Raman spectroscopy of electrochemically gated graphene transistors: Geometrical capacitance, electron-phonon, electron-electron, and electron-defect scattering

Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics

Volumn 91, Issue 20, 2015, Pages

  Froehlicher, Guillaume ^a   Berciaud, Stéphane ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84929593846     PISSN: 10980121     EISSN: 1550235X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.91.205413     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva, and A. A. Firsov, Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films, Science 306, 666 (2004). SCIEAS 0036-8075 10.1126/science.1102896
2. Y. Zhang, Y.-W. Tan, H. L. Stormer, and P. Kim, Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry's phase in graphene, Nature (London) 438, 201 (2005). NATUAS 0028-0836 10.1038/nature04235
3. K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, M. I. Katsnelson, I. V. Grigorieva, S. V. Dubonos, and A. A. Firsov, Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene, Nature (London) 438, 197 (2005). NATUAS 0028-0836 10.1038/nature04233
4. F. Wang, Y. Zhang, C. Tian, C. Girit, A. Zettl, M. Crommie, and Y. R. Shen, Gate-variable optical transitions in graphene, Science 320, 206 (2008). SCIEAS 0036-8075 10.1126/science.1152793
5. Z. Q. Li, E. A. Henriksen, Z. Jiang, Z. Hao, M. C. Martin, P. Kim, H. L. Stormer, and D. N. Basov, Dirac charge dynamics in graphene by infrared spectroscopy, Nat. Phys. 4, 532 (2008). 1745-2473 10.1038/nphys989
6. Kin Fai Mak, Felipe H. da Jornada, Keliang He, Jack Deslippe, Nicholas Petrone, James Hone, Jie Shan, Steven G. Louie, and Tony F. Heinz, Tuning many-body interactions in graphene: The effects of doping on excitons and carrier lifetimes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 207401 (2014). PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.207401
7. Jun Yan, Yuanbo Zhang, Philip Kim, and Aron Pinczuk, Electric field effect tuning of electron-phonon coupling in graphene, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 166802 (2007). PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.166802
8. Simone Pisana, Michele Lazzeri, Cinzia Casiraghi, Kostya S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, Andrea C. Ferrari, and Francesco Mauri, Breakdown of the adiabatic born-oppenheimer approximation in graphene, Nat. Mater. 6, 198 (2007). 1476-1122 10.1038/nmat1846
9. K. S. Novoselov, V. I. Falko, L. Colombo, P. R. Gellert, M. G. Schwab, and K. Kim, A roadmap for graphene, Nature (London) 490, 192 (2012). NATUAS 0028-0836 10.1038/nature11458
10. L. M. Malard, M. A. Pimenta, G. Dresselhaus, and M. S. Dresselhaus, Raman spectroscopy in graphene, Phys. Rep. 473, 51 (2009). PRPLCM 0370-1573 10.1016/j.physrep.2009.02.003
11. Andrea C. Ferrari and Denis M. Basko, Raman spectroscopy as a versatile tool for studying the properties of graphene, Nat. Nanotechnol. 8, 235 (2013). 1748-3387 10.1038/nnano.2013.46
12. Stéphane Berciaud, Melinda Y. Han, Kin Fai Mak, Louis E. Brus, Philip Kim, and Tony F. Heinz, Electron and optical phonon temperatures in electrically biased graphene, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 227401 (2010). PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.227401
13. Dong-Hun Chae, Benjamin Krauss, Klaus von Klitzing, and Jurgen H. Smet, Hot phonons in an electrically biased graphene constriction, Nano Lett. 10, 466 (2010). NALEFD 1530-6984 10.1021/nl903167f
14. M. Freitag, H.-Y. Chiu, M. Steiner, V. Perebeinos, and P. Avouris, Thermal infrared emission from biased graphene, Nat. Nanotechnol. 5, 497 (2010). 1748-3387 10.1038/nnano.2010.90
15. D. M. Basko, S. Piscanec, and A. C. Ferrari, Electron-electron interactions and doping dependence of the two-phonon Raman intensity in graphene, Phys. Rev. B 80, 165413 (2009). PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.80.165413
16. Matteo Bruna, Anna K. Ott, Mari Ijs, Duhee Yoon, Ugo Sassi, and Andrea C. Ferrari, Doping dependence of the Raman spectrum of defected graphene, ACS Nano 8, 7432 (2014). 1936-0851 10.1021/nn502676g
17. Junku Liu, Qunqing Li, Yuan Zou, Qingkai Qian, Yuanhao Jin, Guanhong Li, Kaili Jiang, and Shoushan Fan, The dependence of graphene Raman d-band on carrier density, Nano Lett. 13, 6170 (2013). NALEFD 1530-6984 10.1021/nl4035048
18. C. Casiraghi, S. Pisana, K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, and A. C. Ferrari, Raman fingerprint of charged impurities in graphene, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 233108 (2007). APPLAB 0003-6951 10.1063/1.2818692
19. Stéphane Berciaud, Sunmin Ryu, Louis E. Brus, and Tony F. Heinz, Probing the intrinsic properties of exfoliated graphene: Raman spectroscopy of free-standing monolayers, Nano Lett. 9, 346 (2009). NALEFD 1530-6984 10.1021/nl8031444
20. Zhen Hua Ni, Ting Yu, Zhi Qiang Luo, Ying Ying Wang, Lei Liu, Choun Pei Wong, Jianmin Miao, Wei Huang, and Ze Xiang Shen, Probing charged impurities in suspended graphene using Raman spectroscopy, ACS Nano 3, 569 (2009). 1936-0851 10.1021/nn900130g
21. Sunmin Ryu, Li Liu, Stéphane Berciaud, Young-Jun Yu, Haitao Liu, Philip Kim, George W. Flynn, and Louis E. Brus, Atmospheric oxygen binding and hole doping in deformed graphene on a (Equation presented) substrate, Nano Lett. 10, 4944 (2010). NALEFD 1530-6984 10.1021/nl1029607
22. Naeyoung Jung, Namdong Kim, Steffen Jockusch, Nicholas J. Turro, Philip Kim, and Louis Brus, Charge transfer chemical doping of few layer graphenes: Charge distribution and band gap formation, Nano Lett. 9, 4133 (2009). NALEFD 1530-6984 10.1021/nl902362q
23. WeiJie Zhao, PingHeng Tan, Jun Zhang, and Jian Liu, Charge transfer and optical phonon mixing in few-layer graphene chemically doped with sulfuric acid, Phys. Rev. B 82, 245423 (2010). PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.82.245423
24. Naeyoung Jung, Bumjung Kim, Andrew C. Crowther, Namdong Kim, Colin Nuckolls, and Louis Brus, Optical reflectivity and Raman scattering in few-layer-thick graphene highly doped by K and Rb, ACS Nano 5, 5708 (2011). 1936-0851 10.1021/nn201368g
25. C. A. Howard, M. P. M. Dean, and F. Withers, Phonons in potassium-doped graphene: The effects of electron-phonon interactions, dimensionality, and adatom ordering, Phys. Rev. B 84, 241404 (2011). PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.84.241404
26. Andrew C. Crowther, Amanda Ghassaei, Naeyoung Jung, and Louis E. Brus, Strong charge-transfer doping of 1 to 10 layer graphene by (Equation presented), ACS Nano 6, 1865 (2012). 1936-0851 10.1021/nn300252a
27. Romain Parret, Matthieu Paillet, Jean-Roch Huntzinger, Denise Nakabayashi, Thierry Michel, Antoine Tiberj, Jean-Louis Sauvajol, and Ahmed A. Zahab, In situ Raman probing of graphene over a broad doping range upon rubidium vapor exposure, ACS Nano 7, 165 (2013). 1936-0851 10.1021/nn3048878
28. Zheyuan Chen, Pierre Darancet, Lei Wang, Andrew C. Crowther, Yuanda Gao, Cory R. Dean, Takashi Taniguchi, Kenji Watanabe, James Hone, Chris A. Marianetti, and Louis E. Brus, Physical adsorption and charge transfer of molecular (Equation presented) on graphene, ACS Nano 8, 2943 (2014). 1936-0851 10.1021/nn500265f
29. J. L. McChesney, Aaron Bostwick, Taisuke Ohta, Thomas Seyller, Karsten Horn, J. González, and Eli Rotenberg, Extended van hove singularity and superconducting instability in doped graphene, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 136803 (2010). PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.136803
30. Gianni Profeta, Matteo Calandra, and Francesco Mauri, Phonon-mediated superconductivity in graphene by lithium deposition, Nat. Phys. 8, 131 (2012). 1745-2473 10.1038/nphys2181
31. Rahul Nandkishore, L. S. Levitov, and A. V. Chubukov, Chiral superconductivity from repulsive interactions in doped graphene, Nat. Phys. 8, 158 (2012). 1745-2473 10.1038/nphys2208
32. Tianxing Ma, Feiming Hu, Zhongbing Huang, and Hai-Qing Lin, Controllability of ferromagnetism in graphene, Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 112504 (2010). APPLAB 0003-6951 10.1063/1.3485059
33. Guohong Li, A. Luican, J. M. B. Lopes dos Santos, A. H. Castro Neto, A. Reina, J. Kong, and E. Y. Andrei, Observation of van hove singularities in twisted graphene layers, Nat. Phys. 6, 109 (2010). 1745-2473 10.1038/nphys1463
34. D. Makogon, R. van Gelderen, R. Roldán, and C. M. Smith, Spin-density-wave instability in graphene doped near the van hove singularity, Phys. Rev. B 84, 125404 (2011). PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.84.125404
35. Frank H. L. Koppens, Darrick E. Chang, and F. Javier Garcia de Abajo, Graphene plasmonics: A platform for strong lightmatter interactions, Nano Lett. 11, 3370 (2011). NALEFD 1530-6984 10.1021/nl201771h
36. F. Javier García de Abajo, Graphene plasmonics: Challenges and opportunities, ACS Photon. 1, 135 (2014). 2330-4022 10.1021/ph400147y
37. Jun Yan, Erik Henriksen, Philip Kim, and Aron Pinczuk, Observation of anomalous phonon softening in bilayer graphene, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 136804 (2008). PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.136804
38. P. T. Araujo, D. L. Mafra, K. Sato, R. Saito, J. Kong, and M. S. Dresselhaus, Phonon self-energy corrections to nonzero wave-vector phonon modes in single-layer graphene, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 046801 (2012). PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.046801
39. Chenguang Lu, Qiang Fu, Shaoming Huang, and Jie Liu, Polymer electrolyte-gated carbon nanotube field-effect transistor, Nano Lett. 4, 623 (2004). NALEFD 1530-6984 10.1021/nl049937e
40. Se Hyun Kim, Kihyon Hong, Wei Xie, Keun Hyung Lee, Sipei Zhang, Timothy P. Lodge, and C. Daniel Frisbie, Electrolyte-gated transistors for organic and printed electronics, Adv. Mater. 25, 1822 (2013). ADVMEW 0935-9648 10.1002/adma.201202790
41. A. Das, S. Pisana, B. Chakraborty, S. Piscanec, S. K. Saha, U. V. Waghmare, K. S. Novoselov, H. R. Krishnamurthy, A. K. Geim, A. C. Ferrari, and A. K. Sood, Monitoring dopants by Raman scattering in an electrochemically top-gated graphene transistor, Nat. Nanotechnol. 3, 210 (2008). 1748-3387 10.1038/nnano.2008.67
42. Dmitri K. Efetov and Philip Kim, Controlling electron-phonon interactions in graphene at ultrahigh carrier densities, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 256805 (2010). PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.256805
43. Jun Yan, Theresa Villarson, Erik Henriksen, Philip Kim, and Aron Pinczuk, Optical phonon mixing in bilayer graphene with a broken inversion symmetry, Phys. Rev. B 80, 241417 (2009). PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.80.241417
44. A. Das, B. Chakraborty, S. Piscanec, S. Pisana, A. K. Sood, and A. C. Ferrari, Phonon renormalization in doped bilayer graphene, Phys. Rev. B 79, 155417 (2009). PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.79.155417
45. Martin Kalbac, Alfonso Reina-Cecco, Hootan Farhat, Jing Kong, Ladislav Kavan, and Mildred S. Dresselhaus, The influence of strong electron and hole doping on the Raman intensity of chemical vapor-deposition graphene, ACS Nano 4, 6055 (2010). 1936-0851 10.1021/nn1010914
46. Chi-Fan Chen, Cheol-Hwan Park, Bryan W. Boudouris, Jason Horng, Baisong Geng, Caglar Girit, Alex Zettl, Michael F. Crommie, Rachel A. Segalman, Steven G. Louie, and Feng Wang, Controlling inelastic light scattering quantum pathways in graphene, Nature (London) 471, 617 (2011). NATUAS 0028-0836 10.1038/nature09866
47. Kanokporn Chattrakun, Shengqiang Huang, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, A. Sandhu, and B. J. LeRoy, Gate dependent Raman spectroscopy of graphene on hexagonal boron nitride, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 25, 505304 (2013). JCOMEL 0953-8984 10.1088/0953-8984/25/50/505304
48. Kin Fai Mak, Chun Hung Lui, Jie Shan, and Tony F. Heinz, Observation of an electric-field-induced band gap in bilayer graphene by infrared spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 256405 (2009). PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.256405
49. Yuanbo Zhang, Tsung-Ta Tang, Caglar Girit, Zhao Hao, Michael C. Martin, Alex Zettl, Michael F. Crommie, Y. Ron Shen, and Feng Wang, Direct observation of a widely tunable bandgap in bilayer graphene, Nature (London) 459, 820 (2009). NATUAS 0028-0836 10.1038/nature08105
50. Dmitri Efetov, Patrick Maher, Simas Glinskis, and Philip Kim, Multiband transport in bilayer graphene at high carrier densities, Phys. Rev. B 84, 161412 (2011). PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.84.161412
51. Jianting Ye, Monica F. Craciun, Mikito Koshino, Saverio Russo, Seiji Inoue, Hongtao Yuan, Hidekazu Shimotani, Alberto F. Morpurgo, and Yoshihiro Iwasa, Accessing the transport properties of graphene and its multilayers at high carrier density, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108, 13002 (2011). PNASA6 0027-8424 10.1073/pnas.1018388108
52. Jiye Lee, Wei Bao, Long Ju, P. James Schuck, Feng Wang, and Alexander Weber-Bargioni, Switching individual quantum dot emission through electrically controlling resonant energy transfer to graphene, Nano Lett. 14, 7115 (2014). NALEFD 1530-6984 10.1021/nl503587z
53. K. J. Tielrooij, L. Orona, A. Ferrier, M. Badioli, G. Navickaite, S. Coop, S. Nanot, B. Kalinic, T. Cesca, L. Gaudreau, Q. Ma, A. Centeno, A. Pesquera, A. Zurutuza, H. de Riedmatten, P. Goldner, F. J. García de Abajo, P. Jarillo-Herrero, and F. H. L. Koppens, Electrical control of optical emitter relaxation pathways enabled by graphene, Nat. Phys. 11, 281 (2015). 10.1038/nphys3204
54. Jilin Xia, Fang Chen, Jinghong Li, and Nongjian Tao, Measurement of the quantum capacitance of graphene, Nat. Nanotechnol. 4, 505 (2009). 1748-3387 10.1038/nnano.2009.177
55. Eri Uesugi, Hidenori Goto, Ritsuko Eguchi, Akihiko Fujiwara, and Yoshihiro Kubozono, Electric double-layer capacitance between an ionic liquid and few-layer graphene, Sci. Rep. 3, 1595 (2013). 2045-2322 10.1038/srep01595
56. Tsuneya Ando, Anomaly of optical phonon in monolayer graphene, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 75, 124701 (2006). JUPSAU 0031-9015 10.1143/JPSJ.75.124701
57. Michele Lazzeri and Francesco Mauri, Nonadiabatic kohn anomaly in a doped graphene monolayer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 266407 (2006). PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.266407
58. I. Calizo, A. A. Balandin, W. Bao, F. Miao, and C. N. Lau, Temperature dependence of the Raman spectra of graphene and graphene multilayers, Nano Lett. 7, 2645 (2007). NALEFD 1530-6984 10.1021/nl071033g
59. D. M. Basko, Theory of resonant multiphonon Raman scattering in graphene, Phys. Rev. B 78, 125418 (2008). PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.78.125418
60. Pedro Venezuela, Michele Lazzeri, and Francesco Mauri, Theory of double-resonant Raman spectra in graphene: Intensity and line shape of defect-induced and two-phonon bands, Phys. Rev. B 84, 035433 (2011). PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.84.035433
61. C. Thomsen and S. Reich, Double resonant Raman scattering in graphite, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 5214 (2000). PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.5214
62. J. Maultzsch, S. Reich, and C. Thomsen, Double-resonant Raman scattering in graphite: Interference effects, selection rules, and phonon dispersion, Phys. Rev. B 70, 155403 (2004). PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.155403
63. Kevin R. Knox, Shancai Wang, Alberto Morgante, Dean Cvetko, Andrea Locatelli, Tevfik Onur Mentes, Miguel Angel Niño, Philip Kim, and R. M. Osgood, Spectromicroscopy of single and multilayer graphene supported by a weakly interacting substrate, Phys. Rev. B 78, 201408 (2008). PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.78.201408
64. Qiuzi Li, E. H. Hwang, and S. Das Sarma, Disorder-induced temperature-dependent transport in graphene: Puddles, impurities, activation, and diffusion, Phys. Rev. B 84, 115442 (2011). PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.84.115442
65. G. Giovannetti, P. A. Khomyakov, G. Brocks, V. M. Karpan, J. van den Brink, and P. J. Kelly, Doping graphene with metal contacts, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 026803 (2008). PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.026803
66. S. Luryi, Quantum capacitance devices, Appl. Phys. Lett. 52, 501 (1988). APPLAB 0003-6951 10.1063/1.99649
67. Inanc Meric, Melinda Y. Han, Andrea F. Young, Barbaros Ozyilmaz, Philip Kim, and Kenneth L. Shepard, Current saturation in zero-bandgap, top-gated graphene field-effect transistors, Nat. Nanotechnol. 3, 654 (2008). 1748-3387 10.1038/nnano.2008.268
68. Huilong Xu, Zhiyong Zhang, Zhenxing Wang, Sheng Wang, Xuelei Liang, and Lian-Mao Peng, Quantum capacitance limited vertical scaling of graphene field-effect transistor, ACS Nano 5, 2340 (2011). 1936-0851 10.1021/nn200026e
69. Hidekazu Shimotani, Haruhiko Asanuma, Jun Takeya, and Yoshihiro Iwasa, Electrolyte-gated charge accumulation in organic single crystals, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 203501 (2006). APPLAB 0003-6951 10.1063/1.2387884
70. Stefano Piscanec, Michele Lazzeri, J. Robertson, Andrea C. Ferrari, and Francesco Mauri, Optical phonons in carbon nanotubes: Kohn anomalies, peierls distortions, and dynamic effects, Phys. Rev. B 75, 035427 (2007). PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.035427
71. Nicola Bonini, Michele Lazzeri, Nicola Marzari, and Francesco Mauri, Phonon anharmonicities in graphite and graphene, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 176802 (2007). PRLTAO 0031-9007 10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.176802
72. J. Martin, N. Akerman, G. Ulbricht, T. Lohmann, J. H. Smet, K. von Klitzing, and A. Yacoby, Observation of electronhole puddles in graphene using a scanning single-electron transistor, Nat. Phys. 4, 144 (2008). 1745-2473 10.1038/nphys781
73. Huilong Xu, Zhiyong Zhang, and Lian-Mao Peng, Measurements and microscopic model of quantum capacitance in graphene, Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 133122 (2011). APPLAB 0003-6951 10.1063/1.3574011
74. Jiamin Xue, Javier Sanchez-Yamagishi, Danny Bulmash, Philippe Jacquod, Aparna Deshpande, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, Pablo Jarillo-Herrero, and Brian J. LeRoy, Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy of ultra-flat graphene on hexagonal boron nitride, Nat. Mater. 10, 282 (2011). 1476-1122 10.1038/nmat2968
75. Stéphane Berciaud, Xianglong Li, Han Htoon, Louis E. Brus, Stephen K. Doorn, and Tony F. Heinz, Intrinsic line shape of the Raman 2D-mode in freestanding graphene monolayers, Nano Lett. 13, 3517 (2013). NALEFD 1530-6984 10.1021/nl400917e
76. Ji Eun Lee, Gwanghyun Ahn, Jihye Shim, Young Sik Lee, and Sunmin Ryu, Optical separation of mechanical strain from charge doping in graphene, Nat. Commun. 3, 1024 (2012). 2041-1723 10.1038/ncomms2022
77. D. M. Basko, Calculation of the Raman G peak intensity in monolayer graphene: role of ward identities, New J. Phys. 11, 095011 (2009). NJOPFM 1367-2630 10.1088/1367-2630/11/9/095011
78. D. M. Basko, Effect of anisotropic band curvature on carrier multiplication in graphene, Phys. Rev. B 87, 165437 (2013). PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.87.165437
79. Duhee Yoon, Hyerim Moon, Young-Woo Son, Jin Sik Choi, Bae Ho Park, Young Hun Cha, Young Dong Kim, and Hyeonsik Cheong, Interference effect on Raman spectrum of graphene on (Equation presented), Phys. Rev. B 80, 125422 (2009). PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.80.125422
80. Dominik Metten, François Federspiel, Michelangelo Romeo, and Stéphane Berciaud, All-optical blister test of suspended graphene using micro-Raman spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. Appl. 2, 054008 (2014). 1050-2947 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.2.054008
81. D. M. Basko and I. L. Aleiner, Interplay of coulomb and electron-phonon interactions in graphene, Phys. Rev. B 77, 041409 (2008). PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.77.041409
82. A. C. Ferrari and J. Robertson, Interpretation of Raman spectra of disordered and amorphous carbon, Phys. Rev. B 61, 14095 (2000). PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.61.14095
83. E. H. Martins Ferreira, Marcus V. O. Moutinho, F. Stavale, M. M. Lucchese, Rodrigo B. Capaz, C. A. Achete, and A. Jorio, Evolution of the Raman spectra from single-, few-, and many-layer graphene with increasing disorder, Phys. Rev. B 82, 125429 (2010). PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.82.125429
84. F. Tuinstra and J. L. Koenig, Raman spectrum of graphite, J. Chem. Phys. 53, 1126 (1970). JCPSA6 0021-9606 10.1063/1.1674108
85. M. M. Lucchese, F. Stavale, E. H. Martins Ferreira, C. Vilani, M. V. O. Moutinho, Rodrigo B. Capaz, C. A. Achete, and A. Jorio, Quantifying ion-induced defects and Raman relaxation length in graphene, Carbon 48, 1592 (2010). CRBNAH 0008-6223 10.1016/j.carbon.2009.12.057
86. L. G. Cancado, A. Jorio, E. H. Martins Ferreira, F. Stavale, C. A. Achete, R. B. Capaz, M. V. O. Moutinho, A. Lombardo, T. S. Kulmala, and A. C. Ferrari, Quantifying defects in graphene via Raman spectroscopy at different excitation energies, Nano Lett. 11, 3190 (2011). NALEFD 1530-6984 10.1021/nl201432g
87. Axel Eckmann, Alexandre Felten, Ivan Verzhbitskiy, Rebecca Davey, and Cinzia Casiraghi, Raman study on defective graphene: Effect of the excitation energy, type, and amount of defects, Phys. Rev. B 88, 035426 (2013). PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.88.035426
88. Ryan Beams, Luiz Gustavo Canado, and Lukas Novotny, Raman characterization of defects and dopants in graphene, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 27, 083002 (2015). JCOMEL 0953-8984 10.1088/0953-8984/27/8/083002
89. T. M. G. Mohiuddin, A. Lombardo, R. R. Nair, A. Bonetti, G. Savini, R. Jalil, N. Bonini, D. M. Basko, C. Galiotis, N. Marzari, K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, and A. C. Ferrari, Uniaxial strain in graphene by Raman spectroscopy: G peak splitting, grüneisen parameters, and sample orientation, Phys. Rev. B 79, 205433 (2009). PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.79.205433
90. M. Huang, H. Yan, C. Chen, D. Song, Tony F. Heinz, and J. Hone, Phonon softening and crystallographic orientation of strained graphene studied by Raman spectroscopy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 7304 (2009). PNASA6 0027-8424 10.1073/pnas.0811754106
91. Jakob Zabel, Rahul R. Nair, Anna Ott, Thanasis Georgiou, Andre K. Geim, Kostya S. Novoselov, and Cinzia Casiraghi, Raman spectroscopy of graphene and bilayer under biaxial strain: Bubbles and balloons, Nano Lett. 12, 617 (2011). NALEFD 1530-6984 10.1021/nl203359n
92. Jae-Ung Lee, Duhee Yoon, and Hyeonsik Cheong, Estimation of young's modulus of graphene by Raman spectroscopy, Nano Lett. 12, 4444 (2012). NALEFD 1530-6984 10.1021/nl301073q
93. Dominik Metten, François Federspiel, Michelangelo Romeo, and Stéphane Berciaud, Probing built-in strain in freestanding graphene monolayers by Raman spectroscopy, Physica Status Solidi (b) 250, 2681 (2013). PSSBBD 0370-1972 10.1002/pssb.201300220
94. Biswanath Chakraborty, Achintya Bera, D. V. S. Muthu, Somnath Bhowmick, U. V. Waghmare, and A. K. Sood, Symmetry-dependent phonon renormalization in monolayer (Equation presented) transistor, Phys. Rev. B 85, 161403 (2012). PRBMDO 1098-0121 10.1103/PhysRevB.85.161403