Remaining Mysteries of Molecular Biology: The Role of Polyamines in the Cell

Journal of Molecular Biology

Volumn 427, Issue 21, 2015, Pages 3389-3406

  Miller Fleming, Leonor ^a   Olin Sandoval, Viridiana ^a   Campbell, Kate ^a   Ralser, Markus ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b THE FRANCIS CRICK INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cancer; Hypusine; Neurodegenerative diseases; Proliferation; Stress response

Indexed keywords

ADENOSYLMETHIONINE DECARBOXYLASE; ANTIZYME; CADAVERINE; ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE; PUTRESCINE; SPERMIDINE; SPERMINE; POLYAMINE;

AGING; ARTICLE; AUTOPHAGY; BIOSYNTHESIS; CATABOLISM; CELL GROWTH; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL STRESS; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; ENZYME DEGRADATION; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; HUMAN; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING; MEMBRANE TRANSPORT; MEMORY; METABOLIC DISORDER; METABOLISM; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NEOPLASM; NONHUMAN; OPEN READING FRAME; POLYAMINE SYNTHESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PROCESSING; REGULATORY MECHANISM; RIBOSOMAL FRAMESHIFTING; RNA TRANSLATION; STOP CODON; STRESS; TRANSPORT KINETICS; ANIMAL; GENETICS;

AGING; ANIMALS; BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS; CELL PROLIFERATION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE; POLYAMINES;

EID: 84944278561     PISSN: 00222836     EISSN: 10898638     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.06.020     Document Type: Review

References (244)

1. H. Tabor, and C.W. Tabor Spermidine, spermine, and related amines Pharmacol. Rev. 16 1964 245 300
2. U. Bachrach The early history of polyamine research Plant Physiol. Biochem. 48 2010 490 495
3. S.S. Cohen A guide to polyamines 1997 Oxford University Press Oxford, United Kingdom
4. P. Shah, and E. Swiatlo A multifaceted role for polyamines in bacterial pathogens Mol. Microbiol. 68 2008 4 16
5. L. Valdés-Santiago, and J. Ruiz-Herrera Stress and polyamine metabolism in fungi Front. Chem. 1 2013 42
6. H.J. Rhee, E.-J. Kim, and J.K. Lee Physiological polyamines: simple primordial stress molecules J. Cell. Mol. Med. 11 2007 685 703
7. T. Kusano, T. Berberich, C. Tateda, and Y. Takahashi Polyamines: essential factors for growth and survival Planta 228 2008 367 381
8. C. Carrillo, S. Cejas, N.S. González, and I.D. Algranati Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes lack ornithine decarboxylase but can express a foreign gene encoding this enzyme FEBS Lett. 454 1999 192 196
9. C. Hanfrey, S. Sommer, M.J. Mayer, D. Burtin, and A.J. Michael Arabidopsis polyamine biosynthesis: absence of ornithine decarboxylase and the mechanism of arginine decarboxylase activity Plant J. 27 2001 551 560
10. M.P. Hasne, I. Coppens, R. Soysa, and B. Ullman A high-affinity putrescine-cadaverine transporter from Trypanosoma cruzi Mol. Microbiol. 76 2010 78 91
11. S.A. Le Quesne, and A.H. Fairlamb Regulation of a high-affinity diamine transport system in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes Biochem. J. 316 1996 481 486
12. P.C. Tomar, N. Lakra, and S.N. Mishra Cadaverine: a lysine catabolite involved in plant growth and development Plant Signal Behav. 8 2013 1 15
13. Y. Yamamoto, Y. Miwa, K. Miyoshi, J. Furuyama, and H. Ohmori The Escherichia coli ldcC gene encodes another lysine decarboxylase, probably a constitutive enzyme Genes Genet. Syst. 72 1997 167 172
14. A. Romano, H. Trip, J.S. Lolkema, and P.M. Lucas Three-component lysine/ornithine decarboxylation system in Lactobacillus saerimneri 30a J. Bacteriol. 195 2013 1249 1254
15. Y. Tanaka, B. Kimura, H. Takahashi, T. Watanabe, H. Obata, A. Kai, and et al. Lysine decarboxylase of Vibrio parahaemolyticus: kinetics of transcription and role in acid resistance J. Appl. Microbiol. 104 2008 1283 1293
16. A.E. Pegg, and S. McGill Decarboxylation of ornithine and lysine in rat tissues Biochim. Biophys. Acta 568 1979 416 427
17. P.A. Whitney, and D.R. Morris Polyamine auxotrophs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae J. Bacteriol. 134 1978 214 220
18. T.J. Paulus, P. Kiyono, and R.H. Davis Polyamine-deficient Neurospora crassa mutants and synthesis of cadaverine J. Bacteriol. 152 1982 291 297
19. D. Walters, and T. Cowley Formation of cadaverine derivatives in Saccharomyces cerevisiae FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 145 1996 255 259
20. U. Bachrach, and A. Shtorch Formation of cadaverine as an effect of alpha-difluoromethylornithine on chick embryo fibroblasts transformed with rous sarcoma virus Cancer Res. 45 1985 2159 2164
21. K. Igarashi, K. Kashiwagi, H. Hamasaki, A. Miura, T. Kakegawa, S. Hirose, and et al. Formation of a compensatory polyamine by Escherichia coli polyamine-requiring mutants during growth in the absence of polyamines J. Bacteriol. 166 1986 128 134
22. A.E. Pegg Polyamine metabolism and its importance in neoplastic growth and a target for chemotherapy Cancer Res. 48 1988 759 774
23. M.S. Abrahamsen, and D.R. Morris Cell type-specific mechanisms of regulating expression of the ornithine decarboxylase gene after growth stimulation Mol. Cell. Biol. 10 1990 5525 5528
24. G.D. Luk, and S.B. Baylin Ornithine decarboxylase as a biologic marker in familial colonic polyposis N. Engl. J. Med. 311 1984 80 83
25. A.F. Gazdar, H.B. Stull, L.J. Kilton, and U. Bachrach Increased ornithine decarboxylase activity in murine sarcoma virus infected cells Nature 262 1976 696 698
26. S. Don, and U. Bachrach Polyamine metabolism in normal and in virus-transformed chick embryo fibroblasts Cancer Res. 35 1975 3618 3622
27. S.E. Patchett, P.H. Katelaris, Z.W. Zhang, E.M. Alstead, P. Domizio, and M.J. Farthing Ornithine decarboxylase activity is a marker of premalignancy in longstanding Helicobacter pylori infection Gut 39 1996 807 810
28. R.B. Pillai, V. Tolia, R. Rabah, P.M. Simpson, R. Vijesurier, and C.H. Lin Increased colonic ornithine decarboxylase activity in inflammatory bowel disease in children Dig. Dis. Sci. 44 1999 1565 1570
29. A.E. Pegg Regulation of ornithine decarboxylase J. Biol. Chem. 281 2006 14529 14532
30. A.J. Wagner, C. Meyers, L.A. Laimins, and N. Hay c-Myc induces the expression and activity of ornithine decarboxylase Cell Growth Differ. 4 1993 879 883
31. B. Zhao, and A.P. Butler Core promoter involvement in the induction of rat ornithine decarboxylase by phorbol esters Mol. Carcinog. 32 2001 92 99
32. C. Qin, I. Samudio, S. Ngwenya, and S. Safe Estrogen-dependent regulation of ornithine decarboxylase in breast cancer cells through activation of nongenomic cAMP-dependent pathways Mol. Carcinog. 40 2004 160 170
33. L.M. Shantz, and A.E. Pegg Translational regulation of ornithine decarboxylase and other enzymes of the polyamine pathway Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 31 1999 107 122
34. L.M. Shantz, R.H. Hu, and A.E. Pegg Regulation of ornithine decarboxylase in a transformed cell line that overexpresses translation initiation factor eIF-4E Cancer Res. 56 1996 3265 3269
35. S.H. Kwak, and S.H. Lee The regulation of ornithine decarboxylase gene expression by sucrose and small upstream open reading frame in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) Plant Cell Physiol. 42 2001 314 323
36. I.P. Ivanov, G. Loughran, and J.F. Atkins uORFs with unusual translational start codons autoregulate expression of eukaryotic ornithine decarboxylase homologs Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105 2008 10079 10084
37. S. Pyronnet, L. Pradayrol, and N. Sonenberg A cell cycle-dependent internal ribosome entry site Mol. Cell 5 2000 607 616
38. D.H. Russell, and S.H. Snyder Amine synthesis in regenerating rat liver: extremely rapid turnover of ornithine decarboxylase Mol. Pharmacol. 5 1969 253 262
39. K. Iwami, J.Y. Wang, R. Jain, S. McCormack, and L.R. Johnson Intestinal ornithine decarboxylase: half-life and regulation by putrescine Am. J. Physiol. 258 1990 G308 G315
40. Y. Murakami, S. Matsufuji, T. Kameji, S. Hayashi, K. Igarashi, T. Tamura, and et al. Ornithine decarboxylase is degraded by the 26S proteasome without ubiquitination Nature 360 1992 597 599
41. J. Erales, and P. Coffino Ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2014 1843 216 221
42. J.E. Kay, and V.J. Lindsay Control of ornithine decarboxylase activity in stimulated human lymphocytes by putrescine and spermidine Biochem. J. 132 1973 791 796
43. J.S. Heller, W.F. Fong, and E.S. Canellakis Induction of a protein inhibitor to ornithine decarboxylase by the end products of its reaction Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 73 1976 1858 1862
44. Y. Miyazaki, S. Matsufuji, and S. Hayashi Cloning and characterization of a rat gene encoding ornithine decarboxylase antizyme Gene 113 1992 191 197
45. X. Li, and P. Coffino Degradation of ornithine decarboxylase: exposure of the C-terminal target by a polyamine-inducible inhibitory protein Mol. Cell. Biol. 13 1993 2377 2383
46. X. Li, B. Stebbins, L. Hoffman, G. Pratt, M. Rechsteiner, and P. Coffino The N terminus of antizyme promotes degradation of heterologous proteins J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 4441 4446
47. M. Zhang, C.M. Pickart, and P. Coffino Determinants of proteasome recognition of ornithine decarboxylase, a ubiquitin-independent substrate EMBO J. 22 2003 1488 1496
48. D. Gödderz, E. Schäfer, R. Palanimurugan, and R.J. Dohmen The N-terminal unstructured domain of yeast ODC functions as a transplantable and replaceable ubiquitin-independent degron J. Mol. Biol. 407 2011 354 367
49. S.K. Lim, and G. Gopalan Antizyme1 mediates AURKAIP1-dependent degradation of Aurora-A Oncogene 26 2007 6593 6603
50. C.A. Panagiotidis, S.C. Huang, S.A. Tsirka, D.A. Kyriakidis, and E.S. Canellakis Regulation of polyamine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli by the acidic antizyme and the ribosomal proteins S20 and L34 Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 250 1988 13 24
51. I.P. Ivanov, and J.F. Atkins Ribosomal frameshifting in decoding antizyme mRNAs from yeast and protists to humans: close to 300 cases reveal remarkable diversity despite underlying conservation Nucleic Acids Res. 35 2007 1842 1858
52. E.E. Lioliou, and D.A. Kyriakidis The role of bacterial antizyme: from an inhibitory protein to A-to-C transcriptional regulator Microb. Cell Factories 3 2004 8
53. R. Palanimurugan, H. Scheel, K. Hofmann, and R.J. Dohmen Polyamines regulate their synthesis by inducing expression and blocking degradation of ODC antizyme EMBO J. 23 2004 4857 4867
54. K. Sakata, K. Kashiwagi, and K. Igarashi Properties of a polyamine transporter regulated by antizyme Biochem. J. 347 2000 297 303
55. K. Hoshino, E. Momiyama, K. Yoshida, K. Nishimura, S. Sakai, T. Toida, and et al. Polyamine transport by mammalian cells and mitochondria: role of antizyme and glycosaminoglycans J. Biol. Chem. 280 2005 42801 42808
56. L. Kurian, R. Palanimurugan, D. Gödderz, and R.J. Dohmen Polyamine sensing by nascent ornithine decarboxylase antizyme stimulates decoding of its mRNA Nature 477 2011 490 494
57. K. Fujita, Y. Murakami, and S. Hayashi A macromolecular inhibitor of the antizyme to ornithine decarboxylase Biochem. J. 204 1982 647 652
58. S. Gandre, Z. Bercovich, and C. Kahana Mitochondrial localization of antizyme is determined by context-dependent alternative utilization of two AUG initiation codons Mitochondrion 2 2003 245 256
59. N. Murai, Y. Murakami, and S. Matsufuji Identification of nuclear export signals in antizyme-1 J. Biol. Chem. 278 2003 44791 44798
60. A. Gritli-Linde, J. Nilsson, M. Bohlooly-Y, O. Heby, and A. Linde Nuclear translocation of antizyme and expression of ornithine decarboxylase and antizyme are developmentally regulated Dev. Dyn. 220 2001 259 275
61. A.E. Pegg S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase Essays Biochem. 46 2009 25 45
62. S. Bale, and S.E. Ealick Structural biology of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase Amino Acids 38 2010 451 460
63. W.D. Tolbert, J.L. Ekstrom, I.I. Mathews, J.A. Secrist, P. Kapoor, A.E. Pegg, and et al. The structural basis for substrate specificity and inhibition of human S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase Biochemistry 40 2001 9484 9494
64. S. Bale, M.M. Lopez, G.I. Makhatadze, Q. Fang, A.E. Pegg, and S.E. Ealick Structural basis for putrescine activation of human S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase Biochemistry 47 2008 13404 13417
65. J.L. Ekstrom, W.D. Tolbert, H. Xiong, A.E. Pegg, and S.E. Ealick Structure of a human S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase self-processing ester intermediate and mechanism of putrescine stimulation of processing as revealed by the H243A mutant Biochemistry 40 2001 9495 9504
66. R. Dayoub, W.E. Thasler, A.K. Bosserhoff, T. Singer, K.-W. Jauch, H.J. Schlitt, and et al. Regulation of polyamine synthesis in human hepatocytes by hepatotrophic factor augmenter of liver regeneration Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 345 2006 181 187
67. A.E. Pegg Mammalian polyamine metabolism and function IUBMB Life 61 2009 880 894
68. K. Lam, L. Zhang, M. Bewick, and R.M. Lafrenie HSG cells differentiated by culture on extracellular matrix involves induction of S-adenosylmethione decarboxylase and ornithine decarboxylase J. Cell. Physiol. 203 2005 353 361
69. J.R. Hill, and D.R. Morris Cell-specific translational regulation of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase mRNA. Dependence on translation and coding capacity of the cis-acting upstream open reading frame J. Biol. Chem. 268 1993 726 731
70. A. Raney, G.L. Law, G.J. Mize, and D.R. Morris Regulated translation termination at the upstream open reading frame in S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase mRNA J. Biol. Chem. 277 2002 5988 5994
71. G.L. Law, A. Raney, C. Heusner, and D.R. Morris Polyamine regulation of ribosome pausing at the upstream open reading frame of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase J. Biol. Chem. 276 2001 38036 38043
72. C. Hanfrey, K.A. Elliott, M. Franceschetti, M.J. Mayer, C. Illingworth, and A.J. Michael A dual upstream open reading frame-based autoregulatory circuit controlling polyamine-responsive translation J. Biol. Chem. 280 2005 39229 39237
73. S. Nasizadeh, and L. Persson Extremely rapid turnover of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase in Crithidia fasciculata FEBS Lett. 553 2003 131 134
74. A. Yerlikaya, and B.A. Stanley S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase degradation by the 26S proteasome is accelerated by substrate-mediated transamination J. Biol. Chem. 279 2004 12469 12478
75. T. Wu, V. Yankovskaya, and W.S. McIntire Cloning, sequencing, and heterologous expression of the murine peroxisomal flavoprotein, N1-acetylated polyamine oxidase J. Biol. Chem. 278 2003 20514 20525
76. T. Murray-Stewart, Y. Wang, W. Devereux, and R.A. Casero Cloning and characterization of multiple human polyamine oxidase splice variants that code for isoenzymes with different biochemical characteristics Biochem. J. 368 2002 673 677
77. J. Landry, and R. Sternglanz Yeast Fms1 is a FAD-utilizing polyamine oxidase Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 303 2003 771 776
78. P. Tavladoraki, M.N. Rossi, G. Saccuti, M.A. Perez-Amador, F. Polticelli, R. Angelini, and et al. Heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of a polyamine oxidase from Arabidopsis involved in polyamine back conversion Plant Physiol. 141 2006 1519 1532
79. M. Cervelli, A. Cona, R. Angelini, F. Polticelli, R. Federico, and P. Mariottini A barley polyamine oxidase isoform with distinct structural features and subcellular localization Eur. J. Biochem. 268 2001 3816 3830
80. M. Cervelli, F. Polticelli, R. Federico, and P. Mariottini Heterologous expression and characterization of mouse spermine oxidase J. Biol. Chem. 278 2003 5271 5276
81. P. Fincato, P.N. Moschou, V. Spedaletti, R. Tavazza, R. Angelini, R. Federico, and et al. Functional diversity inside the Arabidopsis polyamine oxidase gene family J. Exp. Bot. 62 2011 1155 1168
82. 2-generating diamine oxidase Plant J. 13 1998 781 791
83. H.M.A. Awal, and E. Hirasawa Diamine oxidase from millet catalyzes the oxidation of 1,3 diaminopropane J. Plant Res. 108 1995 395 397
84. T. Biegański, J. Kusche, W. Lorenz, R. Hesterberg, C.D. Stahlknecht, and K.D. Feussner Distribution and properties of human intestinal diamine oxidase and its relevance for the histamine catabolism Biochim. Biophys. Acta 756 1983 196 203
85. M.L. Di Paolo, F. Vianello, R. Stevanato, and A. Rigo Kinetic characterization of soybean seedling amine oxidase Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 323 1995 329 334
86. A.E. Pegg Spermidine/spermine-N(1)-acetyltransferase: a key metabolic regulator Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 294 2008 E995 E1010
87. J.I. Fukuchi, K. Kashiwagi, K. Takio, and K. Igarashi Properties and structure of spermidine acetyltransferase in Escherichia coli J. Biol. Chem. 269 1994 22581 22585
88. B. Liu, A. Sutton, and R. Sternglanz A yeast polyamine acetyltransferase J. Biol. Chem. 280 2005 16659 16664
89. T. Cook, D. Roos, M. Morada, G. Zhu, J.S. Keithly, J.E. Feagin, and et al. Divergent polyamine metabolism in the Apicomplexa Microbiology 153 2007 1123 1130
90. N. Seiler Functions of polyamine acetylation Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 65 1987 2024 2035
91. 1-acetyltransferase gene transcription J. Biol. Chem. 273 1998 34623 34630
92. Y. Wang, W. Devereux, T.M. Stewart, and R.A. Casero Cloning and characterization of human polyamine-modulated factor-1, a transcriptional cofactor that regulates the transcription of the spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase gene J. Biol. Chem. 274 1999 22095 22101
93. 1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) gene Biochem. J. 355 2001 45 49
94. 1-acetyltransferase RNA 12 2006 1569 1582
95. K. Kim, J.-H. Ryu, J.-W. Park, M.-S. Kim, and Y.-S. Chun Induction of a SSAT isoform in response to hypoxia or iron deficiency and its protective effects on cell death Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 331 2005 78 85
96. 1-acetyltransferase mRNA translation J. Biol. Chem. 282 2007 28530 28539
97. 12-bis(ethyl)spermine Biochem. J. 305 1995 451 458
98. I.P. Ivanov, J.F. Atkins, and A.J. Michael A profusion of upstream open reading frame mechanisms in polyamine-responsive translational regulation Nucleic Acids Res. 38 2010 353 359
99. 1-acetyltransferase Mol. Cell. Biol. 32 2012 1453 1467
100. 1-acetyltransferase and prevent its targeting to the proteasome for degradation Biochem. J. 358 2001 137 145
101. K. Kashiwagi, S. Miyamoto, E. Nukui, H. Kobayashi, and K. Igarashi Functions of PotA and PotD proteins in spermidine-preferential uptake system in Escherichia coli J. Biol. Chem. 268 1993 19358 19363
102. K. Igarashi, K. Ito, and K. Kashiwagi Polyamine uptake systems in Escherichia coli Res. Microbiol. 152 2001 271 278
103. K. Igarashi, and K. Kashiwagi Characteristics of cellular polyamine transport in prokaryotes and eukaryotes Plant Physiol. Biochem. 48 2010 506 512
104. K. Kashiwagi, S. Shibuya, H. Tomitori, A. Kuraishi, and K. Igarashi Excretion and uptake of putrescine by the PotE protein in Escherichia coli J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 6318 6323
105. W. Soksawatmaekhin, A. Kuraishi, K. Sakata, K. Kashiwagi, and K. Igarashi Excretion and uptake of cadaverine by CadB and its physiological functions in Escherichia coli Mol. Microbiol. 51 2004 1401 1412
106. K. Higashi, H. Ishigure, R. Demizu, T. Uemura, K. Nishino, A. Yamaguchi, and et al. Identification of a spermidine excretion protein complex (MdtJI) in Escherichia coli J. Bacteriol. 190 2008 872 878
107. T. Uemura, K. Kashiwagi, and K. Igarashi Uptake of putrescine and spermidine by Gap1p on the plasma membrane in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 328 2005 1028 1033
108. T. Uemura, K. Kashiwagi, and K. Igarashi Polyamine uptake by DUR3 and SAM3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae J. Biol. Chem. 282 2007 7733 7741
109. M. Aouida, A. Leduc, R. Poulin, and D. Ramotar AGP2 encodes the major permease for high affinity polyamine import in Saccharomyces cerevisiae J. Biol. Chem. 280 2005 24267 24276
110. M. Aouida, M. Rubio-Texeira, J.M. Thevelein, R. Poulin, and D. Ramotar Agp2, a member of the yeast amino acid permease family, positively regulates polyamine transport at the transcriptional level PLoS One 8 6 2013 Jun 3 e65717
111. T. Uemura, Y. Tomonari, K. Kashiwagi, and K. Igarashi Uptake of GABA and putrescine by UGA4 on the vacuolar membrane in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 315 2004 1082 1087
112. K. Igarashi, and K. Kashiwagi Polyamine transport in bacteria and yeast Biochem J 344 Pt 3 1999 633 642
113. K. Kashiwagi, and K. Igarashi Identification and assays of polyamine transport systems in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Methods Mol. Biol 720 2011 295 308
114. K. Tachihara, T. Uemura, K. Kashiwagi, and K. Igarashi Excretion of putrescine and spermidine by the protein encoded by YKL174c (TPO5) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae J. Biol. Chem. 280 2005 12637 12642
115. H. Tomitori, K. Kashiwagi, T. Asakawa, Y. Kakinuma, A.J. Michael, and K. Igarashi Multiple polyamine transport systems on the vacuolar membrane in yeast Biochem. J. 353 2001 681 688
116. L. Valdés-Santiago, J.A. Cervantes-Chávez, C.G. León-Ramírez, and J. Ruiz-Herrera Polyamine metabolism in fungi with emphasis on phytopathogenic species J. Amino Acids 2012 2012 837932
117. M.C. Teixeira, T.R. Cabrito, Z.M. Hanif, R.C. Vargas, S. Tenreiro, and I. Sá-Correia Yeast response and tolerance to polyamine toxicity involving the drug: H+ antiporter Qdr3 and the transcription factors Yap1 and Gcn4 Microbiology 157 2011 945 956
118. M. Albertsen, I. Bellahn, R. Krämer, and S. Waffenschmidt Localization and function of the yeast multidrug transporter Tpo1p J. Biol. Chem. 278 2003 12820 12825
119. V. Olin-Sandoval, R. Moreno-Sánchez, and E. Saavedra Targeting trypanothione metabolism in trypanosomatid human parasites Curr. Drug Targets 11 12 2010 Dec 1614 1630
120. M.P. Hasne, and B. Ullman Identification and characterization of a polyamine permease from the protozoan parasite Leishmania major J. Biol. Chem. 280 2005 15188 15194
121. R. Poulin, R.A. Casero, and D. Soulet Recent advances in the molecular biology of metazoan polyamine transport Amino Acids 42 2012 711 723
122. M.S.K. Fujita Identification of polyamine transporters in plants:paraquat transport provides crucial clues Plant Cell Physiol. 55 2014 855 861
123. A.C. Childs, D.J. Mehta, and E.W. Gerner Polyamine-dependent gene expression Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 60 2003 1394 1406
124. H.S. Basu, M.C. Sturkenboom, J.G. Delcros, P.P. Csokan, J. Szollosi, B.G. Feuerstein, and et al. Effect of polyamine depletion on chromatin structure in U-87 MG human brain tumour cells Biochem. J. 282 1992 723 727
125. T. Thomas, M.A. Gallo, C.M. Klinge, and T.J. Thomas Polyamine-mediated conformational perturbations in DNA alter the binding of estrogen receptor to poly(dG-m5dC).poly(dG-m5dC) and a plasmid containing the estrogen response element J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 54 1995 89 99
126. N. Kumar, R. Basundra, and S. Maiti Elevated polyamines induce c- MYC overexpression by perturbing quadruplex-WC duplex equilibrium Nucleic Acids Res. 37 2009 3321 3331
127. C.A. Panagiotidis, S. Artandi, K. Calame, and S.J. Silverstein Polyamines alter sequence-specific DNA-protein interactions Nucleic Acids Res. 23 1995 1800 1809
128. K. Igarashi, and K. Kashiwagi Modulation of cellular function by polyamines Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 42 2010 39 51
129. M. Yoshida, K. Kashiwagi, A. Shigemasa, S. Taniguchi, K. Yamamoto, H. Makinoshima, and et al. A unifying model for the role of polyamines in bacterial cell growth, the polyamine modulon J. Biol. Chem. 279 2004 46008 46013
130. K. Nishimura, H. Okudaira, E. Ochiai, K. Higashi, M. Kaneko, I. Ishii, and et al. Identification of proteins whose synthesis is preferentially enhanced by polyamines at the level of translation in mammalian cells Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 41 2009 2251 2261
131. K. Igarashi, and K. Kashiwagi Polyamine modulon in Escherichia coli: genes involved in the stimulation of cell growth by polyamines J. Biochem. 139 2006 11 16
132. Y. Terui, K. Higashi, S. Taniguchi, A. Shigemasa, K. Nishimura, K. Yamamoto, and et al. Enhancement of the synthesis of RpoN, Cra, and H-NS by polyamines at the level of translation in Escherichia coli cultured with glucose and glutamate J. Bacteriol. 189 2007 2359 2368
133. M. Yoshida, D. Meksuriyen, K. Kashiwagi, G. Kawai, and K. Igarashi Polyamine stimulation of the synthesis of oligopeptide-binding protein (OppA). Involvement of a structural change of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and the initiation codon aug in OppA mRNA J. Biol. Chem. 274 1999 22723 22728
134. M. Yoshida, K. Kashiwagi, G. Kawai, A. Ishihama, and K. Igarashi Polyamine enhancement of the synthesis of adenylate cyclase at the translational level and the consequential stimulation of the synthesis of the RNA polymerase σ28 subunit J. Biol. Chem. 276 2001 16289 16295
135. T. Uemura, K. Higashi, M. Takigawa, T. Toida, K. Kashiwagi, and K. Igarashi Polyamine modulon in yeast - stimulation of COX4 synthesis by spermidine at the level of translation Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 41 2009 2538 2545
136. A. Yueh, and R.J. Schneider Selective translation initiation by ribosome jumping in adenovirus- infected and heat-shocked cells Genes Dev. 10 1996 1557 1567
137. M. Yoshida, K. Kashiwagi, G. Kawai, A. Ishihama, and K. Igarashi Polyamines enhance synthesis of the RNA polymerase σ38 subunit by suppression of an amber termination codon in the open reading frame J. Biol. Chem. 277 2002 37139 37146
138. G. Landau, Z. Bercovich, M.H. Park, and C. Kahana The role of polyamines in supporting growth of mammalian cells is mediated through their requirement for translation initiation and elongation J. Biol. Chem. 285 2010 12474 12481
139. H. Kihara, and E.E. Snell Spermine and related polyamines as growth stimulants for Lactobacillus casei Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 43 1957 867 871
140. S. Kusunoki, and I. Yasumasu Cyclic change in polyamine concentrations in sea urchin eggs related with cleavage cycle Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 68 1976 881 885
141. S. Kusunoki, and I. Yasumasu Inhibitory effect of α-hydrazinoornithine on egg cleavage in sea urchin eggs Dev. Biol. 67 1978 336 345
142. S. Cunningham-Rundles, and W.K. Maas Isolation, characterization, and mapping of Escherichia coli mutants blocked in the synthesis of ornithine decarboxylase J. Bacteriol. 124 1975 791 799
143. Q.-W. Xie, C.W. Tabor, and H. Tabor Deletion mutations in the speED operon: spermidine is not essential for the growth of Escherichia coli Gene 126 1993 115 117
144. R.M. Ray, B.J. Zimmerman, S.A. McCormack, T.B. Patel, and L.R. Johnson Polyamine depletion arrests cell cycle and induces inhibitors p21(Waf1/Cip1), p27(Kip1), and p53 in IEC-6 cells Am. J. Physiol. 276 1999 C684 C691
145. M. Odenlund, B. Holmqvist, B. Baldetorp, P. Hellstrand, and B.-O. Nilsson Polyamine synthesis inhibition induces S phase cell cycle arrest in vascular smooth muscle cells Amino Acids 36 2009 273 282
146. M.K. Chattopadhyay, C.W. Tabor, and H. Tabor Absolute requirement of spermidine for growth and cell cycle progression of fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99 2002 10330 10334
147. D. Balasundaram, C.W. Tabor, and H. Tabor Spermidine or spermine is essential for the aerobic growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 88 1991 5872 5876
148. J. Pitkin, and R.H. Davis The genetics of polyamine synthesis in Neurospora crassa Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 278 1990 386 391
149. D.H. Russell, and P.J. Stambrook Cell cycle specific fluctuations in adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate and polyamines of Chinese hamster cells Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 72 1975 1482 1486
150. O. Heby, G.P. Sarna, L.J. Marton, M. Omine, S. Perry, and D.H. Russell Polyamine content of AKR leukemic cells in relation to the cell cycle Cancer Res. 33 1973 2959 2964
151. P.S. Sunkara, S. Ramakrishna, K. Nishioka, and P.N. Rao The relationship between levels and rates of synthesis of polyamines during mammalian cell cycle Life Sci. 28 1981 1497 1506
152. S.J. Friedman, R.A. Bellantone, and E.S. Canellakis Ornithine decarboxylase activity in synchronously growing Don C cells Biochim. Biophys. Acta 261 1972 188 193
153. J.O. Fredlund, M.C. Johansson, E. Dahlberg, and S.M. Oredsson Ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase expression during the cell cycle of Chinese hamster ovary cells Exp. Cell Res. 216 1995 86 92
154. O. Heby, J.W. Gray, P.A. Lindl, L.J. Marton, and C.B. Wilson Changes in l-ornithine decarboxylase activity during the cell cycle Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 71 1976 99 105
155. B.F. Cheetham An inhibitor of polyamine synthesis arrests cells at an earlier stage of G1 than does calcium deprivation Mol. Cell. Biol. 3 1983 480 483
156. D.L. Kramer, S. Vujcic, P. Diegelman, J. Alderfer, J.T. Miller, J.D. Black, and et al. Polyamine analogue induction of the p53-p21WAF1/CIP1-Rb pathway and G1 arrest in human melanoma cells Cancer Res. 59 1999 1278 1286
157. O. Heby, G. Andersson, and J.W. Gray Interference with S and G2 phase progression by polyamine synthesis inhibitors Exp. Cell Res. 111 1978 461 464
158. S. Anehus, P. Pohjanpelto, B. Baldetorp, E. Långström, and O. Heby Polyamine starvation prolongs the S and G2 phases of polyamine-dependent (arginase-deficient) CHO cells Mol. Cell. Biol. 4 1984 915 922
159. F. Scorcioni, A. Corti, P. Davalli, S. Astancolle, and S. Bettuzzi Manipulation of the expression of regulatory genes of polyamine metabolism results in specific alterations of the cell-cycle progression Biochem. J. 354 2001 217 223
160. R.M. Ray, S.A. McCormack, and L.R. Johnson Polyamine depletion arrests growth of IEC-6 and Caco-2 cells by different mechanisms Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 281 2001 G37 G43
161. J. Schnier, H.G. Schwelberger, Z. Smit-McBride, H.A. Kang, and J.W. Hershey Translation initiation factor 5A and its hypusine modification are essential for cell viability in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mol. Cell. Biol. 11 1991 3105 3114
162. H.L. Cooper, M.H. Park, J.E. Folk, B. Safer, and R. Braverman Identification of the hypusine-containing protein Hy + as translation initiation factor eIF-4D Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 80 1983 1854 1857
163. H.L. Cooper, M.H. Park, and J.E. Folk Posttranslational formation of hypusine in a single major protein occurs generally in growing cells and is associated with activation of lymphocyte growth Cell 29 1982 791 797
164. M.H. Park, K. Nishimura, C.F. Zanelli, and S.R. Valentini Functional significance of eIF5A and its hypusine modification in eukaryotes Amino Acids 38 2010 491 500
165. M.H. Park, E.C. Wolff, and J.E. Folk Hypusine: its post-translational formation in eukaryotic initiation factor 5A and its potential role in cellular regulation Biofactors 4 1993 95 104
166. M.H. Park, Y.A. Joe, K.R. Kang, Y.B. Lee, and E.C. Wolff The polyamine-derived amino acid hypusine: its post-translational formation in eIF-5A and its role in cell proliferation Amino Acids 10 1996 109 121
167. E.C. Wolff, K.R. Kang, Y.S. Kim, and M.H. Park Posttranslational synthesis of hypusine: evolutionary progression and specificity of the hypusine modification Amino Acids 33 2007 341 350
168. K. Sasaki, M.R. Abid, and M. Miyazaki Deoxyhypusine synthase gene is essential for cell viability in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae FEBS Lett. 384 1996 151 154
169. M.H. Park, Y.A. Joe, and K.R. Kang Deoxyhypusine synthase activity is essential for cell viability in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae J. Biol. Chem. 273 1998 1677 1683
170. H.A. Kang, and J.W. Hershey Effect of initiation factor eIF-5A depletion on protein synthesis and proliferation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae J. Biol. Chem. 269 1994 3934 3940
171. M.K. Chattopadhyay, M.H. Park, and H. Tabor Hypusine modification for growth is the major function of spermidine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae polyamine auxotrophs grown in limiting spermidine Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105 2008 6554 6559
172. M.K. Chattopadhyay, C.W. Tabor, and H. Tabor Spermidine but not spermine is essential for hypusine biosynthesis and growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: spermine is converted to spermidine in vivo by the FMS1-amine oxidase Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100 2003 13869 13874
173. P.H. Patel, M. Costa-Mattioli, K.L. Schulze, and H.J. Bellen The Drosophila deoxyhypusine hydroxylase homologue nero and its target eIF5A are required for cell growth and the regulation of autophagy J. Cell Biol. 185 2009 1181 1194
174. I. Maeda, Y. Kohara, M. Yamamoto, and A. Sugimoto Large-scale analysis of gene function in Caenorhabditis elegans by high-throughput RNAi Curr. Biol. 11 2001 171 176
175. H. Sievert, N. Pällmann, K.K. Miller, I. Hermans-Borgmeyer, S. Venz, A. Sendoel, and et al. A novel mouse model for inhibition of DOHH-mediated hypusine modification reveals a crucial function in embryonic development, proliferation and oncogenic transformation Dis. Model. Mech. 7 2014 963 976
176. K. Nishimura, S.B. Lee, J.H. Park, and M.H. Park Essential role of eIF5A-1 and deoxyhypusine synthase in mouse embryonic development Amino Acids 42 2012 703 710
177. X.-Y. Guan, J.M.-W. Fung, N.-F. Ma, S.-H. Lau, L.-S. Tai, D. Xie, and et al. Oncogenic role of eIF-5A2 in the development of ovarian cancer Cancer Res. 64 2004 4197 4200
178. J.L. Mitchell, G.G. Judd, A. Leyser, and C. Choe Osmotic stress induces variation in cellular levels of ornithine decarboxylase-antizyme Biochem. J. 329 1998 453 459
179. M.B. Watson, and R.L. Malmberg Regulation of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh Arginine decarboxylase by potassium deficiency stress Plant Physiol. 111 1996 1077 1083
180. J. Legocka, and A. Kluk Effect of salt and osmotic stress on changes in polyamine content and arginine decarboxylase activity in Lupinus luteus seedlings J. Plant Physiol. 162 2005 662 668
181. A. Borrell, R.T. Besford, T. Altabella, C. Masgrau, and A.F. Tiburcio Regulation of arginine decarboxylase by spermine in osmotically stressed oat leaves Physiol. Plant. 98 1996 105 110
182. R.L. Malmberg, and M.L. Cellino Arginine decarboxylase of oats is activated by enzymatic cleavage into two polypeptides J. Biol. Chem. 269 1994 2703 2706
183. H.C. Ha, N.S. Sirisoma, P. Kuppusamy, J.L. Zweier, P.M. Woster, and R.A. Casero The natural polyamine spermine functions directly as a free radical scavenger Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95 1998 11140 11145
184. K.C. Das, and H.P. Misra Hydroxyl radical scavenging and singlet oxygen quenching properties of polyamines Mol. Cell. Biochem. 262 2004 127 133
185. S. Fujisawa, and Y. Kadoma Kinetic evaluation of polyamines as radical scavengers Anticancer Res. 25 2005 965 969
186. I.G. Sava, V. Battaglia, C.A. Rossi, M. Salvi, and A. Toninello Free radical scavenging action of the natural polyamine spermine in rat liver mitochondria Free Radic. Biol. Med. 41 2006 1272 1281
187. J.E. Rider, A. Hacker, C.A. Mackintosh, A.E. Pegg, P.M. Woster, and R.A. Casero Spermine and spermidine mediate protection against oxidative damage caused by hydrogen peroxide Amino Acids 33 2007 231 240
188. K. Yamaguchi, Y. Takahashi, T. Berberich, A. Imai, A. Miyazaki, T. Takahashi, and et al. The polyamine spermine protects against high salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana FEBS Lett. 580 2006 6783 6788
189. R. Iyer, and A.H. Delcour Complex inhibition of OmpF and OmpC bacterial porins by polyamines J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 18595 18601
190. A.L. Dela Vega, and A.H. Delcour Polyamines decrease Escherichia coli outer membrane permeability J. Bacteriol. 178 1996 3715 3721
191. A. Krüger, J. Vowinckel, M. Mülleder, P. Grote, F. Capuano, K. Bluemlein, and et al. Tpo1-mediated spermine and spermidine export controls cell cycle delay and times antioxidant protein expression during the oxidative stress response EMBO Rep. 14 2013 1113 1119
192. A.G. Tkachenko, and L.Y. Nesterova Polyamines as modulators of gene expression under oxidative stress in Escherichia coli Biochem 68 2003 850 856
193. 2-induced oxidative damage Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 301 2003 915 922
194. G.H.M. Sagor, T. Berberich, Y. Takahashi, M. Niitsu, and T. Kusano The polyamine spermine protects Arabidopsis from heat stress-induced damage by increasing expression of heat shock-related genes Transgenic Res. 22 2013 595 605
195. L. Cheng, R. Sun, F. Wang, Z. Peng, F. Kong, J. Wu, and et al. Spermidine affects the transcriptome responses to high temperature stress in ripening tomato fruit J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B 13 2012 283 297
196. F. Marco, R. Alcázar, A.F. Tiburcio, and P. Carrasco Interactions between polyamines and abiotic stress pathway responses unraveled by transcriptome analysis of polyamine overproducers OMICS 15 2011 775 781
197. S.M. Chiang, and H.E. Schellhorn Regulators of oxidative stress response genes in Escherichia coli and their functional conservation in bacteria Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 525 2012 161 169
198. M.D.B.M. Groppa Polyamines and abiotic stress: recent advances Amino Acids 34 2008 35 45
199. D. Schiller, D. Kruse, H. Kneifel, R. Kramer, and A. Burkovski Polyamine transport and role of potE in response to osmotic stress in Escherichia coli J. Bacteriol. 182 2000 6247 6249
200. C. Kotakis, E. Theodoropoulou, K. Tassis, C. Oustamanolakis, N.E. Ioannidis, and K. Kotzabasis Putrescine, a fast-acting switch for tolerance against osmotic stress J. Plant Physiol. 171 2014 48 51
201. + homeostasis in barley seedlings by regulating root ion channel activities Plant Physiol. 145 2007 1061 1072
202. H. Samartzidou, M. Mehrazin, Z. Xu, M.J. Benedik, and A.H. Delcour Cadaverine inhibition of porin plays a role in cell survival at acidic pH J. Bacteriol. 185 2003 13 19
203. N. Watson, D.S. Dunyak, E.L. Rosey, J.L. Slonczewski, and E.R. Olson Identification of elements involved in transcriptional regulation of the Escherichia coli cad operon by external pH J. Bacteriol. 174 1992 530 540
204. A.L. Cason, Y. Ikeguchi, C. Skinner, T.C. Wood, K.R. Holden, H.A. Lubs, and et al. X-linked spermine synthase gene (SMS) defect: the first polyamine deficiency syndrome Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 11 2003 937 944
205. D. Russell, and S.H. Snyder Amine synthesis in rapidly growing tissues: ornithine decarboxylase activity in regenerating rat liver, chick embryo, and various tumors Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 60 1968 1420 1427
206. B.G. Durie, S.E. Salmon, and D.H. Russell Polyamines as markers of response and disease activity in cancer chemotherapy Cancer Res. 37 1977 214 221
207. D.H. RUSSELL Increased polyamine concentrations in the urine of human cancer patients Nature 233 1971 144 145
208. C.A. Elmets, and M. Athar Targeting ornithine decarboxylase for the prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer in humans Cancer Prev. Res. (Phila.) 3 2010 8 11
209. C. Bello-Fernandez, G. Packham, and J.L. Cleveland The ornithine decarboxylase gene is a transcriptional target of c-Myc Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90 1993 7804 7808
210. J.A. Moshier, J. Dosescu, M. Skunca, and G.D. Luk Transformation of NIH/3T3 cells by ornithine decarboxylase overexpression Cancer Res. 53 1993 2618 2622
211. M. Auvinen, A. Paasinen-Sohns, H. Hirai, L.C. Andersson, and E. Hölttä Ornithine decarboxylase- and ras-induced cell transformations: reversal by protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors and role of pp130CAS Mol. Cell. Biol. 15 1995 6513 6525
212. M. Auvinen, A. Laine, A. Paasinen-Sohns, A. Kangas, L. Kangas, O. Saksela, and et al. Human ornithine decarboxylase-overproducing NIH3T3 cells induce rapidly growing, highly vascularized tumors in nude mice Cancer Res. 57 1997 3016 3025
213. M.E. Martinez, T.G. O'Brien, K.E. Fultz, N. Babbar, H. Yerushalmi, N. Qu, and et al. Pronounced reduction in adenoma recurrence associated with aspirin use and a polymorphism in the ornithine decarboxylase gene Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100 2003 7859 7864
214. L. Megosh, S.K. Gilmour, D. Rosson, A.P. Soler, M. Blessing, J.A. Sawicki, and et al. Increased frequency of spontaneous skin tumors in transgenic mice which overexpress ornithine decarboxylase Cancer Res. 55 1995 4205 4209
215. Y. Guo, J.L. Cleveland, and T.G. O'Brien Haploinsufficiency for ODC modifies mouse skin tumor susceptibility Cancer Res. 65 2005 1146 1149
216. J.A. Nilsson, U.B. Keller, T.A. Baudino, C. Yang, S. Norton, J.A. Old, and et al. Targeting ornithine decarboxylase in Myc-induced lymphomagenesis prevents tumor formation Cancer Cell 7 2005 433 444
217. R. Chaturvedi, M. Asim, J. Romero-Gallo, D.P. Barry, S. Hoge, T. de Sablet, and et al. Spermine oxidase mediates the gastric cancer risk associated with Helicobacter pylori CagA Gastroenterology 141 2011 1696 1708
218. S.-K.S. Hong, R. Chaturvedi, M.B. Piazuelo, L.A. Coburn, C.S. Williams, A.G. Delgado, and et al. Increased expression and cellular localization of spermine oxidase in ulcerative colitis and relationship to disease activity Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 16 2010 1557 1566
219. D.J. Feith, L.M. Shantz, and A.E. Pegg Targeted antizyme expression in the skin of transgenic mice reduces tumor promoter induction of ornithine decarboxylase and decreases sensitivity to chemical carcinogenesis Cancer Res. 61 2001 6073 6081
220. C.E. Weeks, A.L. Herrmann, F.R. Nelson, and T.J. Slaga alpha-Difluoromethylornithine, an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, inhibits tumor promoter-induced polyamine accumulation and carcinogenesis in mouse skin Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 79 1982 6028 6032
221. N.D. Nigro, A.W. Bull, and M.E. Boyd Inhibition of intestinal carcinogenesis in rats: effect of difluoromethylornithine with piroxicam or fish oil J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 77 1986 1309 1313
222. F. Milord, J. Pépin, L. Loko, L. Ethier, and B. Mpia Efficacy and toxicity of eflornithine for treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness Lancet 340 1992 652 655
223. S.L. Nowotarski, P.M. Woster, and R.A. Casero Polyamines and cancer: implications for chemotherapy and chemoprevention Expert Rev. Mol. Med. 15 2013 e3
224. E.W. Gerner, and F.L. Meyskens Polyamines and cancer: old molecules, new understanding Nat. Rev. Cancer 4 2004 781 792
225. T. Eisenberg, H. Knauer, A. Schauer, S. Büttner, C. Ruckenstuhl, D. Carmona-Gutierrez, and et al. Induction of autophagy by spermidine promotes longevity Nat. Cell Biol. 11 2009 1305 1314
226. M. Vivó, N. de Vera, R. Cortés, G. Mengod, L. Camón, and E. Martínez Polyamines in the basal ganglia of human brain. Influence of aging and degenerative movement disorders Neurosci. Lett. 304 2001 107 111
227. V.K. Gupta, L. Scheunemann, T. Eisenberg, S. Mertel, A. Bhukel, T.S. Koemans, and et al. Restoring polyamines protects from age-induced memory impairment in an autophagy-dependent manner Nat. Neurosci. 16 2013 1453 1460
228. P. Santana Frühauf, R. Porto Ineu, L. Tomazi, T. Duarte, C. Mello, and M. Rubin Spermine reverses lipopolysaccharide-induced memory deficit in mice J. Neuroinflammation 12 2015 3
229. J.R. Roede, K. Uppal, Y. Park, K. Lee, V. Tran, D. Walker, and et al. Serum metabolomics of slow vs. rapid motor progression Parkinson's disease: a pilot study PLoS One 8 2013 e77629
230. C. Gomes-Trolin, I. Nygren, S.-M. Aquilonius, and H. Askmark Increased red blood cell polyamines in ALS and Parkinson's disease Exp. Neurol. 177 2002 515 520
231. K. Inoue, H. Tsutsui, H. Akatsu, Y. Hashizume, N. Matsukawa, T. Yamamoto, and et al. Metabolic profiling of Alzheimer's disease brains Sci. Rep. 3 2013 2364
232. A.V. Krasnoslobodtsev, J. Peng, J.M. Asiago, J. Hindupur, J.-C. Rochet, and Y.L. Lyubchenko Effect of spermidine on misfolding and interactions of alpha-synuclein PLoS One 7 2012 e38099
233. J. Luo, C.-H. Yu, H. Yu, R. Borstnar, S.C.L. Kamerlin, A. Gräslund, and et al. Cellular polyamines promote amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide fibrillation and modulate the aggregation pathways ACS Chem. Neurosci. 4 2013 454 462
234. N.M. Lewandowski, S. Ju, M. Verbitsky, B. Ross, M.L. Geddie, E. Rockenstein, and et al. Polyamine pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 107 2010 16970 16975
235. J. Vowinckel, S. Stahlberg, N. Paulmann, K. Bluemlein, M. Grohmann, M. Ralser, and et al. Histaminylation of glutamine residues is a novel posttranslational modification implicated in G-protein signaling FEBS Lett. 586 2012 3819 3824
236. J.E. Folk, M.H. Park, S.I. Chung, J. Schrode, E.P. Lester, and H.L. Cooper Polyamines as physiological substrates for transglutaminases J. Biol. Chem. 255 1980 3695 3700
237. Y. Song, L.L. Kirkpatrick, A.B. Schilling, D.L. Helseth, N. Chabot, J.W. Keillor, and et al. Transglutaminase and polyamination of tubulin: posttranslational modification for stabilizing axonal microtubules Neuron 78 2013 109 123
238. T.M. Jeitner, K. Battaile, and A.J.L. Cooper γ-Glutamylamines and neurodegenerative diseases Amino Acids 44 2013 129 142
239. T.M. Jeitner, W.R. Matson, J.E. Folk, J.P. Blass, and A.J.L. Cooper Increased levels of gamma-glutamylamines in Huntington disease CSF J. Neurochem. 106 2008 37 44
240. A. Martin, G. De Vivo, and V. Gentile Possible role of the transglutaminases in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases Int. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2011 2011 865432
241. F. Madeo, T. Eisenberg, S. Büttner, C. Ruckenstuhl, and G. Kroemer Spermidine: a novel autophagy inducer and longevity elixir Autophagy 6 2010 160 162
242. A.E. Pegg Toxicity of polyamines and their metabolic products Chem. Res. Toxicol. 26 2013 1782 1800
243. P.L. Wood, M.A. Khan, and J.R. Moskal The concept of "aldehyde load" in neurodegenerative mechanisms: cytotoxicity of the polyamine degradation products hydrogen peroxide, acrolein, 3-aminopropanal, 3-acetamidopropanal and 4-aminobutanal in a retinal ganglion cell line Brain Res. 1145 2007 150 156
244. N.P. Dantuma, and L.C. Bott The ubiquitin-proteasome system in neurodegenerative diseases: precipitating factor, yet part of the solution Front. Mol. Neurosci. 7 2014 70