A roadmap for graphene

Nature

Volumn 490, Issue 7419, 2012, Pages 192-200

  Novoselov, K S ^a   Fal'Ko, V I ^b   Colombo, L ^c   Gellert, P R ^d   Schwab, M G ^e   Kim, K ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c TEXAS INSTRUMENTS   (United States)

^d ASTRAZENECA   (United Kingdom)

^e BASF SE   (Germany)

^f SAMSUNG Electronics   (South Korea)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON; DOXORUBICIN; GRAPHENE; GRAPHITE; INK; NANORIBBON; PAINT; SILICON CARBIDE; SINGLE WALLED NANOTUBE;

CARBON; GRAPHITE; RESEARCH WORK; THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY;

BIOENGINEERING; CANCER THERAPY; CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION; CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; DEVICES; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; ELECTRODE; ENERGY YIELD; FEASIBILITY STUDY; LIGHT DETECTION; LIGHT EMITTING DIODE; MATERIAL COATING; MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS; NONHUMAN; OPTICS; PHASE TRANSITION; POLARIZATION CONTROLLER; PPTICAL MODULATOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENEWABLE ENERGY; REVIEW; SEMICONDUCTOR; SENSOR; SYNTHESIS; TISSUE ENGINEERING;

EID: 84867304039     PISSN: 00280836     EISSN: 14764687     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nature11458     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Geim, A. K. & Novoselov, K. S. The rise of graphene. Nature Mater. 6, 183-191 (2007).
2. Geim, A. K. Graphene: status and prospects. Science 324, 1530-1534 (2009).
3. Mayorov, A. S. et al. Micrometer-scale ballistic transport in encapsulated graphene at room temperature. Nano Lett. 11, 2396-2399 (2011).
4. Morozov, S. V. et al. Giant intrinsic carrier mobilities in graphene and its bilayer. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 016602 (2008).
5. Lee, C., Wei, X. D., Kysar, J. W.& Hone, J. Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 321, 385-388 (2008).
6. Liu, F., Ming, P. M. & Li, J. Ab initio calculation of ideal strength and phonon instability of graphene under tension. Phys. Rev. B 76, 064120 (2007).
7. Balandin, A. A. Thermal properties of graphene and nanostructured carbon materials. Nature Mater. 10, 569-581 (2011).
8. Nair, R. R. et al. Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene. Science 320, 1308 (2008).
9. Bunch, J. S. et al. Impermeable atomic membranes from graphene sheets. Nano Lett. 8, 2458-2462 (2008).
10. Moser, J., Barreiro, A. & Bachtold, A. Current-induced cleaning of graphene. Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 163513 (2007).
11. Elias, D. C. et al. Control of graphene's properties by reversible hydrogenation: evidence for graphane. Science 323, 610-613 (2009).
12. Loh, K. P., Bao, Q. L., Ang, P. K. & Yang, J. X. The chemistry of graphene. J. Mater. Chem. 20, 2277-2289 (2010).
13. Nair, R. R. et al. Fluorographene: a two-dimensional counterpart of Teflon. Small 6, 2877-2884 (2010).
14. Novoselov, K. S. et al. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306, 666-669 (2004).
15. Dean, C. R. et al. Boron nitride substrates for high-quality graphene electronics. Nature Nanotechnol. 5, 722-726 (2010).
16. Novoselov, K. S. et al. Two-dimensional atomic crystals. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 10451-10453 (2005).
17. Geim, A. K. Nobel lecture. Randomwalk to graphene. Rev. Mod. Phys. 83, 851-862 (2011).
18. Novoselov, K. S. Nobel lecture. Graphene: materials in the flatland. Rev. Mod. Phys. 83, 837-849 (2011).
19. Blake, P. et al. Graphene-based liquid crystal device. Nano Lett. 8, 1704-1708 (2008).
20. Hernandez, Y. et al. High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite. Nature Nanotechnol. 3, 563-568 (2008).
21. Coleman, J. N. et al. Two-dimensional nanosheets produced by liquid exfoliation of layered materials. Science 331, 568-571 (2011).
22. Dreyer, D. R., Ruoff, R. S. & Bielawski, C. W. From conception to realization: an historical account of graphene and some perspectives for its future. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 9336-9344 (2010).
23. Schniepp, H. C. et al. Functionalized single graphene sheets derived from splitting graphite oxide. J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 8535-8539 (2006).
24. Jiao, L. Y., Zhang, L., Wang, X. R., Diankov, G. & Dai, H. J. Narrow graphene nanoribbons from carbon nanotubes. Nature 458, 877-880 (2009).
25. Kosynkin, D. V. et al. Longitudinal unzipping of carbon nanotubes to form graphene nanoribbons. Nature 458, 872-876 (2009).
26. Segal, M. Selling graphene by the ton. Nature Nanotechnol. 4, 612-614 (2009).
27. Bonaccorso, F., Sun, Z., Hasan, T. & Ferrari, A. C. Graphene photonics and optoelectronics. Nature Photon. 4, 611-622 (2010).
28. Li, X. S. et al. Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils. Science 324, 1312-1314 (2009).
29. Bae, S. et al. Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes. Nature Nanotechnol. 5, 574-578 (2010).
30. Forbeaux, I., Themlin, J. M. & Debever, J. M. Heteroepitaxial graphite on 6HSiC( 0001): interface formation through conduction-band electronic structure. Phys. Rev. B 58, 16396-16406 (1998).
31. Berger, C. et al. Ultrathin epitaxial graphite: 2D electron gas properties and a route toward graphene-based nanoelectronics. J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 19912-19916 (2004).
32. Ohta, T., Bostwick, A., Seyller, T., Horn, K. & Rotenberg, E. Controlling the electronic structure of bilayer graphene. Science 313, 951-954 (2006).
33. Virojanadara, C. et al. Homogeneous large-area graphene layer growth on 6HSiC( 0001). Phys. Rev. B 78, 245403 (2008).
34. Lin, Y. M. et al. 100-GHz transistors from wafer-scale epitaxial graphene. Science 327, 662 (2010).
35. Tzalenchuk, A. et al. Towards a quantum resistance standard based on epitaxial graphene. Nature Nanotechnol. 5, 186-189 (2010).
36. Cai, J. M. et al. Atomically precise bottom-up fabrication of graphene nanoribbons. Nature 466, 470-473 (2010).
37. Hackley, J., Ali, D., DiPasquale, J., Demaree, J. D. & Richardson, C. J. K. Graphitic carbon growth on Si(111) using solid source molecular beam epitaxy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 133114 (2009).
38. Dhar, S. et al. A new route to graphene layers by selective laser ablation. AIP Adv. 1, 022109 (2011).
39. Han, T. H. et al. Extremely efficient flexible organic light-emitting diodes with modified graphene anode. Nature Photon. 6, 105-110 (2012).
40. Liao, L. et al. High-speed graphene transistors with a self-aligned nanowire gate. Nature 467, 305-308 (2010).
41. Liao, L. et al. Sub-100 nm channel length graphene transistors. Nano Lett. 10, 3952-3956 (2010).
42. Han, S. J. et al. High-frequency graphene voltage amplifier. Nano Lett. 11, 3690-3693 (2011).
43. Meric, I. et al. Channel length scaling in graphene field-effect transistors studied with pulsed current-voltage measurements. Nano Lett. 11, 1093-1097 (2011).
44. Meric, I. et al. High-Frequency Performance of Graphene Field Effect Transistors with Saturating IV-characteristics 15-18 (IEEE Electron Devices Society, 2011).
45. Han, M. Y., Ozyilmaz, B., Zhang, Y. B. & Kim, P. Energy band-gap engineering of graphene nanoribbons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 206805 (2007).
46. Ponomarenko, L. A. et al. Chaotic Dirac billiard in graphene quantumdots. Science 320, 356-358 (2008).
47. Stampfer, C. et al. Tunable graphene single electron transistor. Nano Lett. 8, 2378-2383 (2008).
48. Oostinga, J. B., Heersche, H. B., Liu, X. L., Morpurgo, A. F. & Vandersypen, L. M. K. Gate-induced insulating state in bilayer graphene devices. Nature Mater. 7, 151-157 (2008).
49. Kim, K., Choi, J. Y., Kim, T., Cho, S. H. & Chung, H. J. A role for graphene in siliconbased semiconductor devices. Nature 479, 338-344 (2011).
50. Schwierz, F. Graphene transistors. Nature Nanotechnol. 5, 487-496 (2010).
51. Britnell, L. et al. Field-effect tunneling transistor based on vertical graphene heterostructures. Science 335, 947-950 (2012).
52. Li, Z. Q. et al. Dirac charge dynamics in graphene by infrared spectroscopy. Nature Phys. 4, 532-535 (2008).
53. Ishibashi, T. et al. InP/InGaAs uni-traveling-carrier photodiodes. IEICE Trans. Electron. E 83C, 938-949 (2000).
54. Ishikawa, Y. & Wada, K. Near-infrared Ge photodiodes for Si photonics: operation frequency and an approach for the future. IEEE Photon. J. 2, 306-320 (2010).
55. Xia, F. N., Mueller, T., Lin, Y. M., Valdes-Garcia, A. & Avouris, P. Ultrafast graphene photodetector. Nature Nanotechnol. 4, 839-843 (2009).
56. Meric, I. et al. Current saturation in zero-bandgap, topgated graphene field-effect transistors. Nature Nanotechnol. 3, 654-659 (2008).
57. Xia, F. N. et al. Photocurrent imaging and efficient photon detection in a graphene transistor. Nano Lett. 9, 1039-1044 (2009).
58. Mueller, T., Xia, F. N. A. & Avouris, P. Graphene photodetectors for high-speed optical communications. Nature Photon. 4, 297-301 (2010).
59. Echtermeyer, T. J. et al. Strong plasmonic enhancement of photovoltage in graphene. Nature Commun. 2, 458 (2011).
60. Reed, G. T., Mashanovich, G., Gardes, F. Y. & Thomson, D. J. Silicon optical modulators. Nature Photon. 4, 518-526 (2010).
61. Liao, L. et al. 40 Gbit/s silicon optical modulator for highspeed applications. Electron. Lett. 43, 1196-1197 (2007).
62. Li, G. L. et al. 25Gb/s 1V-driving CMOS ring modulator with integrated thermal tuning. Opt. Express 19, 20435-20443 (2011).
63. Tang, Y. B. et al. 50 Gb/s hybrid silicon traveling-wave electroabsorption modulator. Opt. Express 19, 5811-5816 (2011).
64. Wang, F. et al. Gate-variable optical transitions in graphene. Science 320, 206-209 (2008).
65. Liu, M. et al. A graphene-based broadband optical modulator. Nature 474, 64-67 (2011).
66. Sensale-Rodriguez, B. et al. Unique prospects for graphene-based terahertz modulators. Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 113104 (2011).
67. Liu, X., Du, D. & Mourou, G. Laser ablation and micromachining with ultrashort laser pulses. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 33, 1706-1716 (1997).
68. Drexler, W. et al. In vivo ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography. Opt. Lett. 24, 1221-1223 (1999).
69. Keller, U. et al. Semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors (SESAMs) for femtosecondtonanosecondpulse generation in solid-state lasers. IEEE J.Quantum Electron. 2, 435-453 (1996).
70. Bao, Q. L. et al. Atomic-layer graphene as a saturable absorber for ultrafast pulsed lasers. Adv. Funct. Mater. 19, 3077-3083 (2009).
71. Sun, Z. P. et al. Graphene mode-locked ultrafast laser. ACS Nano 4, 803-810 (2010).
72. Zhang, H. et al. Graphene mode locked, wavelength-tunable, dissipative soliton fiber laser. Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111112 (2010).
73. Xu, J. L. et al. Performance of large-area few-layer graphene saturable absorber in femtosecond bulk laser. Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 261107 (2011).
74. Tan, W. D. et al. Mode locking of ceramic Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet with graphene as a saturable absorber. Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 031106 (2010).
75. De Souza, E. A., Nuss, M. C., Knox, W. H. & Miller, D. A. B. Wavelength-division multiplexing with femtosecond pulses. Opt. Lett. 20, 1166-1168 (1995).
76. Koch, B. R. et al. Mode locked and distributed feedback silicon evanescent lasers. Laser Photon. Rev. 3, 355-369 (2009).
77. Rana, F. Graphene terahertz plasmon oscillators. IEEE Trans. NanoTechnol. 7, 91-99 (2008).
78. Ramakrishnan, G., Chakkittakandy, R. & Planken, P. C. M. Terahertz generation from graphite. Opt. Express 17, 16092-16099 (2009).
79. Prechtel, L. et al. Time-resolved ultrafast photocurrents and terahertzgeneration in freely suspended graphene. Nature Commun. 3, 646 (2012).
80. Bao, Q. et al. Broadband graphene polarizer. Nature Photon. 5, 411-415 (2011).
81. Bi, L. et al. On-chip optical isolation in monolithically integrated non-reciprocal optical resonators. Nature Photon. 5, 758-762 (2011).
82. Crassee, I. et al. Giant Faraday rotation in single-and multilayer graphene. Nature Phys. 7, 48-51 (2011).
83. Young, R. J., Kinloch, I. A., Gong, L. & Novoselov, K. S. The mechanics of graphene nanocomposites: a review. Compos. Sci. Technol. 72, 1459-1476 (2012).
84. Wang, X., Zhi, L. J. & Mullen, K. Transparent, conductive graphene electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Nano Lett. 8, 323-327 (2008).
85. Li, S. S., Tu, K. H., Lin, C. C., Chen, C. W. & Chhowalla, M. Solution-processable graphene oxide as an efficient hole transport layer in polymer solar cells. ACS Nano 4, 3169-3174 (2010).
86. Yang, S. B., Feng, X. L., Ivanovici, S. & Mullen, K. Fabrication of grapheneencapsulated oxide nanoparticles: towards high-performance anodematerials for lithium storage. Angew. Chem. Int. Edn 49, 8408-8411 (2010).
87. Yoo, E. et al. Large reversible Li storage of graphene nanosheet families for use in rechargeable lithium ion batteries. Nano Lett. 8, 2277-2282 (2008).
88. Simon, P. & Gogotsi, Y. Materials for electrochemical capacitors. Nature Mater. 7, 845-854 (2008).
89. Stoller, M. D., Park, S. J., Zhu, Y. W., An, J. H. & Ruoff, R. S. Graphene-based ultracapacitors. Nano Lett. 8, 3498-3502 (2008).
90. Yoo, E. et al. Enhanced electrocatalytic activity of Pt subnanoclusters on graphene nanosheet surface. Nano Lett. 9, 2255-2259 (2009).
91. Giesbers, A. J. M. et al. Quantumresistance metrology in graphene. Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 222109 (2008).
92. Nayak, T. R. et al. Graphene for controlled and accelerated osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. ACS Nano 5, 4670-4678 (2011).
93. Nair, R. R. et al. Graphene as a transparent conductive support for studying biological molecules by transmission electron microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 153102 (2010).
94. Kuila, T. et al. Recentadvances in graphene-based biosensors. Biosens. Bioelectron. 26, 4637-4648 (2011).
95. Sanchez, V. C., Jachak, A., Hurt, R. H. & Kane, A. B. Biological interactions of graphene-family nanomaterials: an interdisciplinary review. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 25, 15-34 (2012).
96. Yang, K. et al. Graphene in mice: ultrahigh in vivo tumor uptake and efficient photothermal therapy. Nano Lett. 10, 3318-3323 (2010).
97. Nair, R. R., Wu, H. A., Jayaram, P. N., Grigorieva, I. V. & Geim, A. K. Unimpeded permeation of water through helium-leak-tight graphene-based membranes. Science 335, 442-444 (2012).