메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 28, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 425-432

DPP-4 Inhibitors Repress NLRP3 Inflammasome and Interleukin-1beta via GLP-1 Receptor in Macrophages Through Protein Kinase C Pathway

Author keywords

DPP 4; GLP 1; Inflammation; PKC

Indexed keywords

6 [[2 [[2 (2 CYANO 1 PYRROLIDINYL) 2 OXOETHYL]AMINO]ETHYL]AMINO]NICOTINONITRILE; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; CRYOPYRIN; CYCLIC AMP DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1 RECEPTOR; INFLAMMASOME; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; LIRAGLUTIDE; OXIDIZED LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; PHORBOL 13 ACETATE 12 MYRISTATE; PROTEIN KINASE C; SITAGLIPTIN; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; 1-(((2-((5-CYANOPYRIDIN-2-YL)AMINO)ETHYL)AMINO)ACETYL)-2-CYANO-(S)-PYRROLIDINE; 4-O-METHYL-12-O-TETRADECANOYLPHORBOL 13-ACETATE; CARRIER PROTEIN; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1; GLUCAGON RECEPTOR; GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR; NITRILE; NLRP3 PROTEIN, HUMAN; PYRAZINE DERIVATIVE; PYRROLIDINE DERIVATIVE; TRIAZOLE DERIVATIVE;

EID: 84919712450     PISSN: 09203206     EISSN: 15737241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10557-014-6539-4     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (95)

References (37)
  • 1
    • 0026469336 scopus 로고
    • The process of atherogenesis–cellular and molecular interaction: from experimental animal models to humans
    • PID: 1478376
    • Ross R, Agius L. The process of atherogenesis–cellular and molecular interaction: from experimental animal models to humans. Diabetologia. 1992;35:S34–40.
    • (1992) Diabetologia. , vol.35 , pp. S34-S40
    • Ross, R.1    Agius, L.2
  • 2
    • 50949121505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein removal on atherosclerosis
    • PID: 18559699, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXnsFKqsrg%3D
    • Ishigaki Y, Katagiri H, Gao J, et al. Impact of plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein removal on atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2008;118:75–83.
    • (2008) Circulation , vol.118 , pp. 75-83
    • Ishigaki, Y.1    Katagiri, H.2    Gao, J.3
  • 3
    • 77956958947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by islet amyloid polypeptide provides a mechanism for enhanced IL-1β in type 2 diabetes
    • PID: 20835230, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtFCnsbzF
    • Masters SL, Dunne A, Subramanian SL, et al. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by islet amyloid polypeptide provides a mechanism for enhanced IL-1β in type 2 diabetes. Nat Immunol. 2010;11:897–904.
    • (2010) Nat Immunol. , vol.11 , pp. 897-904
    • Masters, S.L.1    Dunne, A.2    Subramanian, S.L.3
  • 5
    • 84879335611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NLRP3 activation induces ASC-dependent programmed necrotic cell death, which leads to neutrophilic inflammation
    • PID: 23703389, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtVyku7nP
    • Satoh T, Kambe N, Matsue H. NLRP3 activation induces ASC-dependent programmed necrotic cell death, which leads to neutrophilic inflammation. Cell Death Dis. 2013;4:e644.
    • (2013) Cell Death Dis. , vol.4 , pp. e644
    • Satoh, T.1    Kambe, N.2    Matsue, H.3
  • 6
    • 84865348839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidized low-density lipoprotein induces secretion of interleukin-1β by macrophages via reactive oxygen species-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation
    • PID: 22796220, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtF2rurvL
    • Jiang Y, Wang M, Huang K, et al. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein induces secretion of interleukin-1β by macrophages via reactive oxygen species-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012;425:121–6.
    • (2012) Biochem Biophys Res Commun. , vol.425 , pp. 121-126
    • Jiang, Y.1    Wang, M.2    Huang, K.3
  • 7
    • 84891887984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • OxLDL-induced IL-1beta secretion promoting foam cells formation was mainly via CD36 mediated ROS production leading to NLRP3 inflammasome activation
    • PID: 24121974
    • Liu W, Yin Y, Zhou Z, He M, Dai Y. OxLDL-induced IL-1beta secretion promoting foam cells formation was mainly via CD36 mediated ROS production leading to NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Inflamm Res. 2014;63:33–43.
    • (2014) Inflamm Res. , vol.63 , pp. 33-43
    • Liu, W.1    Yin, Y.2    Zhou, Z.3    He, M.4    Dai, Y.5
  • 8
    • 84875423827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ATM protein kinase: regulating the cellular response to genotoxic stress, and more
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXjvVers7Y%3D
    • Shiloh Y, Ziv Y. The ATM protein kinase: regulating the cellular response to genotoxic stress, and more. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2013;14:197–210.
    • (2013) Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. , vol.14 , pp. 197-210
    • Shiloh, Y.1    Ziv, Y.2
  • 9
    • 79952785951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ht31, a protein kinase a anchoring inhibitor, induces robust cholesterol efflux and reverses macrophage foam cell formation through ATP-binding cassette transporter A1
    • PID: 21106522, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtFKksbo%3D
    • Ma L, Dong F, Denis M, et al. Ht31, a protein kinase a anchoring inhibitor, induces robust cholesterol efflux and reverses macrophage foam cell formation through ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. J Biol Chem. 2011;286:3370–8.
    • (2011) J Biol Chem. , vol.286 , pp. 3370-3378
    • Ma, L.1    Dong, F.2    Denis, M.3
  • 10
    • 84881023410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PKCβ promotes vascular inflammation and acceleration of atherosclerosis in diabetic ApoE Null Mice
    • PID: 23766264, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtFamsrrJ
    • Kong L, Shen X, Lin L, et al. PKCβ promotes vascular inflammation and acceleration of atherosclerosis in diabetic ApoE Null Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013;33:1779–87.
    • (2013) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. , vol.33 , pp. 1779-1787
    • Kong, L.1    Shen, X.2    Lin, L.3
  • 11
    • 84870051440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ABCA1 protein enhances toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-stimulated interleukin-10 (IL-10) secretion through protein kinase a (PKA) activation
    • PID: 23055522, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhslansbfM
    • Ma L, Dong F, Zaid M, Kumar A, Zha X. ABCA1 protein enhances toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-stimulated interleukin-10 (IL-10) secretion through protein kinase a (PKA) activation. J Biol Chem. 2012;287:40502–12.
    • (2012) J Biol Chem. , vol.287 , pp. 40502-40512
    • Ma, L.1    Dong, F.2    Zaid, M.3    Kumar, A.4    Zha, X.5
  • 12
    • 84874112872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New strategy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus with incretin-based therapy
    • PID: 23135865, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXis1Klu7Y%3D
    • Namba M, Katsuno T, Kusunoki Y, et al. New strategy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus with incretin-based therapy. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2013;17:10–5.
    • (2013) Clin Exp Nephrol. , vol.17 , pp. 10-15
    • Namba, M.1    Katsuno, T.2    Kusunoki, Y.3
  • 13
    • 84874597960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, suppresses proliferation of vascular smooth muscles and monocyte inflammatory reaction and attenuates atherosclerosis in male apo E-deficient mice
    • PID: 23337530, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXjsF2rt7w%3D
    • Ervinna N, Mita T, Yasunari E, et al. Anagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, suppresses proliferation of vascular smooth muscles and monocyte inflammatory reaction and attenuates atherosclerosis in male apo E-deficient mice. Endocrinology. 2013;154:1260–70.
    • (2013) Endocrinology , vol.154 , pp. 1260-1270
    • Ervinna, N.1    Mita, T.2    Yasunari, E.3
  • 14
    • 81855222104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibition reduces atherosclerosis and inflammation via effects on monocyte recruitment and chemotaxis
    • PID: 22007077, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsFantrjJ
    • Shah Z, Kampfrath T, Deiuliis JA, et al. Long-term dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibition reduces atherosclerosis and inflammation via effects on monocyte recruitment and chemotaxis. Circulation. 2011;124:2338–49.
    • (2011) Circulation , vol.124 , pp. 2338-2349
    • Shah, Z.1    Kampfrath, T.2    Deiuliis, J.A.3
  • 15
    • 84876780409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, improves endothelial dysfunction in association with its anti-inflammatory effects in patients with coronary artery disease and uncontrolled diabetes
    • PID: 23386232, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXotFykurs%3D
    • Matsubara J, Sugiyama S, Akiyama E, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, improves endothelial dysfunction in association with its anti-inflammatory effects in patients with coronary artery disease and uncontrolled diabetes. Circ J. 2013;77:1337–44.
    • (2013) Circ J. , vol.77 , pp. 1337-1344
    • Matsubara, J.1    Sugiyama, S.2    Akiyama, E.3
  • 16
    • 84856971572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss of DPP4 activity is related to a prothrombogenic status of endothelial cells: implications for the coronary microvasculature of myocardial infarction patients
    • PID: 22167343
    • Krijnen PA, Hahn NE, Kholová I, et al. Loss of DPP4 activity is related to a prothrombogenic status of endothelial cells: implications for the coronary microvasculature of myocardial infarction patients. Basic Res Cardiol. 2012;107:233.
    • (2012) Basic Res Cardiol. , vol.107 , pp. 233
    • Krijnen, P.A.1    Hahn, N.E.2    Kholová, I.3
  • 17
    • 33847689914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimized THP-1 differentiation is required for the detection of responses to weak stimuli
    • PID: 17334670, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXitVeqsLY%3D
    • Park EK, Jung HS, Yang HI, et al. Optimized THP-1 differentiation is required for the detection of responses to weak stimuli. Inflamm Res. 2007;56:45–50.
    • (2007) Inflamm Res. , vol.56 , pp. 45-50
    • Park, E.K.1    Jung, H.S.2    Yang, H.I.3
  • 18
    • 84884638016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma from rheumatoid arthritis patients promotes pro-atherogenic cholesterol transport gene expression in THP-1 human macrophages
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhvVansLbO
    • Voloshyna I, Modayil S, Littlefield MJ, et al. Plasma from rheumatoid arthritis patients promotes pro-atherogenic cholesterol transport gene expression in THP-1 human macrophages. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2013;238:1192–7.
    • (2013) Exp Biol Med (Maywood) , vol.238 , pp. 1192-1197
    • Voloshyna, I.1    Modayil, S.2    Littlefield, M.J.3
  • 19
    • 84881116229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sitagliptin therapy enhances the number of circulating angiogenic cells and angiogenesis-evaluations in vitro and in the rat critical limb ischemia model
    • PID: 23849976, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXht1yksbjL
    • Chua S, Sheu JJ, Chen YL, et al. Sitagliptin therapy enhances the number of circulating angiogenic cells and angiogenesis-evaluations in vitro and in the rat critical limb ischemia model. Cytotherapy. 2013;15:1148–63.
    • (2013) Cytotherapy , vol.15 , pp. 1148-1163
    • Chua, S.1    Sheu, J.J.2    Chen, Y.L.3
  • 20
    • 84880514665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LOX-1, a bridge between GLP-1R and mitochondrial ROS generation in human vascular smooth muscle cells
    • PID: 23806684, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtVOrur7M
    • Dai Y, Mercanti F, Dai D, et al. LOX-1, a bridge between GLP-1R and mitochondrial ROS generation in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2013;437:62–6.
    • (2013) Biochem Biophys Res Commun. , vol.437 , pp. 62-66
    • Dai, Y.1    Mercanti, F.2    Dai, D.3
  • 21
    • 0036690919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PMA activation of macrophages alters macrophage metabolism of aggregated LDL
    • PID: 12177171, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XntFWktLw%3D
    • Huang W, Ishii I, Zhang WY, Sonobe M, Kruth HS. PMA activation of macrophages alters macrophage metabolism of aggregated LDL. J Lipid Res. 2002;43:1275–82.
    • (2002) J Lipid Res. , vol.43 , pp. 1275-1282
    • Huang, W.1    Ishii, I.2    Zhang, W.Y.3    Sonobe, M.4    Kruth, H.S.5
  • 22
    • 84873722475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of MSR-1 and CD36 in macrophages by LOX-1 mediated through PPAR-γ
    • PID: 23333385, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXitVGmsLs%3D
    • Dai Y, Su W, Ding Z, et al. Regulation of MSR-1 and CD36 in macrophages by LOX-1 mediated through PPAR-γ. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2013;431:496–500.
    • (2013) Biochem Biophys Res Commun. , vol.431 , pp. 496-500
    • Dai, Y.1    Su, W.2    Ding, Z.3
  • 23
    • 84899467577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide inhibits endothelin-1 in endothelial cell by repressing nuclear factor-kappa B activation
    • PID: 23657563, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhsFSktbnJ
    • Dai Y, Mehta JL, Chen M. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide inhibits endothelin-1 in endothelial cell by repressing nuclear factor-kappa B activation. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2013;27:371–80.
    • (2013) Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. , vol.27 , pp. 371-380
    • Dai, Y.1    Mehta, J.L.2    Chen, M.3
  • 24
    • 0035524488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toll-like receptors and innate immunity
    • PID: 11905821, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XlvF2qu74%3D
    • Medzhitov R. Toll-like receptors and innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2001;1:135–45.
    • (2001) Nat Rev Immunol. , vol.1 , pp. 135-145
    • Medzhitov, R.1
  • 25
    • 84881507403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preventive effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor on atherosclerosis is mainly attributable to Incretin’s actions in nondiabetic and diabetic apolipoprotein E-null mice
    • PID: 23967137, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtlaqsL3L
    • Terasaki M, Nagashima M, Nohtomi K, et al. Preventive effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor on atherosclerosis is mainly attributable to Incretin’s actions in nondiabetic and diabetic apolipoprotein E-null mice. PLoS One. 2013;8:e70933.
    • (2013) PLoS One , vol.8 , pp. e70933
    • Terasaki, M.1    Nagashima, M.2    Nohtomi, K.3
  • 26
    • 84861091379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular effects of the DPP-4 inhibitors
    • Jose T, Inzucchi SE. Cardiovascular effects of the DPP-4 inhibitors. Diab Vasc Dis. 2012;9:109–16.
    • (2012) Diab Vasc Dis. , vol.9 , pp. 109-116
    • Jose, T.1    Inzucchi, S.E.2
  • 27
    • 0033779967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus type 2: a potential role for novel cardiovascular risk factors
    • PID: 11048895, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXnt12js7g%3D
    • Hayden JM, Reaven PD. Cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus type 2: a potential role for novel cardiovascular risk factors. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2000;11:519–28.
    • (2000) Curr Opin Lipidol. , vol.11 , pp. 519-528
    • Hayden, J.M.1    Reaven, P.D.2
  • 28
    • 84872719653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidant stress in mitochondrial DNA damage, autophagy and inflammation in atherosclerosis
    • PID: 23326634
    • Ding Z, Liu S, Wang X, Khaidakov M, Dai Y, Mehta JL. Oxidant stress in mitochondrial DNA damage, autophagy and inflammation in atherosclerosis. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1077.
    • (2013) Sci Rep. , vol.3 , pp. 1077
    • Ding, Z.1    Liu, S.2    Wang, X.3    Khaidakov, M.4    Dai, Y.5    Mehta, J.L.6
  • 29
    • 84919744989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lu X, Kakkar V. Inflammasome and atherogenesis. Curr Pharm Des. 2013 [Epub ahead of print]
    • Lu X, Kakkar V. Inflammasome and atherogenesis. Curr Pharm Des. 2013 [Epub ahead of print]
  • 30
    • 84861234613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mânica da Cruz IB. Effect of the interleukin-1B gene on serum oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels
    • PID: 22425603, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XkvFSksbk%3D
    • Manica-Cattani MF, Duarte MM, Ribeiro EE, de Oliveira R. Mânica da Cruz IB. Effect of the interleukin-1B gene on serum oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels. Clin Biochem. 2012;45:641–5.
    • (2012) Clin Biochem. , vol.45 , pp. 641-645
    • Manica-Cattani, M.F.1    Duarte, M.M.2    Ribeiro, E.E.3    de Oliveira, R.4
  • 31
    • 84878805816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toll-like receptor 3 and 4 signalling through the TRIF and TRAM adaptors in haematopoietic cells promotes atherosclerosis
    • PID: 23417039, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtVartbbF
    • Lundberg AM, Ketelhuth DF, Johansson ME, et al. Toll-like receptor 3 and 4 signalling through the TRIF and TRAM adaptors in haematopoietic cells promotes atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res. 2013;99:364–73.
    • (2013) Cardiovasc Res. , vol.99 , pp. 364-373
    • Lundberg, A.M.1    Ketelhuth, D.F.2    Johansson, M.E.3
  • 32
    • 84872945553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macrophage activation by heparanase is mediated by TLR-2 and TLR-4 and associates with plaque progression
    • PID: 23162016, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXht1KrsLk%3D
    • Blich M, Golan A, Arvatz G, et al. Macrophage activation by heparanase is mediated by TLR-2 and TLR-4 and associates with plaque progression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013;33:e56–65.
    • (2013) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. , vol.33 , pp. e56-e65
    • Blich, M.1    Golan, A.2    Arvatz, G.3
  • 33
    • 84864472708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tenascin-C produced by oxidized LDL-stimulated macrophages increases foam cell formation through Toll-like receptor-4
    • PID: 22699754
    • Liu R, He Y, Li B, et al. Tenascin-C produced by oxidized LDL-stimulated macrophages increases foam cell formation through Toll-like receptor-4. Mol Cells. 2012;34:35–41.
    • (2012) Mol Cells , vol.34 , pp. 35-41
    • Liu, R.1    He, Y.2    Li, B.3
  • 34
    • 0035910010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toll-like receptor-4 is expressed by macrophages in murine and human lipid-rich atherosclerotic plaques and upregulated by oxidized LDL
    • PID: 11748108, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xpt1ahtA%3D%3D
    • Xu XH, Shah PK, Faure E, et al. Toll-like receptor-4 is expressed by macrophages in murine and human lipid-rich atherosclerotic plaques and upregulated by oxidized LDL. Circulation. 2001;104:3103–8.
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.104 , pp. 3103-3108
    • Xu, X.H.1    Shah, P.K.2    Faure, E.3
  • 35
    • 84867708435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperglycemia induces toll like receptor 4 expression and activity in mouse mesangial cells: relevance to diabetic nephropathy
    • PID: 22874765, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xhs1yktb7K
    • Kaur H, Chien A, Jialal I. Hyperglycemia induces toll like receptor 4 expression and activity in mouse mesangial cells: relevance to diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2012;303:F1145–50.
    • (2012) Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. , vol.303 , pp. F1145-F1150
    • Kaur, H.1    Chien, A.2    Jialal, I.3
  • 36
    • 84921648735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wardill HR, Gibson RJ, Logan RM, Bowen JM. TLR4/PKC-mediated tight junction modulation: a clinical marker of chemotherapy-induced gut toxicity? Int J Cancer. 2013 Dec 6. doi:. [Epub ahead of print]
    • Wardill HR, Gibson RJ, Logan RM, Bowen JM. TLR4/PKC-mediated tight junction modulation: a clinical marker of chemotherapy-induced gut toxicity? Int J Cancer. 2013 Dec 6. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28656. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 37
    • 84867861468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phosphorylation of NLRC4 is critical for inflammasome activation
    • PID: 22885697, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtFOgtrzE
    • Qu Y, Misaghi S, Izrael-Tomasevic A, et al. Phosphorylation of NLRC4 is critical for inflammasome activation. Nature. 2012;490:539–42.
    • (2012) Nature , vol.490 , pp. 539-542
    • Qu, Y.1    Misaghi, S.2    Izrael-Tomasevic, A.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.