Schwann cell myelination

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

Volumn 7, Issue 8, 2015, Pages

  Salzer, James L ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACTION POTENTIAL; GENETIC EPIGENESIS; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; HUMAN; MYELIN SHEATH; MYELINATED NERVE; PHYSIOLOGY; SCHWANN CELL; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ACTION POTENTIALS; EPIGENESIS, GENETIC; HUMANS; MYELIN SHEATH; NERVE FIBERS, MYELINATED; SCHWANN CELLS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC;

EID: 84940093814     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19430264     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a020529     Document Type: Article

References (233)

1. Abe I, Ochiai N, Ichimura H, Tsujino A, Sun J, Hara Y. 2004. Internodes can nearly double in length with gradual elongation of the adult rat sciatic nerve. J Orthop Res 22: 571-577.
2. Aguayo AJ, Bray GM, Perkins SC. 1979. Axon-Schwann cell relationships in neuropathies of mutant mice. Ann NY Acad Sci 317: 512-531.
3. Armstrong R, Toews AD, Morell P. 1987. Axonal transport through nodes of Ranvier. Brain Res 412: 196-199.
4. Arthur-Farraj P, Wanek K, Hantke J, Davis CM, Jayakar A, Parkinson DB, Mirsky R, Jessen KR. 2011. Mouse Schwann cells need both NRG1 and cyclic AMP to myelinate. Glia 59: 720-733.
5. Atanasoski S, Scherer SS, Sirkowski E, Leone D, Garratt AN, Birchmeier C, Suter U. 2006. ErbB2 signaling in Schwann cells is mostly dispensable for maintenance ofmyelinated peripheral nerves and proliferation of adult Schwann cells after injury. J Neurosci 26: 2124-2131.
6. Bacon C, Lakics V, Machesky L, Rumsby M. 2007. N-WASP regulates extension of filopodia and processes by oligodendrocyte progenitors, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells-Implications for axon ensheathment at myelination. Glia 55: 844-858.
7. Balice-Gordon RJ, Bone LJ, Scherer SS. 1998. Functional gap junctions in the Schwann cell myelin sheath. J Cell Biol 142: 1095-1104.
8. Beirowski B, Gustin J, Armour SM, Yamamoto H, Viader A, North BJ, Michan S, Baloh RH, Golden JP, Schmidt RE, et al. 2011. Sir-two-homolog 2 (Sirt2) modulates peripheral myelination through polarity protein Par-3/atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci 108: E952-E961.
9. Benninger Y, Thurnherr T, Pereira JA, Krause S, Wu X, Chrostek-Grashoff A, Herzog D, Nave K-A, Franklin RJ, MeijerD, et al. 2007. Essential and distinct roles for cdc42 and rac1 in the regulation of Schwann cell biology during peripheral nervous system development. J Cell Biol 177: 1051-1061.
10. Bercury KK, Dai J, Sachs HH, Ahrendsen JT, Wood TL, Macklin WB. 2014. Conditional ablation of raptor or rictor has differential impact on oligodendrocyte differentiation and CNS myelination. J Neurosci 34: 4466-4480.
11. Bermingham JR Jr, Shearin H, Pennington J, O'Moore J, Jaegle M, Driegen S, van Zon A, Darbas A, Ozkaynak E, Ryu EJ, et al. 2006. The claw paw mutation reveals a role for Lgi4 in peripheral nerve development. Nat Neurosci 9: 76-84.
12. Berthold CH. 1996. Development of nodes of Ranvier in feline nerves: An ultrastructural presentation. Microsc Res Tech 34: 399-421.
13. Berthold CH, Fabricius C, Rydmark M, Andersen B. 1993. Axoplasmic organelles at nodes of Ranvier. I. Occurrence and distribution in large myelinated spinal root axons of the adult cat. J Neurocytol 22: 925-940.
14. Birchmeier C. 2009. ErbB receptors and the development of the nervous system. Exp Cell Res 315: 611-618.
15. Blanchoin L, Boujemaa-Paterski R, Sykes C, Plastino J. 2014. Actin dynamics, architecture, and mechanics in cell motility. Physiol Rev 94: 235-263.
16. BradleyWG, Jenkison M. 1973. Neural abnormalities in the dystrophic mouse. J Neurol Sci 25: 249-255.
17. Bremer J, O'Connor T, Tiberi C, Rehrauer H, Weis J, Aguzzi A. 2010. Ablation of Dicer from murine Schwann cells increases their proliferation while blocking myelination. PLoS ONE 5: e12450.
18. Bremer M, Frob F, Kichko T, Reeh P, Tamm ER, Suter U, Wegner M. 2011. Sox10 is required for Schwann-cell homeostasis and myelin maintenance in the adult peripheral nerve. Glia 59: 1022-1032.
19. Brinkmann BG, Agarwal A, SeredaMW, Garratt AN, Muller T, Wende H, Stassart RM, Nawaz S, Humml C, Velanac V, et al. 2008. Neuregulin-1/ErbB signaling serves distinct functions in myelination of the peripheral and central nervous system. Neuron 59: 581-595.
20. Bunge MB, Williams AK, Wood PM. 1982. Neuron-Schwann cell interaction in basal lamina formation. Dev Biol 92: 449-460.
21. Bunge RP, Bunge MB, Eldridge CF. 1986. Linkage between axonal ensheathment and basal lamina production by Schwann cells. Annu Rev Neurosci 9: 305-328.
22. Bunge RP, Bunge MB, Bates M. 1989. Movements of the Schwann cell nucleus implicate progression of the inner (axon-related) Schwann cell process during myelination. J Cell Biol 109: 273-284.
23. Burianek LE, Soderling SH. 2013. Under lock and key: Spatiotemporal regulation of WASP family proteins coordinates separate dynamic cellular processes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 24: 258-266.
24. Camargo N, Smit AB, Verheijen MH. 2009. SREBPs: SREBP function in glia-neuron interactions. FEBS J 276: 628-636.
25. Canu MH, Carnaud M, Picquet F, Goutebroze L. 2009. Activity-dependent regulation of myelin maintenance in the adult rat. Brain Res 1252: 45-51.
26. Chan JR, Jolicoeur C, Yamauchi J, Elliott J, Fawcett JP, Ng BK, Cayouette M. 2006. The polarity protein Par-3 directly interacts with p75NTR to regulate myelination. Science 314: 832-836.
27. Chen ZL, Strickland S. 2003. Laminin g1 is critical for Schwann cell differentiation, axon myelination, and regeneration in the peripheral nerve. J Cell Biol 163: 889-899.
28. Chen P, Cescon M, Megighian A, Bonaldo P. 2014. Collagen VI regulates peripheral nerve myelination and function. FASEB J 28: 1145-1156.
29. Chernousov MA, Yu WM, Chen ZL, Carey DJ, Strickland S. 2008. Regulation of Schwann cell function by the extracellular matrix. Glia 56: 1498-1507.
30. Cohen JA, Yachnis AT, Arai M, Davis JG, Scherer SS. 1992. Expression of the neu proto-oncogene by Schwann cells during peripheral nerve development and Wallerian degeneration. J Neurosci Res 31: 622-634.
31. Cole JS, Messing A, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM. 1994. Modulation of axon diameter and neurofilaments by hypomyelinating Schwann cells in transgenic mice. J Neurosci 14: 6956-6966.
32. Cooper PD, Smith RS. 1974. The movement of optically detectable organelles in myelinated axons of Xenopus laevis. J Physiol 242: 77-97.
33. Cotter L, Ozcelik M, Jacob C, Pereira JA, LocherV, Baumann R, Relvas JB, Suter U, Tricaud N. 2010. Dlg1-PTEN interaction regulates myelin thickness to prevent damaging peripheral nerve overmyelination. Science 328: 1415-1418.
34. Court FA, Sherman DL, Pratt T, Garry EM, Ribchester RR, Cottrell DF, Fleetwood-Walker SM, Brophy PJ. 2004. Restricted growth of Schwann cells lacking Cajal bands slows conduction in myelinated nerves. Nature 431: 191-195.
35. Court FA, Hendriks WT, MacGillavry HD, Alvarez J, van Minnen J. 2008. Schwann cell to axon transfer of ribosomes: Toward a novel understanding of the role of glia in the nervous system. J Neurosci 28: 11024-11029.
36. Court FA, Midha R, Cisterna BA, Grochmal J, Shakhbazau A, Hendriks WT, Van Minnen J. 2011a. Morphological evidence for a transport of ribosomes from Schwann cells to regenerating axons. Glia 59: 1529-1539.
37. Court FA, Zambroni D, Pavoni E, Colombelli C, Baragli C, Figlia G, Sorokin L, Ching W, Salzer JL, Wrabetz L, et al. 2011b. MMP2-9 cleavage of dystroglycan alters the size and molecular composition of Schwann cell domains. J Neurosci 31: 12208-12217.
38. Cutillo V, Montagnese P, Gremo F, Casola L, Giuditta A. 1983. Origin of axoplasmic RNA in the squid giant fiber. Neurochem Res 8: 1621-1634.
39. D'Antonio M, Feltri ML, Wrabetz L. 2009. Myelin under stress. J Neurosci Res 87: 3241-3249.
40. D'Antonio M, Musner N, Scapin C, Ungaro D, Del Carro U, Ron D, Feltri ML, Wrabetz L. 2013. Resetting translational homeostasis restores myelination in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1B mice. J Exp Med 210: 821-838.
41. Decker L, Desmarquet-Trin-Dinh C, Taillebourg E, Ghislain J, Vallat JM, Charnay P. 2006. Peripheral myelin maintenance is a dynamic process requiring constant Krox20 expression. J Neurosci 26: 9771-9779.
42. Di Muzio A, De Angelis MV, Di Fulvio P, Ratti A, Pizzuti A, Stuppia L, Gambi D, Uncini A. 2003. Dysmyelinating sensory-motor neuropathy in merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 27: 500-506.
43. Einheber S, Milner TA, Giancotti F, Salzer JL. 1993. Axonal regulation of Schwann cell integrin expression suggests a role for a6b4 in myelination. J Cell Biol 123: 1223-1236.
44. Einheber S, Bhat MA, Salzer JL. 2006. Disrupted axo-glial junctions result in accumulation of abnormal mitochondria at nodes of Ranvier. Neuron Glia Biol 2: 165-174.
45. Falls DL. 2003. Neuregulins: Functions, forms, and signaling strategies. Exp Cell Res 284: 14-30.
46. Fannon AM, Sherman DL, Ilyina-Gragerova G, Brophy PJ, Friedrich VL Jr, Colman DR. 1995. Novel E-cadherinmediated adhesion in peripheral nerve: Schwann cell ar-chitecture is stabilized by autotypic adherens junctions. J Cell Biol 129: 189-202.
47. Fernandez-Valle C, Gorman D, Gomez AM, Bunge MB. 1997. Actin plays a role in both changes in cell shape and gene-expression associated with Schwann cellmyelination. J Neurosci 17: 241-250.
48. Fernandez-Valle C, Wood PM, Bunge MB. 1998. Localization of focal adhesion kinase in differentiating Schwann cell/neuron cultures. Microsc Res Tech 41: 416-430.
49. Filbin MT, Walsh FS, Trapp BD, Pizzey JA, Tennekoon GI. 1990. Role ofmyelin P0 protein as a homophilic adhesion molecule. Nature 344: 871-872.
50. Finzsch M, Schreiner S, Kichko T, Reeh P, Tamm ER, Bosl MR, Meijer D, Wegner M. 2010. Sox10 is required for Schwann cell identity and progression beyond the immature Schwann cell stage. J Cell Biol 189: 701-712.
51. FleckD, van Bebber F, Colombo A, Galante C, Schwenk BM, Rabe L, Hampel H, Novak B, Kremmer E, Tahirovic S, et al. 2013. Dual cleavage of neuregulin 1 type III by BACE1 and ADAM17 liberates its EGF-like domain and allows paracrine signaling. J Neurosci 33: 7856-7869.
52. Fricker FR, Lago N, Balarajah S, Tsantoulas C, Tanna S, Zhu N, Fageiry SK, Jenkins M, Garratt AN, Birchmeier C, et al. 2011. Axonally derived neuregulin-1 is required for remyelination and regeneration after nerve injury in adulthood. J Neurosci 31: 3225-3233.
53. Fricker FR, Antunes-Martins A, Galino J, Paramsothy R, La Russa F, Perkins J, Goldberg R, Brelstaff J, Zhu N, McMahon SB, et al. 2013. Axonal neuregulin 1 is a rate limiting but not essential factor for nerve remyelination. Brain 136: 2279-2297.
54. Friede RL. 1972. Control of myelin formation by axon caliber (with a model of the control mechanism). J Comp Neurol 144: 233-252.
55. Funfschilling U, Supplie LM, Mahad D, Boretius S, Saab AS, Edgar J, Brinkmann BG, Kassmann CM, Tzvetanova ID, MobiusW, et al. 2012. Glycolytic oligodendrocytes maintain myelin and long-term axonal integrity. Nature 485: 517-521.
56. Garcia-Fresco GP, SousaAD, Pillai AM, Moy SS, Crawley JN, Tessarollo L, Dupree JL, Bhat MA. 2006. Disruption of axo-glial junctions causes cytoskeletal disorganization and degeneration of Purkinje neuron axons. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103: 5137-5142.
57. Garratt AN, Voiculescu O, Topilko P, Charnay P, Birchmeier C. 2000. A dual role of erbB2 in myelination and in expansion of the Schwann cell precursor pool. J Cell Biol 148: 1035-1046.
58. Gasser HS, Grundfest H. 1939. Axon diameters in relations to the spike dimensions and the conduction velocity in mammalian A fibers. Am J Physiol 127: 393-414.
59. Geren BB. 1954. The formation from the Schwann cell surface of myelin in the peripheral nerves of chick embryos. Exp Cell Res 7: 558-562.
60. Gibson EM, Purger D, Mount CW, Goldstein AK, Lin GL, Wood LS, Inema I, Miller SE, Bieri G, Zuchero JB, et al. 2014. Neuronal activity promotes oligodendrogenesis and adaptive myelination in the mammalian brain. Science 344: 1252304.
61. Gillespie CS, Sherman DL, Fleetwood-Walker SM, Cottrell DF, Tait S, Garry EM, Wallace VC, Ure J, Griffiths IR, Smith A, et al. 2000. Peripheral demyelination and neuropathic pain behavior in periaxin-deficient mice. Neuron 26: 523-531.
62. Glenn TD, Talbot WS. 2013a. Analysis of Gpr126 function defines distinct mechanisms controlling the initiation and maturation of myelin. Development 140: 3167-3175.
63. Glenn TD, TalbotWS. 2013b. Signals regulatingmyelination in peripheral nerves and the Schwann cell response to injury. Curr Opin Neurobiol 23: 1041-1048.
64. Goebbels S, Oltrogge JH, Kemper R, Heilmann I, Bormuth I, Wolfer S, Wichert SP, MobiusW, Liu X, Lappe-Siefke C, et al. 2010. Elevated phosphatidylinositol 3, 4, 5-trisphosphate in glia triggers cell-autonomous membrane wrapping and myelination. J Neurosci 30: 8953-8964.
65. Goebbels S, Oltrogge JH, Wolfer S, Wieser GL, Nientiedt T, Pieper A, Ruhwedel T, Groszer M, SeredaMW, Nave K-A. 2012. Genetic disruption of Pten in a novel mouse model of tomaculous neuropathy. EMBO Mol Med 4: 486-499.
66. Goldstein B, Macara IG. 2007. The PAR proteins: Fundamental players in animal cell polarization. Dev Cell 13: 609-622.
67. Gould RM. 1977. Incorporation of glycoproteins into peripheral nerve myelin. J Cell Biol 75: 326-338.
68. Gould RM, Mattingly G. 1990. Regional localization of RNA and protein metabolism in Schwann cells in vivo. J Neurocytol 19: 285-301.
69. Gould RM, Oakley T, Goldstone JV, Dugas JC, Brady ST, Gow A. 2008. Myelin sheaths are formed with proteins that originated in vertebrate lineages. Neuron Glia Biol 4: 137-152.
70. Grossmann KS, Wende H, Paul FE, Cheret C, Garratt AN, Zurborg S, Feinberg K, Besser D, Schulz H, Peles E, et al. 2009. The tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 (PTPN11) directs Neuregulin-1/ErbB signaling throughout Schwann cell development. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106: 16704-16709.
71. Grove M, Komiyama NH, Nave K-A, Grant SG, Sherman DL, Brophy PJ. 2007. FAK is required for axonal sorting by Schwann cells. J Cell Biol 176: 277-282.
72. Guo L, Moon C, Zheng Y, Ratner N. 2013. Cdc42 regulates Schwann cell radial sorting and myelin sheath folding through NF2/merlin-dependent and independent signaling. Glia 61: 1906-1921.
73. Hall A. 2012. Rho family GTPases. Biochem Soc Trans 40: 1378-1382.
74. Halter JA, Clark JW Jr. 1993. The influence of nodal constriction on conduction velocity in myelinated nerve fibers. Neuroreport 4: 89-92.
75. He Y, Kim JY, Dupree J, Tewari A, Melendez-Vasquez C, Svaren J, Casaccia P. 2010. Yy1 as a molecular link between neuregulin and transcriptional modulation of peripheral myelination. Nat Neurosci 13: 1472-1480.
76. Heasman SJ, Ridley AJ. 2008. Mammalian Rho GTPases: New insights into their functions from in vivo studies. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9: 690-701.
77. Heath JW, Kidd GJ, Trapp BD, Dunkley PR. 1991. Myelin maintenance by Schwann cells in the absence of axons. Neurosci Lett 128: 277-280.
78. Heller BA, Ghidinelli M, Voelkl J, Einheber S, Smith R, Grund E, Morahan G, Chandler D, Kalaydjieva L, Giancotti F, et al. 2014. Functionally distinct PI 3-kinase path-ways regulate myelination in the peripheral nervous system. J Cell Biol 204: 1219-1236.
79. Henry EW, Eicher EM, Sidman RL. 1991. The mouse mutation claw paw: Forelimb deformity and delayed myelination throughout the peripheral nervous system. J Hered 82: 287-294.
80. Hildebrand C, Westerberg M, Mustafa GY. 1989. Influence of an experimental hindlimb maldevelopment on axon number and nodal spacing in the rat sciatic nerve. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 50: 169-175.
81. Hildebrand C, Bowe CM, Remahl IN. 1994. Myelination and myelin sheath remodelling in normal and pathological PNS nerve fibres. Prog Neurobiol 43: 85-141.
82. Hogl S, van Bebber F, Dislich B, Kuhn PH, Haass C, Schmid B, Lichtenthaler SF. 2013. Label-free quantitative analysis of the membrane proteome of Bace1 protease knock-out zebrafish brains. Proteomics 13: 1519-1527.
83. Horiuchi K, Zhou HM, Kelly K, Manova K, Blobel CP. 2005. Evaluation of the contributions of ADAMs 9, 12, 15, 17, and 19 to heart development and ectodomain shedding of neuregulins b1 and b2. Dev Biol 283: 459-471.
84. Howe DG, McCarthy KD. 2000. Retroviral inhibition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibits myelination but not Schwann cell mitosis stimulated by interaction with neurons. J Neurosci 20: 3513-3521.
85. Hu X, HicksCW, HeW, Wong P, MacklinWB, TrappBD, Yan R. 2006. Bace1 modulates myelination in the central and peripheral nervous system. Nat Neurosci 9: 1520-1525.
86. Huijbregts RP, Roth KA, Schmidt RE, Carroll SL. 2003. Hypertrophic neuropathies and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in transgenic mice overexpressing glial growth factor b3 inmyelinating Schwann cells. J Neurosci 23: 7269-7280.
87. Huynh JL, Casaccia P. 2013. Epigenetic mechanisms in multiple sclerosis: Implications for pathogenesis and treatment. Lancet Neurol 12: 195-206.
88. Jacob C, Christen CN, Pereira JA, Somandin C, Baggiolini A, Lotscher P, Ozcelik M, Tricaud N, Meijer D, Yamaguchi T, et al. 2011. HDAC1 and HDAC2 control the transcriptional program of myelination and the survival of Schwann cells. Nat Neurosci 14: 429-436.
89. Jaegle M, Ghazvini M, MandemakersW, Piirsoo M, Driegen S, Levavasseur F, Raghoenath S, Grosveld F, Meijer D. 2003. The POU proteins Brn-2 and Oct-6 share important functions in Schwann cell development. Genes Dev 17: 1380-1391.
90. Jessen KR, Mirsky R, Lloyd AC. 2015. Schwann cells: Development and role in nerve repair. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol doi: 10. 1101/cshperspect. a020487.
91. Jin J-J, Nikitin AY, Rajewsky MF. 1993. Schwann cell lineagespecific neu (erbB-2) gene expression in the developing rat nervous system. Cell Growth Diff 4: 227-237.
92. Jin F, Dong B, Georgiou J, Jiang Q, Zhang J, Bharioke A, Qiu F, Lommel S, Feltri ML, Wrabetz L, et al. 2011. N-WASp is required for Schwann cell cytoskeletal dynamics, normal myelin gene expression and peripheral nerve myelination. Development 138: 1329-1337.
93. Kao SC, Wu H, Xie J, Chang CP, Ranish JA, Graef IA, Crabtree GR. 2009. Calcineurin/NFAT signaling is required for neuregulin-regulated Schwann cell differentiation. Science 323: 651-654.
94. Kegel L, Aunin E, Meijer D, Bermingham JR. 2013. LGI proteins in the nervous system. ASN Neuro 5: 167-181.
95. Kidd GJ, Ohno N, Trapp BD. 2013. Biology of Schwann cells. Handb Clin Neurol 115: 55-79.
96. Kipanyula MJ, Woodhoo A, Rahman M, PayneD, Jessen KR, Mirsky R. 2013. Calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T cells regulation of Krox-20 expression in Schwann cells requires elevation of intracellular cyclic AMP. J Neurosci Res 91: 105-115.
97. Koling A. 1985. Membrane architecture of myelinated nerve fibres in the human dental pulp studied by freeze-fracturing. Arch Oral Biol 30: 121-128.
98. La Marca R, Cerri F, Horiuchi K, Bachi A, Feltri ML, Wrabetz L, Blobel CP, Quattrini A, Salzer JL, Taveggia C. 2011. TACE (ADAM17) inhibits Schwann cell myelination. Nat Neurosci 14: 857-865.
99. Langley JN, Anderson HK. 1903. On the union of the fifth cervical nerve with the superior cervical ganglion. J Physiol 30: 439-442.
100. Laplante M, Sabatini DM. 2013. Regulation of mTORC1 and its impact on gene expression at a glance. J Cell Sci 126: 1713-1719.
101. Lasek RJ, Gainer H, Barker JL. 1977. Cell-to-cell transfer of glial proteins to the squid giant axon. The glia-neuron protein transfer hypothesis. J Cell Biol 74: 501-523.
102. Lazarevic V, Zullo AJ, Schweitzer MN, Staton TL, Gallo EM, Crabtree GR, Glimcher LH. 2009. The gene encoding early growth response 2, a target of the transcription factor NFAT, is required for the development and maturation of natural killer T cells. Nat Immunol 10: 306-313.
103. Le N, Nagarajan R, Wang JY, Araki T, Schmidt RE, Milbrandt J. 2005a. Analysis of congenital hypomyelinating Egr2Lo/Lo nerves identifies Sox2 as an inhibitor of Schwann cell differentiation and myelination. Proc Natl Acad Sci 102: 2596-2601.
104. Le N, Nagarajan R, Wang JYT, Svaren J, LaPash C, Araki T, Schmidt RE, Milbrandt J. 2005b. Nab proteins are essential for peripheral nervous system myelination. Nat Neurosci 8: 932-940.
105. Lee Y, Morrison BM, Li Y, Lengacher S, Farah MH, Hoffman PN, Liu Y, Tsingalia A, Jin L, Zhang PW, et al. 2012. Oligodendroglia metabolically support axons and contribute to neurodegeneration. Nature 487: 443-448.
106. Lemmon MA, Schlessinger J. 2010. Cell signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. Cell 141: 1117-1134.
107. Li S, EdgarD, Fassler R, WadsworthW, Yurchenco PD. 2003. The role of laminin in embryonic cell polarization and tissue organization. Dev Cell 4: 613-624.
108. Liu J, Dietz K, DeLoyht JM, Pedre X, KelkarD, Kaur J, Vialou V, Lobo MK, Dietz DM, Nestler EJ, et al. 2012. Impaired adult myelination in the prefrontal cortex of socially isolated mice. Nat Neurosci 15: 1621-1623.
109. Luo R, Jeong SJ, Jin Z, Strokes N, Li S, Piao X. 2011a. G protein-coupled receptor 56 and collagen III, a receptorligand pair, regulates cortical development and lamination. Proc Natl Acad Sci 108: 12925-12930.
110. Luo X, Prior M, He W, Hu X, Tang X, Shen W, Yadav S, Kiryu-Seo S, Miller R, Trapp BD, et al. 2011b. Cleavage of neuregulin-1 by BACE1 or ADAM10 protein produces differential effects on myelination. J Biol Chem 286: 23967-23974.
111. Madrid RE, Jaros E, Cullen MJ, Bradley WG. 1975. Genetically determined defect of Schwann cell basement membrane in dystrophic mouse. Nature 257: 319-321.
112. Makinodan M, Rosen KM, Ito S, Corfas G. 2012. A critical period for social experience-dependent oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination. Science 337: 1357-1360.
113. Martini R, Mohajeri MH, Kasper S, Giese KP, Schachner M. 1995. Mice doubly deficient in the genes for P0 and myelin basic protein show that both proteins contribute to the formation of the major dense line in peripheral nerve myelin. J Neurosci 15: 4488-4495.
114. Masaki T. 2012. Polarization and myelination inmyelinating glia. ISRN Neurol 2012: 769412.
115. Masaki T, Matsumura K. 2010. Biological role of dystroglycan in Schwann cell function and its implications in peripheral nervous system diseases. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010: 740403.
116. Matthews MA. 1968. An electron microscopic study of the relationship between axon diameter and the initiation of myelin production in the peripheral nervous system. Anat Rec 161: 337-352.
117. Maurel P, Salzer JL. 2000. Axonal regulation of Schwann cell proliferation and survival and the initial events of myelination requires PI 3-kinase activity. J Neurosci 20: 4635-4645.
118. Maurel P, Einheber S, Galinska J, Thaker P, Lam I, Rubin MB, Scherer SS, Murakami Y, Gutmann DH, Salzer JL. 2007. Nectin-like proteins mediate axon Schwann cell interactions along the internode and are essential for myelination. J Cell Biol 178: 861-874.
119. McKee KK, Yang DH, Patel R, Chen ZL, Strickland S, Takagi J, Sekiguchi K, Yurchenco PD. 2012. Schwann cell myelination requires integration of laminin activities. J Cell Sci 125: 4609-4619.
120. Mei L, Xiong WC. 2008. Neuregulin 1 in neural development, synaptic plasticity and schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci 9: 437-452.
121. Melendez-Vasquez CV, Einheber S, Salzer JL. 2004. Rho kinase regulates Schwann cell myelination and formation of associated axonal domains. J Neurosci 24: 3953-3963.
122. Michailov GV, Sereda MW, Brinkmann BG, Fischer TM, Haug B, Birchmeier C, Role L, Lai C, Schwab MH, Nave K-A. 2004. Axonal neuregulin-1 regulates myelin sheath thickness. Science 304: 700-703.
123. Mikol DD, Hong HL, Cheng HL, Feldman EL. 1999. Caveolin-1 expression in Schwann cells. Glia 27: 39-52.
124. Mogha A, Benesh AE, Patra C, Engel FB, Schoneberg T, Liebscher I, Monk KR. 2013. Gpr126 functions in Schwann cells to control differentiation and myelination via G-protein activation. J Neurosci 33: 17976-17985.
125. Monje PV, Soto J, Bacallao K, Wood PM. 2010. Schwann cell dedifferentiation is independent of mitogenic signaling and uncoupled to proliferation: Role of cAMPand JNK in the maintenance of the differentiated state. J Biol Chem 285: 31024-31036.
126. Monk KR, Naylor SG, Glenn TD, Mercurio S, Perlin JR, Dominguez C, Moens CB, Talbot WS. 2009. A G protein-coupled receptor is essential for Schwann cells to initiate myelination. Science 325: 1402-1405.
127. Montani L, Buerki-Thurnherr T, de Faria JP, Pereira JA, Dias NG, Fernandes R, Goncalves AF, Braun A, Benninger Y, Bottcher RT, et al. 2014. Profilin 1 is required for peripheral nervous system myelination. Development 141: 1553-1561.
128. Monuki ES, Weinmaster G, Kuhn R, Lemke G. 1989. SCIP: A glial POU domain gene regulated by cyclic AMP. Neuron 3: 783-793.
129. Morton PD, Dellarole A, Theus MH, Walters WM, Berge SS, Bethea JR. 2013. Activation of NF-kB in Schwann cells is dispensable for myelination in vivo. J Neurosci 33: 9932-9936.
130. Mugnaini E, Osen KK, Schnapp B, Friedrich VL Jr. 1977. Distribution of Schwann cell cytoplasm and plasmalemmal vesicles (caveolae) in peripheral myelin sheaths. An electron microscopic study with thin sections and freezefracturing. J Neurocytol 6: 647-668.
131. Murray MA. 1968. An electron microscopic study of the relationship between axon diameter and the initiation of myelin production in the peripheral nervous system. Anat Rec 161: 337-352.
132. Nagata-Ohashi K, Ohta Y, Goto K, Chiba S, Mori R, Nishita M, Ohashi K, Kousaka K, Iwamatsu A, Niwa R, et al. 2004. A pathway of neuregulin-induced activation of cofilin-phosphatase Slingshot and cofilin in lamellipodia. J Cell Biol 165: 465-471.
133. Nans A, Einheber S, Salzer JL, Stokes DL. 2011. Electron tomography of paranodal septate-like junctions and the associated axonal and glial cytoskeletons in the central nervous system. J Neurosci Res 89: 310-319.
134. Napoli I, Noon LA, Ribeiro S, Kerai AP, Parrinello S, Rosenberg LH, Collins MJ, Harrisingh MC, White IJ, Woodhoo A, et al. 2012. A central role for the ERK-signaling pathway in controlling Schwann cell plasticity and peripheral nerve regeneration in vivo. Neuron 73: 729-742.
135. Nave K-A. 2010. Myelination and the trophic support of long axons. Nat Rev Neurosci 11: 275-283.
136. Nave K-A, Salzer JL. 2006. Axonal regulation ofmyelination by neuregulin 1. Curr Opin Neurobiol 16: 492-500.
137. Ness JK, Snyder KM, Tapinos N. 2013. Lck tyrosine kinase mediates b1-integrin signalling to regulate Schwann cell migration and myelination. Nat Commun 4: 1912.
138. Newbern J, Birchmeier C. 2010. Nrg1/ErbB signaling networks in Schwann cell development and myelination. Semin Cell Dev Biol 21: 922-928.
139. Newbern JM, Li X, Shoemaker SE, Zhou J, Zhong J, Wu Y, Bonder D, Hollenback S, Coppola G, Geschwind DH, et al. 2011. Specific functions for ERK/MAPK signaling during PNS development. Neuron 69: 91-105.
140. Nickols JC, Valentine W, Kanwal S, Carter BD. 2003. Activation of the transcription factor NF-kB in Schwann cells is required for peripheralmyelin formation. Nat Neurosci 6: 161-167.
141. Nishino J, Saunders TL, Sagane K, Morrison SJ. 2010. Lgi4 promotes the proliferation and differentiation of glial lineage cells throughout the developing peripheral nervous system. J Neurosci 30: 15228-15240.
142. Nodari A, Zambroni D, Quattrini A, Court FA, D'Urso A, Recchia A, Tybulewicz VL, Wrabetz L, Feltri ML. 2007. Beta1 integrin activates Rac1 in Schwann cells to generate radial lamellae during axonal sorting and myelination. J Cell Biol 177: 1063-1075.
143. Noseda R, Belin S, Piguet F, Vaccari I, Scarlino S, Brambilla P, Martinelli Boneschi F, Feltri ML, Wrabetz L, Quattrini A, et al. 2013. DDIT4/REDD1/RTP801 is a novel negative regulator of Schwann cell myelination. J Neurosci 33: 15295-15305.
144. Novak N, Bar V, Sabanay H, Frechter S, Jaegle M, Snapper SB, Meijer D, Peles E. 2011. N-WASP is required for membrane wrapping and myelination by Schwann cells. J Cell Biol 192: 243-250.
145. Ogata T, Yamamoto S, Nakamura K, Tanaka S. 2006. Signaling axis in Schwann cell proliferation and differentiation. Mol Neurobiol 33: 51-62.
146. Ogawa Y, Oses-Prieto J, Kim MY, Horresh I, Peles E, Burlingame AL, Trimmer JS, Meijer D, Rasband MN. 2010. ADAM22, a Kv1 channel-interacting protein, recruits membrane-associated guanylate kinases to juxtaparanodes of myelinated axons. J Neurosci 30: 1038-1048.
147. Ozcelik M, Cotter L, Jacob C, Pereira JA, Relvas JB, Suter U, Tricaud N. 2010. Pals1 is a major regulator of the epithelial-like polarization and the extension of the myelin sheath in peripheral nerves. J Neurosci 30: 4120-4131.
148. Ozkaynak E, Abello G, Jaegle M, van Berge L, Hamer D, Kegel L, Driegen S, Sagane K, Bermingham JR Jr, Meijer D. 2010. Adam22 is a major neuronal receptor for Lgi4-mediated Schwann cell signaling. J Neurosci 30: 3857-3864.
149. Parkinson DB, Bhaskaran A, Arthur-Farraj P, Noon LA, Woodhoo A, Lloyd AC, Feltri ML, Wrabetz L, Behrens A, Mirsky R, et al. 2008. c-Jun is a negative regulator of myelination. J Cell Biol 181: 625-637.
150. Patzig J, Jahn O, Tenzer S, Wichert SP, de Monasterio-Schrader P, Rosfa S, Kuharev J, Yan K, Bormuth I, Bremer J, et al. 2011. Quantitative and integrative proteome analysis of peripheral nerve myelin identifies novel myelin proteins and candidate neuropathy loci. J Neurosci 31: 16369-16386.
151. Pedraza L, Huang JK, Colman DR. 2001. Organizing principles of the axoglial apparatus. Neuron 30: 335-344.
152. Pereira JA, Benninger Y, Baumann R, Goncalves AF, Ozcelik M, Thurnherr T, Tricaud N, Meijer D, Fassler R, Suter U, et al. 2009. Integrin-linked kinase is required for radial sorting of axons and Schwann cell remyelination in the peripheral nervous system. J Cell Biol 185: 147-161.
153. Pereira JA, Baumann R, Norrmen C, Somandin C, Miehe M, Jacob C, Luhmann T, Hall-Bozic H, Mantei N, Meijer D, et al. 2010. Dicer in Schwann cells is required for myelination and axonal integrity. J Neurosci 30: 6763-6775.
154. Pereira JA, Lebrun-Julien F, Suter U. 2012. Molecular mechanisms regulating myelination in the peripheral nervous system. Trends Neurosci 35: 123-134.
155. Peters A, Palay SL, Webster Hd. 1991. The fine structure of the nervous system. Oxford University Press, New York.
156. Poliak S, Matlis S, Ullmer C, Scherer SS, Peles E. 2002. Distinct claudins and associated PDZ proteins form different autotypic tight junctions in myelinating Schwann cells. J Cell Biol 159: 361-372.
157. Pollard TD, Borisy GG. 2003. Cellular motility driven by assembly and disassembly of actin filaments. Cell 112: 453-465.
158. Porrello E, Rivellini C, Dina G, Triolo D, Del Carro U, Ungaro D, Panattoni M, Feltri ML, Wrabetz L, Pardi R, et al. 2014. Jab1 regulates Schwann cell proliferation and axonal sorting through p27. J Exp Med 211: 29-43.
159. Previtali SC, Nodari A, Taveggia C, Pardini C, Dina G, Villa A, Wrabetz L, Quattrini A, Feltri ML. 2003. Expression of laminin receptors in Schwann cell differentiation: Evidence for distinct roles. J Neurosci 23: 5520-5530.
160. Price RL, Lasek RJ, Katz MJ. 1993. Neurofilaments assume a less random architecture at nodes and in other regions of axonal compression. Brain Res 607: 125-133.
161. Raphael AR, LyonsDA, Talbot WS. 2011. ErbB signaling has a role in radial sorting independent of Schwann cell number. Glia 59: 1047-1055.
162. Rasband MN, Peles E. 2015. The nodes of Ranvier: Molecular assembly and maintenance. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol doi: 10. 1101/cshperspect. a020495.
163. Rohatgi R, Ma L, Miki H, Lopez M, Kirchhausen T, Takenawa T, KirschnerMW. 1999. The interaction between NWASP and the Arp2/3 complex links Cdc42-dependent signals to actin assembly. Cell 97: 221-231.
164. Rossor AM, Polke JM, Houlden H, Reilly MM. 2013. Clinical implications of genetic advances in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Nat Rev Neurol 9: 562-571.
165. Rushton WAH. 1951. A theory of the effects of fibre size in medullated nerve. J Physiol 115: 101.
166. Sagane K, Hayakawa K, Kai J, Hirohashi T, Takahashi E, Miyamoto N, Ino M, Oki T, Yamazaki K, Nagasu T. 2005. Ataxia and peripheral nerve hypomyelination in ADAM22-deficient mice. BMC Neurosci 6: 33.
167. Saher G, Simons M. 2010. Cholesterol and myelin biogenesis. Subcell Biochem 51: 489-508.
168. Saher G, Quintes S, Mobius W, Wehr MC, Kramer-Albers EM, Brugger B, Nave K-A. 2009. Cholesterol regulates the endoplasmic reticulum exit of the major membrane protein P0 required for peripheral myelin compaction. J Neurosci 29: 6094-6104.
169. Saito F, Moore SA, Barresi R, Henry MD, Messing A, Ross-Barta SE, Cohn RD, Williamson RA, Sluka KA, Sherman DL, et al. 2003. Unique role of dystroglycan in peripheral nerve myelination, nodal structure, and sodium channel stabilization. Neuron 38: 747-758.
170. Salzer JL. 1995. Mechanisms of adhesion between axons and glial cells. In The axon (ed. Waxman S, Kocsis J, Stys P), pp. 164-184. Oxford University Press, New York.
171. Salzer JL. 2003. Polarized domains of myelinated axons. Neuron 40: 297-318.
172. Salzer JL. 2012. Axonal regulation of Schwann cell ensheathment and myelination. J Peripher Nerv Syst 17: 14-19.
173. Salzer JL, Brophy PJ, Peles E. 2008. Molecular domains of myelinated axons in the peripheral nervous system. Glia 56: 1532-1540.
174. Samara C, Poirot O, Domenech-Estevez E, Chrast R. 2013. Neuronal activity in the hub of extrasynaptic Schwann cell-axon interactions. Front Cell Neurosci 7: 228.
175. Scherer S, Salzer J. 2001. Axon-Schwann cell interactions during peripheral nerve degeneration and regeneration. In Glial cell development (ed. Jessen K, Richardson WD), pp. 299-330. Oxford University Press, London.
176. Shapiro L, Doyle JP, Hensley P, Colman DR, Hendrickson WA. 1996. Crystal structure of the extracellular domain from P0, the major structural protein of peripheral nerve myelin. Neuron 17: 435-449.
177. Sheean ME, McShane E, Cheret C, Walcher J, Muller T, Wulf-Goldenberg A, Hoelper S, Garratt AN, Kruger M, Rajewsky K, et al. 2014. Activation ofMAPKoverrides the termination of myelin growth and replaces Nrg1/ErbB3 signals during Schwann cell development and myelination. Genes Dev 28: 290-303.
178. Sherman DL, Krols M, Wu LM, Grove M, Nave K-A, Gangloff YG, Brophy PJ. 2012a. Arrest of myelination and reduced axon growth when Schwann cells lack mTOR. J Neurosci 32: 1817-1825.
179. Sherman DL, Wu LM, Grove M, Gillespie CS, Brophy PJ. 2012b. Drp2 and periaxin form Cajal bands with dystroglycan but have distinct roles in Schwann cell growth. J Neurosci 32: 9419-9428.
180. Shin YK, Jang SY, Park SY, Park JY, Kim JK, Kim JP, Suh DJ, Lee HJ, Park HT. 2014. Grb2-associated binder-1 is required for neuregulin-1-induced peripheral nerve myelination. J Neurosci 34: 7657-7662.
181. Shirakabe K, Wakatsuki S, Kurisaki T, Fujisawa-Sehara A. 2001. Roles of Meltrin b/ADAM19 in the processing of neuregulin. J Biol Chem 276: 9352-9358.
182. Simons M, Nave K-A. 2015. Oligodendrocytes: Myelination and axonal support. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol doi: 10. 1101/cshperspect. a020479.
183. Simpson AH, Gillingwater TH, Anderson H, Cottrell D, Sherman DL, Ribchester RR, Brophy PJ. 2013. Effect of limb lengthening on internodal length and conduction velocity of peripheral nerve. J Neurosci 33: 4536-4539.
184. Small JR, Ghabriel MN, Allt G. 1987. The development of Schmidt-Lanterman incisures: An electron microscope study. J Anat 150: 277-286.
185. Snaidero N, Mobius W, Czopka T, Hekking LH, Mathisen C, Verkleij D, Goebbels S, Edgar J, Merkler D, Lyons DA, et al. 2014. Myelin membrane wrapping of CNS axons by PI(3, 4, 5)P3-dependent polarized growth at the inner tongue. Cell 156: 277-290.
186. Sotelo JR, Canclini L, Kun A, Sotelo-Silveira JR, Xu L, Wallrabe H, Calliari A, Rosso G, Cal K, Mercer JA. 2013. Myosin-Va-dependent cell-to-cell transfer of RNA from Schwann cells to axons. PLoS ONE 8: e61905.
187. SparrowN, Manetti ME, Bott M, Fabianac T, Petrilli A, Bates ML, BungeMB, Lambert S, Fernandez-Valle C. 2012. The actin-severing protein cofilin is downstream of neuregulin signaling and is essential for Schwann cell myelination. J Neurosci 32: 5284-5297.
188. Speidel C. 1964. In vitro studies of myelinated nerve fibers. Int Rev Cytol 16: 173-231.
189. Spencer PS, Weinberg HJ. 1978. Axonal specification of Schwann cell expression and myelination. In Physiology and pathobiology of axons (ed. Waxman SG), pp. 389-405 Raven, New York.
190. Spiegel I, Adamsky K, Eshed Y, Milo R, Sabanay H, Sarig-Nadir O, Horresh I, Scherer SS, Rasband MN, Peles E. 2007. A central role for Necl4 (SynCAM4) in Schwann cell-axon interaction and myelination. Nat Neurosci 10: 861-869.
191. Stassart RM, Fledrich R, Velanac V, Brinkmann BG, Schwab MH, Meijer D, Sereda MW, Nave K-A. 2013. A role for Schwann cell-derived neuregulin-1 in remyelination. Nat Neurosci 16: 48-54.
192. Stevens B, Fields RD. 2000. Response of Schwann cells to action potentials in development. Science 287: 2267-2271.
193. Stevens B, Tanner S, Fields RD. 1998. Control ofmyelination by specific patterns of neural impulses. J Neurosci 18: 9303-9311.
194. Stewart HJ, Eccleston PA, Jessen KR, Mirsky R. 1991. Interaction between cAMP elevation, identified growth factors, and serum components in regulating Schwann cell growth. J Neurosci Res 30: 346-352.
195. Susuki K, Raphael AR, Ogawa Y, Stankewich MC, Peles E, Talbot WS, Rasband MN. 2011. Schwann cell spectrins modulate peripheral nerve myelination. Proc Natl Acad Sci 108: 8009-8014.
196. Suter U, Scherer SS. 2003. Disease mechanisms in inherited neuropathies. Nat Rev Neurosci 4: 714-726.
197. Svaren J, Meijer D. 2008. The molecular machinery of myelin gene transcription in Schwann cells. Glia 56: 1541-1551.
198. Tasken K, Aandahl EM. 2004. Localized effects of cAMP mediated by distinct routes of protein kinase A. Physiol Rev 84: 137-167.
199. Taveggia C, Zanazzi G, Petrylak A, Yano H, Rosenbluth J, Einheber S, Xu X, Esper RM, Loeb JA, Shrager P, et al. 2005. Neuregulin-1 type III determines the ensheathment fate of axons. Neuron 47: 681-694.
200. Terada N, Saitoh Y, Ohno N, Komada M, Saitoh S, Peles E, Ohno S. 2012. Essential function of protein 4. 1G in targeting of membrane protein palmitoylated 6 into Schmidt-Lanterman incisures inmyelinated nerves. Mol Cell Biol 32: 199-205.
201. Terada N, Saitoh Y, Ohno N, Komada M, Yamauchi J, Ohno S. 2013. Involvement of Src in the membrane skeletal complex, MPP6-4. 1G, in Schmidt-Lanterman incisures of mouse myelinated nerve fibers in PNS. Histochem Cell Biol 140: 213-222.
202. Thurnherr T, Benninger Y, Wu X, Chrostek A, Krause SM, Nave K-A, Franklin RJ, Brakebusch C, Suter U, Relvas JB. 2006. Cdc42 and Rac1 signaling are both required for and act synergistically in the correct formation of myelin sheaths in the CNS. J Neurosci 26: 10110-10119.
203. Topilko P, Schneider-Maunoury S, Levi G, Baron-Van Evercooren A, Chennoufi AB, Seitanidou T, Babinet C, Charnay P. 1994. Krox-20 controls myelination in the peripheral nervous system. Nature 371: 796-799.
204. Toyama BH, Savas JN, Park SK, Harris MS, Ingolia NT, Yates JR 3rd, Hetzer MW. 2013. Identification of long-lived proteins reveals exceptional stability of essential cellular structures. Cell 154: 971-982.
205. Trapp BD, Andrews SB, Wong A, O'Connell M, Griffin JW. 1989. Co-localization of the myelin-associated glycoprotein and the microfilament components, F-actin and spectrin, in Schwann cells of myelinated nerve fibres. J Neurocytol 18: 47-60.
206. Triolo D, Dina G, Taveggia C, Vaccari I, Porrello E, Rivellini C, Domi T, La Marca R, Cerri F, Bolino A, et al. 2012. Vimentin regulates peripheral nerve myelination. Development 139: 1359-1367.
207. Twiss JL, Fainzilber M. 2009. Ribosomes in axons-Scrounging from the neighbors? Trends Cell Biol 19: 236-243.
208. Vallat JM, Sindou P, Preux PM, Tabaraud F, Milor AM, Couratier P, LeGuern E, Brice A. 1996. Ultrastructural PMP22 expression in inherited demyelinating neuropathies. Ann Neurol 39: 813-817.
209. Varon SS, Bunge RP. 1978. Trophic mechanisms in the peripheral nervous system. Annu Rev Neurosci 1: 327-361.
210. Viader A, Golden JP, Baloh RH, Schmidt RE, Hunter DA, Milbrandt J. 2011. Schwann cell mitochondrial metabolism supports long-term axonal survival and peripheral nerve function. J Neurosci 31: 10128-10140.
211. Viader A, Sasaki Y, Kim S, Strickland A, Workman CS, Yang K, Gross RW, Milbrandt J. 2013. Aberrant Schwann cell lipid metabolism linked to mitochondrial deficits leads to axon degeneration and neuropathy. Neuron 77: 886-898.
212. Vogl MR, Reiprich S, Kuspert M, Kosian T, Schrewe H, Nave K-A, Wegner M. 2013. Sox10 cooperates with the mediator subunit 12 during terminal differentiation of myelinating glia. J Neurosci 33: 6679-6690.
213. Voyvodic JT. 1989. Target size regulates calibre and myelination of sympathetic axons. Nature 342: 430-433.
214. Waegh SMd, Lee VM-Y, Brady ST. 1992. Local modulation of neurofilament phosphorylation, axonal caliber, and slow axonal transport by myelinating Schwann cells. Cell 68: 451-463.
215. Walko G, Wogenstein KL, Winter L, Fischer I, Feltri ML, Wiche G. 2013. Stabilization of the dystroglycan complex in Cajal bands of myelinating Schwann cells through plectin-mediated anchorage to vimentin filaments. Glia 61: 1274-1287.
216. Wallquist W, Plantman S, Thams S, Thyboll J, Kortesmaa J, Lannergren J, Domogatskaya A, Ogren SO, Risling M, Hammarberg H, et al. 2005. Impeded interaction between Schwann cells and axons in the absence of laminin a4. J Neurosci 25: 3692-3700.
217. Wang H, Tewari A, Einheber S, Salzer JL, Melendez-Vasquez CV. 2008. Myosin II has distinct functions in PNS and CNS myelin sheath formation. J Cell Biol 182: 1171-1184.
218. Waxman SG. 1980. Determinants of conduction velocity in myelinated nerve fibers. Muscle Nerve 3: 141-150.
219. Webster HD. 1971. The geometry of peripheral myelin sheaths during their formation and growth in rat sciatic nerves. J Cell Biol 48: 348-367.
220. Wedel MJ. 2011. A monument of inefficiency: The presumed course of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in sauropod dinosaurs. Acta Palaeontol Pol 57: 251-256.
221. Weider M, Kuspert M, Bischof M, Vogl MR, Hornig J, Loy K, Kosian T, Muller J, Hillgartner S, Tamm ER, et al. 2012. Chromatin-remodeling factor Brg1 is required for Schwann cell differentiation and myelination. Dev Cell 23: 193-201.
222. Weider M, Reiprich S, Wegner M. 2013. Sox appeal-Sox10 attracts epigenetic and transcriptional regulators in myelinating glia. Biol Chem 394: 1583-1593.
223. Willem M, Garratt AN, Novak B, Citron M, Kaufmann S, Rittger A, DeStrooper B, Saftig P, Birchmeier C, Haass C. 2006. Control of peripheral nerve myelination by the bsecretase BACE1. Science 314: 664-666.
224. Windebank AJ, Wood P, Bunge RP, Dyck PJ. 1985. Myelination determines the caliber of dorsal root ganglion neurons in culture. J Neurosci 5: 1563-1569.
225. Woodhoo A, Alonso MB, Droggiti A, Turmaine M, D'Antonio M, Parkinson DB, Wilton DK, Al-Shawi R, Simons P, Shen J, et al. 2009. Notch controls embryonic Schwann cell differentiation, postnatalmyelination and adult plasticity. Nat Neurosci 12: 839-847.
226. Wu R, Jurek M, Sundarababu S, Weinstein DE. 2001. The POUgene Brn-5 is induced by neuregulin and is restricted to myelinating Schwann cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 17: 683-695.
227. Yang D, Bierman J, Tarumi YS, Zhong YP, Rangwala R, Proctor TM, Miyagoe-Suzuki Y, Takeda S, Miner JH, Sherman LS, et al. 2005. Coordinate control of axon defasciculation and myelination by laminin-2 and-8. J Cell Biol 168: 655-666.
228. Yin X, Crawford TO, Griffin JW, Tu P, Lee VM, Li C, Roder J, Trapp BD. 1998. Myelin-associated glycoprotein is a myelin signal that modulates the caliber of myelinated axons. J Neurosci 18: 1953-1962.
229. Young KM, Psachoulia K, Tripathi RB, Dunn SJ, Cossell L, Attwell D, Tohyama K, RichardsonWD. 2013. Oligodendrocyte dynamics in the healthy adult CNS: Evidence for myelin remodeling. Neuron 77: 873-885.
230. Yun B, Anderegg A, Menichella D, Wrabetz L, Feltri ML, Awatramani R. 2010. MicroRNA-deficient Schwann cells display congenital hypomyelination. J Neurosci 30: 7722-7728.
231. Zalc B, Goujet D, Colman D. 2008. The origin of the myelination program in vertebrates. Curr Biol 18: R511-R512.
232. Zanazzi G, Einheber S, Westreich R, Hannocks MJ, Bedell-Hogan D, Marchionni MA, Salzer JL. 2001. Glial growth factor/neuregulin inhibits Schwann cell myelination and induces demyelination. J Cell Biol 152: 1289-1299.
233. Zimmermann H. 1996. Accumulation of synaptic vesicle proteins and cytoskeletal specializations at the peripheral node of Ranvier. Microsc Res Tech 34: 462-473.