Antidiabetic agents: Potential anti-inflammatory activity beyond glucose control

Diabetes and Metabolism

Volumn 41, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 183-194

  Scheen, A J ^a   Esser, N ^a,b   Paquot, N ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Gliptin; GLP 1 receptor agonist; Inflammation; Metformin; Thiazolidinedione; Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Indexed keywords

ALPHA GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITOR; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR; GLITAZONE DERIVATIVE; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1 RECEPTOR AGONIST; GLUCOSE; INSULIN; METFORMIN; MITIGLINIDE; PIOGLITAZONE; REPAGLINIDE; ROSIGLITAZONE; SODIUM GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 2 INHIBITOR; SULFONYLUREA DERIVATIVE; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL;

ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG RESPONSE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HUMAN; INSULIN RELEASE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; MACROPHAGE; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; REVIEW; ANIMAL; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DRUG EFFECTS; INFLAMMATION; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MOUSE; OBESITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; RAT;

ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; BLOOD GLUCOSE; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; INFLAMMATION; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MICE; OBESITY; RATS;

EID: 84937635957     PISSN: 12623636     EISSN: 18781780     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2015.02.003     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Esser N., Legrand-Poels S., Piette J., Scheen A.J., Paquot N. Inflammation as a link between obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014, 105:141-150.
2. Esser N., L'Homme L., De Roover A., Kohnen L., Scheen A.J., Moutschen M., et al. Obesity phenotype is related to NLRP3 inflammasome activity and immunological profile of visceral adipose tissue. Diabetologia 2013, 56:2487-2497.
3. Lee B.C., Lee J. Cellular and molecular players in adipose tissue inflammation in the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014, 1842:446-462.
4. Forbes J.M., Cooper M.E. Mechanisms of diabetic complications. Physiol Rev 2013, 93:137-188.
5. Agrawal N.K., Kant S. Targeting inflammation in diabetes: newer therapeutic options. World J Diabetes 2014, 5:697-710.
6. Esser N., Paquot N., Scheen A.J. Anti-inflammatory agents to treat or prevent type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015, 24:283-307.
7. Inzucchi S.E., Bergenstal R.M., Buse J.B., Diamant M., Ferrannini E., Nauck M., et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centred approach. Update to a Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetologia 2015, 58:429-442.
8. Deans K.A., Sattar N. "Anti-inflammatory" drugs and their effects on type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2006, 8:18-27.
9. Hyun E., Ramachandran R., Hollenberg M.D., Vergnolle N. Mechanisms behind the anti-inflammatory actions of insulin. Crit Rev Immunol 2011, 31:307-340.
10. Monnier L., Hanefeld M., Schnell O., Colette C., Owens D. Insulin and atherosclerosis: how are they related?. Diabetes Metab 2013, 39:111-117.
11. Ryden L., Grant P.J., Anker S.D., Berne C., Cosentino F., Danchin N., et al. ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD: the Task Force on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and developed in collaboration with the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J 2013, 34:3035-3087.
12. Rizvi A.A., Nikolic D., Sallam H.S., Montalto G., Rizzo M., Abate N. Adipokines and lipoproteins: modulation by antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic agents. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2014, 12:1-10.
13. Scheen A.J., Paquot N. Metformin revisited: a critical review of the benefit-risk balance in at-risk patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab 2013, 39:179-190.
14. Zhou G., Myers R., Li Y., Chen Y., Shen X., Fenyk-Melody J., et al. Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action. J Clin Invest 2001, 108:1167-1174.
15. Foretz M., Guigas B., Bertrand L., Pollak M., Viollet B. Metformin: from mechanisms of action to therapies. Cell Metab 2014, 20:953-966.
16. Grahame Hardie D. AMP-activated protein kinase: a key regulator of energy balance with many roles in human disease. J Intern Med 2014, 276:543-559.
17. Ewart M.A., Kennedy S. AMPK and vasculoprotection. Pharmacol Ther 2011, 131:242-253.
18. Hattori Y., Suzuki K., Hattori S., Kasai K. Metformin inhibits cytokine-induced nuclear factor kappaB activation via AMP-activated protein kinase activation in vascular endothelial cells. Hypertension 2006, 47:1183-1188.
19. Isoda K., Young J.L., Zirlik A., MacFarlane L.A., Tsuboi N., Gerdes N., et al. Metformin inhibits proinflammatory responses and nuclear factor-kappaB in human vascular wall cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006, 26:611-617.
20. Kim S.A., Choi H.C. Metformin inhibits inflammatory response via AMPK-PTEN pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012, 425:866-872.
21. Vasamsetti S.B., Karnewar S., Kanugula A.K., Raj A.T., Kumar J.M., Kotamraju S. Metformin inhibits monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation via AMPK mediated inhibition of STAT3 activation: potential role in atherosclerosis. Diabetes 2014, [Epub 2015/01/02].
22. Lockwood T.D. The lysosome among targets of metformin: new anti-inflammatory uses for an old drug?. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010, 14:467-478.
23. Esteghamati A., Rezvani S., Khajeh E., Ebadi M., Nakhjavani M., Noshad S. Comparative effects of metformin and pioglitazone on YKL-40 in type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. J Endocrinol Invest 2014, [Epub 2014/08/21].
24. Esteghamati A., Ghasemiesfe M., Mousavizadeh M., Noshad S., Nakhjavani M. Pioglitazone and metformin are equally effective in reduction of chemerin in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Investig 2014, 5:327-332.
25. Napolitano A., Miller S., Nicholls A.W., Baker D., Van Horn S., Thomas E., et al. Novel gut-based pharmacology of metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2014, 9:e100778.
26. Bleau C., Karelis A.D., St-Pierre D.H., Lamontagne L. Crosstalk between intestinal microbiota, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle as an early event in systemic low-grade inflammation and the development of obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2014, [Epub 2014/10/30].
27. Stocker D.J., Taylor A.J., Langley R.W., Jezior M.R., Vigersky R.A. A randomized trial of the effects of rosiglitazone and metformin on inflammation and subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am Heart J 2007, 153. 445 e1-e6.
28. Haffner S., Temprosa M., Crandall J., Fowler S., Goldberg R., Horton E., et al. Intensive lifestyle intervention or metformin on inflammation and coagulation in participants with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes 2005, 54:1566-1572.
29. Goldberg R.B., Temprosa M.G., Mather K.J., Orchard T.J., Kitabchi A.E., Watson K.E. Lifestyle and metformin interventions have a durable effect to lower CRP and tPA levels in the diabetes prevention program except in those who develop diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014, 37:2253-2260.
30. Pradhan A.D., Everett B.M., Cook N.R., Rifai N., Ridker P.M. Effects of initiating insulin and metformin on glycemic control and inflammatory biomarkers among patients with type 2 diabetes: the lancet randomized trial. JAMA 2009, 302:1186-1194.
31. Erem C., Ozbas H.M., Nuhoglu I., Deger O., Civan N., Ersoz H.O. Comparison of effects of gliclazide, metformin and pioglitazone monotherapies on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with newly diagnosed uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2014, 122:295-302.
32. Hanefeld M., Pfutzner A., Forst T., Kleine I., Fuchs W. Double-blind, randomized, multicentre, and active comparator controlled investigation of the effect of pioglitazone, metformin, and the combination of both on cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving stable basal insulin therapy: the Piocomb Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011, 10:65.
33. Diamanti-Kandarakis E., Paterakis T., Alexandraki K., Piperi C., Aessopos A., Katsikis I., et al. Indices of low-grade chronic inflammation in polycystic ovary syndrome and the beneficial effect of metformin. Hum Reprod 2006, 21:1426-1431.
34. Xu X., Du C., Zheng Q., Peng L., Sun Y. Effect of metformin on serum interleukin-6 levels in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review. BMC Womens Health 2014, 14:93.
35. Luque-Ramirez M., Escobar-Morreale H.F. Treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with metformin ameliorates insulin resistance in parallel with the decrease of serum interleukin-6 concentrations. Horm Metab Res 2010, 42:815-820.
36. Ciaraldi T.P., Aroda V., Mudaliar S.R., Henry R.R. Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, skeletal muscle and polycystic ovary syndrome: effects of pioglitazone and metformin treatment. Metabolism 2013, 62:1587-1596.
37. Singhal A., Jie L., Kumar P., Hong G.S., Leow M.K., Paleja B., et al. Metformin as adjunct antituberculosis therapy. Science Transl Med 2014, 6:263ra159.
38. Beck E., Scheen A.J. Quels bénéfices anti-tumoraux attendre de la metformine?. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2013, 74:137-147.
39. Morales D.R., Morris A.D. Metformin in cancer treatment and prevention. Annu Rev Med 2014, [Epub 2014/11/12].
40. Salt I.P., Palmer T.M. Exploiting the anti-inflammatory effects of AMP-activated protein kinase activation. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012, 21:1155-1167.
41. Ling M.Y., Ma Z.Y., Wang Y.Y., Qi J., Liu L., Li L., et al. Up-regulated ATP-sensitive potassium channels play a role in increased inflammation and plaque vulnerability in macrophages. Atherosclerosis 2013, 226:348-355.
42. Koren S., Shemesh-Bar L., Tirosh A., Peleg R.K., Berman S., Hamad R.A., et al. The effect of sitagliptin versus glibenclamide on arterial stiffness, blood pressure, lipids, and inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Diabetes Technol Ther 2012, 14:561-567.
43. Derosa G., Cicero A.F., Fogari E., D'Angelo A., Bianchi L., Maffioli P. Pioglitazone compared to glibenclamide on lipid profile and inflammation markers in type 2 diabetic patients during an oral fat load. Horm Metab Res 2011, 43:505-512.
44. Schondorf T., Musholt P.B., Hohberg C., Forst T., Lehmann U., Fuchs W., et al. The fixed combination of pioglitazone and metformin improves biomarkers of platelet function and chronic inflammation in type 2 diabetes patients: results from the Piofix Study. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2011, 5:426-432.
45. Derosa G., Maffioli P., Salvadeo S.A., Ferrari I., Ragonesi P.D., Querci F., et al. Exenatide versus glibenclamide in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2010, 12:233-240.
46. Rakel A., Renier G., Roussin A., Buithieu J., Mamputu J.C., Serri O. Beneficial effects of gliclazide modified release compared with glibenclamide on endothelial activation and low-grade inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2007, 9:127-129.
47. Nicholls S.J., Tuzcu E.M., Wolski K., Bayturan O., Lavoie A., Uno K., et al. Lowering the triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is associated with the beneficial impact of pioglitazone on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in diabetic patients: insights from the PERISCOPE (Pioglitazone Effect on Regression of Intravascular Sonographic Coronary Obstruction Prospective Evaluation) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011, 57:153-159.
48. Tung D., Cheung P.H., Ciallella J., Saha S. Novel anti-inflammatory effects of repaglinide in rodent models of inflammation. Pharmacology 2011, 88:295-301.
49. Gumieniczek A., Hopkala H., Rolinski J., Bojarska-Junak A. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of repaglinide in plasma of diabetic animals. Pharmacol Res 2005, 52:162-166.
50. Yamazaki M., Hasegawa G., Majima S., Mitsuhashi K., Fukuda T., Iwase H., et al. Effect of repaglinide versus glimepiride on daily blood glucose variability and changes in blood inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2014, 6:54.
51. Lund S.S., Tarnow L., Stehouwer C.D., Schalkwijk C.G., Teerlink T., Gram J., et al. Impact of metformin versus repaglinide on non-glycaemic cardiovascular risk markers related to inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in non-obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol 2008, 158:631-641.
52. Ju-Ming L., Xiao-Hui G., Xiao-Feng L., Yan-Bing L., Li Y., Yao-Ming X. Effects of nateglinide on postprandial plasma glucose excursion and metabolism of lipids in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. A 4-week, randomized, active-control, open-label, parallel-group, multicenter trial. Curr Med Res Opin 2012, [Epub 2012/07/20].
53. Holman R.R., Haffner S.M., McMurray J.J., Bethel M.A., Holzhauer B., Hua T.A., et al. Effect of nateglinide on the incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2010, 362:1463-1476.
54. Assaloni R., Da Ros R., Quagliaro L., Piconi L., Maier A., Zuodar G., et al. Effects of S21403 (mitiglinide) on postprandial generation of oxidative stress and inflammation in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetologia 2005, 48:1919-1924.
55. de Vries M.A., Klop B., Janssen H.W., Njo T.L., Westerman E.M., Castro Cabezas M. Postprandial inflammation: targeting glucose and lipids. Adv Exp Med Biol 2014, 824:161-170.
56. Bavenholm P.N., Efendic S. Postprandial hyperglycaemia and vascular damage-the benefits of acarbose. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2006, 3:72-79.
57. Rudovich N.N., Weickert M.O., Pivovarova O., Bernigau W., Pfeiffer A.F. Effects of acarbose treatment on markers of insulin sensitivity and systemic inflammation. Diabetes Technol Ther 2011, 13:615-623.
58. Derosa G., Maffioli P., Ferrari I., Fogari E., D'Angelo A., Palumbo I., et al. Acarbose actions on insulin resistance and inflammatory parameters during an oral fat load. Eur J Pharmacol 2011, 651:240-250.
59. Derosa G., Mereu R., D'Angelo A., Salvadeo S.A., Ferrari I., Fogari E., et al. Effect of pioglitazone and acarbose on endothelial inflammation biomarkers during oral glucose tolerance test in diabetic patients treated with sulphonylureas and metformin. J Clin Pharm Ther 2010, 35:565-579.
60. Osonoi T., Saito M., Mochizuki K., Fukaya N., Muramatsu T., Inoue S., et al. The alpha-glucosidase inhibitor miglitol decreases glucose fluctuations and inflammatory cytokine gene expression in peripheral leukocytes of Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2010, 59:1816-1822.
61. Szanto A., Nagy L. The many faces of PPARgamma: anti-inflammatory by any means?. Immunobiology 2008, 213:789-803.
62. Khan S., Imran M., Pillai K.K., Akhtar M., Najmi A.K. Effects of pioglitazone and vildagliptin on coagulation cascade in diabetes mellitus-targeting thrombogenesis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013, 17:627-639.
63. Plutzky J. The potential role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors on inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol 2003, 92:34J-41J.
64. Corzo C., Griffin P.R. Targeting the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma to counter the inflammatory milieu in obesity. Diabetes Metab J 2013, 37:395-403.
65. Spencer M., Yang L., Adu A., Finlin B.S., Zhu B., Shipp L.R., et al. Pioglitazone treatment reduces adipose tissue inflammation through reduction of mast cell and macrophage number and by improving vascularity. PLoS One 2014, 9:e102190.
66. Esterson Y.B., Zhang K., Koppaka S., Kehlenbrink S., Kishore P., Raghavan P., et al. Insulin sensitizing and anti-inflammatory effects of thiazolidinediones are heightened in obese patients. J Investig Med 2013, 61:1152-1160.
67. Koppaka S., Kehlenbrink S., Carey M., Li W., Sanchez E., Lee D.E., et al. Reduced adipose tissue macrophage content is associated with improved insulin sensitivity in thiazolidinedione-treated diabetic humans. Diabetes 2013, 62:1843-1854.
68. Cipolletta D., Feuerer M., Li A., Kamei N., Lee J., Shoelson S.E., et al. PPAR-gamma is a major driver of the accumulation and phenotype of adipose tissue Treg cells. Nature 2012, 486:549-553.
69. Powell L.A., Crowe P., Kankara C., McPeake J., McCance D.R., Young I.S., et al. Restoration of adipose function in obese glucose-tolerant men following pioglitazone treatment is associated with CCAAT enhancer-binding protein beta up-regulation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2012, 123:135-146.
70. Boettcher E., Csako G., Pucino F., Wesley R., Loomba R., Meta-analysis: pioglitazone improves liver histology and fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012, 35:66-75.
71. Gouni-Berthold I., Papanas N., Maltezos E. The role of oral antidiabetic agents and incretin mimetics in type 2 diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Curr Pharm Des 2014, 20:3705-3715.
72. Marfella R., D'Amico M., Esposito K., Baldi A., Di Filippo C., Siniscalchi M., et al. The ubiquitin-proteasome system and inflammatory activity in diabetic atherosclerotic plaques: effects of rosiglitazone treatment. Diabetes 2006, 55:622-632.
73. Reiss A.B., Vagell M.E. PPARgamma activity in the vessel wall: anti-atherogenic properties. Curr Med Chem 2006, 13:3227-3238.
74. Ceriello A. Thiazolidinediones as anti-inflammatory anti-atherogenic agents. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2008, 24:14-26.
75. Zhao Y., He X., Huang C., Fu X., Shi X., Wu Y., et al. The impacts of thiazolidinediones on circulating C-reactive protein levels in different diseases: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010, 90:279-287.
76. Esposito K., Ciotola M., Carleo D., Schisano B., Saccomanno F., Sasso F.C., et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on endothelial function and inflammatory markers in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2006, 29:1071-1076.
77. Nissen S.E., Nicholls S.J., Wolski K., Nesto R., Kupfer S., Perez A., et al. Comparison of pioglitazone vs glimepiride on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes: the PERISCOPE randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008, 299:1561-1573.
78. Karagiannis E., Pfutzner A., Forst T., Lubben G., Roth W., Grabellus M., et al. The IRIS V study: pioglitazone improves systemic chronic inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes under daily routine conditions. Diabetes Technol Ther 2008, 10:206-212.
79. Dormandy J.A., Charbonnel B., Eckland D.J., Erdmann E., Massi-Benedetti M., Moules I.K., et al. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (prospective pioglitazone clinical trial in macrovascular events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005, 366:1279-1289.
80. Scheen A.J. Outcomes and lessons from the PROactive study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012, 98:175-186.
81. Kodama N., Tahara N., Tahara A., Honda A., Nitta Y., Mizoguchi M., et al. Effects of pioglitazone on visceral fat metabolic activity in impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013, 98:4438-4445.
82. Nitta Y., Tahara N., Tahara A., Honda A., Kodama N., Mizoguchi M., et al. Pioglitazone decreases coronary artery inflammation in impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus: evaluation by FDG-PET/CT imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2013, 6:1172-1182.
83. Mizoguchi M., Tahara N., Tahara A., Nitta Y., Kodama N., Oba T., et al. Pioglitazone attenuates atherosclerotic plaque inflammation in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes a prospective, randomized, comparator-controlled study using serial FDG PET/CT imaging study of carotid artery and ascending aorta. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011, 4:1110-1118.
84. Sobel B.E., Hardison R.M., Genuth S., Brooks M.M., McBane RD3rd, Schneider D.J., et al. Profibrinolytic, antithrombotic, and antiinflammatory effects of an insulin-sensitizing strategy in patients in the bypass angioplasty revascularization investigation 2 diabetes (BARI 2D) trial. Circulation 2011, 124:695-703.
85. Wolk R., Bertolet M., Brooks M.M., Pratley R.E., Sobel B.E., Frye R.L., et al. Differential effects of insulin sensitization and insulin provision treatment strategies on concentrations of circulating adipokines in patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease in the BARI 2D trial. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2014, [Epub 2014/07/31].
86. Chaitman B.R., Hardison R.M., Adler D., Gebhart S., Grogan M., Ocampo S., et al. The bypass angioplasty revascularization investigation 2 diabetes randomized trial of different treatment strategies in type 2 diabetes mellitus with stable ischemic heart disease: impact of treatment strategy on cardiac mortality and myocardial infarction. Circulation 2009, 120:2529-2540.
87. Scheen A.J. Cardiovascular effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: from risk factors to clinical outcomes. Postgrad Med 2013, 125:7-20.
88. Scheen A.J. A review of gliptins for 2014. Exp Opin Pharmacother 2015, 16:43-62.
89. Ussher J.R., Drucker D.J. Cardiovascular biology of the incretin system. Endocr Rev 2012, 33:187-215.
90. Scheen A.J. Cardiovascular effects of gliptins. Nature Rev Cardiol 2013, 10:73-84.
91. Zhao Y., Yang L., Zhou Z. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: multitarget drugs, not only antidiabetes drugs. J Diabetes 2014, 6:21-29.
92. Dai Y., Dai D., Wang X., Ding Z., Mehta J.L. DPP-4 inhibitors repress NLRP3 inflammasome and interleukin-1beta via GLP-1 receptor in macrophages through protein kinase C pathway. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2014, 28:425-432.
93. Makdissi A., Ghanim H., Vora M., Green K., Abuaysheh S., Chaudhuri A., et al. Sitagliptin exerts an antinflammatory action. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012, 97:3333-3341.
94. Tremblay A.J., Lamarche B., Deacon C.F., Weisnagel S.J., Couture P. Effects of sitagliptin therapy on markers of low-grade inflammation and cell adhesion molecules in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 2014, 67:1141-1148.
95. Derosa G., Maffioli P., Salvadeo S.A., Ferrari I., Ragonesi P.D., Querci F., et al. Effects of sitagliptin or metformin added to pioglitazone monotherapy in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Metabolism 2010, 59:887-895.
96. Derosa G., Carbone A., D'Angelo A., Querci F., Fogari E., Cicero A.F., et al. Variations in inflammatory biomarkers following the addition of sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes not controlled with metformin. Intern Med 2013, 52:2179-2187.
97. Hattori S. Sitagliptin reduces albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocr J 2011, 58:69-73.
98. Satoh-Asahara N., Sasaki Y., Wada H., Tochiya M., Iguchi A., Nakagawachi R., et al. A dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, exerts anti-inflammatory effects in type 2 diabetic patients. Metabolism 2013, 62:347-351.
99. Matsubara J., Sugiyama S., Akiyama E., Iwashita S., Kurokawa H., Ohba K., et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, improves endothelial dysfunction in association with its anti-inflammatory effects in patients with coronary artery disease and uncontrolled diabetes. Circ J 2013, 77:1337-1344.
100. Rizzo M.R., Barbieri M., Marfella R., Paolisso G. Reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation by blunting daily acute glucose fluctuations in patients with type 2 diabetes: role of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibition. Diabetes Care 2012, 35:2076-2082.
101. Klempfner R., Leor J., Tenenbaum A., Fisman E.Z., Goldenberg I. Effects of a vildagliptin/metformin combination on markers of atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and inflammation in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012, 11:60.
102. Nakamura Y., Tsuji M., Hasegawa H., Kimura K., Fujita K., Inoue M., et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of linagliptin in hemodialysis patients with diabetes. Hemodial Int 2014, 18:433-442.
103. Yamagishi S., Ishibashi Y., Ojima A., Sugiura T., Matsui T. Linagliptin, a xanthine-based dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, decreases serum uric acid levels in type 2 diabetic patients partly by suppressing xanthine oxidase activity. Int J Cardiol 2014, 176:550-552.
104. Kushiyama A., Tanaka K., Hara S., Kawazu S. Linking uric acid metabolism to diabetic complications. World J diabetes 2014, 5:787-795.
105. Scheen A.J., Paquot N. Metabolic effects SGLT2 inhibitors beyond increased glucosuria: a review of clinical evidence. Diabetes Metab 2014, 40:S4-S11.
106. Scheen A.J. Pharmacodynamics, efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs 2015, 75:33-59.
107. Tahara A., Kurosaki E., Yokono M., Yamajuku D., Kihara R., Hayashizaki Y., et al. Effects of SGLT2 selective inhibitor ipragliflozin on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and obesity in type 2 diabetic mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2013, 715:246-255.
108. Tahara A., Kurosaki E., Yokono M., Yamajuku D., Kihara R., Hayashizaki Y., et al. Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 selective inhibitor ipragliflozin on hyperglycaemia, oxidative stress, inflammation and liver injury in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014, 66:975-987.
109. Vilsboll T., Christensen M., Junker A.E., Knop F.K., Gluud L.L. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on weight loss: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2012, 344:d7771.
110. Sun F., Wu S., Guo S., Yu K., Yang Z., Li L., et al. Effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists on waist circumference among type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Endocrine 2014, [Epub 2014/08/15].
111. Bi Y., Zhang B., Xu W., Yang H., Feng W., Li C., et al. Effects of exenatide, insulin, and pioglitazone on liver fat content and body fat distributions in drug-naive subjects with type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2014, 51:865-873.
112. Chaudhuri A., Ghanim H., Vora M., Sia C.L., Korzeniewski K., Dhindsa S., et al. Exenatide exerts a potent antiinflammatory effect. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012, 97:198-207.
113. He L., Wong C.K., Cheung K.K., Yau H.C., Fu A., Zhao H.L., et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, on human peripheral lymphocytes in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Investig 2013, 4:382-392.
114. Wu J.D., Xu X.H., Zhu J., Ding B., Du T.X., Gao G., et al. Effect of exenatide on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Technol Ther 2011, 13:143-148.
115. Derosa G., Franzetti I.G., Querci F., Carbone A., Ciccarelli L., Piccinni M.N., et al. Variation in inflammatory markers and glycemic parameters after 12 months of exenatide plus metformin treatment compared with metformin alone: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Pharmacotherapy 2013, 33:817-826.
116. Shiraki A., Oyama J., Komoda H., Asaka M., Komatsu A., Sakuma M., et al. The glucagon-like peptide 1 analog liraglutide reduces TNF-alpha-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 2012, 221:375-382.
117. Krasner N.M., Ido Y., Ruderman N.B., Cacicedo J.M. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog liraglutide inhibits endothelial cell inflammation through a calcium and AMPK dependent mechanism. PLoS One 2014, 9:e97554.
118. Hogan A.E., Gaoatswe G., Lynch L., Corrigan M.A., Woods C., O'Connell J., et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue therapy directly modulates innate immune-mediated inflammation in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2014, 57:781-784.
119. Liu J., Wang G., Jia Y., Xu Y. GLP-1 receptor agonists: effects on the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2014, [Epub 2014/07/30].
120. Varanasi A., Patel P., Makdissi A., Dhindsa S., Chaudhuri A., Dandona P. Clinical use of liraglutide in type 2 diabetes and its effects on cardiovascular risk factors. Endocr Pract 2012, 18:140-145.
121. Varanasi A., Chaudhuri A., Dhindsa S., Arora A., Lohano T., Vora M.R., et al. Durability of effects of exenatide treatment on glycemic control, body weight, systolic blood pressure, C-reactive protein, and triglyceride concentrations. Endocr Pract 2011, 17:192-200.
122. Ceriello A., Novials A., Canivell S., La Sala L., Pujadas G., Esposito K., et al. Simultaneous GLP-1 and insulin administration acutely enhances their vasodilatory, antiinflammatory, and antioxidant action in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014, 37:1938-1943.
123. Ceriello A., Novials A., Ortega E., Canivell S., La Sala L., Pujadas G., et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 reduces endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress induced by both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2013, 36:2346-2350.
124. Dandona P., Aljada A., Mohanty P. The anti-inflammatory and potential anti-atherogenic effect of insulin: a new paradigm. Diabetologia 2002, 45:924-930.
125. Dandona P., Chaudhuri A., Ghanim H., Mohanty P. Insulin as an anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic modulator. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009, 53:S14-S20.
126. Takebayashi K., Aso Y., Inukai T. Initiation of insulin therapy reduces serum concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 2004, 53:693-699.
127. Aviles-Santa L., Salinas K., Adams-Huet B., Raskin P. Insulin therapy, glycemic control, and cardiovascular risk factors in young Latin Americans with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Investig Med 2006, 54:20-31.
128. Bogdanski P., Pupek-Musialik D., Dytfeld J., Jagodzinski P.P., Jablecka A., Kujawa A., et al. Influence of insulin therapy on expression of chemokine receptor CCR5 and selected inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007, 45:563-567.
129. Mao X.M., Liu H., Tao X.J., Yin G.P., Li Q., Wang S.K. Independent anti-inflammatory effect of insulin in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2009, 25:435-441.
130. Gerstein H.C., Bosch J., Dagenais G.R., Diaz R., Jung H., Maggioni A.P., et al. Basal insulin and cardiovascular and other outcomes in dysglycemia. N Engl J Med 2012, 367:319-328.
131. Scheen A.J., Charbonnel B. Effects of glucose-lowering agents on vascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: A critical reappraisal. Diabetes Metab 2014, 40:176-185.
132. Paneni F., Beckman J.A., Creager M.A., Cosentino F. Diabetes and vascular disease: pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and medical therapy: part I. Eur Heart J 2013, 34:2436-2443.
133. Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012, 32:2045-2051.
134. Group UKPDS Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998, 352:854-865.
135. Hemmingsen B., Schroll J.B., Lund S.S., Wetterslev J., Gluud C., Vaag A., et al. Sulphonylurea monotherapy for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013, 4:CD009008.
136. Tzoulaki I., Molokhia M., Curcin V., Little M.P., Millett C.J., Ng A., et al. Risk of cardiovascular disease and all cause mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes prescribed oral antidiabetes drugs: retrospective cohort study using UK general practice research database. BMJ 2009, 339:b4731.
137. Mogensen U.M., Andersson C., Fosbol E.L., Schramm T.K., Vaag A., Scheller N.M., et al. Sulfonylurea in combination with insulin is associated with increased mortality compared with a combination of insulin and metformin in a retrospective Danish nationwide study. Diabetologia 2015, 58:50-58.
138. Scirica B.M., Bhatt D.L., Braunwald E., Steg P.G., Davidson J., Hirshberg B., et al. Saxagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2013, 369:1317-1326.
139. Ussher J.R., Drucker D.J. Cardiovascular actions of incretin-based therapies. Circ Res 2014, 114:1788-1803.
140. Balestrieri M.L., Rizzo M.R., Barbieri M., Paolisso P., D'Onofrio N., Giovane A., et al. Sirtuin 6 expression and inflammatory activity in diabetic atherosclerotic plaques: effects of incretin treatment. Diabetes 2014, [Epub 2014/10/18].
141. Esser N., Paquot N., Scheen A.J. Inflammatory markers and cardiometabolic diseases. Acta Clin Belg 2015, 70. [in press].