localization in the lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1996;15:656-663.
99. 99. Tutor JD, Mason CM, Dobard E, Beckerman RC, Summer WR, Nelson S. Loss of compartmentalization of alveolar tumor necrosis factor after lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:1107-1111.
100. 100. Laichalk LL, Kunkel SL, Stricter RM, Danforth JM, Bailie MB, Standiford TJ. Tumor necrosis factor mediates lung antibacterial host defense in murine Klebsiella pneumonia. Infect Immun 1996;64:5211-5218.
101. 101. Skerrett SJ, Bagby G, Schmidt R, Nelson S. Antibody-mediated depletion of tumor necrosis factor-α impairs pulmonary host defenses to Legionella pneumophila. J Infect Dis 1997;176:1019-1028.
102. 102. Van der Poll T, Keogh CV, Buurman WA. Passive immunization against tumor necrosis factor-α impairs host defense during pneumococcal pneumonia in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:603-608.
103. 103. Jenson W, Rose R, Wasserman A, Kalb TH, Anton K, Remold GH. In vitro activation of the antibacterial activity of human pulmonary macrophages by recombinant γ interferon. J Infect Dis 1987;155:574-577.
104. 104. Jaffe HA, et al. Organ specific cytokine therapy. Local activation of mononuclear phagocytes by delivery of an aerosol of recombinant interferon-γ to the human lung. J Clin Invest 1991;88:279-302.
105. 105. Nelson S, Nakamura C, Shellito J, Baagby G, Summer WR. Intratracheal γ-interferon enhances pulmonary host defenses against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145S: A337.
106. 106. Kolls JK, et al. Adenoviral-mediated interferon-γ gene therapy augments pulmonary host defense of ethanol-treated rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998;22:157-162.
107. 107. Lei D, et al. Activation of alveolar macrophages and lung host defenses using transfer of the interferon-γ gene. Am J Physiol 1997;272: L852-L859.
108. 108. Shirai R. et al. Protective effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in a granulocytopenic mouse model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection through enhanced phagocytosis and killing by alveolar macrophages through priming tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production. Clin Exp Immunol 1997;109:73-79.
109. 109. Hogan SP, Foster PS, Tan X, Ramsay AJ. Mucosal IL-12 gene delivery inhibits allergic airways disease and restores local antiviral immunity. Eur J Immunol 1998;28:413-423.
110. 110. Qureshi MH, et al. Combined effects of IL-12 and IL-18 on the clinical course and local cytokine production in murine pulmonary infection with Cryptococcus neoformans. Eur J Immunol 1999;29:643-649.
111. 111. Wakeham J, et al. Lack of both types 1 and 2 cytokines, tissue inflammatory responses and immune protection during pulmonary infection by Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin in IL-12-deficient mice. J Immunol 1998;160:6101-6111.
112. 112. Hoag KA, Lipscomb MF, Izzo AA, Street NE. IL-12 and IFN-γ are required for initiating the protective Th1 response to pulmonary cryptoccosis in resistant C.B-17 mice. Am J Res Cell Mol Biol 1997;17:733-739.
113. + T cells and accompanied by overproduction of IL-12, IFN-γ and TNF-α. J Immunol 1996;157:798-805.
114. 114. Greenberger MJ, et al. IL-12 gene therapy protects mice in lethal Klebsiella pneumonia. J Immunol 1996;157:3006-3012.
115. 115. Brieland JK, Remick DG, LeGendre ML, Engleberg NC, Fantone JC. In vivo regulation of replicative Legionella pneumophila lung infection by endogenous interleukin-12. Infect Immun 1998;66:65-69.
116. 116. Greenberger MJ, Strieter RM, Kunkel SL, Danforth JM, Goodman RE, Standiford TJ. Neutralization of IL-10 increases survival in a murine model of Klebsiella pneumonia. J Immunol 1995;155:722-729.
117. 117. Standiford TJ, Strieter RM, Greenberger MJ, Kunkel SL. Expression and regulation of chemokines in acute bacterial pneumonia. Biol Signals 1996;5:103-208.
118. 118. Isler P, de Rochemonteix BG, Songeon F, Boehringer N, Nicod LP Interleukin-12 production by human alveolar macrophages is controlled by the autocrine production of interleukin-10. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999;20:270-278.
119. 119. Laichalk LL, Danforth JM, Standiford TJ. Interleukin-10 inhibits neutrophil phagocytic and bactericidal activity. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1996;15:181-187.
120. 120. Van der Poll T, Marchant A, Keogh CV, Goldman M, Lowry SE Interleukin-10 impairs host defense in murine pneumococcal pneumonia. J Infect Dis 1996;174:994-1000.
121. 121. Clark SC, Kamen R. The human hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors. Science 1987;236:1229-1237.
122. 122. Groopman JE, Molina JM, Scadden DT. Hematopoietic growth factors. Biology and clinical applications. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1449-1459.
123. 123. Zhang P, Bagby GJ, Stoltz DA, Summer WR, Nelson S. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor modulates the pulmonary host response to endotoxin in the absence and presence of acute ethanol intoxication. J Infect Dis 1999;179:1441-1448.
124. 124. Zhang P, Bagby GJ, Stoltz DA, Summer WR, Nelson S. Enhancement of peritoneal leukocyte function by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in rats with abdominal sepsis. Crit Care Med 1998;26:315-321.
125. 125. Zhang P, Bagby GJ, Stoltz DA, Spitzer JA, Summer WR, Nelson S. Modulation of the lung host response by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in rats challenged with intrapulmonary endotoxin. Shock 1997;7:193-199.
126. 2-integrin expression in rats during endotoxemia. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998;22:135-141.
127. 127. Roilides E, Walsh TJ, Pizzo PA. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor enhances the phagocytic and bactericidal activity of normal and defective human neutrophils. J Infect Dis 1991;163:579-583.
128. 128. Sullivan GW, Carper HT, Mandell GL. The effect of three human recombinant hematopoietic growth factors (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin-3) on phagocyte oxidative activity. Blood 1993;81:1863-1870.
129. 129. Yong KL, Linch DC. Differential effects of granulocyte-and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors (G-and GM-CSF) on neutrophil adhesion in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Haematol 1992;49:251-259.
130. 130. Tazi A, Nioche S, Chastre J, Smiejan JM, Hance AJ. Spontaneous release of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) by alveolar macrophages in the course of bacterial pneumonia and sarcoidosis: endotoxin-dependent and endotoxin-independent G-CSF release by cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1991;4:140-147.
131. 131. Kawakami M, et al. Levels of serum granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with infections. Blood 1990;76:1962-9164.
132. 132. Pauksen K, Elfman L, Ulfgren AK, Venge P. Serum levels of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in bacterial and viral infections, and in atypical pneumonia. Br J Haematol 1994;88:256-260.
133. 133. Nelson S, Bagby GJ. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and modulation of inflammatory cells in sepsis. Clin Chest Med 1996;17:319-332.
134. 134. Lehrer RI, Ganz T, Selsted ME, Babior BM, Curnutte JT. Neutrophils and host defense. Ann Intern Med 1988;109:127-142.
135. 135. Cohen AB, Rossi M. Neutrophils in normal lungs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983;127: S3-S9.
136. 136. Zhang P, Nelson S, Summer WR, Spitzer JA. Acute ethanol intoxication suppresses the pulmonary inflammatory response in rats challenged with intrapulmonary endotoxin. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1997;21:773-778.
137. 137. Nelson S, Bagby GJ, Bainton BG, Summer WR. The effects of acute and chronic alcoholism on tumor necrosis factor and the inflammatory response. J Infect Dis 1989;160:412-429.
138. 138. Sibille Y, Marchandise FX. Pulmonary immune cells in health and disease: polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Eur Respir J 1993;6:1529-1543.
139. 139. Borregaard N, Cowland JB. Granules of the human neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocyte. Blood 1997;89:3503-3521.
140. 140. Zhou X, Jordana M, Kirpalani H, Driscoll KE, Schall TJ, Gauldie J. Cytokine expression by neutrophils and macrophages in vivo: endotoxin induces tumor necrosis factor-α, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 but not RANTES or transforming growth factor-β1 mRNA expression in acute lung inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1994;10:148-153.
141. 141. Astry CL, Warr GA. Jakab GJ. Impairment of polymorphonuclear leukocyte immigration as a mechanism of alcohol-induced suppression of pulmonary antibacterial defenses. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983;128:113-117.
142. 142. Hallengren B, Forsgren A. Effect of alcohol on chemotaxis, adherence and phagocytosis of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Acta Med Scand 1978;204:43-48.
143. 143. Nelson S, et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor enhances pulmonary host defenses in normal and ethanol-treated rats. J Infect Dis 1991;164:901-906.
144. 144. Stoltz DA, Zhang P, Nelson S, Bohm RP Jr. Murphey-Corb M, Bagby GJ. Ethanol suppression of the functional state of polymorphonuclear leukocytes obtained from uninfected and simian immunodeficiency virus infected rhesus macaques. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999;23:878-884.
145. 145. Herbert JC, O'Reilly M, Gameli RL. Protective effect of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor against pneumococcal infections in splenectomized mice. Arch Surg 1990;125:1075-1078.
146. 146. Smith WS, Sumnicht GE, Sharpe RW, Saamuelson D, Millard FE. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor versus placebo in addition to penicillin G in a randomized blinded study of gram-negative pneumonia sepsis: analysis of survival and multisystem organ failure. Blood 1995;86:1301-1039.
147. 147. Lundblad R, Wang MY, Kvalheim G, Lingaas E, Giercksky KE. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor improves myelopoiesis and host defense in fulminant intra-abdominal sepsis in rats. Shock 1995;4:68-73.
148. 148. Eichacker PQ, et al. Cardiopulmonary effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in a canine model of bacterial sepsis. J Appl Physiol 1994;77:2366-2373.
149. 149. O'Reilly M, Silver GM, Greenhalgh DG, Gamelli RL, Davis JH, Hebert JC. Treatment of intra-abdominal infection with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. J Trauma 1992;33:679-682.
150. 150. Görgen I, et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment protects rodents against lipopolysaccharide-induced toxicity via suppression of systemic tumor necrosis factor-α. J Immunol 1992;149:918-924.
151. 151. Lorenz W, et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor prophylaxis before operation protects against lethal consequences of postoperative peritonitis. Surgery 1994;116:925-934.
152. 152. Dunne JR, Dunkin BJ, Nelson S, White JC. Effects of granulocyte colony stimulating factor in a nonneutropenic rodent model of Escherichia coli peritonitis. J Surg Res 1996;61:348-354.
153. 153. Fink MP, et al. Effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on systemic and pulmonary responses to endotoxin in pigs. J Trauma 1993;34:571-578.
154. 154. Kanazawa M, Ishizaka A, Hasegawa N, Suzuki Y, Yokoyama T. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor does not enhance endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in guinea pigs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145:1030-1035.
155. 155. Terashima T, et al. Neutrophils activated by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor suppress tumor necrosis factor-α release from monocytes stimulated by endotoxin. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1995;13:69-73.
156. 156. Zhang P. Nelson S, Summer WR, Bagby GJ. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor suppresses the pulmonary chemokine response in rats challenged with intratracheal endotoxin. Shock 1999;11S:83.
157. 157. Zhang P, Bagby GJ, Summer WR, Nelson S. G-CSF does not prevent alcohol-induced inhibition of TNF-α and MIP-2 production in the lung in response to intratracheal endotoxin. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999;23S:25A.