Arsenic relative bioavailability from diet and airborne exposures: Implications for risk assessment

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 536, Issue , 2015, Pages 368-381

  Yager, Janice W ^a,b   Greene, Tracy ^a   Schoof, Rosalind A ^a  

^a ENVIRON INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Arsenic; Bioaccessibility; Bioavailability; Coal ash; Rice

Indexed keywords

ARSENIC; ASH HANDLING; BIOCHEMISTRY; COAL; COAL ASH; FLY ASH; HEALTH; HEALTH RISKS; POTABLE WATER; RISK ASSESSMENT;

BIOACCESSIBILITY; BIOAVAILABILITY; ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CONCERN; HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT; INHALATION EXPOSURE; LOW CONCENTRATIONS; RELATIVE BIOAVAILABILITY; RICE;

CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION;

ARSENIC; DRINKING WATER;

ARSENIC; BIOAVAILABILITY; BOTTOM ASH; DIET; DRINKING WATER; FLY ASH; HEALTH RISK; POLLUTION EXPOSURE; RICE; RISK ASSESSMENT;

AIRBORNE PARTICLE; ARSENIC POISONING; BIOAVAILABILITY; COAL MINING; COMBUSTION; DIETARY INTAKE; DUST EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FLY ASH; FOOD ANALYSIS; FOOD AVAILABILITY; FOOD COMPOSITION; FOOD INTAKE; FOOD PROCESSING; FOOD QUALITY; FRUIT; GRAIN; HEALTH HAZARD; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMPACT (ENVIRONMENT); LEACHING; MINE TAILINGS; PARTICLE SIZE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RICE; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEA FOOD; URBANIZATION; URINARY EXCRETION; VEGETABLE; DIET; FOOD CONTAMINATION; POLLUTION; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; UNITED STATES;

ARSENIC; DIET; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION; FOOD CONTAMINATION; HUMANS; RISK ASSESSMENT; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84938078645     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: 18791026     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.141     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Alava P., Tack F., Du Laing G., Van de Wiele T. Arsenic undergoes significant speciation changes upon incubation of contaminated rice with human colon micro biota. J. Hazard. Mater. 2013, 262:1237-1244.
2. Alava P., DuLaing G., Odhiambo M., Verliefde A., Tack F., Van de Wiele R. Arsenic bioaccessibility upon gastrointestinal digestion is highly determined by its speciation and lipid-bile salt interactions. J. Environ. Sci. Health A 2013, 48(6):656-665.
3. Astrand I. Effect of physical exercise on uptake, distribution and elimination of vapors in man. Modeling Inhalation Exposure to Vapors: Uptake, Distribution, Elimination. 1983, vol. II:107-130. CRC Press, Boca Raton FL. V. Fiserova-Bergerova (Ed.).
4. Bae M., Watanabe C., Inaoka T., Seklyama M., Sudo N., Bokul M.H., Ohtsuka R. Arsenic in cooked rice in Bangladesh. Lancet 2002, 360:1839-1840.
5. Bednar A.J., Chappell M.A., Seiter J.M., Stanley J.K., Averett D.E., Jones W.T., Pettway B.A., Kennedy A.J., Hendrix S.H., Steevens J.A. Geochemical investigations of metals release from submerged coal fly ash using extended elutriate tests. Chemosphere 2010, 81:1393-1400.
6. Birgisdottir B.E., Knutsen H.K., Haugen M., Gjelstad L.M., Jenssen M.T.S., Ellingsen D.G., Thomassen Y., Alexander J., Meltzer H.M., Brantsaeter A.L. Essential and toxic element concentrations in blood and urine and their associations with diet: results form a Norwegian population study including high-consumers of seafood and game. Sci. Total Environ. 2013, 463-464:836-844.
7. Biswas A., Deb D., Chose A., Du Laing G., De Neve J., Santra S.C., Mazumder D.N.G. Dietary arsenic consumption and urine arsenic in an endemic population: response to improvement of drinking water quality in a 2-year consecutive study. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2014, 21:609-619.
8. Bradham K.D., Scheckel K.G., Nelson C.M., Seales P.E., Lee G.E., Hughes M.F., Miller B.W., Yeow A., Gilmore T., Serda S.M., Harper S., Thomas D.J. Relative bioavailability and bioaccessibility and speciation of arsenic in contaminated soils. Environ. Health Perspect. 2011, 119(11):1629-1634.
9. Brattin W., Drexler J., Lowney Y., Griffin S., Diamond G., Woodbury L. An in vitro method for estimation of arsenic relative bioavailability in soil. J. Environ. Sci. Health A 2013, 76(7):458-478. (Current Issues).
10. Buchet J.P., Lauwerys R.R., Yager J.W. Lung retention and bioavailability of arsenic after single intratracheal administration of sodium arsenite, sodium arsenate, fly ash and copper smelter dust in the hamster. Environ. Geochem. Health 1995, 17:182-188.
11. Bundschuh J., Nath B., Bhattacharya P., Liu C.-W., Armienta M.A., Lopez M.V.M., Lopez D.L., Jean J.-S., Cornejo L., Macedo L.F.L., Filho A.T. Arsenic in the human food chain: the Latin American perspective. Sci. Total Environ. 2012, 429:92-106.
12. Catalano J.G., Huhmann B.L., Luo Y., Mitnick E.H., Slavney A., Glammar D.E. Metal release and speciation changes during wet aging of coal fly ashes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46:11804-11812.
13. Charman W.N., Porter C.J.H., Mithani S., Dressman J.B. Physicochemical and physiological mechanisms for the effects of food on drug absorption: the role of lipids and pH. J. Pharm. Sci. 1997, 86(3):269-282.
14. Dankovic D.A., Bailer A.J. The impact of exercise and intersubject variability on dose estimates for dichloromethane derived from a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1994, 22(1):20-25.
15. Davis M.A., Mackenzie T.A., Cottingham K.L., Gilbert-Diamond D., Punshon T., Karagas M.R. Rice consumption and urinary arsenic concentrations in U.S. children. Environ. Health Perspect. 2012, 120:1418-1424.
16. Dean J.R., Ma R. Approaches to assess the oral bioaccessibility of persistent organic pollutants: a critical review. Chemosphere 2007, 68(8):1399-1407.
17. Del Razo L.M., Garcia-Vargas G.G., Garcia-Salcedo J., Sanmiguel M.F., Rivera M., Hernandez M.C., Cebrian M.E. Arsenic levels in cooked food and assessment of adult dietary intake of arsenic in the Region Lagunera, Mexico. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2002, 40:1423-1431.
18. Denys S., Caboche J., Tack K., Rychen G., Wragg J., Cave M., Jondreville C., Feidt C. In vivo validation of the unified BARGE method to assess the bioaccessibility of arsenic, antimony, cadmium, and lead in soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46:6252-6260.
19. Dufailly V., Guerin T., Noel L., Fremy J.M., Beauchemin D. A simple method for the speciation analysis of bio-accessible arsenic in seafood using on-line continuous leaching and ion exchange chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2008, 23:1263-1268.
20. Duxbury J.M., Mayger A.B., Lauren J.G., Hassan N. Food chain aspects of arsenic contamination in Bangladesh: effects on quality and productivity of rice. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A: Tox. Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. 2003, A38(1):61-69.
21. ENVIRON Guidance on consideration of oral bioavailability of chemicals in soil for use in human health risk assessment. Prepared for: Health Canada Contaminated Sites Division and Health Program Directorate Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 2011, ENVIRON International Corporation, Seattle, Washington, (July).
22. U.S.EPA Method for Derivation of Inhalation Reference Concentrations and Application of Inhalation Dosimetry. EPA/600/8-90/066F 1994, United States Enviromental Protection Agency. Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC.
23. EPRI Identification of Arsenic Species in Coal Ash Particles 1998, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, (TR-109002).
24. EPRI, 2000. Environmental chemistry of arsenic: a literature review. Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA and Hydro One Networks, Inc. 4483 Bay Street, Toronto, Canada, 2000. 1000585.
25. EPRI, 2006. Characterization of field leachates at coal combustion management sites. Arsenic, selenium, chromium and mercury speciation. Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA and U.S. Department of Energy, Pittsburgh, PA, 2006. 1012578.
26. EPRI Chemical Constituents in Coal Combustion Product Leachate: Arsenic 2008, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, (1015550).
27. EPRI The Leaching Behavior of Arsenic and Selenium From Coal Fly Ash 2008, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, (1015545).
28. EPRI Arsenic in Coal Combustion Products. Technical Brief 2010, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, (1021212).
29. Fontcuberta M., Calderon J., villalbi J.R., Centrich F., Portana S., Espelt A., Duran J., Nebet M. Total and inorganic arsenic in marketed food and associated health risks for the Catalan (Spain) population. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011, 59(18):10013-10022.
30. Freeman G.B., Schoof R.A., Ruby M.V., Davis A.O., Dill J.A., Liao S.C., Lapin C.A., Bergstrom P.D. Bioavailability of arsenic in soil and house dust impacted by smelter activities following oral administration in cynomolgus monkeys. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1995, 28(2):215-222.
31. Gao X., Wang Y., Hu Q. Fractionation and speciation of arsenic in fresh and combusted coal wastes from Yangquan, northern China. Environ. Geochem. Health 2012, 34:113-122.
32. Garcia-Rico L., Tejeda-Valenzuela L., Velez D., Montoro R. Content of selenium, total and inorganic arsenic and bioaccessibility of arsenic in children diets of Mexico. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2012, 92:1725-1731.
33. Garcia-Sartal C., Taebunpakul S., Stokes E., del Carmen Barciela-Alonso M., Bermejo-Barrera P., Goenaga-Infante H. Two-dimensional HPLC coupled to ICP-MS and electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS/MS for investigating the bioavailability in vitro of arsenic species from edible seaweed. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2012, 402:3359-3369.
34. Georgopoulos P.G., Wang S.-W., Yang Y.-C., Xue J., Zartarian V.G., McCurdy T., Ozkaynak H. Biologically based modeling of multimedia, multipathway, multiroute population exposures to arsenic. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2008, 18:462-476.
35. Gilbert-Diamond D., Cottingham K.L., Gruber J.F., Punchon T., Sayarath V., Gandolfi A.J., Baker E.R., Jackson B.P., Folt C.L., Karagas M.R. Rice consumption contributes to arsenic exposure in US women. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2011, 108(51):20656-20660.
36. Goodarzi G., Huggins F.E. Monitoring the species of arsenic, chromium and nickel in milled coal, bottom ash and fly ash from a pulverized coal-fired power plant in western Canada. J. Environ. Monit. 2001, 3:1-6.
37. He Y., Zheng Y. Assessment of in vivo bioaccessibility of arsenic in dietary rice by a mass balance approach. Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408:1430-1436.
38. He Y., Pedigo C.E., Lam B., Cheng Z., Zheng Y. Bioaccessibility of arsenic in various types of rice in an in vitro gastrointestinal fluid system. J. Environ. Sci. Health B 2012, 47:74-80.
39. Huang M., Chen X., Zhao Y., Chan C.Y., Wang W., Wang X., Wong M.H. Arsenic speciation in total contents and bioaccessible fractions in atmospheric particles related to human intakes. Environ. Pollut. 2014, 188:37-44.
40. Huggins F.E., Huffman G.P., Linak W.P., Miller C.A. Quantifying hazardous species in particulate matter derived from fossil-fuel combustion. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38:1836-1842.
41. Huggins F.E., Senior C.L., Chu P., Ladwig K., Huffman G.P. Selenium and arsenic speciation in fly ash from full-scale coal-burning utility plants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:3284-3289.
42. Hur S.J., Decker E.A., McClements D.J. Influence of initial emulsifier type on microstructural changes occurring in emulsified lipids during in vitro digestion. Food Chem. 2009, 114:253-262.
43. Juhasz A.L., Smith E., Weber J., Rees M., Rofe A., Kuchel T., Sansom I., Naidu R. In vivo assessment of arsenic bioavailability in rice and its impact on human health risk assessment. Environ. Health Perspect. 2006, 114:1826-1831.
44. Juhasz A.L., Weber J., Smith E., Naidu R., Rees M., Rofe A., Kuchel T., Sansom L. Assessment of four commonly employed in vitro arsenic bioaccessibility assays for predicting in vivo relative arsenic bioavailability in contaminated soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:9487-9494.
45. Juhasz A.L., Weber J., Smith E. Predicting arsenic relative bioavailability in contaminated soils using metal analysis and relative bioavailabilty-bioaccessibility regression models. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45(24):10676-10683.
46. Kile M.L., Houseman E.A., Breton C.V., Smith T., Quamruzzaman Q., Rahman M., Mahiuddin G., Christiani D. Dietary arsenic exposure in Bangladesh. Environ. Health Perspect. 2007, 115:889-893.
47. Koch I., Dee J., House K., Sui J., Zhang J., McKnight-Whitford A., Reimer K.J. Bioaccessibility and speciation of arsenic in country foods from contaminated sites in Canada. Sci. Total Environ. 2013, 449:1-8.
48. Koch I., Reimer K.J., Bakker M.I., Basta N.T., Cave M.R., Denys S., Dodd M., Hale B.A., Irwin R., Lowney Y.W., Moore M.M., Paquin V., Rasmussen P.E., Repaso-Subang T., Stephenson G.L., Siciliano S.D., Wragg J., Zagury G.J. Variability of bioaccessibility results using seventeen different methods on a standard reference material, NIST 2710. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A: Tox. Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. 2013, 48(6):641-655.
49. Kurzius-Spencer M., Burgess J.L., Harris R.B., Hertz V., Roberge J., Huang S., Hsu C.-H., O'Rourke M.K. Contribution of diet to aggregate arsenic exposures - an analysis across populations. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2014, 24:156-162.
50. Laird B.D., Yeung J., Peak D., Siciliano S.D. Nutritional status and gastrointestinal microbes affect arsenic bioaccessibility from soils and mine tailings in the simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:8652-8657.
51. Laird B.D., James K.J., Van de Wiele T.R., Dodd M., Casteel S.W., Wickstrom M., Siciliano S.D. An investigation of the effect of gastrointestinal microbial activity on oral arsenic bioavailability. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A: Tox. Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. 2013, 48(6):612-619.
52. Laparra J.M., Velez D., Barbera R., Farre R., Montoro R. Bioavailability of inorganic arsenic in cooked rice: practical aspects for human health risk assessments. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53(22):8829-8833.
53. Leufroy A., Noel L., Beauchemin D., Guirin T. Bioaccessibility of total arsenic and arsenic species in seafood as determined by a continuous online leaching method. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2012, 402:2849-2859.
54. Lynch H.N., Greenberg G.I., Pollock M.C., Lewis A.S. A comprehensive evaluation of inorganic arsenic in food and considerations for dietary intake analyses. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 496:299-313.
55. Mansilla-Rivera I., Nazario C.M., Ramirez-Marrero F.A., Crespo C.J., Rodrigues-Sierra C.J. Assessing arsenic exposure from consumption of seafood from Viequest-Puerto Rico: a pilot biomonitoring study using different biomarkers. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2014, 66:162-175.
56. Markwiese J.T., Rogers W.J., Carriker N.E., Thal D.I., Vitale R.J., Gruzalski J.G., Rodgers E.E., Babyak C.M., Ryti R.T. Natural attenuation of coal combustion waste in river sediments. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2014, 186:5235-5246.
57. Maulvault A.L., Machado R., Afonso C., Lourenco H.M., Nunes M.L., Coeho I., Langerholc T., Marques A. Bioaccessibility of Hg, Cd and As in cooked black scabbard fish and edible crab. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2011, 49:2808-2815.
58. Mazumder D.N.G., Deb D., Biswas A., Saha C., Nandy A., Ganguly B., Ghose A., Bhattacharya K., Majumdar K.K. Evaluation of dietary arsenic exposure and its biomarkers: a case study of West Bengal, India. J. Environ. Sci. Health A 2013, 48:896-904.
59. Meacher D.M., Menzel D.B., Dillencourt M.D., Bic L.F., Schoof R.A., Yost L.J., Eickhoff J.C., Farr C.H. Estimation of multimedia inorganic arsenic intake in the U.S. population. Hum. Ecol. Risk. Assess. 2002, 8(7):1697-1721.
60. Meharg A.A., Williams P.N., Deacon C.M., Norton G.J., Hossain M., Louhing D., Marwa E., Lawgalwi Y., Taggart M., Cascio C., Haris P. Urinary excretion of arsenic following rice consumption. Environ. Pollut. 2014, 194:181-187.
61. Molly K., Van de Woestyne M., Verstraete W. Development of a 5-step multi-chamber reactor as a simulation of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1993, 39(2):254-258.
62. Nacano L.R., de Freitas R., Barbosa F. Evaluation of seasonal dietary exposure to arsenic, cadmium and lead in schoolchildren through the analysis of meals served by public schools of Ribeirao Preto, Brazil. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 2014, 77:367-374.
63. Naranmandura H., Carew M.W., Xu S., Lee J., Leslie E.M., Weinfeld M., Le X.C. Comparative toxicity of arsenic metabolites in human bladder cancer EJ-1 cells. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2011, 24(9):1586-1596.
64. Narukawa T., Takatsu A., Chiba K., Riley K.W., French D.H. Investigation on chemical species of arsenic, selenium and antimony in fly ash from coal fuel thermal power stations. J. Environ. Monit. 2005, 7:1342-1348.
65. Ng J.C., Juhasz A., Smith E., Naidu R. Assessing the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of metals and metalloids. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2013, 10.1007/s11356-013-1820-9.
66. Oguri T., Yoshinaga J., Tao H., Nakazato T. Inorganic arsenic in the Japanese diet: daily intake and source. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2014, 66:100-112.
67. Oomen A.G., Hack A., Minekus M., Zeijdner E., Cornelis C., Schoeters G., Verstraete W., Van de Wiele T., Wragg J., Rompelberg C.J., Sips A.J., Van Wijnen H.J. Comparison of five in vitro digestion models to study the bioaccessibility of soil contaminants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36(15):3326-3334.
68. Oomen A.G., Rompelberg C.J.M., Bruil M.A., Dobbe C.J.G., Pereboom D.P.K.H., Sips A.J.A.M. Development of an in vitro digestion model for estimating the bioaccessibility of soil contaminants. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2003, 44(3):281-287.
69. Oomen A.G., Rompelberg C.J.M., Van de Kemp E., Pereboom D.P.K.H., DeZwart L.L., Sips A.J.A.M. Effect of bile type on the bioaccessibility of soil contaminants in an in vitro digestion model. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2004, 46(2):183-188.
70. Otero-Rey J.R., Lopez-Vilarino J.M., Moreda-Pineiro J., Alonso-Rodriguez E., Muniategui-Lorenzo S., Lopez-Mahia P., Prada-Rodriguez D. As, Hg, and Se flue gas sampling in a coal-fired power plant and their fate during coal combustion. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37:5262-5267.
71. Pelfrene A., Waterlot C., Douay F. In vitro digestion and DGT technique for estimating cadmium and lead bioavailability in contaminated soils: influence of gastric juice pH. Sci. Total Environ. 2011, 409:5076-5085.
72. Rahman M.A., Hasegawa H. High levels of inorganic arsenic in rice in areas where arsenic-contaminated water is used for irrigation and cooking. Sci. Total Environ. 2011, 409:4645-4655.
73. Rivera-Nunez A., Meliker J.R., Linder A.M., Nriagu J.O. Reliability of spot urine samples in assessing arsenic exposure. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2010, 213:259-264.
74. Rodriguez R.R., Basta N.T., Casteel S.W., Pace L.W. An in vitro gastrointestinal method to assess bioavailable arsenic in contaminated soils and solid media. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33:642-649.
75. Ruby M.V., Davis A., Link T.E., Schoof R.A., Chaney R., Freeman G., Bergstrom P. Development of an in vitro screening test to evaluate the in vivo bioaccessibility of ingested mine-waste lead. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1993, 27:2870-2877.
76. Ruby M.V., Davis A., Schoof R., Eberle S., Sellstone C.M. Estimatin of lead and arsenic bioavailability using a physiologically based extraction test. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30(2):422-430.
77. Ruby M.V., Schoof R., Brattin W., Goldade M., Post G., Harnois M., Mosby D., Casteel S., Berti W., Carpenter M., Edwards D., Cragin D., Chappell W. Advances in evaluating the oral bioavailability of inorganics in soil for use in human health risk assessment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33(21):3697-3705.
78. Ruby M.V., Fehling K.A., Paustenback D.J., Landenberger B.D., Holsapple M.P. Oral bioaccessibility of dioxins/furans at low concentrations (50-350ppt toxicity equivalent) in soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36(22):4905-4911.
79. Schoof R.A. Bioavailability of soil-borne chemicals: method development and validation. Hum. Ecol. Risk. Assess. 2004, 10:637-646.
80. Schoof R.A., Yager J.W. Variation of total and speciated arsenic in commonly consumed fish and seafood. Hum. Ecol. Risk. Assess. 2007, 13(5):946-965.
81. Schoof R.A., Yost L.J., Crecelius E., Irgolic K., Guo H.R., Greene H.L. Dietary arsenic intake in Taiwanese districts with elevated arsenic in drinking water. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 1998, 4:117-136.
82. Schoof R.A., Yost L.J., Eickhoff J., Crecelius E.A., Cragin D.W., Meacher D.M., Menzel D.B. A market basket survey of inorganic arsenic in food. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1999, 37(8):839-846.
83. Schoof R.A., Eickhoff J., Yost L.J., Crecelius E.A., Cragin D.W., Meacher D.M., Menzel D.B. Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic. Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects 1999, 81-88. Elsevier Science, B.V. W.R. Chappell, C.O. Abernathy, R.L. Calderon (Eds.).
84. Signes-Pastor A.J., Al-Rmalli S.W., Jenkins R.O., Carbonell-Barrachina A.A., Haris P.I. Arsenic bioaccessibility in cooked rice as affected by arsenic in cooking water. J. Food Sci. 2012, 77(11):T201-T206.
85. Sterling R.O., Helble J.J. Reaction of arsenic vapor species with fly ash compounds: kinetics and speciation of the reaction with calcium silicates. Chemosphere 2003, 51:1111-1119.
86. Styblo M., Del Razo L.M., Vega L., Germolec D.R., LeCluyse F.L., Hamilton G.A., Reed W., Wang C., Cullen W.R., Thomas D.J. Comparative toxicity of trivalent and pentavalent inorganic and methylated arsenicals in rat and human cells. Arch. Toxicol. 2000, 74(6):289-299.
87. Sun G.-X., Van de Wiele T., Alava P., Tack F., Du Laing G. Arsenic in cooked rice: effect of chemical, enzymatic and microbial processes on bioaccessibility and speciation in the human gastrointestinal tract. Environ. Pollut. 2012, 162:241-246.
88. Tang X.-Y., Tang L., Zhu Y.G., Xing B.S., Duan J., Zheng M.H. Assessment of the bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from Beijing using an in vitro test. Environ. Pollut. 2006, 140(2):279-285.
89. Torres-Escribano S., Leal M., Velez D., Montoro R. Total and inorganic arsenic concentrations in rice sold in Spain, effect of cooking, and risk assessments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:3867-3872.
90. Trenary H.R., Creed P.A., Young A.R., Mantha M., Schwegel C.A., Xue J., Kohan M.J., Herbin-Davis K., Thomas D.J., Caruso J.A., Creed J.T. An in vitro assessment of bioaccessibility of arsenicals in rice and the use of this estimate within a probabilistic exposure model. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2012, 22:369-375.
91. Tsuji J.S., Yost L.J., Barraj L.M., Scrafford C.G., Mink P.J. Use of background inorganic arsenic exposures to provide perspective on risk assessment results. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2007, 48(1):59-68.
92. US EPA Compilation and Review of Data on Relative Bioavailability of Arsenic in Soil 2012, United States Environmental Protection Agency, (OSWER 9200.1-113, December 2012).
93. US EPA Arsenic, inorganic. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) 2012, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, (Available online at: http://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/subst/0278.htm).
94. US FDA Analytical Results From Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products Sampling September 2013 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC, (Available online at: http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneillnessContaminants/Metals/ucm319870.htm).
95. USGS U.S. Geological Survey. Coal Quality Database, Open File Report 94-205 1994, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, DC.
96. USGS Arsenic in Coal. Fact Sheet 2005-3152 2006, U.S. Department of the Interior. U.S. Geological Survey, (February).
97. Wang J., Wang T., Burken J.G., Chusuei C.C., Ban H., Ladwig K., Huang C.P. Adsorption of arsenic(V) onto fly ash: a speciation-based approach. Chemosphere 2008, 72:381-388.
98. Williams P.N., Price A.H., Raab A., Hossain S.A., Feldmann J., Meharg A. Variation in arsenic speciation and concentration in paddy rice related to dietary exposure. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39:5531-5540.
99. Williams G., West J.M., Koch I., Reimer K.J., Snow E.T. Arsenic speciation in the freshwater crayfish, Cherax destructor Clark. Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 407:2650-2658.
100. Wong W.W.K., Chung S.W.C., Chan B.T.P., Ho Y.Y., Xiao Y. Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic of the Hong Kong population: results of the first Hong Kong Total Diet Study. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2013, 51:379-385.
101. Wragg J., Cave M., Basta N., Brandon E., Casteel S., Denys S., Gron C., Oomen A., Reimer K., Tack K., van de Wiele T. An inter-laboratory trial of the unified BARGE bioaccessibility method for arsenic, cadmium and lead in soil. Sci. Total Environ. 2011, 409:4016-4030.
102. Xue J., Zartarian V., Wang S.-W., Liu S.V., Georgopoulos P. Probabilistic modeling of dietary arsenic exposure and dose and evaluation with 2003-2004 NHANES data. Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118(3):345-350.
103. Yager J.W., Hicks J.B., Fabianova E. Airborne arsenic and urinary excretion of arsenic metabolites during boiler cleaning operations in a Slovak coal-fired power plant. Environ. Health Perspect. 1997, 105(8):836-842.
104. Yager J.W., Clewell H.J., Hicks J.B., Fabianova E. Airborne exposure to arsenic occurring in coal fly ash. Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects 1999, 19-29. Elsevier Science, B.V. W.R. Chappell, C.O. Abernathy, R.L. Calderon (Eds.).