Regulation of stem cell populations by microRNAs

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

Volumn 786, Issue , 2013, Pages 329-351

  Mathieu, Julie ^a   Ruohola Baker, Hannele ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Adult stem cells; Cancer stem cells; Embryonic stem cells; miRNA; Reprogramming

Indexed keywords

MICRORNA; MICRORNA 106; MICRORNA 130; MICRORNA 134; MICRORNA 145; MICRORNA 183; MICRORNA 200; MICRORNA 200C; MICRORNA 203; MICRORNA 21; MICRORNA 290; MICRORNA 294; MICRORNA 295; MICRORNA 296; MICRORNA 29A; MICRORNA 29B; MICRORNA 301; MICRORNA 302; MICRORNA 302A; MICRORNA 302B; MICRORNA 34; MICRORNA 367; MICRORNA 371; MICRORNA 372; MICRORNA 373; MICRORNA 515; MICRORNA 520; MICRORNA 721; MICRORNA 92; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

ARTICLE; CANCER STEM CELL; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL DISRUPTION; CELL FATE; CELL POPULATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL RENEWAL; EMBRYONIC STEM CELL; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GERMLINE STEM CELL; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL; HUMAN; MUSCLE STEM CELL; NEURAL STEM CELL; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR REPROGRAMMING; PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RNA ANALYSIS; RNA SEQUENCE; SKIN STEM CELL; STEM CELL; ADULT STEM CELL; ANIMAL; CELL CYCLE; CYTOLOGY; GENETIC EPIGENESIS; GENETICS; METABOLISM; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ADULT STEM CELLS; ANIMALS; CELL CYCLE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS; EPIGENESIS, GENETIC; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL; HUMANS; MICRORNAS; NEOPLASTIC STEM CELLS; PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS;

EID: 84934444744     PISSN: 00652598     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-7-6621-1_18     Document Type: Article

References (207)

1. Baek D, Villen J, Shin C, Camargo FD et al (2008) The impact of microRNAs on protein output. Nature 455(7209):64-71
2. Ghildiyal M, Zamore PD (2009) Small silencing RNAs: an expanding universe. Nat Rev Genet 10(2):94-108
3. Pauli A, Rinn JL, Schier AF (2011) Non-coding RNAs as regulators of embryogenesis. Nat Rev Genet 12(2):136-149
4. Lee RC, Feinbaum RL, Ambros V (1993) The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14. Cell 75(5):843-854
5. Bartel DP (2009) MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions. Cell 136(2):215-233
6. Chang TC, Mendell JT (2007) microRNAs in vertebrate physiology and human disease. Annu Rev Genom Hum Genet 8:215-239
7. Garzon R, Calin GA, Croce CM (2009) MicroRNAs in cancer. Annu Rev Med 60:167-179
8. Yi R, Fuchs E (2011) MicroRNAs and their roles in mammalian stem cells. J Cell Sci 124(Pt 11):1775-1783
9. Selbach M, Schwanhausser B, Thierfelder N, Fang Z et al (2008) Widespread changes in protein synthesis induced by microRNAs. Nature 455(7209):58-63
10. Berezikov E, Guryev V, van de Belt J, Wienholds E et al (2005) Phylogenetic shadowing and computational Identification of human microRNA genes. Cell 120(1):21-24
11. Rodriguez A, Griffiths-Jones S, Ashurst JL, Bradley A (2004) Identification of mammalian microRNA host genes and transcription units. Genome Res 14(10A):1902-1910
12. Borchert GM, Lanier W, Davidson BL (2006) RNA polymerase III transcribes human microRNAs. Nat Struct Mol Biol 13(12):1097-1101
13. Lee Y, Kim M, Han J, Yeom KH et al (2004) MicroRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II. EMBO J 23(20):4051-4060
14. Lee Y, Ahn C, Han J, Choi H et al (2003) The nuclear RNase III Drosha initiates microRNA processing. Nature 425(6956):415-419
15. Denli AM, Tops BB, Plasterk RH, Ketting RF et al (2004) Processing of primary microRNAs by the microprocessor complex. Nature 432(7014):231-235
16. Gregory RI, Yan KP, Amuthan G, Chendrimada T et al (2004) The microprocessor complex mediates the genesis of microRNAs. Nature 432(7014):235-240
17. Ruby JG, Jan CH, Bartel DP (2007) Intronic microRNA precursors that bypass Drosha processing. Nature 448(7149):83-86
18. Bohnsack MT, Czaplinski K, Gorlich D (2004) Exportin 5 is a RanGTP-dependent dsRNA-binding protein that mediates nuclear export of pre-miRNAs. RNA 10(2):185-191
19. Siomi H, Siomi MC (2010) Posttranscriptional regulation of microRNA biogenesis in animals. Mol Cell 38(3):323-332
20. Schwarz DS, Hutvagner G, Du T, Xu Z et al (2003) Asymmetry in the assembly of the RNAi enzyme complex. Cell 115(2):199-208
21. Krol J, Loedige I, Filipowicz W (2010) The widespread regulation of microRNA biogenesis, function and decay. Nat Rev Genet 11(9):597-610
22. Cheloufi S, Dos Santos CO, Chong MM, Hannon GJ (2010) A dicer-independent miRNA biogenesis pathway that requires Ago catalysis. Nature 465(7298):584-589
23. Cifuentes D, Xue H, Taylor DW, Patnode H et al (2010) A novel miRNA processing pathway independent of Dicer requires Argonaute2 catalytic activity. Science 328(5986):1694-1698
24. Filipowicz W, Bhattacharyya SN, Sonenberg N (2008) Mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs: are the answers in sight? Nat Rev Genet 9(2):102-114
25. Rigoutsos I (2009) New tricks for animal microRNAS: targeting of amino acid coding regions at conserved and nonconserved sites. Cancer Res 69(8): 3245-3248
26. Lai EC (2002) Micro RNAs are complementary to 3 ¢ UTR sequence motifs that mediate negative posttranscriptional regulation. Nat Genet 30(4):363-364
27. Yekta S, Shih IH, Bartel DP (2004) MicroRNAdirected cleavage of HOXB8 mRNA. Science 304(5670):594-596
28. Guo H, Ingolia NT, Weissman JS, Bartel DP (2010) Mammalian microRNAs predominantly act to decrease target mRNA levels. Nature 466(7308):835-840
29. Vasudevan S, Tong Y, Steitz JA (2007) Switching from repression to activation: microRNAs can upregulate translation. Science 318(5858):1931-1934
30. Davis-Dusenbery BN, Hata A (2010) Mechanisms of control of microRNA biogenesis. J Biochem 148(4):381-392
31. Heo I, Joo C, Cho J, Ha M et al (2008) Lin28 mediates the terminal uridylation of let-7 precursor MicroRNA. Mol Cell 32(2):276-284
32. Visvanathan J, Lee S, Lee B, Lee JW et al (2007) The microRNA miR-124 antagonizes the anti-neural REST/SCP1 pathway during embryonic CNS development. Genes Dev 21(7):744-749
33. Thomson JM, Newman M, Parker JS, Morin-Kensicki EM et al (2006) Extensive post-transcriptional regulation of microRNAs and its implications for cancer. Genes Dev 20(16):2202-2207
34. Tsuchida A, Ohno S, Wu W, Borjigin N et al (2011) miR-92 is a key oncogenic component of the miR-17-92 cluster in colon cancer. Cancer Sci 102(12):2264-2271
35. Evans MJ, Kaufman MH (1981) Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. Nature 292(5819):154-156
36. Thomson JA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro SS, Waknitz MA et al (1998) Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science 282(5391):1145-1147
37. Becker KA, Ghule PN, Therrien JA, Lian JB et al (2006) Self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells is supported by a shortened G1 cell cycle phase. J Cell Physiol 209(3):883-893
38. Ng HH, Surani MA (2011) The transcriptional and signalling networks of pluripotency. Nat Cell Biol 13(5):490-496
39. Boyer LA, Lee TI, Cole MF, Johnstone SE et al (2005) Core transcriptional regulatory circuitry in human embryonic stem cells. Cell 122(6):947-956
40. Loh YH, Wu Q, Chew JL, Vega VB et al (2006) The Oct4 and Nanog transcription network regulates pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nat Genet 38(4):431-440
41. Yu J, Vodyanik MA, Smuga-Otto K, Antosiewicz-Bourget J et al (2007) Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science 318(5858):1917-1920
42. Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M et al (2007) Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 131(5):861-872
43. Takahashi K, Yamanaka S (2006) Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 126(4):663-676
44. Marson A, Levine SS, Cole MF, Frampton GM et al (2008) Connecting microRNA genes to the core transcriptional regulatory circuitry of embryonic stem cells. Cell 134(3):521-533
45. Houbaviy HB, Murray MF, Sharp PA (2003) Embryonic stem cell-specific MicroRNAs. Dev Cell 5(2):351-358
46. Bar M, Wyman SK, Fritz BR, Qi J et al (2008) MicroRNA discovery and profiling in human embryonic stem cells by deep sequencing of small RNA libraries. Stem Cells 26(10):2496-2505
47. Morin RD, O'Connor MD, Griffith M, Kuchenbauer F et al (2008) Application of massively parallel sequencing to microRNA profiling and discovery in human embryonic stem cells. Genome Res 18(4):610-621
48. Stadler B, Ivanovska I, Mehta K, Song S et al (2010) Characterization of microRNAs involved in embryonic stem cell states. Stem Cells Dev 19(7):935-950
49. Bernstein E, Kim SY, Carmell MA, Murchison EP et al (2003) Dicer is essential for mouse development. Nat Genet 35(3):215-217
50. Kanellopoulou C, Muljo SA, Kung AL, Ganesan S et al (2005) Dicer-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells are defective in differentiation and centromeric silencing. Genes Dev 19(4):489-501
51. Murchison EP, Partridge JF, Tam OH, Cheloufi S et al (2005) Characterization of Dicer-deficient murine embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(34):12135-12140
52. Babiarz JE, Ruby JG, Wang Y, Bartel DP et al (2008) Mouse ES cells express endogenous shRNAs, siRNAs, and other microprocessor-independent, dicer-dependent small RNAs. Genes Dev 22(20):2773-2785
53. Wang Y, Baskerville S, Shenoy A, Babiarz JE et al (2008) Embryonic stem cell-specific microRNAs regulate the G1-S transition and promote rapid proliferation. Nat Genet 40(12):1478-1483
54. Qi J, Yu JY, Shcherbata HR, Mathieu J et al (2009) microRNAs regulate human embryonic stem cell division. Cell Cycle 8(22):3729-3741
55. Fluckiger AC, Marcy G, Marchand M, Negre D et al (2006) Cell cycle features of primate embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 24(3):547-556
56. Becker KA, Ghule PN, Lian JB, Stein JL et al (2010) Cyclin D2 and the CDK substrate p220(NPAT) are required for self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells. J Cell Physiol 222(2):456-464
57. Faast R, White J, Cartwright P, Crocker L et al (2004) Cdk6-cyclin D3 activity in murine ES cells is resistant to inhibition by p16(INK4a). Oncogene 23(2):491-502
58. Sinkkonen L, Hugenschmidt T, Berninger P, Gaidatzis D et al (2008) MicroRNAs control de novo DNA methylation through regulation of transcriptional repressors in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nat Struct Mol Biol 15(3):259-267
59. Sengupta S, Nie J, Wagner RJ, Yang C et al (2009) MicroRNA 92b controls the G1/S checkpoint gene p57 in human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 27(7):1524-1528
60. Benetti R, Gonzalo S, Jaco I, Munoz P et al (2008) A mammalian microRNA cluster controls DNA methylation and telomere recombination via Rbl2-dependent regulation of DNA methyltransferases. Nat Struct Mol Biol 15(3):268-279
61. Wang Y, Medvid R, Melton C, Jaenisch R et al (2007) DGCR8 is essential for microRNA biogenesis and silencing of embryonic stem cell self-renewal. Nat Genet 39(3):380-385
62. Tiscornia G, Izpisua Belmonte JC (2010) MicroRNAs in embryonic stem cell function and fate. Genes Dev 24(24):2732-2741
63. Xu N, Papagiannakopoulos T, Pan G, Thomson JA et al (2009) MicroRNA-145 regulates OCT4, SOX2, and KLF4 and represses pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells. Cell 137(4):647-658
64. Wellner U, Schubert J, Burk UC, Schmalhofer O et al (2009) The EMT-activator ZEB1 promotes tumorigenicity by repressing stemness-inhibiting microRNAs. Nat Cell Biol 11(12):1487-1495
65. Tay Y, Zhang J, Thomson AM, Lim B et al (2008) MicroRNAs to Nanog, Oct4 and Sox2 coding regions modulate embryonic stem cell differentiation. Nature 455(7216):1124-1128
66. Melton C, Judson RL, Blelloch R (2010) Opposing microRNA families regulate self-renewal in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nature 463(7281):621-626
67. Reinhart BJ, Slack FJ, Basson M, Pasquinelli AE et al (2000) The 21-nucleotide let-7 RNA regulates developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 403(6772):901-906
68. Takaya T, Ono K, Kawamura T, Takanabe R et al (2009) MicroRNA-1 and MicroRNA-133 in spontaneous myocardial differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Circ J Off J Jpn Circ Soc 73(8):1492-1497
69. Zhao C, Sun G, Li S, Shi Y (2009) A feedback regulatory loop involving microRNA-9 and nuclear receptor TLX in neural stem cell fate determination. Nat Struct Mol Biol 16(4):365-371
70. Ng HH, Surani MA (2011) The transcriptional and signalling networks of pluripotency. Nat Cell Biol 13(5):490-496
71. Boyer LA, Lee TI, Cole MF, Johnstone SE et al (2005) Core transcriptional regulatory circuitry in human embryonic stem cells. Cell 122(6):947-956
72. Loh YH, Wu Q, Chew JL, Vega VB et al (2006) The Oct4 and Nanog transcription network regulates pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nat Genet 38(4):431-440
73. Yu J, Vodyanik MA, Smuga-Otto K, Antosiewicz-Bourget J et al (2007) Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science 318(5858):1917-1920
74. Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M et al (2007) Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 131(5):861-872
75. Takahashi K, Yamanaka S (2006) Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 126(4):663-676
76. Marson A, Levine SS, Cole MF, Frampton GM et al (2008) Connecting microRNA genes to the core transcriptional regulatory circuitry of embryonic stem cells. Cell 134(3):521-533
77. Houbaviy HB, Murray MF, Sharp PA (2003) Embryonic stem cell-specific MicroRNAs. Dev Cell 5(2):351-358
78. Bar M, Wyman SK, Fritz BR, Qi J et al (2008) MicroRNA discovery and profiling in human embryonic stem cells by deep sequencing of small RNA libraries. Stem Cells 26(10):2496-2505
79. Morin RD, O'Connor MD, Griffith M, Kuchenbauer F et al (2008) Application of massively parallel sequencing to microRNA profiling and discovery in human embryonic stem cells. Genome Res 18(4):610-621
80. Stadler B, Ivanovska I, Mehta K, Song S et al (2010) Characterization of microRNAs involved in embryonic stem cell states. Stem Cells Dev 19(7):935-950
81. Bernstein E, Kim SY, Carmell MA, Murchison EP et al (2003) Dicer is essential for mouse development. Nat Genet 35(3):215-217
82. Kanellopoulou C, Muljo SA, Kung AL, Ganesan S et al (2005) Dicer-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells are defective in differentiation and centromeric silencing. Genes Dev 19(4):489-501
83. Murchison EP, Partridge JF, Tam OH, Cheloufi S et al (2005) Characterization of Dicer-deficient murine embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(34):12135-12140
84. Babiarz JE, Ruby JG, Wang Y, Bartel DP et al (2008) Mouse ES cells express endogenous shRNAs, siRNAs, and other microprocessor-independent, dicer-dependent small RNAs. Genes Dev 22(20):2773-2785
85. Wang Y, Baskerville S, Shenoy A, Babiarz JE et al (2008) Embryonic stem cell-specific microRNAs regulate the G1-S transition and promote rapid proliferation. Nat Genet 40(12):1478-1483
86. Qi J, Yu JY, Shcherbata HR, Mathieu J et al (2009) microRNAs regulate human embryonic stem cell division. Cell Cycle 8(22):3729-3741
87. Fluckiger AC, Marcy G, Marchand M, Negre D et al (2006) Cell cycle features of primate embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 24(3):547-556
88. Becker KA, Ghule PN, Lian JB, Stein JL et al (2010) Cyclin D2 and the CDK substrate p220(NPAT) are required for self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells. J Cell Physiol 222(2):456-464
89. Faast R, White J, Cartwright P, Crocker L et al (2004) Cdk6-cyclin D3 activity in murine ES cells is resistant to inhibition by p16(INK4a). Oncogene 23(2):491-502
90. Sinkkonen L, Hugenschmidt T, Berninger P, Gaidatzis D et al (2008) MicroRNAs control de novo DNA methylation through regulation of transcriptional repressors in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nat Struct Mol Biol 15(3):259-267
91. Sengupta S, Nie J, Wagner RJ, Yang C et al (2009) MicroRNA 92b controls the G1/S checkpoint gene p57 in human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 27(7):1524-1528
92. Benetti R, Gonzalo S, Jaco I, Munoz P et al (2008) A mammalian microRNA cluster controls DNA methylation and telomere recombination via Rbl2-dependent regulation of DNA methyltransferases. Nat Struct Mol Biol 15(3):268-279
93. Wang Y, Medvid R, Melton C, Jaenisch R et al (2007) DGCR8 is essential for microRNA biogenesis and silencing of embryonic stem cell self-renewal. Nat Genet 39(3):380-385
94. Tiscornia G, Izpisua Belmonte JC (2010) MicroRNAs in embryonic stem cell function and fate. Genes Dev 24(24):2732-2741
95. Xu N, Papagiannakopoulos T, Pan G, Thomson JA et al (2009) MicroRNA-145 regulates OCT4, SOX2, and KLF4 and represses pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells. Cell 137(4):647-658
96. Wellner U, Schubert J, Burk UC, Schmalhofer O et al (2009) The EMT-activator ZEB1 promotes tumorigenicity by repressing stemness-inhibiting microRNAs. Nat Cell Biol 11(12):1487-1495
97. Tay Y, Zhang J, Thomson AM, Lim B et al (2008) MicroRNAs to Nanog, Oct4 and Sox2 coding regions modulate embryonic stem cell differentiation. Nature 455(7216):1124-1128
98. Melton C, Judson RL, Blelloch R (2010) Opposing microRNA families regulate self-renewal in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nature 463(7281):621-626
99. Reinhart BJ, Slack FJ, Basson M, Pasquinelli AE et al (2000) The 21-nucleotide let-7 RNA regulates developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 403(6772):901-906
100. Takaya T, Ono K, Kawamura T, Takanabe R et al (2009) MicroRNA-1 and MicroRNA-133 in spontaneous myocardial differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Circ J Off J Jpn Circ Soc 73(8):1492-1497
101. Zhao C, Sun G, Li S, Shi Y (2009) A feedback regulatory loop involving microRNA-9 and nuclear receptor TLX in neural stem cell fate determination. Nat Struct Mol Biol 16(4):365-371
102. Park IH, Lerou PH, Zhao R, Huo H et al (2008) Generation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells. Nat Protoc 3(7):1180-1186
103. Wu SM, Hochedlinger K (2011) Harnessing the potential of induced pluripotent stem cells for regenerative medicine. Nat Cell Biol 13(5):497-505
104. Kamata M, Liang M, Liu S, Nagaoka Y et al (2010) Live cell monitoring of hiPSC generation and differentiation using differential expression of endogenous microRNAs. PLoS One 5(7):e11834
105. Li Z, Yang CS, Nakashima K, Rana TM (2011) Small RNA-mediated regulation of iPS cell generation. EMBO J 30(5):823-834
106. Stadtfeld M, Apostolou E, Akutsu H, Fukuda A et al (2010) Aberrant silencing of imprinted genes on chromosome 12qF1 in mouse induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 465(7295):175-181
107. Kim K, Doi A, Wen B, Ng K et al (2010) Epigenetic memory in induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 467(7313):285-290
108. Judson RL, Babiarz JE, Venere M, Blelloch R (2009) Embryonic stem cell-specific microRNAs promote induced pluripotency. Nat Biotechnol 27(5):459-461
109. Hanina SA, Mifsud W, Down TA, Hayashi K et al (2010) Genome-wide Identification of targets and function of individual MicroRNAs in mouse embryonic stem cells. PLoS Genet 6(10):e1001163
110. Seoane J, Le HV, Massague J (2002) Myc suppression of the p21(Cip1) Cdk inhibitor influences the outcome of the p53 response to DNA damage. Nature 419(6908):729-734
111. Wang Z, Liu M, Zhu H, Zhang W et al (2010) Suppression of p21 by c-Myc through members of miR-17 family at the post-transcriptional level. Int J Oncol 37(5):1315-1321
112. Utikal J, Polo JM, Stadtfeld M, Maherali N et al (2009) Immortalization eliminates a roadblock during cellular reprogramming into iPS cells. Nature 460(7259):1145-1148
113. Marion RM, Strati K, Li H, Murga M et al (2009) A p53-mediated DNA damage response limits reprogramming to ensure iPS cell genomic integrity. Nature 460(7259):1149-1153
114. Hong H, Takahashi K, Ichisaka T, Aoi T et al (2009) Suppression of induced pluripotent stem cell generation by the p53-p21 pathway. Nature 460(7259):1132-1135
115. Liao B, Bao X, Liu L, Feng S et al (2011) MicroRNA cluster 302-367 enhances somatic cell reprogramming by accelerating a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. J Biol Chem 286(19):17359-17364
116. Subramanyam D, Lamouille S, Judson RL, Liu JY et al (2011) Multiple targets of miR-302 and miR-372 promote reprogramming of human fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 29(5):443-448
117. Pfaff N, Fiedler J, Holzmann A, Schambach A et al (2011) miRNA screening reveals a new miRNA family stimulating iPS cell generation via regulation of Meox. EMBO Rep 12(11):1153-1159
118. Samavarchi-Tehrani P, Golipour A, David L, Sung HK et al (2010) Functional genomics reveals a BMPdriven mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition in the initiation of somatic cell reprogramming. Cell Stem Cell 7(1):64-77
119. Li R, Liang J, Ni S, Zhou T et al (2010) A mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition initiates and is required for the nuclear reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts. Cell Stem Cell 7(1):51-63
120. Gregory PA, Bert AG, Paterson EL, Barry SC et al (2008) The miR-200 family and miR-205 regulate epithelial to mesenchymal transition by targeting ZEB1 and SIP. Nat Cell Biol 10(5):593-601
121. Yang CS, Li Z, Rana TM (2011) MicroRNAs modulate iPS cell generation. RNA 17(8):1451-1460
122. Choi YJ, Lin CP, Ho JJ, He X et al (2011) miR-34 miRNAs provide a barrier for somatic cell reprogramming. Nat Cell Biol 13(11):1353-1360
123. Lin SL, Chang DC, Chang-Lin S, Lin CH et al (2008) Mir-302 reprograms human skin cancer cells into a pluripotent ES-cell-like state. RNA 14(10):2115-2124
124. Lin SL, Chang DC, Lin CH, Ying SY et al (2011) Regulation of somatic cell reprogramming through inducible mir-302 expression. Nucleic Acids Res 39(3):1054-1065
125. Anokye-Danso F, Trivedi CM, Juhr D, Gupta M et al (2011) Highly efficient miRNA-mediated reprogramming of mouse and human somatic cells to pluripotency. Cell Stem Cell 8(4):376-388
126. Miyoshi N, Ishii H, Nagano H, Haraguchi N et al (2011) Reprogramming of mouse and human cells to pluripotency using mature microRNAs. Cell Stem Cell 8(6):633-638
127. Cannito S, Novo E, di Bonzo LV, Busletta C et al (2010) Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: from molecular mechanisms, redox regulation to implications in human health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 12(12):1383-1430
128. Polo JM, Hochedlinger K (2010) When fibroblasts MET iPSCs. Cell Stem Cell 7(1):5-6
129. Bracken CP, Gregory PA, Kolesnikoff N, Bert AG et al (2008) A double-negative feedback loop between ZEB1-SIP1 and the microRNA-200 family regulates epithelialmesenchymal transition. Cancer Res 68(19):7846-7854
130. Korpal M, Lee ES, Hu G, Kang Y (2008) The miR-200 family inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer cell migration by direct targeting of E-cadherin transcriptional repressors ZEB1 and ZEB. J Biol Chem 283(22):14910-14914
131. Tesar PJ, Chenoweth JG, Brook FA, Davies TJ et al (2007) New cell lines from mouse epiblast share Defining features with human embryonic stem cells. Nature 448(7150):196-199
132. Ware CB, Wang L, Mecham BH, Shen L et al (2009) Histone deacetylase inhibition elicits an evolutionarily conserved self-renewal program in embryonic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 4(4):359-369
133. Reynolds S, Ruohola-Baker H (2008) The role of microRNAs in germline differentiation. In: StemBook (ed) The stem cell research community. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA. StemBook, doi:10.3824/stembook.1.17.1, http://www.stembook.org . 15 Sep 2008, PMID: 20614619
134. Hat field SD, Shcherbata HR, Fischer KA, Nakahara K et al (2005) Stem cell division is regulated by the microRNA pathway. Nature 435(7044):974-978
135. Yu JY, Reynolds SH, Hat field SD, Shcherbata HR et al (2009) Dicer-1-dependent Dacapo suppression acts downstream of Insulin receptor in regulating cell division of Drosophila germline stem cells. Development 136(9):1497-1507
136. Yang Y, Xu S, Xia L, Wang J et al (2009) The bantam microRNA is associated with drosophila fragile X mental retardation protein and regulates the fate of germline stem cells. PLoS Genet 5(4):e1000444
137. Park JK, Liu X, Strauss TJ, McKearin DM et al (2007) The miRNA pathway intrinsically controls self-renewal of Drosophila germline stem cells. Curr Biol CB 17(6):533-538
138. Jin Z, Xie T (2007) Dcr-1 maintains Drosophila ovarian stem cells. Curr Biol CB 17(6):539-544
139. Shcherbata HR, Ward EJ, Fischer KA, Yu JY et al (2007) Stage-specific differences in the requirements for germline stem cell maintenance in the Drosophila ovary. Cell Stem Cell 1(6):698-709
140. Pek JW, Lim AK, Kai T (2009) Drosophila maelstrom ensures proper germline stem cell lineage differentiation by repressing microRNA-α. Dev Cell 17(3):417-424
141. Iovino N, Pane A, Gaul U (2009) miR-184 has multiple roles in Drosophila female germline development. Dev Cell 17(1):123-133
142. Murchison EP, Stein P, Xuan Z, Pan H et al (2007) Critical roles for Dicer in the female germline. Genes Dev 21(6):682-693
143. Hayashi K, de Sousa C, Lopes SM, Kaneda M, Tang F et al (2008) MicroRNA biogenesis is required for mouse primordial germ cell development and spermatogenesis. PLoS One 3(3):e1738
144. Niu Z, Goodyear SM, Rao S, Wu X et al (2011) MicroRNA-21 regulates the self-renewal of mouse spermatogonial stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(31):12740-12745
145. Hayashi K, Ohta H, Kurimoto K, Aramaki S et al (2011) Reconstitution of the mouse germ cell specification pathway in culture by pluripotent stem cells. Cell 146(4):519-532
146. Medeiros LA, Dennis LM, Gill ME, Houbaviy H et al (2011) Mir-290-295 deficiency in mice results in partially penetrant embryonic lethality and germ cell defects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(34): 14163-14168
147. Vasilatou D, Papageorgiou S, Pappa V, Papageorgiou E et al (2010) The role of microRNAs in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Eur J Haematol 84(1):1-16
148. Chen CZ, Li L, Lodish HF, Bartel DP (2004) MicroRNAs modulate hematopoietic lineage differentiation. Science 303(5654):83-86
149. Xiao C, Calado DP, Galler G, Thai TH et al (2007) MiR-150 controls B cell differentiation by targeting the transcription factor c-Myb. Cell 131(1):146-159
150. Felli N, Pedini F, Romania P, Biffoni M et al (2009) MicroRNA 223-dependent expression of LMO2 regulates normal erythropoiesis. Haematologica 94(4):479-486
151. Fazi F, Rosa A, Fatica A, Gelmetti V et al (2005) A minicircuitry comprised of microRNA-223 and transcription factors NFI-A and C/EBPalpha regulates human granulopoiesis. Cell 123(5):819-831
152. Johnnidis JB, Harris MH, Wheeler RT, Stehling-Sun S et al (2008) Regulation of progenitor cell proliferation and granulocyte function by microRNA-223. Nature 451(7182):1125-1129
153. Ooi AG, Sahoo D, Adorno M, Wang Y et al (2010) MicroRNA-125b expands hematopoietic stem cells and enriches for the lymphoid-balanced and lymphoid-biased subsets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(50):21505-21510
154. Surdziel E, Cabanski M, Dallmann I, Lyszkiewicz M et al (2011) Enforced expression of miR-125b affects myelopoiesis by targeting multiple signaling pathways. Blood 117(16):4338-4348
155. Cheng LC, Pastrana E, Tavazoie M, Doetsch F (2009) miR-124 regulates adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone stem cell niche. Nat Neurosci 12(4):399-408
156. Chen JF, Tao Y, Li J, Deng Z et al (2010) microRNA-1 and microRNA-206 regulate skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation by repressing Pax.J Cell Biol 190(5):867-879
157. Dey BK, Gagan J, Dutta A (2011) miR-206 and -486 induce myoblast differentiation by downregulating Pax. Mol Cell Biol 31(1):203-214
158. Cardinali B, Castellani L, Fasanaro P, Basso A et al (2009) Microrna-221 and microrna-222 modulate differentiation and maturation of skeletal muscle cells. PLoS One 4(10):e7607
159. Ge Y, Sun Y, Chen J (2011) IGF-II is regulated by microRNA-125b in skeletal myogenesis. J Cell Biol 192(1):69-81
160. Yi R, Poy MN, Stoffel M, Fuchs E (2008) A skin microRNA promotes differentiation by repressing 'stemness'. Nature 452(7184):225-229
161. Lena AM, Shalom-Feuerstein R, di Val R, Cervo P, Aberdam D et al (2008) miR-203 represses 'stemness' by repressing DeltaNp. Cell Death Differ 15(7):1187-1195
162. Zhang L, Stokes N, Polak L, Fuchs E (2011) Specific microRNAs are preferentially expressed by skin stem cells to balance self-renewal and early lineage commitment. Cell Stem Cell 8(3):294-308
163. Shackleton M, Quintana E, Fearon ER, Morrison SJ (2009) Heterogeneity in cancer: cancer stem cells versus clonal evolution. Cell 138(5):822-829
164. Clarke MF, Fuller M (2006) Stem cells and cancer: two faces of eve. Cell 124(6):1111-1115
165. Lapidot T, Sirard C, Vormoor J, Murdoch B et al (1994) A cell initiating human acute myeloid leukaemia after transplantation into SCID mice. Nature 367(6464):645-648
166. Al-Hajj M, Wicha MS, Benito-Hernandez A, Morrison SJ et al (2003) Prospective Identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100(7):3983-3988
167. Singh SK, Hawkins C, Clarke ID, Squire JA et al (2004) Identification of human brain tumour initiating cells. Nature 432(7015):396-401
168. O'Brien CA, Pollett A, Gallinger S, Dick JE (2007) A human colon cancer cell capable of initiating tumour growth in immunodeficient mice. Nature 445(7123):106-110
169. Ricci-Vitiani L, Lombardi DG, Pilozzi E, Biffoni M et al (2007) Identification and expansion of human coloncancer-initiating cells. Nature 445(7123):111-115
170. Hermann PC, Huber SL, Herrler T, Aicher A et al (2007) Distinct populations of cancer stem cells determine tumor growth and metastatic activity in human pancreatic cancer. Cell Stem Cell 1(3):313-323
171. Clevers H (2011) The cancer stem cell: premises, promises and challenges. Nat Med 17(3):313-319
172. Ben-Porath I, Thomson MW, Carey VJ, Ge R et al (2008) An embryonic stem cell-like gene expression signature in poorly differentiated aggressive human tumors. Nat Genet 40(5):499-507
173. Somervaille TC, Matheny CJ, Spencer GJ, Iwasaki M et al (2009) Hierarchical maintenance of MLL myeloid leukemia stem cells employs a transcriptional program shared with embryonic rather than adult stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 4(2):129-140
174. Wong DJ, Liu H, Ridky TW, Cassarino D et al (2008) Module map of stem cell genes guides creation of epithelial cancer stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2(4):333-344
175. Chiou SH, Wang ML, Chou YT, Chen CJ et al (2010) Coexpression of Oct4 and Nanog enhances malignancy in lung adenocarcinoma by inducing cancer stem cell-like properties and epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation. Cancer Res 70(24):10433-10444
176. Mathieu J, Zhang Z, Zhou W, Wang AJ et al (2011) HIF induces human embryonic stem cell markers in cancer cells. Cancer Res 71(13):4640-4652
177. Wu XZ (2008) Origin of cancer stem cells: the role of self-renewal and differentiation. Ann Surg Oncol 15(2):407-414
178. Quintana E, Shackleton M, Sabel MS, Fullen DR et al (2008) Efficient tumour formation by single human melanoma cells. Nature 456(7222):593-598
179. Borovski T, De Sousa EMF, Vermeulen L, Medema JP (2011) Cancer stem cell niche: the place to be. Cancer Res 71(3):634-639
180. Lu J, Getz G, Miska EA, Alvarez-Saavedra E et al (2005) MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers. Nature 435(7043):834-838
181. Zhang B, Pan X, Cobb GP, Anderson TA (2007) microRNAs as oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Dev Biol 302(1):1-12
182. Ma S, Tang KH, Chan YP, Lee TK et al (2010) miR-130b Promotes CD133(+) liver tumor-initiating cell growth and self-renewal via tumor protein 53-induced nuclear protein. Cell Stem Cell 7(6):694-707
183. Shi L, Zhang J, Pan T, Zhou J et al (2010) MiR-125b is critical for the suppression of human U251 glioma stem cell proliferation. Brain Res 1312:120-126
184. Wong P, Iwasaki M, Somervaille TC, Ficara F et al (2010) The miR-17-92 microRNA polycistron regulates MLL leukemia stem cell potential by modulating p21 expression. Cancer Res 70(9):3833-3842
185. Lo WL, Yu CC, Chiou GY, Chen YW et al (2011) MicroRNA-200c attenuates tumour growth and metastasis of presumptive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma stem cells. J Pathol 223(4): 482-495
186. Wu Q, Guo R, Lin M, Zhou B et al (2011) MicroRNA-200a inhibits CD133/1+ ovarian cancer stem cells migration and invasion by targeting E-cadherin repressor ZEB. Gynecol Oncol 122(1):149-154
187. Bao B, Wang Z, Ali S, Kong D et al (2011) Notch-1 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition consistent with cancer stem cell phenotype in pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Lett 307(1):26-36
188. Chang CJ, Chao CH, Xia W, Yang JY et al (2011) p53 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stem cell properties through modulating miRNAs. Nat Cell Biol 13(3):317-323
189. Huang Q, Gumireddy K, Schrier M, le Sage C et al (2008) The microRNAs miR-373 and miR-520c promote tumour invasion and metastasis. Nat Cell Biol 10(2):202-210
190. Rippe V, Dittberner L, Lorenz VN, Drieschner N et al (2010) The two stem cell microRNA gene clusters C19MC and miR-371-3 are activated by specific chromosomal rearrangements in a subgroup of thyroid adenomas. PLoS One 5(3):e9485
191. Yu CC, Chen YW, Chiou GY, Tsai LL et al (2011) MicroRNA let-7a represses chemoresistance and tumourigenicity in head and neck cancer via stemlike properties ablation. Oral Oncol 47(3):202-210
192. Yu F, Deng H, Yao H, Liu Q et al (2010) Mir-30 reduction maintains self-renewal and inhibits apoptosis in breast tumor-initiating cells. Oncogene 29(29):4194-4204
193. Kong D, Banerjee S, Ahmad A, Li Y et al (2010) Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is mechanistically linked with stem cell signatures in prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 5(8):e12445
194. Yang X, Lin X, Zhong X, Kaur S et al (2010) Doublenegative feedback loop between reprogramming factor LIN28 and microRNA let-7 regulates aldehyde dehydrogenase 1-positive cancer stem cells. Cancer Res 70(22):9463-9472
195. Yu F, Yao H, Zhu P, Zhang X et al (2007) let-7 regulates self renewal and tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells. Cell 131(6):1109-1123
196. Cairo S, Wang Y, de Reynies A, Duroure K et al (2010) Stem cell-like micro-RNA signature driven by Myc in aggressive liver cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(47):20471-20476
197. Hermeking H (2010) The miR-34 family in cancer and apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 17(2):193-199
198. Ji Q, Hao X, Meng Y, Zhang M et al (2008) Restoration of tumor suppressor miR-34 inhibits human p53-mutant gastric cancer tumorspheres. BMC Cancer 8:266
199. Ji Q, Hao X, Zhang M, Tang W et al (2009) MicroRNA miR-34 inhibits human pancreatic cancer tumor-initiating cells. PLoS One 4(8):e6816
200. Guessous F, Zhang Y, Kofman A, Catania A et al (2010) microRNA-34a is tumor suppressive in brain tumors and glioma stem cells. Cell Cycle 9(6):1031-1036
201. Liu C, Kelnar K, Liu B, Chen X et al (2011) The microRNA miR-34a inhibits prostate cancer stem cells and metastasis by directly repressing CD44. Nat Med 17(2):211-215
202. Riggi N, Suva ML, De Vito C, Provero P et al (2010) EWS-FLI-1 modulates miRNA145 and SOX2 expression to initiate mesenchymal stem cell reprogramming toward Ewing sarcoma cancer stem cells. Genes Dev 24(9):916-932
203. Zimmerman AL, Wu S (2011) MicroRNAs, cancer and cancer stem cells. Cancer Lett 300(1):10-19
204. Floor S, van Staveren WC, Larsimont D, Dumont JE et al (2011) Cancer cells in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and tumor-propagating-cancer stem cells: distinct, overlapping or same populations. Oncogene 30:4609-4621
205. Kong D, Li Y, Wang Z, Sarkar FH (2011) Cancer stem cells and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-phenotypic cells: are they cousins or twins? Cancers 3(1):716-729
206. Scheel C, Weinberg RA (2011) Phenotypic plasticity and epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in cancer -and normal stem cells? Int J Cancer J Int du Cancer 129(10):2310-2314
207. Yu Y, Kanwar SS, Patel BB, Oh PS et al (2011) MicroRNA-21 induces stemness by downregulating transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 (TGFbetaR2) in colon cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 1(11):e32