Development, Structure, and Mechanical Properties of the Wheat Grain

Wheat: Chemistry and Technology: Fourth Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 51-95

  Bechtel, D B ^c   Abecassis, J ^a   Shewry, Peter R ^b   Evers, A D ^c  

^a UMR IATE   (France)

^b ROTHAMSTED RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

^c NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

WHEAT GRAINS;

EID: 84922363224     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-891127-55-7.50010-0     Document Type: Chapter

References (285)

1. Aalen R.B. The transcripts encoding two oleosin isoforms are both present in the aleurone and in the embryo of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds. Plant Mol. Biol. 1995, 28:583-588.
2. Alexandrov V.G., Alexandrova O.G. On the initial stages of the formation of endosperm tissues in the grain of wheat. Bull. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R. Biol. Ser. 1953, 4:87-105. (In Russian).
3. Altenbach S.B., Kothari K.M., Lieu D. Environmental conditions during wheat grain development alter temporal regulation of major gluten protein genes. Cereal Chem. 2002, 79:279-285.
4. Ames N.P., Clarke J.M., Marchylo B.A., Dexter J.E., Woods S.M. Effect of environment and genotype on durum wheat gluten strength and pasta viscoelasticity. Cereal Chem. 1999, 76:582-586.
5. Anonymous New health food wheat. Milling 1986, 179:21.
6. Antoine C., Peyron S., Mabille F., Lapierre C., Bouchet B., Abecassis J., Rouau X. Individual contribution of grain outer layers and their cell wall structure to the mechanical properties of wheat bran. J. Agric. Food Sci. 2003, 51:2026-2033.
7. Arnold P.C., Roberts A.W. Fundamental aspect of loaddeformation behaviour of wheat grains. Trans. ASAE 1965, 12:104-108.
8. Aziz P. Histogenesis of the carpel in Triticum aestivum L. Bot. Gaz. 1972, 133:376-386.
9. Aziz P. Initiation of primary vascular elements in the stamens and carpel of Triticum aestivum L. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 1981, 82:69-79.
10. Bacic A., Stone B.A. A (1→3)- and (1→4)-linked β-D-glucan in the endosperm cell walls of wheat. Carbohydr. Res. 1980, 82:372-377.
11. Bailey C.H. The relation of certain physical characteristics of the wheat kernel to milling quality. J. Agric. Sci. 1916, 7:432-442.
12. Baldo B.A., Boniface P.A., Simmonds D.H. Lectins as cytochemical probes of the developing wheat grain. I. Fluorescence labelled lectins covering a range of specifications with emphasis on those that bind D-galactose. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 1982, 9:647-661.
13. Baldo B.A., Boniface P.A., Simmonds D.H. Lectins as cytochemical probes of the developing wheat grain. II. Reaction of wheat-germ lectin with the nucellar epidermis. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 1982, 9:663-675.
14. Banerjee S.K., Chauhan K.P.S. Studies on the evolution of seed coat pattern in wheat by scanning electron microscopy. Seed Sci. Technol. 1981, 9:819-822.
15. Banks W., Evers A.D., Muir D.D. The location of alpha-amylase in developing cereal grains. Chem. Ind. (London) 1972, 573-574.
16. Barlow E.W.R., Lee J.W., Munns R., Smart M.G. Water relations of the developing wheat grain. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 1980, 7:519-525.
17. Barlow K.K., Buttrose M.S., Simmonds D.H., Vesk M. The nature of the starch-protein interface in wheat endosperm. Cereal Chem. 1973, 50:443-454.
18. Barlow K.K., Lee J.W., Vesk M. Morphological development of storage protein bodies in wheat. Mechanisms of Regulation of Plant Growth 1974, 793-797. Royal Society of New Zealand, Wellington. R.L. Bieleski, A.R. Ferguson, M.M. Cresswell (Eds.).
19. Barron C., Parker M.L., Mills E.N.C., Rouan X., Wilson R.H. FTIR imaging of wheat endosperm cell walls in situ reveals compositional and architectural heterogeneity related to grain hardness. Planta 2005, 220:667-677.
20. Baruch D.W., Meredith P., Jenkins L.D., Simmonds L.D. Starch granules of developing wheat kernels. Cereal Chem. 1979, 56:554-558.
21. Baruch D.W., Jenkins L.D., Dengate H.N., Meredith P. Non-linear model of wheat starch granule distribution at several stages of development. Cereal Chem. 1983, 60:32-35.
22. Bechtel D.B. Preparation of cereals and grain products for transmission electron microscopy. Food Microstruct. 1990, 9:241-251.
23. Bechtel D.B., Barnett B.D. Development and evaluation of a freeze-etch freeze-fracture technique applied to developing wheat endosperm. Am. J. Bot. 1986, 73:863-873.
24. Bechtel D.B., Barnett B.D. A freeze-fracture study of storage protein accumulation in unfixed wheat starchy endosperm. Cereal Chem. 1986, 63:232-240.
25. Bechtel D.B., Gaines R.L. The presence of protease-digestible material in Golgi vesicles during endosperm development of selected cereals. Am. J. Bot. 1982, 69:880-884.
26. Bechtel D.B., Pomeranz Y. Ultrastructure of the mature ungerminated rice (Oryza sativa) caryopsis. The caryopsis coat and the aleurone cells. Am. J. Bot. 1977, 64:966-973.
27. Bechtel D.B., Wilson J.D. Ultrastructure of developing hard and soft red winter wheats after air- and freeze-drying and its relationship to endosperm texture. Cereal Chem. 1997, 74:235-241.
28. Bechtel D.B., Wilson J.D. Amyloplast formation and starch granule development in hard red winter wheat. Cereal Chem. 2003, 80:175-183.
29. Bechtel D.B., Wilson J.D. Endosperm structural changes in wheat during drying of maturing caryopses. Cereal Chem. 2005, 82:385-389.
30. Bechtel D.B., Gaines R.L., Pomeranz Y. Early stages in wheat endosperm formation and protein body initiation. Ann. Bot. 1982, 50:507-518.
31. Bechtel D.B., Gaines R.L., Pomeranz Y. Protein secretion in wheat endosperm-Formation of the matrix protein. Cereal Chem. 1982, 59:336-343.
32. Bechtel D.B., Frend A., Kaleikau L.A., Wilson J.D., Shewry P.R. Vacuole formation in the wheat starchy endosperm. Food Microstruct. 1989, 8:183-190.
33. Bechtel D.B., Wilson J.D., Shewry P.R. Immunocytochemical localization of the wheat storage protein triticin in developing endosperm tissue. Cereal Chem. 1991, 68:573-577.
34. Bechtel D.B., Zayas I., Dempster R., Wilson J.D. Size-distribution of starch granules isolated from hard red winter wheat and soft red winter wheat. Cereal Chem. 1993, 70:238-240.
35. Bechtel D.B., Wilson J.D., Martin C.R. Determining endosperm texture of developing hard and soft red winter wheats dried by different methods using the single-kernel wheat characterization system. Cereal Chem. 1996, 73:567-570.
36. Bennett D.M., Parry D.W. Electron-probe microanalysis studies of silicon in the epicarp hairs of the caryopses of Hordeum sativum Jess., Avena sativa L., Secale cereale L., and Triticum aestivum L. Ann. Bot. 1981, 48:645-654.
37. Bennett M.D., Rao M.K., Smith J.B., Bayliss M.W. Cell development in the anther, the ovule, and the young seed of Triticum aestivum L. var. Chinese Spring. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 1973, 266:39-81.
38. Bergman C.J., Gualberto D.G., Campbell K.G., Sorrells M.E., Finney P.L. Genotype and environment effects on wheat quality traits in a population derived from a soft by hard cross. Cereal Chem. 1998, 75:729-737.
39. Bhatnagar S.P., Chandra S. Reproductive biology of Triticum. III. Unfertilized ovule and embryo sac, fertilization, post-fertilization changes in embryo sac and transformation of pistil into caryopsis in relation to time. Phytomorphology 1975, 25:471-477.
40. Bonnett H.T. Inflorescences of maize, wheat, rye, barley and oats. Their initiation and development. Bull. Agric. Exp. Stn. Univ. Ill. Coll. Agric. 1966, 721:100.
41. Bradbury D., MacMasters M.M., Cull I.M. Structure of the mature wheat kernel. II. Microscopic structure of pericarp, seed coat, and other coverings of the endosperm and germ of hard red winter wheat. Cereal Chem. 1956, 33:342-360.
42. Bradbury D., MacMasters M.M., Cull I.M. Structure of the mature wheat kernel. III. Microscopic structure of the endosperm of hard red winter wheat. Cereal Chem. 1956, 33:361-373.
43. Bradbury D., MacMasters M.M., Cull I.M. Structure of the mature wheat kernel. IV. Microscopic structure of the germ of hard red winter wheat. Cereal Chem. 1956, 33:373-391.
44. Bremner P.M., Rawson H.M. The weights of individual grains of the wheat ear in relation to their growth potential, the supply of assimilate and interaction between grains. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 1978, 5:61-72.
45. Briarty L.G. The mechanisms of protein body deposition in legumes and cereals. Plant Proteins 1978, 81-106. Butterworths, London. G. Norton (Ed.).
46. Briarty L.G., Hughes C.E., Evers A.D. The developing endosperm of wheat-A stereological analysis. Ann. Bot. 1979, 44:641-658.
47. Briggs D.E. Barley 1978, Chapman and Hall Ltd., London.
48. Brocklehurst P.A., Evers A.D. The size distribution of starch granules in endosperm of different sized kernels of the wheat cultivar Maris Huntsman. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1977, 28:1084-1089.
49. Brown R.C., Lemmon B.E., Olsen O.-A. Endosperm development in barley: Microtubule involvement in the morphogenetic pathway. Plant Cell 1994, 6:1241-1252.
50. Buttrose M.S. Submicroscopic development and structure of starch granules in cereal endosperms. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 1960, 4:231-257.
51. Buttrose M.S. Ultrastructure of the developing wheat endosperm. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1963, 16:305-317.
52. Buttrose M.S. Ultrastructure of the developing aleurone cells of wheat grain. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1963, 16:768-774.
53. Calderini D.F., Ortiz-Monasterio I. Crop physiology and metabolism. Crop Sci. 2003, 43:141-151.
54. Campbell W.P., Lee J.W., O'Brien T.P., Smart M.G. Endosperm morphology and protein body formation in developing wheat grain. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 1981, 8:5-19.
55. Casey B.N., Warthesen J.J., Miller L.C. Effect of different wheat starch granule characteristics on mixing properties in a dough system. Cereal Foods World 1997, 42:669.
56. Cassidy B.G., Dvorak J., Anderson O. The wheat low-molecular-weight glutenin genes: Characterization of six new genes and progress in understanding gene family structure. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1998, 96:743-750.
57. Chang C.S. Porosity and density of grain kernels. (Abstr.). Cereal Foods World 1986, 31:586.
58. Clarke B., Rahman S. A microarray analysis of wheat grain hardness. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2005, 110:1259-1267.
59. Clarke B.C., Hobbs M., Skylas D., Appels R. Genes active in developing wheat endosperm. Funct. Integr. Genom. 2000, 1:44-55.
60. Cochrane M.P. Morphology of the crease region in relation to assimilate uptake and water loss during caryopsis development in barley and wheat. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 1983, 10:473-491.
61. Cochrane M.P., Duffus C.M. Morphology and ultrastructure of immature cereal grains in relation to transport. Ann. Bot. 1979, 44:67-72.
62. D'Appolonia B.L., Gilles K.A. The effect of various starches in baking. Cereal Chem. 1971, 48:625-636.
63. Delwiche S.R. Wheat endosperm compressive strength properties as affected by moisture. Trans. ASAE 2000, 43:365-379.
64. Dengate H.N., Meredith P.J. Variation in size distribution of starch granules from wheat grain. J. Cereal Sci. 1984, 2:83-90.
65. Dexter J.E., Marchylo B.A., MacGregor A.W., Tkachuk R. The structure and protein composition of vitreous, piebald and starchy durum wheat kernels. J. Cereal Sci. 1989, 10:19-32.
66. Dobraszczyk B.J. Fracture mechanics of vitreous and mealy wheat endosperm. J. Cereal Sci. 1994, 19:273-282.
67. Dobraszczyk B.J., Whitworth M.B., Vincent J.F.V., Khan A. Single kernel wheat hardness and fracture properties in relation to density and the modelling of fracture in wheat endosperm. J. Cereal Sci. 2002, 35:245-263.
68. Douliez J.-P., Michon T., Elmorjani K., Marion D. Structural, biological and technological functions of lipid transfer proteins and indolines, the major lipid binding proteins from cereal kernels. J. Cereal Sci. 2000, 32:1-20.
69. Drea S., Leader D.J., Arnold B.C., Shaw P., Dolan L., Doonan J.H. Systematic spatial analysis of gene expression during wheat caryopsis development. Plant Cell 2005, 17:2172-2185.
70. Duffus C.M. Starch synthesis and grain growth. Crop Physiology and Cereal Breeding 1979, 45-49. Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, The Netherlands. J.H.J. Spiertz, T. Kramer (Eds.).
71. Esau K. Plant Anatomy 1965, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
72. Evers A.D. Development of the endosperm of wheat. Ann. Bot. 1970, 34:547-555.
73. Evers A.D. Scanning electron microscopy of wheat starch. III. Granule development in endosperm. Staerke 1971, 23:157-162.
74. Evers A.D., Lindley J. The particle-size distribution in wheat endosperm starch. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1977, 28:98-102.
75. Evers A.D., Redman D.G. The location of proteolytic enzymes in developing grains of wheat. Chem. Ind. (London) 1973, 1973:90-91.
76. Evers A.D., Reed M. Some novel observations by scanning electron microscopy on the seed coat and nucellus of the mature wheat grain. Cereal Chem. 1988, 65:81-85.
77. Fincher G.B., Stone B.A. Cell walls and their components in cereal grain technology. Advances in Cereal Science and Technology 1986, Vol. 8:207-295. Am. Assoc. Cereal Chem., St Paul, MN. Y. Pomeranz (Ed.).
78. Fineran B.A., Wild D.J.C., Ingerfield M. Initial wall formation in the endosperm of wheat, Triticum aestivum. A re-evaluation. Can. J. Bot. 1982, 60:1776-1795.
79. Finney K.F. Contribution of the Hard Red Wheat Quality Laboratory to wheat quality research. Trans. Am. Assoc. Cereal Chem. 1954, 12:127-142.
80. Finney K.F., Fryer H.C. Effect on loaf volume of high temperatures during the fruiting period of wheat. Agron. J. 1957, 50:28-34.
81. Finney K.F., Shogren M.D., Hoseney R.C., Bolte L.C., Heyne E.G. Chemical, physical, and baking properties of preripe wheat dried at various temperatures. Agron. J. 1962, 54:244-247.
82. Frazier J.C., Appalanaidu B. The wheat grain during development with reference to nature, location, and role of its translocatory tissues. Am. J. Bot. 1965, 52:193-198.
83. Freed R.D., Everson E.H., Ringlund K., Gullord M. Seed color in wheat and the relationship to seed dormancy at maturity. Cereal Res. Commun. 1976, 4:147-149.
84. Fulcher R.G., Wong S.I. Inside cereals-A fluorescence, microchemical view. Cereals for Food and Beverages 1980, 1-26. Academic Press, New York. G.E. Inglett, L. Munck (Eds.).
85. Fulcher R.G., Wood P.J. Identification of cereal carbohydrates by fluorescence microscopy. New Frontiers in Food Microstructure 1983, 111-147. Am. Assoc. Cereal Chem., St. Paul, MN. D.B. Bechtel (Ed.).
86. Fulcher R.G., O'Brien T.P., Lee J.W. Studies on the aleurone layer. I. Conventional and fluorescence microscopy of the cell wall with emphasis on phenol-carbohydrate complexes in wheat. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1972, 25:23-24.
87. Gaines C.S., Finney P.F., Fleege L.M., Andrews L.C. Predicting a hardness measurement using the single-kernel characterization system. Cereal Chem. 1996, 73:278-283.
88. Gaines R.L., Bechtel D.B., Pomeranz Y. Endosperm structural and biochemical differences between a high-protein amphiploid wheat and its progenitors. Cereal Chem. 1985, 62:25-31.
89. Galili G. The prolamin storage proteins of wheat and its relatives. Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plant Seed Development 1997, 221-256. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. B.A. Larkins, I.K. Vasil (Eds.).
90. Galili G., Levanony H., Rubin R., Giorini-Silfen S., Rosenberg N., Shani N., Altshuler Y., Shimoni Y., Karchi H. Synthesis, targeting and packaging of wheat seed storage proteins. Seed Storage Compounds: Biosynthesis, Interactions and Manipulation 1993, 152-156. Clarendon Press, Oxford. P.R. Shewry, K. Stobart (Eds.).
91. Gasiorowski H., Poliszko S.A. A wheat endosperm microhardness index. Acta Aliment. 1977, 6:113-117.
92. Gibbings J.G., Cook B.P., Dufault M.R., Madden S.L., Khuri S., Turnbull C.J., Dunwell J.M. Global transcript analysis of rice leaf and seed using SAGE technology. Plant Biotech. J. 2003, 1:271-285.
93. Glenn G.M., Johnston R.K. Moisture-dependent changes in mechanical properties of isolated wheat bran. J. Cereal Sci. 1992, 15:223-236.
94. Glenn G.M., Johnston R.K. Mechanical properties of starch, protein and endosperm and their relationship to hardness in wheat. Food Struct. 1992, 11:187-199.
95. Glenn G.M., Younce F.L., Pitts M.J. Fundamental physical properties characterizing the hardness of wheat endosperm. J. Cereal Sci. 1991, 13:179-194.
96. Gordon M. The development of endosperm in cereals. Proc. R. Soc. Victoria 1922, 34:105-116.
97. Graham J.S.D., Jennings A.C., Morton R.K., Palk B.A., Raison J.K. Protein bodies and protein synthesis in developing wheat endosperm. Nature 1962, 196:967-969.
98. Greenblatt G.A., Bettge A.D., Morris C.F. Relationship between endosperm texture and the occurrence of friabilin and bound polar lipids on wheat starch. Cereal Chem. 1995, 72:172-176.
99. Greenwell P., Schofield J.D. A starch granule protein associated with endosperm softness in wheat. Cereal Chem. 1986, 63:379-380.
100. Greenwell P., Schofield J.D. The chemical basis of grain hardness and softness. Wheat End-Use Properties. Proc. ICC Symp 1989, 59-72. Univ. Helsinki, Finland. H. Salovaara (Ed.).
101. Greer E.N., Hinton J.J.C., Jones C.R., Kent N.L. The occurrence of endosperm cells in wheat flour. Cereal Chem. 1951, 28:58-67.
102. Greffeuille V., Abecassis J., Lapierre C., Lullien-Pellerin V. Bran size distribution at milling and mechanical and biochemical characterization of common wheat grain outer layers: A relationship assessment. Cereal Chem. 2006, 83:641-646.
103. Greffeuille V., Abecassis J., Barouh N., Villeneuve P., Mabille F., Bar L'Helgouac'h C., Lullien-Pellerin V. Milling reduction analysis of bread wheat farina: Physical and biochemical characterisation. J. Cereal Sci. 2007, 45:97-105.
104. Gregerson P.L., Brinch-Pedersen H., Holm P.B. A microarray-based comparative analysis of gene expression profiles during grain development in transgenic and wild type wheat. Transgenic Res. 2005, 14:887-905.
105. Grewe E., Bailey C.H. The concentration of glutenin and other proteins in various types of wheat flour. Cereal Chem. 1927, 4:230-247.
106. Grimwade B., Tatham A.S., Freedman R.B., Shewry P.R., Napier J.A. Comparison of the expression patterns of genes coding for wheat gluten proteins and proteins involved in the secretory pathway in developing caryopses of wheat. Plant Mol. Biol. 1996, 30:1067-1073.
107. Guillon F., Tranquet O., Quillien L., Utille J.-P., Ortiz J.J.O., Saulnier L. Generation of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against arabinoxylans and their use for immunocytochemical location of arabinoxylans in cell walls of endosperm of wheat. J. Cereal Sci. 2004, 40:167-182.
108. Haddad Y., Benet J.C., Abecassis J. A rapid general method for appraising the rheological properties of the starchy endosperm of cereal grains. Cereal Chem. 1998, 75:673-676.
109. Haddad Y., Mabille F., Mermet A., Abecassis J., Benet J.C. Rheological properties of wheat endosperm with a view on grinding behaviour. Powder Technol. 1999, 105:89-94.
110. Haddad Y., Benet J.C., Delenne J.Y., Mermet A., Abecassis J. Rheological behaviour of wheat endosperm-Proposal for classification based on the rheological characteristics of endosperm test samples. J. Cereal Sci. 2001, 34:105-113.
111. Hargin K.D., Morrison W.R., Fulcher R.G. Triglyceride deposits in the starchy endosperm of wheat. Cereal Chem. 1980, 57:320-325.
112. Hartley R.D., Morrison W.H., Himmelsbach D.S., Borneman W.S. Cross-linking of cell wall phenolic arabinoxylans in graminaceous plants. Phytochemistry 1990, 29:3705-3709.
113. Harvey P.J., Lee J.W., Simmonds D.H., Vesk M. Protein bodies in wheat endosperm. Proc. Aust. Biochem. Soc. 1974, 7:94-98.
114. Heard P.J., Feeney K.A., Allen G.C., Shewry P.R. Determination of the elemental composition of mature wheat grain using a modified secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS). Plant J. 2002, 30:237-245.
115. Hervey-Murray C.G. The Identification of Cereal Varieties 1980, R.H.M. Arable Services, Ltd., Cambridge.
116. Hinton J.J.C. Resistance of the testa to entry of water into the wheat kernel. Cereal Chem. 1955, 32:296-306.
117. Hinton J.J.C. The distribution of ash in the wheat kernel. Cereal Chem. 1959, 36:19-31.
118. Wheat: Chemistry and Technology 1964, Am. Assoc. Cereal Chem., St. Paul, MN. 1st ed. I. Hlynka (Ed.).
119. Hoseney R.C., Finney K.F., Pomeranz Y., Shogren M.D. Functional (breadmaking) and biochemical properties of wheat flour components. VIII. Starch. Cereal Chem. 1971, 48:191-201.
120. Hoshikawa K. Anthesis, fertilization and development of caryopsis. Science of the Rice Plant 1993, Vol. 1:339-376. Rural Culture Association, Japan, Part III. T. Matsuo, K. Hoshikawa (Eds.).
121. Huang A.H.C. Oil bodies and oleosins in seeds. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 1992, 43:177-200.
122. Huebner F.R., Nelsen T.C., Chung O.K., Bietz J.A. Protein distributions among hard red winter wheat varieties as related to environment and baking quality. Cereal Chem. 1997, 74:123-128.
123. Ibrahim A.F.M., Hedley P.E., Cardle L., Kruger W., Marshall D.F., Muchlbauer G.J., Waugh R. A comparative analysis of transcript abundance using SAGE and Affymetrix arrays. Funct. Integ. Genom. 2005, 5:163-174.
124. International Standards Organization 68:978. http://www.iso.org/iso/home.htm.
125. Jarvis M.C., Briggs S.P.H., Knox J.P. Intercellular adhesion and cell separation in plants. Plant Cell Environ. 2003, 26:977-989.
126. Jennings A.C., Morton R.K., Palk B.A. Cytological studies of protein bodies of developing wheat endosperm. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1963, 16:366-374.
127. Johansson E., Oscarson P., Heneen W.K., Lundborg T. Differences in accumulation of storage proteins between wheat cultivars during development. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1994, 64:305-313.
128. Karlsson R., Olered R., Eliasson A.-C. Changes in starch granule size distribution and starch gelatinization properties during development and maturation of wheat, barley, and rye. Starch/Staerke 1983, 35:335-340.
129. Kawaura K., Mochida K., Ogihara Y. Expression profile of two storage-protein gene families in hexaploid wheat revealed by large-scale analysis of expressed sequence tags. Plant Physiol. 2005, 139:1870-1880.
130. Kent N.L. Sub-aleurone endosperm cells of high protein content. Cereal Chem. 1966, 43:585-601.
131. Kermode A.R., Bewley D. Synthesis, processing and deposition of seed proteins: The pathway of protein synthesis and deposition in the cell. Seed Proteins 1999, 807-841. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. P.R. Shewry, R. Casey (Eds.).
132. Kilborn R.H., Black H.C., Dexter J.E., Martin D.G. Energy consumption during flour milling: Description of two measuring systems and the influence of wheat hardness on energy requirements. Cereal Chem. 1982, 59:284-288.
133. Kim W.T., Franceschi V.R., Krishnan H.B., Okita T.W. Formation of wheat protein bodies: Involvement of the Golgi apparatus in gliadin transport. Planta 1988, 176:173-182.
134. King R.W. Water uptake in relation to pre-harvest sprouting damage in wheat: Grain characteristics. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1984, 35:337-345.
135. Kirk J.T.O., Tilney-Bassett R.A.E. The Plastids: Their Chemistry, Structure, Growth and Inheritance 1978, Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam.
136. Köhler L. Biphasic mechanical behaviour of plant tissues. Materials Sci. Eng. 2000, 11:51-56.
137. Krauss L. Entwicklungsgeschichteder Fruchte von Hordeum, Triticum, Bromus, und Poa mit besonderer Berucksichtigung ihrer Samenschalen. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 1933, 77:733-808.
138. Krishnan H.B., White J.A., Pueppke S.G. Immunogold localization of prolamines in developing Haynaldia villosa endosperm. Protoplasma 1988, 144:25-33.
139. Kriz A.L. 7S globulins of cereals. Seed Proteins 1999, 477-498. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. P.R. Shewry, R. Casey (Eds.).
140. Kulp K. Characteristics of small-granule starch of flour and wheat. Cereal Chem. 1973, 50:666-679.
141. Langeveld S.M.J., Van Wijk R., Stuurman N., Kijne J.W., De Pater S. B-type granule containing protrusions and interconnections between amyloplasts in developing wheat endosperm revealed by transmission electron microscopy and GFP expression. J. Exp. Bot. 2000, 51:1357-1361.
142. Langton M., Hermansson A. Image analysis determination of particle size distribution. Food Hydrocoll. 1993, 7:11-22.
143. Larkin R.A., MacMasters M.M., Rist C.E. Relation of endosperm cell wall thickness to the milling quality of seven Pacific Northwest wheats. Cereal Chem. 1952, 29:407-413.
144. Laudencia-Chingcuanco D.L., Stamova B.S., Lazo G.R., Cui X., Anderson O.D. Analysis of the wheat endosperm transcriptome. J. Appl. Genet. 2006, 47:287-302.
145. Laudencia-Chingcuanco D.L., Stamova B.S., You F.M., Lazo G.R., Beckles D.M., Anderson O.D. Transcriptional profiling of wheat caryopsis development using cDNA microarrays. Plant Mol. Biol. 2007, 63:651-668.
146. Law C.N., Young C.F., Brown J.W.S., Snape J.W., Worland J.W. The study of grain protein control in wheat using whole chromosome substitution lines. Seed Protein Improvement by Nuclear Techniques 1978, 483-502. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna,.
147. Leader D.J. Transcriptional analysis and functional genomics in wheat. J. Cereal Sci. 2005, 41:149-163.
148. Lee D.R., Atkey P.T. Water loss from the developing caryopsis of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Can. J. Bot. 1984, 62:1319-1326.
149. Levanony H., Rubin R., Altschuler Y., Galili G. Evidence for a novel route of wheat storage proteins to vacuoles. J. Cell Biol. 1992, 119:1117-1128.
150. Lott J.N.A. Protein bodies. The Biochemistry of Plants 1980, 589-623. Academic Press, New York. N.E. Tolbert (Ed.).
151. Lu C., Hawkesford M.J., Barraclough P.B., Poulton P.R., Wilson I.D., Barker G.L.A., Edwards K.J. Markedly different gene expression in wheat grown with organic or inorganic fertilizer. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 2005, 272:1901-1908.
152. Lucas P.W., Darvell B.W., Lee P.K.D., Yuen T.D.B., Choong M.F. The toughness of plant cells. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 1995, 348:363-372.
153. Lukow O.M., McVetty P.B.E. Effect of cultivar and environment on quality characteristics of spring wheat. Cereal Chem. 1991, 68:597-601.
154. Mabille F., Abecassis J. Parametric modelling of wheat grain morphology: A new perspective. J. Cereal Sci. 2003, 37:43-53.
155. Mabille F., Gril J., Abecassis J. Mechanical properties of wheat seed coats. Cereal Chem. 2001, 78:231-235.
156. Mac Adam J.W., Grabber J.H. Relationship of growth cessation with the formation of diferulate cross-links and p-coumaroylated lignins in tall fescue leaf blades. Planta 2002, 215:785-793.
157. MacMasters M.M., Hinton J.J.C., Bradbury D. Microscopic structure and composition of the wheat kernel. Wheat: Chemistry and Technology 1971, 51-113. Am. Assoc. Cereal Chem., St. Paul, MN. 2nd ed. Y. Pomeranz (Ed.).
158. MacRitchie F. Physicochemical aspects of some problems in wheat research. Advances in Cereal Science and Technology 1980, Vol. 3:271-313. Am. Assoc. Cereal Chem., St. Paul, MN. Y. Pomeranz (Ed.).
159. Majoul T., Bancel E., Triboi E., Ben Hamida J., Branlard G. Proteomic analysis of the effect of heat stress on hexaploid wheat grain: Characterisation of heat-responsive proteins from non-prolamins fraction. Proteomics 2004, 4:505-513.
160. Malouf R.B., Hoseney R.C. Wheat hardness. I. A method to measure endosperm tensile strength using tablets made from wheat flour. Cereal Chem. 1992, 69:164-168.
161. Mandalari G., Faulds C.B., Sancho A.I., Saija A., Bisignano G., LoCurto R., Waldron K.W. Fractionation and characterisation of arabinoxylans from brewers' spent grain and wheat bran. J. Cereal Sci. 2005, 42:205-212.
162. Mares D.J., Stone B.A. Studies on wheat endosperm. I. Chemical composition and ultrastructure of the cell walls. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1973, 26:793-812.
163. Martin C.R., Rousser R., Brabec D.L. Development of a rapid single kernel wheat characterisation system. Trans. ASAE 1993, 36:1399-1404.
164. May L.H., Buttrose M.S. Physiology of cereal grain. II. Starch granule formation in the developing barley kernel. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1959, 12:146-159.
165. Mecham D.K., Garrin Fullington J., Greene F.C. Gliadin proteins in the developing wheat seed. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1981, 32:773-780.
166. Meredith P. Large and small starch granules in wheat-Are they really different?. Staerke 1981, 33:40-41.
167. Miflin B.J., Burgess S.R. Protein bodies from developing seeds of barley, maize, wheat and peas: The effects of protease treatment. J. Exp. Bot. 1982, 33:251-260.
168. Miflin B.J., Byers M., Field J.M., Faulks A.J., Forde J. Isolation and characterization of proteins extracted from whole milled grain, gluten and developing protein bodies of wheat. Ann. Technol. Agric. 1980, 29:133-147.
169. Miflin B.J., Burgess S.R., Shewry P.R. The development of protein bodies in the storage tissues of seeds: Subcellular separations of homogenates of barley, maize, and wheat endosperms and of pea cotyledons. J. Exp. Bot. 1981, 32:199-219.
170. Miflin B.J., Field J.M., Shewry P.R. Cereal storage proteins and their effect on technological properties. Seed Proteins 1983, 255-319. Academic Press, London. J. Daussant, J. Mosse, J. Vaughan (Eds.).
171. Miyamoto T., Everson E.H. Biochemical and physiological studies of wheat seed pigmentation. Agron. J. 1958, 50:733-734.
172. Mochida K., Kawaura K., Shimosak E., Tadasu S.-I., Kohara Y., Yamazaki Y., Ogihara Y. Tissue expression map of comprehensive expressed sequence tags and its application to in silico screening of stress response genes in common wheat. Mol. Genet. Genom. 2006, 276:304-312.
173. Morris C.F. Puroindolines: The molecular genetic basis of wheat grain hardness. Plant Mol. Biol. 2002, 48:633-647.
174. Morrison I.N. Ultrastructure of the cuticular membranes of the developing wheat grain. Can. J. Bot. 1975, 53:2077-2087.
175. Morrison I.N. The structure of the chlorophyll-containing cross cells and tube cells of the inner pericarp of wheat during grain development. Bot. Gaz. 1976, 137:85-93.
176. Morrison I.N., Kuo J., O'Brien T.P. Histo-chemistry and fine structure of developing wheat aleurone cells. Planta 1975, 123:105-116.
177. Morrison I.N., O'Brien T.P., Kuo J. Initial cellularization and differentiation of the aleurone cells in the ventral region of the developing wheat grain. Planta 1978, 140:19-30.
178. Morrison W.R., Scott D.C. Measurement of the dimensions of wheat starch granule populations using a Coulter counter with 100-channel analyzer. J. Cereal Sci. 1986, 4:13-21.
179. Moss R., Stenvert N.L., Kingswood K., Pointing G. The relationship between wheat microstructure and flour milling. Scanning Electron Microsc. 1980, 3:613-620.
180. Napier J.A., Beaudoin F., Tatham A.S., Alexander L.G., Shewry P.R. The seed oleosins: Structure, properties and biological role. Advances in Botanical Research. Vol. 35, Incorporating Advances in Plant Pathology 2001, 112-138. Academic Press, London.
181. Ng A., Parker M.L., Parr A.J., Saunders P.K., Smith A.C., Waldron K.W. Physicochemical characteristics of onion (Allium cepa L.) tissues. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000, 48:5612-5617.
182. Norstog K. Early development of the barley embryo: Fine structure. Am. J. Bot. 1972, 59:123-132.
183. Norstog K. Nucellus during early embryology in barley: Fine structure. Bot. Gaz. 1974, 135:97-103.
184. Nutman P.S. Studies in vernalization of cereal. VI. The anatomical and cytological evidence for the formation of growthpromoting substances in the developing grain of rye. Ann. Bot. 1939, 3:731-758.
185. O'Brien T.P., Zee S.-Y. Vascular transfer cells in the vegetative nodes of wheat. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1971, 24:207-217.
186. O'Brien T.P., Zee S.-Y., Swift J.G. The occurrence of transfer cells in the vascular tissues of the coleoptilar node of wheat. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1970, 23:709-712.
187. Ogawa Y., Kuensting H., Sugiyama J., Ohtani T., Liu X.Q., Kokubo M., Kudoh K., Higuchi T. Structure of a rice grain represented by a new three-dimensional visualisation technique. J. Cereal Sci. 2002, 36:1-7.
188. Ogihara Y., Mochida K., Nemoto Y., Murai K., Yamazaki Y., Shin-I T., Kohara Y. Correlated clustering and virtual display of gene expression patterns in the wheat life cycle by large-scale statistical analyses of expressed sequence tags. Plant J. 2003, 33:1001-1011.
189. Parish J.A., Halse N.J. Effect of light, temperature and the rate of desiccation on translucency in wheat grain. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1968, 19:365-372.
190. Parker M.L. Protein body inclusions in developing wheat endosperm. Ann. Bot. 1980, 46:29-36.
191. Parker M.L. Storage protein deposition in developing wheat endosperm. Micron 1981, 12:187-188.
192. Parker M.L. Protein accumulation in developing endosperm of a high-protein line of Triticum dicoccoides. Plant Cell Environ 1982, 5:37-43.
193. Parker M.L. The relationship between A-type and B-type starch granules in the developing endosperm of wheat. J. Cereal Sci. 1985, 3:271-278.
194. Parker M.L., Hawes C.R. The Golgi apparatus in developing endosperm of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Planta 1982, 154:277-283.
195. Payne P.I., Holt L.M., Burgess S.R., Shewry P.R. Characterization by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the protein components of protein bodies, isolated from the developing endosperm of wheat (Triticum aestivum). J. Cereal Sci. 1986, 4:217-223.
196. Peng M., Gao M., Abdel-Aal E.-S.M., Hucl P., Chibbar R.N. Separation and characterization of A- and B-type starch granules in wheat endosperm. Cereal Chem. 1999, 76:375-379.
197. Percival J. The Wheat Plant 1921, Duckworth and Co., London.
198. Pernollet J.-C., Camilleri C. Formation and development of protein bodies in the wheat endosperm. Physiol. Veg. 1983, 21:1093-1103.
199. Peyron S., Mabille F., Rouau X., Autran J.C., Abecassis J. Relationship between the structure and the rheological properties of durum wheat bran. Durum Wheat, Semolina and Pasta Quality. Recent Achievements and New Trends 2000, 113-117. INRA, Paris. J. Abecassis, J.C. Autran, P. Feillet (Eds.).
200. Peyron S., Chaurand M., Rouau X., Abecassis J. Relationship between bran mechanical properties and milling behaviour of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). Influence of tissue thickness and cell wall structure. J. Cereal Sci. 2002, 36:377-386.
201. Philippe S., Robert P., Barron C., Saulnier L., Guillon F. Deposition of cell wall polysaccharides in wheat endosperm during grain development: Fourier-transform-infrared microscopy study. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54:2303-2308.
202. Philippe S., Saulnier L., Guillon F. Arabinoxylan and (1→3),(1→4)-β-glucan deposition in cell walls during wheat endosperm development. Planta 2006, 224:449-461.
203. Wheat: Chemistry and Technology 1971, Am. Assoc. Cereal Chem., St. Paul, MN. 2nd ed. Y. Pomeranz (Ed.).
204. Wheat: Chemistry and Technology 1988, Vols. 1 and 2. Am. Assoc. Cereal Chem., St. Paul, MN. 3rd ed. Y. Pomeranz (Ed.).
205. Pomeranz Y., MacMasters M.M. Structure and composition of the wheat kernel. Bakers Dig. 1968, 42:24-32.
206. Pomeranz Y., Williams P.C. Wheat hardness: Its genetic, structural and biochemical background, measurement and significance. Advances in Cereal Science and Technology 1990, Vol. 10:467-470. Am. Assoc. Cereal Chem., St Paul, MN. Y. Pomeranz (Ed.).
207. Pugh G.W., Johann H., Dickson J.G. Relation of the semi-permeable membranes of the wheat kernel to infection by Gibberella sambinetii. J. Agric. Res. 1932, 45:609-626.
208. Pujol R., Létang C., Lempereur I., Chaurand M., Mabille F., Abecassis J. Description of a micromill with instrumentation for measuring grinding characteristics of wheat grain. Cereal Chem. 2000, 77:421-427.
209. Radley M. The development of wheat grain in relation to endogenous growth substances. J. Exp. Bot. 1976, 28:192-204.
210. Raeker M.ö., Gaines C.S., Finney P.L., Donelson T. Granule size distribution and chemical composition of starches from 12 soft wheat cultivars. Cereal Chem. 1998, 75:721-728.
211. Ralph J., Quideau S., Grabber J.H., Hatfield R.D. Identification and synthesis of new ferulic acid dehydrodimers present in grass cell walls. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1994, 1:3485-3498.
212. Rasper V.F., Deman J.M. Effect of granule size of substituted starches on the rheological character of composite doughs. Cereal Chem. 1980, 57:331-340.
213. Rogers S.O., Quatrano R.S. Morphological staging of wheat caryopsis development. Am. J. Bot. 1983, 70:308-311.
214. Rost T.L., Lersten N.R. A synopsis and selected bibliography of grass caryopsis anatomy and fine structure. Ia. State J. Res. 1973, 48:47-87.
215. Sabelli P., Shewry P.R. Characterization and organization of gene families at the Gli-1 loci of bread and durum wheat by restriction fragment analysis. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1991, 83:209-216.
216. Sadowska J., Jelinski T., Fornal J. Comparison of microstructure of vitreous and mealy kernels of hard and soft wheat. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 1999, 8:3-15.
217. Samson M.-F., Mabille F., Chéret R., Abecassis J., Morel M.-H. Mechanical and physicochemical characterization of vitreous and mealy durum wheat endosperm. Cereal Chem. 2005, 82:81-87.
218. Sandstedt R.M. Photomicrographic studies of wheat starch. I. Development of the starch granules. Cereal Chem. 1946, 23:337-359.
219. Sapirstein H.D., Neuman M., Wright E.H., Shwedyk E., Bushuk W. An instrumental system for cereal grain classification using digital image analysis. J. Cereal Sci. 1987, 6:3-14.
220. Saulnier L., Guillon F., Sado P.-E., Rouau X. Plant cell wall polysaccharides in storage organs: Xylans (food applications). Comprehensive Glycoscience 2007, Vol. 2:653-689. Elsevier Science Ltd., Oxford, UK. J. Kamerling, G.-J. Boons, Y. Lee, A. Suzuki, N. Taniguchi, A.G.J. Voragen (Eds.).
221. Schofield J.D., Greenwell P. Wheat starch granule proteins and their technological significance. Cereals in a European Context 1987, 407-416. Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester. I.D. Morton (Ed.).
222. Schoplanskaya A.L. Structural and mechanical properties of the wheat grains. Colloid J. 1952, 14:137-158.
223. Schwarz P.B., Kunerth W.H., Youngs V.L. The distribution of lignin from hard red spring wheat bran. Cereal Chem. 1988, 65:59-64.
224. Seckinger H.L., Wolf M.J. Lipid distribution in the protein matrix of wheat endosperm as observed by electron microscopy. Cereal Chem. 1967, 44:669-674.
225. Shelef L., Moshenin N.N. Evaluation of the modulus of elasticity of wheat. Cereal Chem. 1967, 44:392-402.
226. Shellenberger J.A., Morgenson J.D. Northwest. Miller 1950, 242:21-29.
227. Shewry P.R., Bechtel D.B. Morphology and chemistry of the rye grain. Rye: Production, Chemistry, and Technology 2001, 69-127. Am. Assoc. Cereal Chem., St. Paul, MN. 2nd ed. W. Bushuk (Ed.).
228. Shopfer P., Lapierre C., Nolte T. Light-controlled growth of the maize seedling mesocotyl: Mechanical cell-wall changes in the elongation zone and related changes in lignification. Physiol. Plant. 2001, 111:83-92.
229. Shouche S.P., Rastogi R., Bhagwat S.G., Sainis J.K. Shape analysis of grains of Indian wheat varieties. Comput. Electronics Agric. 2001, 22:55-76.
230. Simmonds D.H. The ultrastructure of the mature wheat endosperm. Cereal Chem. 1972, 49:212-222.
231. Simmonds D.H. Structure, composition and biochemistry of cereal grains. Cereals '78: Better Nutrition for the World's Millions 1978, 105-137. Am. Assoc. Cereal Chem., St. Paul, MN. Y. Pomeranz (Ed.).
232. Simmonds D.H., Campbell W.P. Morphology and chemistry of the rye grain. Rye: Production, Chemistry, and Technology 1976, 63-110. Am. Assoc. Cereal Chem., St. Paul, MN. 1st ed. W. Bushuk (Ed.).
233. Simmonds D.H., O'Brien T.P. Morphological and biochemical development of the wheat endosperm. Advances in Cereal Science and Technology 1981, Vol. 4:5-70. Am. Assoc. Cereal Chem., St. Paul, MN. Y. Pomeranz (Ed.).
234. Simmonds D.H., Barlow K.K., Wrigley C.W. The biochemical basis of grain hardness in wheat. Cereal Chem. 1973, 50:553-621.
235. Simmons L., Meredith P. Width, weight, endosperm, and bran of the wheat grain as determinants of flour milling yield in normal and shriveled wheats. N.Z. J. Sci. 1979, 22:1-10.
236. Singh N.K., Shepherd K.W. The structure and genetic control of a new class of disulfide-linked proteins in wheat endosperm. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1985, 71:79-92.
237. Singh N.K., Shepherd K.W. Solubility behaviour, synthesis, degradation and subcellular location of a new class of disulfide-linked proteins in wheat endosperm. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 1987, 14:245-252.
238. Skylas D.J., Mackintosh A., Cordwell S.J., Basseal D.J., Walsh B.J., Harry J., Blumenthal C., Copeland L., Wrigley C.W., Rathmell W. Proteome approach to the characterisation of protein composition in the developing and mature wheat-grain endosperm. J. Cereal Sci. 2000, 32:169-188.
239. Skylas D.J., Cordwell S.J., Hains P.G., Larsen M.R., Basseal D.J., Walsh B.J., Blumenthal C., Rathmell W., Copeland L., Wrigley C.W. Heat shock of wheat during grain filling: Proteins associated with heat-tolerance. J. Cereal Sci. 2002, 35:175-188.
240. Smart M.G., O'Brien T.P. The development of the wheat embryo in relation to the neighboring tissues. Protoplasma 1983, 114:1-13.
241. Sofield I., Wardlaw I.F., Evans L.T., Zee S.-Y. Nitrogen, phosphorus and water contents during grain development and maturation in wheat. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 1977, 4:799-810.
242. Soulaka A.B., Morrison W.R. The amylose and lipid contents, dimensions, and gelatinization characteristics of some wheat starches and their A- and B-granule fractions. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1985, 36:709-718.
243. Stamberg O.E. Starch as a factor in dough formation. Cereal Chem. 1939, 16:769-780.
244. Stenram U., Heneen W.K., Skerritt J.H. Immunocytochemical localization of wheat storage proteins in endosperm cells 30 days after anthesis. J. Exp. Bot. 1991, 42:1347-1355.
245. Stenvert N.L., Kingswood K. An autoradiographic demonstration of the penetration of water into wheat during tempering. Cereal Chem. 1976, 53:141-149.
246. Stenvert N.L., Kingswood K. The influence of the physical structure of the protein matrix on wheat hardness. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1977, 28:11-16.
247. Stoddard F.L. Survey of starch particle-size distribution in wheat and related species. Cereal Chem. 1999, 76:145-149.
248. Swift J.G., Buttrose M.S. Freeze-etch studies of protein bodies in wheat scutellum. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 1972, 40:378-390.
249. Swift J.G., O'Brien T.P. Vascular differentiation in the wheat embryo. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1971, 19:63-71.
250. Swift J.G., O'Brien T.P. The fine structure of the wheat scutellum before germination. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1972, 25:9-22.
251. Symes K.J. Classification of Australian wheat varieties based on the granularity of their wholemeals. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 1961, 1:18-23.
252. Symes K.J. The inheritance of grain hardness in wheat as measured by particle size index. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1965, 16:113-123.
253. Symons S.J., Angold R., Black M., Chapman J.M. A possible mechanism for seed coat rupture by the embryo in germinating wheat. Ann. Bot 1984, 53:765-772.
254. Takaiwa F., Ogawa M., Okita T.W. Rice glutelins. Seed Proteins 1999, 401-425. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. P.R. Shewry, R. Casey (Eds.).
255. Tan K.S., Hoson T., Masuda Y., Kamisaka S. Involvement of cell wall-bound diferulic acid in light-induced decrease in growth-rate and cell-wall extensibility of Oryza coleoptiles. Plant Cell Physiol. 1992, 33:103-108.
256. Tanaka K., Yoshida T., Kasai Z. Radioautographic demonstration of the accumulation site of phytic acid in rice and wheat grains. Plant Cell Physiol. 1974, 15:147-151.
257. Toole G.A., Wilson R., Parker M.L., Wheeler T.R., Shewry P.R., Mills E.N.C. The effect of growing environment on endosperm cell wall development and composition studied by infrared spectroscopic imaging techniques. Planta 2007, 225:1393-1403.
258. Turnbull K.M., Rahman S. Endosperm texture in wheat. J. Cereal Sci. 2002, 36:327-337.
259. Turnbull K.M., Marion D., Gaborit T., Appels R., Rahman S. Early expression of grain hardness in the developing wheat endosperm. Planta 2003, 216:699-706.
260. Turner A.S., Bradburne R.P., Fish L., Snape J.W. New quantitative trait loci influencing grain texture and protein content in bread wheat. J. Cereal Sci. 2004, 40:51-60.
261. Tzen J.T.C., Lai Y.-K., Chan K.-L., Huang A.H.C. Oleosin isoforms of high and low molecular weights are present in the oil bodies of diverse seed species. Plant Physiol. 1990, 94:1282-1289.
262. Vensel W.H., Tanaka C.K., Cai N., Wong J.H., Buchanan B.B., Hurkman W.J. Developmental changes in the metabolic protein profiles of wheat endosperm. Proteomics 2005, 5:1594-1611.
263. Wakabayashi K., Soga K., Kamisaka S., Hoson T. Increase in the level of arabinoxylan-hydroxycinnamate network in cell walls of wheat coleoptiles grown under continuous hypergravity conditions. Physiol. Plant. 2005, 125:127-134.
264. Waldron K.W., Smith A.C., Parr A.J., Ng A., Parker M.L. New approaches to understanding and controlling cell separation in relation to fruit and vegetable texture. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 1997, 8:213-221.
265. Wan Y., Huttly A., Underwood C., Poole R., Edwards K.J., Feeney K., Gooding M., Shewry P.R., Mitchell R. Transcriptome analysis of wheat grain development. BCM Genom. 2008, 9:121. (online).
266. Watson, P. A. 1985. The biochemistry and physiology of the immature cereal pericarp. Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh.
267. Wegel E., Pilling E., Calder G., Drea S., Doonan J., Dolan L., Shaw P. Three-dimensional modelling of wheat endosperm development. New Phytol. 2005, 168:253-262.
268. Wellington P.S. Studies on the germination of cereals. 2. Factors determining the germination behaviour of wheat grains during maturation. Ann. Bot. 1956, 20:481-500.
269. Whitney S.E.C., Gothard M.G.E., Mitchell J.T., Gidly M.J. Roles of cellulose and xyloglucan in determining the mechanical properties of primary cell walls. Plant Physiol. 1999, 121:657-663.
270. Wilkinson M., Wan Y., Tosi P., Leverington M., Snape J., Mitchell R.A.C., Shewry P.R. Identification and genetic mapping of variant forms of puroindoline b expressed in developing wheat grain. J. Cereal Sci. 2008, In press.
271. Wilson I.D., Barker G.L.A., Beswick R.W., Shepherd S.K., Lu C., Coghill J.A., Edwards D., Owen P., Lyons R., Parker J.S., Lenton J.R., Holdsworth M.J., Shewry P.R., Edwards K.J. A transcriptomics resource for wheat functional genomics. Plant Biotech. J. 2004, 2:495-506.
272. Wilson I.D., Barker G.L.A., Lu C., Coghill J.A., Beswick R.W., Lenton J.R., Edwards K.J. Alteration of the embryo transcriptome of hexaploid winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Mercia) during maturation and germination. Funct. Integr. Genom. 2005, 5:144-154.
273. Wilson J.D., Bechtel D.B., Todd T.C., Seib P.A. Measurement of wheat starch granule size distribution using image analysis and laser diffraction technology. Cereal Chem. 2006, 83:259-268.
274. Winton A.L., Winton K.B. The Structure and Composition of Foods. Vol. I: Cereals, Nuts, Oilseeds 1932, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
275. Wood P.J., Fulcher R.J., Stone B.A. Studies on the specificity of interaction of cereal cell wall components with Congo red and Calcofluor. Specific detection and histochemistry of (1-3),(1-4)-beta-d-glucan. J. Cereal Sci. 1983, 1:95-110.
276. You R.L. Ultrastructural studies on the degeneration processes in wheat nucellar cells. Acta Bot. Sin. 1985, 27:345-353. (In Chinese).
277. Younce F.L., Pitts M.J., Glenn G.M. Solid model geometry by screen digitising images. Appl. Eng. Agric. 1991, 7:361-363.
278. Yupsanis T., Burgess S.R., Jackson P.J., Shewry P.R. Characterization of the major component from aleurone cells of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). J. Exp. Bot. 1990, 41:385-392.
279. Zayas I., Lai F.S., Pomeranz Y. Discrimination between wheat classes and varieties by image analysis. Cereal Chem. 1986, 63:52-56.
280. Zayas I., Bechtel D.B., Wilson J.D., Dempster R. Distinguishing hard and soft red winter wheats by image analysis of starch granules. Cereal Chem. 1994, 71:82-86.
281. Zee S.-Y. Scanning microscope observations of the pigment strand in the caryopsis of wheat. Aust. J. Bot. 1975, 23:107-110.
282. Zee S.-Y., O'Brien T.P. A special type of tracheary element associated with "xylem discontinuity" in the floral axis of wheat. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1970, 23:783-791.
283. Zee S.-Y., O'Brien T.P. Studies on the ontogeny of the pigment strand in the caryopsis of wheat. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1970, 23:1153-1171.
284. Zee S.-Y., O'Brien T.P. Vascular transfer cells in the wheat spikelet. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1971, 24:35-49.
285. Ziegler E., Greer E.N. Principles of milling. Wheat: Chemistry and Technology 1971, 115-185. Am. Assoc. Cereal Chem., St. Paul, MN. 2nd ed. Y. Pomeranz (Ed.).