Perinatal Risks and Childhood Premorbid Indicators of Later Psychosis: Next Steps for Early Psychosocial Interventions

Schizophrenia Bulletin

Volumn 41, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 801-816

  Liu, Cindy H ^a,b   Keshavan, Matcheri S ^a   Tronick, Ed ^b,c   Seidman, Larry J ^a,d  

^a MASSACHUSETTS MENTAL HEALTH CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS BOSTON   (United States)

^c BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

early intervention; parenting; prevention; psychological; psychosis; schizophrenia; stress

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CHILDHOOD OBESITY; COGNITION; EARLY CHILDHOOD INTERVENTION; EARLY INTERVENTION; EMPIRICAL RESEARCH; HEARING IMPAIRMENT; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; MOTONEURON; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSITIVE SYNDROME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGENY; PSYCHOSIS; PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE; PSYCHOSOCIAL WITHDRAWAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA; PRENATAL CARE; PRODROMAL SYMPTOM; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; RISK FACTOR; STANDARDS;

EARLY MEDICAL INTERVENTION; HUMANS; PRENATAL CARE; PRODROMAL SYMPTOMS; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; RISK FACTORS; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 84936745566     PISSN: 05867614     EISSN: 17451701     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv047     Document Type: Article

References (247)

1. Olin SC, Mednick SA. Risk factors of psychosis: identifying vulnerable populations premorbidly. Schizophr Bull. 1996;22:223-240.
2. van der Gaag M, Smit F, Bechdolf A, et al. Preventing a first episode of psychosis: meta-analysis of randomized controlled prevention trials of 12 month and longer-term follow-upms. Schizophr Res. 2013;149:56-62.
3. Asarnow JR. Children at risk for schizophrenia: converging lines of evidence. Schizophr Bull. 1988;14:613-631.
4. Niemi LT, Suvisaari JM, Tuulio-Henriksson A, L?nnqvist JK. Childhood developmental abnormalities in schizophrenia: evidence from high-risk studies. Schizophr Res. 2003;60:239-258.
5. Tarbox SI, Pogue-Geile MF. Development of social functioning in preschizophrenia children and adolescents: A systematic review. Psychol Bull. 2008;134:561-583.
6. Welham J, Scott J, Williams GM, et al. The antecedents of nonaffective psychosis in a birth-cohort, with a focus on measures related to cognitive ability, attentional dysfunction and speech problems. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2010;121:273-279.
7. Agnew-Blais J, Seidman LJ. Neurocognition in youth and young adults under age 30 at familial risk for schizophrenia: A quantitative and qualitative review. Cogn Neuropsychiatry. 2013;18:44-82.
8. Owens DGC, Johnstone EC. Precursors and prodromata of schizophrenia: findings from the Edinburgh High Risk Study and their literature context. Psychol Med. 2006;36:1501-1514.
9. van der Gaag M, Kern RS, van den Bosch RJ, Liberman RP. A controlled trial of cognitive remediation in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2002;28:167-176.
10. McGorry PD, Killackey E, Yung A. Early intervention in psychosis: concepts, evidence and future directions. World Psychiatry. 2008;7:148-156.
11. Jones P, Rodgers B, Murray R, Marmot M. Child development risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet. 1994;344:1398-1402.
12. Rosso IM, Bearden CE, Hollister JM, et al. Childhood neuromotor dysfunction in schizophrenia patients and their unaffected siblings: A prospective cohort study. Schizophr Bull. 2000;26:367-378.
13. Cannon M, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, et al. Evidence for earlychildhood, pan-developmental impairment specific to schizophreniform disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:449-456.
14. Isohanni M, Jones PB, Moilanen K, et al. Early developmental milestones in adult schizophrenia and other psychoses. A 31-year follow-up of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort. Schizophr Res. 2001;52:1-19.
15. Fors A, Abel KM, Wicks S, Magnusson C, Dalman C. Hearing and speech impairment at age 4 and risk of later non-affective psychosis. Psychol Med. 2013;43:2067-2076.
16. Walker EF, Grimes KE, Davis DM, Smith AJ. Childhood precursors of schizophrenia: facial expressions of emotion. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:1654-1660.
17. Litter J, Walker E. Interpersonal behavior of preschizophrenic children: A study of home-movies. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 1993;23:283-295.
18. Cannon TD, Bearden CE, Hollister JM, Rosso IM, Sanchez LE, Hadley T. Childhood cognitive functioning in schizophrenia patients and their unaffected siblings: A prospective cohort study. Schizophr Bull. 2000;26:379-393.
19. Crow TJ, Done DJ, Sacker A. Childhood precursors of psychosis as clues to its evolutionary origins. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1995;245:61-69.
20. Poulton R, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Cannon M, Murray R, Harrington H. Children's self-reported psychotic symptoms and adult schizophreniform disorder: A 15-year longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:1053-1058.
21. Bearden CE, Rosso IM, Hollister JM, Sanchez LE, Hadley T, Cannon TD. A prospective cohort study of childhood behavioral deviance and language abnormalities as predictors of adult schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2000;26:395-410.
22. Done DJ, Crow TJ, Johnstone EC, Sacker A. Childhood antecedents of schizophrenia and affective illness: social adjustment at ages 7 and 11. BMJ. 1994;309:699-703.
23. Kremen WS, Buka SL, Seidman LJ, Goldstein JM, Koren D, Tsuang MT. IQ decline during childhood and adult psychotic symptoms in a community sample: A 19-year longitudinal study. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:672-677.
24. Niendam TA, Bearden CE, Rosso IM, et al. A prospective study of childhood neurocognitive functioning in schizophrenic patients and their siblings. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:2060-2062.
25. McNeil TF, Harty B, Blennow G, Cantor-Graae E. Neuromotor deviation in offspring of psychotic mothers: A selective developmental deficiency in two groups of children at heightened psychiatric risk? J Psychiatr Res. 1993;27:39-54.
26. Blennow G, McNeil TF. Neurological deviations in newborns at psychiatric high risk. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1991;84:179-184.
27. Buka SL, Seidman LJ, Tsuang MT, Goldstein JM. The New England Family Study High-Risk Project: neurological impairments among offspring of parents with schizophrenia and other psychoses. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2013;162B:653-660.
28. Marcus J. Infants at risk for schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981;38:703.
29. Ragins N, Schachter J, Elmer E, Preisman R, Bowes AE, Harway V. Infants and children at risk for schizophrenia. Environmental and developmental observations. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry. 1975;14:150-177.
30. Yoshida K, Marks MN, Craggs M, Smith B, Kumar R. Sensorimotor and cognitive development of infants of mothers with schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 1999;175:380-387.
31. McNeil TF, Fish B, Schubert EW. Prospective study of pandysmaturation and adult mental disorder in high-risk and normal-risk offspring. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45:561-567.
32. Fish B, Marcus J, Hans SL, Auerbach JG, Perdue S. Infants at risk for schizophrenia: sequelae of a genetic neurointegrative defect. A review and replication analysis of pandysmaturation in the Jerusalem Infant Development Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49:221-235.
33. Fish B. Infant predictors of the longitudinal course of schizophrenic development. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13:395-409.
34. Sameroff A, Barocas R, Seifer R. The early development of children born to mentally ill women. In: Watt NF, Anthony EJ, Wynne LC, Rolf JE, eds. Children at Risk for Schizophrenia. A Longitudinal Perspective. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 1984:482-513.
35. Walker E, Aylward E. The high-risk method: The Swedish high-risk project. In: Mednick S, Harway M, Finello K, eds. Handbook of Longitudinal Research. New York, NY: Praeger; 1984:453-455.
36. Goodman SH. Emory University project on children of disturbed parents. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13:411-423.
37. Näslund B, Persson-Blennow I, McNeil T, Kaij L, Malmquist-Larsson A. Offspring of women with nonorganic psychosis: fear of strangers during the first year of life. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1984;69:435-444.
38. Seidman LJ, Cherkerzian S, Goldstein JM, Agnew-Blais J, Tsuang MT, Buka SL. Neuropsychological performance and family history in children at age 7 who develop adult schizophrenia or bipolar psychosis in the New England Family Studies. Psychol Med. 2013;43:119-131.
39. Nagler S, Glueck Z. The clinical interview. Schizophr Bull. 1985;11:38-47.
40. Rieder RO, Nichols PL. Offspring of schizophrenics. III. Hyperactivity and neurological soft signs. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1979;36:665-674.
41. Marcus J, Hans SL, Lewow E, Wilkinson L, Burack CM. Neurological findings in high-risk children: Childhood assessment and 5-year followup. Schizophr Bull. 1985;11:85-100.
42. Erlenmeyer-Kimling L. Neurobehavioral deficits in offspring of schizophrenic parents: liability indicators and predictors of illness. Am J Med Genet. 2000;97:65-71.
43. Wynne LC, Cole RE, Perkins P. University of Rochester Child and Family Study: risk research in progress. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13:463-476.
44. Mednick S, Schulsinger F. Some premorbid characteristics related to breakdown in children with schizophrenic mothers. J Psychiatr Res. 1968;6:267-291.
45. Weintraub S, Neale JM. The Stony Brook High-Risk Project. In: Watt NF, Anthony EJ, Wynne LC, Rolf JE, eds. Childrne at Risk for Schizophrenia. A Longitudinal Perspective. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 1984:243-285.
46. Weintraub S. Risk factors in schizophrenia: The Stony Brook High-Risk Project. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13:439-450.
47. Garmezy N, Devine V. Project Competence: The Minnesota studies of children vulnerable to psychopathology. In: Watt NF, Anthony EJ, Wynne LC, ROlf JE, eds. Childrne at Risk for Schizophrenia. A Longitudinal Perspective. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 1984:289-303.
48. Hanson DR, Gottesman II, Heston LL. Some possible childhood indicators of adult schizophrenia inferred from children of schizophrenics. Br J Psychiatry. 1976;129:142-154.
49. Sohlberg SC. Personality and neuropsychological performance of high-risk children. Schizophr Bull. 1985;11:48-60.
50. Neale JM, Winters KC, Weintraub S. Information processing deficits in children at high risk for schizophrenia. In: Watt NF, Anthony EJ, Wynne LC, Rolf JE, eds. Children at Risk for Schizophrenia. A Longitudinal Perspective. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 1984:264-277.
51. Mednick SA, Parnas J, Schulsinger F. The Copenhagen High-Risk Project, 1962-86. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13:485-495.
52. Erlenmeyer-Kimling L, Cornblatt B. High-risk research in schizophrenia: A summary of what has been learned. J Psychiatr Res. 1987;21:401-411.
53. Lifshitz M, Kugelmass S, Karov M. Perceptual-motor and memory performance of high-risk children. Schizophr Bull. 1985;11:74-84.
54. Isohanni M, Murray GK, Jokelainen J, Croudace T, Jones PB. The persistence of developmental markers in childhood and adolescence and risk for schizophrenic psychoses in adult life. A 34-year follow-up of the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort. Schizophr Res. 2004;71:213-225.
55. Walker E, Lewine RJ. Prediction of adult-onset schizophrenia from childhood home movies of the patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1990;147:1052-1056.
56. McGrath J, El-Saadi O, Grim V, et al. Minor physical anomalies and quantitative measures of the head and face in patients with psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:458-464.
57. Xu T, Chan RCK, Compton MT. Minor physical anomalies in patients with schizophrenia, unaffected first-degree relatives, and healthy controls: A meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2011;6:e24129.
58. Compton MT, Chan RCK, Walker EF, Buckley PF. Minor physical anomalies: potentially informative vestiges of fetal developmental disruptions in schizophrenia. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2011;29:245-250.
59. Kraepelin E. Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. Edinburgh, Scotland: E&S Livingston; 1919.
60. Bleuler E. Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. New York, NY: International Universities Press; 1950.
61. Morgan VA, McGrath JJ, Jablensky A, et al. Psychosis prevalence and physical, metabolic and cognitive co-morbidity: data from the second Australian national survey of psychosis. Psychol Med. 2013:1-14.
62. Seidman LJ, Cassens G, Kremen WS, Pepple JR. The neuropsychology of schizophrenia. In: White R, ed. Clinical Syndromes in Adult Neuropsychology: The Practitioners Handbook. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier; 1992:381-450.
63. Kremen WS, Seidman LJ, Pepple JR, Lyons MJ, Tsuang MT, Faraone S V. Neuropsychological risk indicators for schizophrenia: A review of family studies. Schizophr Bull. 1994;20:103-119.
64. Agnew-Blais JC, Buka SL, Fitzmaurice GM, Smoller JW, Goldstein JM, Seidman LJ. Early childhood IQ trajectories of adults with schizophrenia and affective psychoses in the New England Family Studies. Schizophr Bull. In press.
65. Cannon TD, Rosso IM, Hollister JM, Bearden CE, Sanchez LE, Hadley T. A prospective cohort study of genetic and perinatal influences in the etiology of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2000;26:351-366.
66. Cannon TD, van Erp TGM, Rosso IM, et al. Fetal hypoxia and structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenic patients, their siblings, and controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:35-41.
67. Reichenberg A, Caspi A, Harrington H, et al. Static and dynamic cognitive deficits in childhood preceding adult schizophrenia: A 30-year study. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167:160-169.
68. Walker EF, Savoie T, Davis D. Neuromotor precursors of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1994;20:441-451.
69. Dickson H, Laurens KR, Cullen AE, Hodgins S. Metaanalyses of cognitive and motor function in youth aged 16 years and younger who subsequently develop schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 2012;42:743-755.
70. Woodberry KA, Giuliano AJ, Seidman LJ. Premorbid IQ in schizophrenia: A meta-analytic review. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165:579-587.
71. Heinrichs RW, Zakzanis KK. Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: A quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology. 1998;12:426-445.
72. Mesholam-Gately RI, Giuliano AJ, Goff KP, Faraone S V, Seidman LJ. Neurocognition in first-episode schizophrenia: A meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology. 2009;23:315-336.
73. Giuliano AJ, Li H, Mesholam-Gately RI, Sorenson SM, Woodberry KA, Seidman LJ. Neurocognition in the psychosis risk syndrome: A quantitative and qualitative review. Curr Pharm Des. 2012;18:399-415.
74. Fuller R, Nopoulos P, Arndt S, O'Leary D, Ho B-C, Andreasen NC. Longitudinal assessment of premorbid cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia through examination of standardized scholastic test performance. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:1183-1189.
75. MacCabe JH, Wicks S, L?fving S, et al. Decline in cognitive performance between ages 13 and 18 years and the risk for psychosis in adulthood: A Swedish longitudinal cohort study in males. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70:261-270.
76. Fusar-Poli P, Deste G, Smieskova R, et al. Cognitive functioning in prodromal psychosis: A meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69:562-571.
77. Seidman LJ. The neuropsychology of schizophrenia: A neurodevelopmental and case study approach. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1990;2:301-312.
78. Palmer BW, Heaton RK, Paulsen JS, et al. Is it possible to be schizophrenic yet neuropsychologically normal? Neuropsychology. 1997;11:437-446.
79. Weickert TW, Goldberg TE, Gold JM, Bigelow LB, Egan MF, Weinberger DR. Cognitive impairments in patients with schizophrenia displaying preserved and compromised intellect. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:907-913.
80. White H, Flanagan TJ, Martin A, Silvermann D. Mother-infant interactions in women with borderline personality disorder, major depressive disorder, their co-occurrence, and healthy controls. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2011;29:223-235.
81. Cassel TD, Messinger DS, Ibanez L V, Haltigan JD, Acosta SI, Buchman AC. Early social and emotional communication in the infant siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders: an examination of the broad phenotype. J Autism Dev Disord. 2007;37:122-132.
82. Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Thapar A, Craddock N. Neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 2011;198:173-175.
83. Gamma F, Goldstein JM, Seidman LJ, Fitzmaurice GM, Tsuang MT, Buka SL. Early intermodal integration in offspring of parents with psychosis. Schizophr Bull. 2014;40:992-1000.
84. Ripke S, Neale BM, Corvin A, et al. Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature. 2014;511:421-427.
85. Sullivan PF, Kendler KS, Neale MC. Schizophrenia as a complex trait: evidence from a meta-analysis of twin studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:1187-1192.
86. Williams HJ, Norton N, Dwyer S, et al. Fine mapping of ZNF804A and genome-wide significant evidence for its involvement in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2011;16:429-441.
87. Stefansson H, Ophoff RA, Steinberg S, et al. Common variants conferring risk of schizophrenia. Nature. 2009;460:744-747.
88. Doherty JL, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ. Recent genomic advances in schizophrenia. Clin Genet. 2012;81:103-109.
89. Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Identification of risk loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders: A genome-wide analysis. Lancet. 2013;381:1371-1379.
90. Howes OD, Fusar-Poli P, Bloomfield M, Selvaraj S, McGuire P. From the prodrome to chronic schizophrenia: The neurobiology underlying psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairments. Curr Pharm Des. 2012;18:459-465.
91. Akbarian S, Kim JJ, Potkin SG, Hetrick WP, Bunney WE, Jones EG. Maldistribution of interstitial neurons in prefrontal white matter of the brains of schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53:425-436.
92. Nanda P, Tandon N, Mathew IT, et al. Local gyrification index in probands with psychotic disorders and their firstdegree relatives. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;76:447-455.
93. Thermenos HW, Keshavan MS, Juelich RJ, et al. A review of neuroimaging studies of young relatives of individuals with schizophrenia: A developmental perspective from schizotaxia to schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2013;162B:604-635.
94. Feinberg I. Schizophrenia: caused by a fault in programmed synaptic elimination during adolescence? J Psychiatr Res. 17:319-334.
95. Keshavan MS, Anderson S, Pettegrew JW. Is schizophrenia due to excessive synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex? The Feinberg hypothesis revisited. J Psychiatr Res. 1994;28:239-265.
96. Keshavan MS, Giedd J, Lau JYF, Lewis DA, Paus T. Changes in the adolescent brain and the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1:549-558.
97. Tandon R, Keshavan MS, Nasrallah HA. Schizophrenia, "Just the Facts": what we know in 2008 part 1: overview. Schizophr Res. 2008;100:4-19.
98. Van Os J, Kenis G, Rutten BPF. The environment and schizophrenia. Nature. 2010;468:203-212.
99. McCoy BM, Rickert ME, Class QA, Larsson H, Lichtenstein P, D'Onofrio BM. Mediators of the association between parental severe mental illness and offspring neurodevelopmental problems. Ann Epidemiol. 2014;24:629-634, 634.e1.
100. Buka SL, Cannon TD, Torrey EF, Yolken RH. Maternal exposure to herpes simplex virus and risk of psychosis among adult offspring. Biol Psychiatry. 2008;63:809-815.
101. Babulas V, Factor-Litvak P, Goetz R, Schaefer CA, Brown AS. Prenatal exposure to maternal genital and reproductive infections and adult schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:927-929.
102. Suvisaari J, Haukka J, Tanskanen A, Hovi T, L?nnqvist J. Association between prenatal exposure to poliovirus infection and adult schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:1100-1102.
103. Brown AS, Cohen P, Harkavy-Friedman J, et al. A.E. Bennett Research Award. Prenatal rubella, premorbid abnormalities, and adult schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49:473-486.
104. Mednick SA, Huttunen MO, Machón RA. Prenatal influenza infections and adult schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1994;20:263-267.
105. Brown AS, Schaefer CA, Wyatt RJ, et al. Maternal exposure to respiratory infections and adult schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A prospective birth cohort study. Schizophr Bull. 2000;26:287-295.
106. Mortensen PB, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, Waltoft BL, Sørensen TL, Hougaard D, Yolken RH. Early infections of Toxoplasma gondii and the later development of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2007;33:741-744.
107. Remington JS, Klein JO, Wilson CB, Baker CJ. Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2006.
108. Insel BJ, Schaefer CA, McKeague IW, Susser ES, Brown AS. Maternal iron deficiency and the risk of schizophrenia in offspring. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65:1136-1144.
109. Connor JR, Menzies SL. Relationship of iron to oligodendrocytes and myelination. Glia. 1996;17:83-93.
110. Meyer-Lindenberg A, Miletich RS, Kohn PD, et al. Reduced prefrontal activity predicts exaggerated striatal dopaminergic function in schizophrenia. Nat Neurosci. 2002;5:267-271.
111. Akil M, Pierri JN, Whitehead RE, et al. Lamina-specific alterations in the dopamine innervation of the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenic subjects. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:1580-1589.
112. Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A, van Dyck CH, et al. Single photon emission computerized tomography imaging of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in drug-free schizophrenic subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996;93:9235-9240.
113. McGrath J. Hypothesis: is low prenatal vitamin D a risk-modifying factor for schizophrenia? Schizophr Res. 1999;40:173-177.
114. Bresnahan M, Begg MD, Brown A, et al. Race and risk of schizophrenia in a US birth cohort: another example of health disparity? Int J Epidemiol. 2007;36:751-758.
115. Cantor-Graae E, Selten J-P. Schizophrenia and migration: A meta-analysis and review. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:12-24.
116. Eaton WW, Mortensen PB, Frydenberg M. Obstetric factors, urbanization and psychosis. Schizophr Res. 2000;43:117-123.
117. Webb RT, Wicks S, Dalman C, et al. Influence of environmental factors in higher risk of sudden infant death syndrome linked with parental mental illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67:69-77.
118. O'Donnell K, O'Connor TG, Glover V. Prenatal stress and neurodevelopment of the child: focus on the HPA axis and role of the placenta. Dev Neurosci. 2009;31:285-292.
119. Brixey SN, Gallagher BJ, McFalls JA, Parmelee LF. Gestational and neonatal factors in the etiology of schizophrenia. J Clin Psychol. 1993;49:447-456.
120. Khashan AS, Abel KM, McNamee R, et al. Higher risk of offspring schizophrenia following antenatal maternal exposure to severe adverse life events. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65:146-152.
121. Huttunen MO, Niskanen P. Prenatal loss of father and psychiatric disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1978;35:429-431.
122. Van Os J, Selten JP. Prenatal exposure to maternal stress and subsequent schizophrenia. The May 1940 invasion of The Netherlands. Br J Psychiatry. 1998;172:324-326.
123. Malaspina D, Corcoran C, Kleinhaus KR, et al. Acute maternal stress in pregnancy and schizophrenia in offspring: A cohort prospective study. BMC Psychiatry. 2008;8:71.
124. Meyer U, Yee BK, Feldon J. The neurodevelopmental impact of prenatal infections at different times of pregnancy: The earlier the worse? Neuroscientist. 2007;13:241-256.
125. Ballon JS, Dean KA, Cadenhead KS. Obstetrical complications in people at risk for developing schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2008;98:307-311.
126. Bersani G, Taddei I, Manuali G, et al. Severity of obstetric complications and risk of adult schizophrenia in male patients: A case-control study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2003;14:35-38.
127. Bersani G, Quartini A, Manuali G, et al. Influence of obstetric complication severity on brain morphology in schizophrenia: an MR study. Neuroradiology. 2009;51:363-371.
128. Cannon T. On the nature and mechanisms of obstetric influences in schizophrenia: A review and synthesis of epidemiologic studies. Int Rev Psychiatry. 1997;9:387-398.
129. Dalman C, Thomas H V, David AS, Gentz J, Lewis G, Allebeck P. Signs of asphyxia at birth and risk of schizophrenia. Population-based case-control study. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;179:403-408.
130. McNeil TF, Cantor-Graae E, Weinberger DR. Relationship of obstetric complications and differences in size of brain structures in monozygotic twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:203-212.
131. Cannon M, Jones PB, Murray RM. Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: historical and meta-analytic review. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:1080-1092.
132. Abel KM, Wicks S, Susser ES, et al. Birth weight, schizophrenia, and adult mental disorder: is risk confined to the smallest babies? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67:923-930.
133. Indredavik MS, Vik T, Evensen KAI, Skranes J, Taraldsen G, Brubakk A-M. Perinatal risk and psychiatric outcome in adolescents born preterm with very low birth weight or term small for gestational age. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2010;31:286-294.
134. Cannon M, Jones P. Schizophrenia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996;60:604-613.
135. Geddes JR, Lawrie SM. Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 1995;167:786-793.
136. Trotman HD, Holtzman CW, Walker EF, et al. Stress exposure and sensitivity in the clinical high-risk syndrome: initial findings from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS). Schizophr Res. 2014;160:104-109.
137. Varese F, Smeets F, Drukker M, et al. Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: A meta-analysis of patientcontrol, prospective-and cross-sectional cohort studies. Schizophr Bull. 2012;38:661-671.
138. Lardinois M, Lataster T, Mengelers R, Van Os J, Myin-Germeys I. Childhood trauma and increased stress sensitivity in psychosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2011;123:28-35.
139. Garner B, Pariante CM, Wood SJ, et al. Pituitary volume predicts future transition to psychosis in individuals at ultra-high risk of developing psychosis. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58:417-423.
140. Lewis DA. Development of the prefrontal cortex during adolescence: insights into vulnerable neural circuits in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1997;16:385-398.
141. Thompson JL, Pogue-Geile MF, Grace AA. Developmental pathology, dopamine, and stress: A model for the age of onset of schizophrenia symptoms. Schizophr Bull. 2004;30:875-900.
142. Walker EF, Trotman HD, Pearce BD, et al. Cortisol levels and risk for psychosis: initial findings from the North American prodrome longitudinal study. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;74:410-417.
143. Spauwen J, Krabbendam L, Lieb R, Wittchen H-U, van Os J. Impact of psychological trauma on the development of psychotic symptoms: relationship with psychosis proneness. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;188:527-533.
144. Tidey JW, Miczek KA. Social defeat stress selectively alters mesocorticolimbic dopamine release: an in vivo microdialysis study. Brain Res. 1996;721:140-149.
145. De Bellis MD, Chrousos GP, Dorn LD, et al. Hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in sexually abused girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;78:249-255.
146. Pruessner JC, Champagne F, Meaney MJ, Dagher A. Dopamine release in response to a psychological stress in humans and its relationship to early life maternal care: A positron emission tomography study using [11C]raclopride. J Neurosci. 2004;24:2825-2831.
147. Laruelle M. The role of endogenous sensitization in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia: implications from recent brain imaging studies. Brain Res Rev. 2000;31:371-384.
148. Hall FS, Wilkinson LS, Humby T, Robbins TW. Maternal deprivation of neonatal rats produces enduring changes in dopamine function. Synapse. 1999;32:37-43.
149. Spitzer M. A neurocomputational approach to delusions. Compr Psychiatry. 1995;36:83-105.
150. Chernomas WM, Clarke DE, Chisholm FA. Perspectives of women living with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv. 2000;51:1517-1521.
151. Brunette MF, Dean W. Community mental health care for women with severe mental illness who are parents. Commun Ment Health J. 2002;38:153-165.
152. Wan MW, Salmon MP, Riordan DM, Appleby L, Webb R, Abel KM. What predicts poor mother-infant interaction in schizophrenia? Psychol Med. 2007;37:537-546.
153. Miller LJ, Finnerty M. Sexuality, pregnancy, and childrearing among women with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Psychiatr Serv. 1996;47:502-506.
154. Jablensky A V, Morgan V, Zubrick SR, Bower C, Yellachich L-A. Pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal complications in a population cohort of women with schizophrenia and major affective disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:79-91.
155. Vauth R, Kleim B, Wirtz M, Corrigan PW. Self-efficacy and empowerment as outcomes of self-stigmatizing and coping in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2007;150:71-80.
156. Yanos PT, Moos RH. Determinants of functioning and wellbeing among individuals with schizophrenia: an integrated model. Clin Psychol Rev. 2007;27:58-77.
157. Miller LJ. Sexuality, reproduction, and family planning in women with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1997;23:623-635.
158. Bosanac P, Buist A, Burrows G. Motherhood and schizophrenic illnesses: A review of the literature. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2003;37:24-30.
159. Walker E, Emory E. Infants at risk for psychopathology: offspring of schizophrenic parents. Child Dev. 1983;54:1269-1285.
160. Erlenmeyer-Kimling L, Cornblatt B. The New York High-Risk Project: A followup report. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13:451-461.
161. Dellisch H. Children of schizophrenic mothers. Acta Paedopsychiatr. 1989;52:266-270.
162. Dunn B. Growing up with a psychotic mother: A retrospective study. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1993;63:177-189.
163. Burman B, Mednick SA, Machón RA, Parnas J, Schulsinger F. Children at high risk for schizophrenia: parent and offspring perceptions of family relationships. J Abnorm Psychol. 1987;96:364-366.
164. Schiffman J, LaBrie J, Carter J, et al. Perception of parentchild relationships in high-risk families, and adult schizophrenia outcome of offspring. J Psychiatr Res. 36:41-47.
165. Wahlberg K-E, Wynne LC, Hakko H, et al. Interaction of genetic risk and adoptive parent communication deviance: longitudinal prediction of adoptee psychiatric disorders. Psychol Med. 2004;34:1531-1541.
166. Wynne LC, Tienari P, Nieminen P, et al. I. Genotypeenvironment interaction in the schizophrenia spectrum: genetic liability and global family ratings in the Finnish Adoption Study. Fam Process. 2006;45:419-434.
167. Snellen M, Mack K, Trauer T. Schizophrenia, mental state, and mother-infant interaction: examining the relationship. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1999;33:902-911.
168. Garety PA, Freeman D, Jolley S, et al. Reasoning, emotions, and delusional conviction in psychosis. J Abnorm Psychol. 2005;114:373-384.
169. Brüne M, Abdel-Hamid M, Lehmkämper C, Sonntag C. Mental state attribution, neurocognitive functioning, and psychopathology: what predicts poor social competence in schizophrenia best? Schizophr Res. 2007;92:151-159.
170. Van 't Wout M, Aleman A, Kessels RPC, Cahn W, de Haan EHF, Kahn RS. Exploring the nature of facial affect processing deficits in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2007;150:227-235.
171. Montag C, Heinz A, Kunz D, Gallinat J. Self-reported empathic abilities in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2007;92:85-89.
172. Mehta UM, Bhagyavathi HD, Kumar CN, Thirthalli J, Gangadhar BN. Cognitive deconstruction of parenting in schizophrenia: The role of theory of mind. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2014;48:249-258.
173. Chandra PS, Bhargavaraman RP, Raghunandan VNGP, Shaligram D. Delusions related to infant and their association with mother-infant interactions in postpartum psychotic disorders. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2006;9:285-288.
174. Salmon M, Abel K, Cordingley L, Friedman T, Appleby L. Clinical and parenting skills outcomes following joint mother-baby psychiatric admission. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2003;37:556-562.
175. Helgeland MI, Torgersen S. Maternal representations of patients with schizophrenia as measured by the Parental Bonding Instrument. Scand J Psychol. 1997;38:39-43.
176. Gamer E, Gallant D, Grunebaum H. Children of psychotic mothers: an evaluation of 1-year-olds on a test of object permanence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1976;33:311-317.
177. Tienari P, Wynne LC, Sorri A, et al. Genotype-environment interaction in schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. Longterm follow-up study of Finnish adoptees. Br J Psychiatry. 2004;184:216-222.
178. Hipwell AE, Goossens FA, Melhuish EC, Kumar R. Severe maternal psychopathology and infant-mother attachment. Dev Psychopathol. 2000;12:157-175.
179. D'Angelo EJ. Security of attachment in infants with schizophrenic, depressed, and unaffected mothers. J Genet Psychol. 1986;147:421-422.
180. Näslund B, Persson-Blennow I, McNeil T, Kaij L, Malmquist-Larsson A. Offspring of women with nonorganic psychosis: infant attachment to the mother at one year of age. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1984;69:231-241.
181. Read J, Hammersley P, Rudegeair T. Why, when and how to ask about childhood abuse. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2007;13:101-110.
182. Cullen AE, Fisher HL, Roberts RE, Pariante CM, Laurens KR. Daily stressors and negative life events in children at elevated risk of developing schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;204:354-360.
183. Van Dam DS, van der Ven E, Velthorst E, Selten JP, Morgan C, de Haan L. Childhood bullying and the association with psychosis in non-clinical and clinical samples: A review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2012;42:2463-2474.
184. Arseneault L, Cannon M, Fisher HL, Polanczyk G, Moffitt TE, Caspi A. Childhood trauma and children's emerging psychotic symptoms: A genetically sensitive longitudinal cohort study. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168:65-72.
185. Dvir Y, Denietolis B, Frazier JA. Childhood trauma and psychosis. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2013;22:629-641.
186. DiCorcia JA, Tronick E. Quotidian resilience: exploring mechanisms that drive resilience from a perspective of everyday stress and coping. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011;35:1593-1602.
187. Rajkumar RP. Childhood attachment and schizophrenia: The "attachment-developmental-cognitive" (ADC) hypothesis. Med Hypotheses. 2014;83:276-281.
188. Kofink D, Boks MPM, Timmers HTM, Kas MJ. Epigenetic dynamics in psychiatric disorders: environmental programming of neurodevelopmental processes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37:831-845.
189. Pishva E, Kenis G, van den Hove D, et al. The epigenome and postnatal environmental influences in psychotic disorders. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2014;49:337-348.
190. Murgatroyd C, Patchev A V, Wu Y, et al. Dynamic DNA methylation programs persistent adverse effects of early-life stress. Nat Neurosci. 2009;12:1559-1566.
191. Gonzalez-Rodriguez PJ, Xiong F, Li Y, Zhou J, Zhang L. Fetal hypoxia increases vulnerability of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats: role of glucocorticoid receptors. Neurobiol Dis. 2014;65:172-179.
192. Aas M, Djurovic S, Athanasiu L, et al. Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism, childhood trauma, and cognition in patients with psychotic disorders. Schizophr Bull. 2012;38:15-22.
193. Abel KM, Webb RT, Salmon MP, Wan MW, Appleby L. Prevalence and predictors of parenting outcomes in a cohort of mothers with schizophrenia admitted for joint mother and baby psychiatric care in England. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66:781-789.
194. Seneviratne G. Parenting assessment in a psychiatric mother and baby unit. Br J Soc Work. 2003;33:535-555.
195. Montgomery P, Tompkins C, Forchuk C, French S. Keeping close: mothering with serious mental illness. J Adv Nurs. 2006;54:20-28.
196. Kelleher I, Murtagh A, Molloy C, et al. Identification and characterization of prodromal risk syndromes in young adolescents in the community: A population-based clinical interview study. Schizophr Bull. 2012;38:239-246.
197. Myles-Worsley M, Ord LM, Ngiralmau H, Weaver S, Blailes F, Faraone S V. The Palau Early Psychosis Study: neurocognitive functioning in high-risk adolescents. Schizophr Res. 2007;89:299-307.
198. Dean K, Stevens H, Mortensen PB, Murray RM, Walsh E, Pedersen CB. Full spectrum of psychiatric outcomes among offspring with parental history of mental disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67:822-829.
199. Bennedsen BE, Mortensen PB, Olesen A V, Henriksen TB. Preterm birth and intra-uterine growth retardation among children of women with schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 1999;175:239-245.
200. Bennedsen BE, Mortensen PB, Olesen A V, Henriksen TB, Frydenberg M. Obstetric complications in women with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2001;47:167-175.
201. Kotlicka-Antczak M, Gmitrowicz A, Sobów TM, Rabe-Jabłonska J. Obstetric complications and Apgar score in early-onset schizophrenic patients with prominent positive and prominent negative symptoms. J Psychiatr Res. 2001;35:249-257.
202. Liu T-C, Chen C-S, Loh CPA. Do children of parents with mental illness have lower survival rate? A population-based study. Compr Psychiatry. 2010;51:250-255.
203. Lin H-C, Chen Y-H, Lee H-C. Prenatal care and adverse pregnancy outcomes among women with schizophrenia: A nationwide population-based study in Taiwan. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70:1297-1303.
204. Matevosyan NR. Pregnancy and postpartum specifics in women with schizophrenia: A meta-study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011;283:141-147.
205. Wrede G, Mednick SA, Huttunen MO, Nilsson CG. Pregnancy and delivery complications in the births of an unselected series of Finnish children with schizophrenic mothers. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1980;62:369-381.
206. Goodman SH, Emory EK. Perinatal complications in births to low socioeconomic status schizophrenic and depressed women. J Abnorm Psychol. 1992;101:225-229.
207. Sacker A, Done DJ, Crow TJ. Obstetric complications in children born to parents with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of case-control studies. Psychol Med. 1996;26:279-287.
208. Casiano ME, Hawkins DR. Major mental illness and childbearing: A role for the consultation-liaison psychiatrist in obstetrics. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1987;10:35-51.
209. Kogan MD, Alexander GR, Jack BW, Allen MC. The association between adequacy of prenatal care utilization and subsequent pediatric care utilization in the United States. Pediatrics. 1998;102:25-30.
210. Swigonski NL, Skinner CS, Wolinsky FD. Prenatal health behaviors as predictors of breast-feeding, injury, and vaccination. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149:380-385.
211. Coverdale JH, Turbott SH. Sexual and physical abuse of chronically ill psychiatric outpatients compared with a matched sample of medical outpatients. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2000;188:440-445.
212. Fleming AS, Klein E, Corter C. The effects of a social support group on depression, maternal attitudes and behavior in new mothers. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1992;33:685-698.
213. Cooper PJ, Murray L, Wilson A, Romaniuk H. Controlled trial of the short-and long-term effect of psychological treatment of post-partum depression. I. Impact on maternal mood. Br J Psychiatry. 2003;182:412-419.
214. Gelfand DM, Teti DM, Seiner SA, Jameson PB. Helping mothers fight depression: Evaluation of a home-based intervention program for depressed mothers and their infants. J Clin Child Psychol. 1996;25:406-422.
215. Berglund N, Vahlne JO, Edman A. Family intervention in schizophrenia-impact on family burden and attitude. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2003;38:116-121.
216. Wan MW, Moulton S, Abel KM. A review of motherchild relational interventions and their usefulness for mothers with schizophrenia. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2008;11:171-179.
217. Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH, Juffer F. Less is more: meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood. Psychol Bull. 2003;129:195-215.
218. Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Juffer F, Van Ijzendoorn MH. Interventions with video feedback and attachment discussions: Does type of maternal insecurity make a difference? Infant Ment Health J. 1998;19:202-219.
219. Hynd S, Khan S. Identity and the experience of postnatal depression: The use of Video Interaction Guidance. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2004;11:738-741.
220. Pilling S, Bebbington P, Kuipers E, et al. Psychological treatments in schizophrenia: I. meta-analysis of family intervention and cognitive behaviour therapy. Psychol Med. 2002;32:763-782.
221. Turkington D, Dudley R, Warman DM, Beck AT. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for schizophrenia: A review. Focus (Madison). 2006;4:223-233.
222. David AS, Chis Ster I, Zavarei H. Effect of video self-observations vs. observations of others on insight in psychotic disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2012;200:358-361.
223. Hogarty GE, Flesher S. Practice principles of cognitive enhancement therapy for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1999;25:693-708.
224. Eack SM, Pogue-Geile MF, Greenwald DP, Hogarty SS, Keshavan MS. Mechanisms of functional improvement in a 2-year trial of cognitive enhancement therapy for early schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 2011;41:1253-1261.
225. Penadés R, Catalán R, Salamero M, et al. Cognitive remediation therapy for outpatients with chronic schizophrenia: A controlled and randomized study. Schizophr Res. 2006;87:323-331.
226. Wykes T, Reeder C, Williams C, Corner J, Rice C, Everitt B. Are the effects of cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) durable? Results from an exploratory trial in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2003;61:163-174.
227. Forman DR, O'Hara MW, Stuart S, Gorman LL, Larsen KE, Coy KC. Effective treatment for postpartum depression is not sufficient to improve the developing mother-child relationship. Dev Psychopathol. 2007;19:585-602.
228. Siegenthaler E, Munder T, Egger M. Effect of preventive interventions in mentally ill parents on the mental health of the offspring: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;51:8-17.e8.
229. Cook JA, Steigman PJ, Jonikas JA. Outcomes of programs serving mothers with psychiatric disabilities and their young children: A multisite case file abstraction study. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2014;37:232-241.
230. Winters NC, Metz WP. The wraparound approach in systems of care. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2009;32:135-151.
231. Guttentag CL, Pedrosa-Josic C, Landry SH, Smith KE, Swank PR. Individual variability in parenting profiles and predictors of change: Effects of an intervention with disadvantaged mothers. J Appl Dev Psychol. 2006;27:349-369.
232. Bee P, Berzins K, Calam R, Pryjmachuk S, Abel KM. Defining quality of life in the children of parents with severe mental illness: A preliminary stakeholder-led model. PLoS One. 2013;8:e73739.
233. Khalifeh H, Murgatroyd C, Freeman M, Johnson S, Killaspy H. Home treatment as an alternative to hospital admission for mothers in a mental health crisis: A qualitative study. Psychiatr Serv. 2009;60:634-639.
234. Rosenheck R, Nathan P. Treatment for children of volatile psychotic adults in the adult psychiatric setting. Am J Psychiatry. 1984;141:1555-1559.
235. Waldo MC, Roath M, Levine W, Freedman R. A model program to teach parenting skills to schizophrenic mothers. Hosp Commun Psychiatry. 1987;38:1110-1112.
236. Hearle J, Plant K, Jenner L, Barkla J, McGrath J. A survey of contact with offspring and assistance with child care among parents with psychotic disorders. Psychiatr Serv. 1999;50:1354-1356.
237. Conus P, McGorry PD. First-episode mania: A neglected priority for early intervention. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2002;36:158-172.
238. Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Smits N, Smit F. Screening and early psychological intervention for depression in schools: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;15:300-307.
239. Uher R, Cumby J, MacKenzie LE, et al. A familial risk enriched cohort as a platform for testing early interventions to prevent severe mental illness. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14:344.
240. Wykes T, Huddy V, Cellard C, McGurk SR, Czobor P. A meta-analysis of cognitive remediation for schizophrenia: methodology and effect sizes. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168:472-485.
241. Keshavan MS, Vinogradov S, Rumsey J, Sherrill J, Wagner A. Cognitive training in mental disorders: update and future directions. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171:510-522.
242. Hooker CI, Carol EE, Eisenstein TJ, et al. A pilot study of cognitive training in clinical high risk for psychosis: initial evidence of cognitive benefit. Schizophr Res. 2014;157:314-316.
243. Diamond A, Lee K. Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science. 2011;333:959-964.
244. Gearing RE, Alonzo D, Marinelli C. Maternal schizophrenia: psychosocial treatment for mothers and their children. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. 2012;6:27-33.
245. Glangeaud-Freudenthal NM-C. Mother-Baby psychiatric units (MBUs): national data collection in France and in Belgium (1999-2000). Arch Womens Ment Health. 2004;7:59-64.
246. Cazas O, Glangeaud-Freudenthal NM-C. The history of Mother-Baby Units (MBUs) in France and Belgium and of the French version of the Marcé checklist. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2004;7:53-58.
247. McGorry P, Keshavan M, Goldstone S, et al. Biomarkers and clinical staging in psychiatry. World Psychiatry. 2014;13:211-223.