Appetite and body weight regulation after bariatric surgery

Obesity Reviews

Volumn 16, Issue S1, 2015, Pages 77-90

  Munzberg H ^a   Laque, A ^a   Yu, S ^a   Rezai Zadeh, K ^a   Berthoud, H R ^a  

^a PENNINGTON BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Aversive conditioning; Executive control; Food choice; Food reward

Indexed keywords

ANOREXIA; APPETITE; BARIATRIC SURGERY; BODY WEIGHT; CALORIC INTAKE; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FOOD AVERSION; FOOD INTAKE; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HUMAN; LOSS OF APPETITE; MOTIVATION; REVIEW; SELF CONTROL; TASTE ACUITY; WEIGHT CONTROL; WEIGHT REDUCTION; ANIMAL; DISEASE MODEL; ENERGY METABOLISM; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; METABOLISM; MOUSE; OBESITY; PHYSIOLOGY; RAT;

GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONE;

ANIMALS; APPETITE REGULATION; BARIATRIC SURGERY; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; ENERGY INTAKE; ENERGY METABOLISM; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES; HUMANS; MICE; OBESITY; RATS; WEIGHT LOSS;

EID: 84921518968     PISSN: 14677881     EISSN: 1467789X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/obr.12258     Document Type: Review

References (148)

1. Carey DG, Pliego GJ, Raymond RL. Body composition and metabolic changes following bariatric surgery: effects on fat mass, lean mass and basal metabolic rate: six months to one-year follow-up. Obes Surg 2006; 16: 1602-1608.
2. van Gemert WG, Westerterp KR, van Acker BA etal. Energy, substrate and protein metabolism in morbid obesity before, during and after massive weight loss. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 711-718.
3. Bobbioni-Harsch E, Morel P, Huber O etal. Energy economy hampers body weight loss after gastric bypass. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 4695-4700.
4. Flancbaum L, Choban PS, Bradley LR, Burge JC. Changes in measured resting energy expenditure after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for clinically severe obesity. Surgery 1997; 122: 943-949.
5. Maclean PS, Bergouignan A, Cornier MA, Jackman MR. Biology's response to dieting: the impetus for weight regain. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301: R581-R600.
6. Thivel D, Brakonieki K, Duche P, Morio B, Boirie Y, Laferrere B. Surgical weight loss: impact on energy expenditure. Obes Surg 2013; 23: 255-266.
7. Das SK, Roberts SB, McCrory MA etal. Long-term changes in energy expenditure and body composition after massive weight loss induced by gastric bypass surgery. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 22-30.
8. Bueter M, Löwenstein C, Olbers T etal. Gastric bypass increases energy expenditure in rats. Gastroenterology 2010; 138: 1845-1853.
9. Stylopoulos N, Hoppin AG, Kaplan LM. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass enhances energy expenditure and extends lifespan in diet-induced obese rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17: 1839-1847.
10. Hao Z, Zhao Z, Berthoud HR, Ye J. Development and verification of a mouse model for Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery with a small gastric pouch. PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e52922.
11. Nestoridi E, Kvas S, Kucharczyk J, Stylopoulos N. Resting energy expenditure and energetic cost of feeding are augmented after Roux-en-Y Gastric bypass in obese mice. Endocrinology 2012; 153: 2234-2244.
12. Rothwell NJ, Stock MJ. A paradox in the control of energy intake in the rat. Nature 1978; 273: 146-147.
13. Kaiyala KJ, Schwartz MW. Toward a more complete (and less controversial) understanding of energy expenditure and its role in obesity pathogenesis. Diabetes 2011; 60: 17-23.
14. Rosenbaum M, Hirsch J, Gallagher DA, Leibel RL. Long-term persistence of adaptive thermogenesis in subjects who have maintained a reduced body weight. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88: 906-912.
15. Watanabe M, Houten SM, Mataki C etal. Bile acids induce energy expenditure by promoting intracellular thyroid hormone activation. Nature 2006; 439: 484-489.
16. Jansen PL, van Werven J, Aarts E etal. Alterations of hormonally active fibroblast growth factors after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Dig Dis 2011; 29: 48-51.
17. Pournaras DJ, Glicksman C, Vincent RP etal. The role of bile after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in promoting weight loss and improving glycaemic control. Endocrinology 2012; 153: 3613-3619.
18. Simonen M, Dali-Youcef N, Kaminska D etal. Conjugated bile acids associate with altered rates of glucose and lipid oxidation after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Obes Surg 2012; 22: 1473-1480.
19. Cummings BP, Bettaieb A, Graham JL etal. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy improves glucose and lipid metabolism and delays diabetes onset in UCD-T2DM rats. Endocrinology 2012; 153: 3620-3632.
20. Brufau G, Bahr MJ, Staels B etal. Plasma bile acids are not associated with energy metabolism in humans. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010; 7: 73.
21. Ockenga J, Valentini L, Schuetz T etal. Plasma bile acids are associated with energy expenditure and thyroid function in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97: 535-542.
22. Stearns AT, Balakrishnan A, Tavakkolizadeh A. Impact of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on rat intestinal glucose transport. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 297: G950-G957.
23. le Roux CW, Borg C, Wallis K etal. Gut hypertrophy after gastric bypass is associated with increased glucagon-like peptide 2 and intestinal crypt cell proliferation. Ann Surg 2010; 252: 50-56.
24. Mumphrey MB, Patterson LM, Zheng H, Berthoud HR. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery increases number but not density of CCK-, GLP-1-, 5-HT-, and neurotensin-expressing enteroendocrine cells in rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25: e70-e79.
25. Hansen CF, Bueter M, Theis N etal. Hypertrophy dependent doubling of l-cells in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass operated rats. PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e65696.
26. Saeidi N, Meoli L, Nestoridi E etal. Reprogramming of intestinal glucose metabolism and glycemic control in rats after gastric bypass. Science 2013; 341: 406-410.
27. Sjostrom L, Lindroos AK, Peltonen M etal. Lifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2683-2693.
28. Laurenius A, Larsson I, Bueter M etal. Changes in eating behaviour and meal pattern following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 36: 348-355.
29. Brolin RE, Robertson LB, Kenler HA, Cody RP. Weight loss and dietary intake after vertical banded gastroplasty and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Ann Surg 1994; 220: 782-790.
30. Kumar R, Lieske JC, Collazo-Clavell ML etal. Fat malabsorption and increased intestinal oxalate absorption are common after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Surgery 2011; 149: 654-661.
31. Custodio Afonso Rocha V, Ramos De Arvelos L, Pereira Felix G etal. Evolution of nutritional, hematologic and biochemical changes in obese women during 8 weeks after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Nutr Hosp 2012; 27: 1134-1140.
32. Odstrcil EA, Martinez JG, Santa Ana CA etal. The contribution of malabsorption to the reduction in net energy absorption after long-limb Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92: 704-713.
33. Ortega J, Ortega-Evangelio G, Cassinello N, Sebastia V. What are obese patients able to eat after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass? Obes Facts 2012; 5: 339-348.
34. Stefater MA, Perez-Tilve D, Chambers AP etal. Sleeve gastrectomy induces loss of weight and fat mass in obese rats, but does not affect leptin sensitivity. Gastroenterology 2010; 138: 2426-2436.
35. Ye J, Hao Z, Mumphrey MB etal. GLP-1 receptor signaling is not required for reduced body weight after RYGB in rodents. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306: R352-R362.
36. Zechner JF, Mirshahi UL, Satapati S etal. Weight-independent effects of roux-en-Y gastric bypass on glucose homeostasis via melanocortin-4 receptors in mice and humans. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 580-90 e7.
37. Furnes MW, Tommeras K, Arum CJ, Zhao CM, Chen D. Gastric bypass surgery causes body weight loss without reducing food intake in rats. Obes Surg 2008; 18: 415-422.
38. Zheng H, Shin AC, Lenard NR etal. Meal patterns, satiety, and food choice in a rat model of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297: R1273-R1282.
39. Seyfried F, Lannoo M, Gsell W etal. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in mice-surgical technique and characterisation. Obes Surg 2012; 22: 1117-1125.
40. Bruce AS, Bruce JM, Ness AR etal. A comparison of functional brain changes associated with surgical versus behavioral weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22: 337-343.
41. Jackness C, Karmally W, Febres G etal. Very low calorie diet mimics the early beneficial effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in Type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 2013; 62: 3027-3032.
42. Lingvay I, Guth E, Islam A, Livingston E. Rapid improvement of diabetes after gastric bypass surgery: is it the diet or surgery? Diabetes Care 2013; 36: 2741-2747.
43. Lips MA, de Groot GH, van Klinken JB etal. Calorie restriction is a major determinant of the short-term metabolic effects of gastric bypass surgery in obese Type 2 diabetic patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 80: 834-842.
44. Isbell JM, Tamboli RA, Hansen EN etal. The importance of caloric restriction in the early improvements in insulin sensitivity after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 1438-1442.
45. Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Porte D Jr, Seeley RJ, Baskin DG. Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature 2000; 404: 661-671.
46. Berthoud HR. Metabolic and hedonic drives in the neural control of appetite: who is the boss? Curr Opin Neurobiol 2011; 21: 888-896.
47. Stefater MA, Sandoval DA, Chambers AP etal. Sleeve gastrectomy in rats improves postprandial lipid clearance by reducing intestinal triglyceride secretion. Gastroenterology 2011; 141: 939-949, e1-4.
48. Grayson BE, Schneider KM, Woods SC, Seeley RJ. Improved rodent maternal metabolism but reduced intrauterine growth after vertical sleeve gastrectomy. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5: 199ra12.
49. Stefater MA, Wilson-Perez HE, Chambers AP, Sandoval DA, Seeley RJ. All bariatric surgeries are not created equal: insights from mechanistic comparisons. Endocr Rev 2012; 33: 595-622.
50. Shin AC, Zheng H, Berthoud HR. An expanded view of energy homeostasis: neural integration of metabolic, cognitive, and emotional drives to eat. Physiol Behav 2009; 97: 572-580.
51. Keesey RE, Hirvonen MD. Body weight set-points: determination and adjustment. J Nutr 1997; 127: 1875S-1883.
52. Wirtshafter D, Davis JD. Set points, settling points, and the control of body weight. Physiol Behav 1977; 19: 75-78.
53. Harris RB. Role of set-point theory in regulation of body weight. FASEB J 1990; 4: 3310-3318.
54. Frank S, Wilms B, Veit R etal. Altered brain activity in severely obese women may recover after Roux-en Y gastric bypass surgery. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 38: 341-348.
55. Paulsen SJ, Larsen LK, Jelsing J, Janssen U, Gerstmayer B, Vrang N. Gene expression profiling of individual hypothalamic nuclei from single animals using laser capture microdissection and microarrays. J Neurosci Methods 2009; 177: 87-93.
56. Shin AC, Berthoud HR. Obesity surgery: happy with less or eternally hungry? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24: 101-108.
57. Nadreau E, Baraboi ED, Samson P etal. Effects of the biliopancreatic diversion on energy balance in the rat. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30: 419-429.
58. Warne JP, Padilla BE, Horneman HF etal. Metabolic and neuroendocrine consequences of a duodenal-jejunal bypass in rats on a choice diet. Ann Surg 2009; 249: 269-276.
59. Romanova IV, Ramos EJ, Xu Y etal. Neurobiologic changes in the hypothalamus associated with weight loss after gastric bypass. J Am Coll Surg 2004; 199: 887-895.
60. Rosenbaum M, Sy M, Pavlovich K, Leibel RL, Hirsch J. Leptin reverses weight loss-induced changes in regional neural activity responses to visual food stimuli. J Clin Invest 2008; 118: 2583-2591.
61. Korner J, Conroy R, Febres G etal. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of leptin administration after gastric bypass. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21: 951-956.
62. Hatoum IJ, Stylopoulos N, Vanhoose AM etal. Melanocortin-4 receptor signaling is required for weight loss after gastric bypass surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97: E1023-E1312.
63. Mul JD, Begg DP, Alsters SI etal. Effect of vertical sleeve gastrectomy in melanocortin receptor 4-deficient rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303: E103-E110.
64. Aslan IR, Campos GM, Calton MA, Evans DS, Merriman RB, Vaisse C. Weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in obese patients heterozygous for MC4R mutations. Obes Surg 2011; 21: 930-934.
65. Potoczna N, Branson R, Kral JG etal. Gene variants and binge eating as predictors of comorbidity and outcome of treatment in severe obesity. J Gastrointest Surg 2004; 8: 971-981, discussion 81-2.
66. Aslan IR, Ranadive SA, Ersoy BA, Rogers SJ, Lustig RH, Vaisse C. Bariatric surgery in a patient with complete MC4R deficiency. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011; 35: 457-461.
67. Krashes MJ, Koda S, Ye C etal. Rapid, reversible activation of AgRP neurons drives feeding behavior in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121: 1424-1428.
68. Berridge KC, Ho CY, Richard JM, Difeliceantonio AG. The tempted brain eats: pleasure and desire circuits in obesity and eating disorders. Brain Res 2010; 1350: 43-64.
69. Berthoud HR, Lenard NR, Shin AC. Food reward, hyperphagia, and obesity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 300: R1266-R1277.
70. Stice E, Spoor S, Ng J, Zald DH. Relation of obesity to consummatory and anticipatory food reward. Physiol Behav 2009; 97: 551-560.
71. Mathes CM, Spector AC. Food selection and taste changes in humans after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery: a direct-measures approach. Physiol Behav 2012; 107: 476-483.
72. Shin AC, Berthoud HR. Food reward functions as affected by obesity and bariatric surgery. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011; 35(Suppl. 3): S40-S44.
73. Miras AD, le Roux CW. Bariatric surgery and taste: novel mechanisms of weight loss. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2010; 26: 140-145.
74. Laurenius A, Larsson I, Melanson KJ etal. Decreased energy density and changes in food selection following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013; 67: 168-173.
75. Wilson-Perez HE, Chambers AP, Sandoval DA etal. The effect of vertical sleeve gastrectomy on food choice in rats. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 37: 288-295.
76. Saeidi N, Nestoridi E, Kucharczyk J, Uygun MK, Yarmush ML, Stylopoulos N. Sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass exhibit differential effects on food preferences, nutrient absorption and energy expenditure in obese rats. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 36: 1396-1402.
77. le Roux CW, Bueter M, Theis N etal. Gastric bypass reduces fat intake and preference. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301: R1057-R1066.
78. Scruggs DM, Buffington C, Cowan GS Jr. Taste acuity of the morbidly obese before and after gastric bypass surgery. Obes Surg 1994; 4: 24-28.
79. Burge JC, Schaumburg JZ, Choban PS, DiSilvestro RA, Flancbaum L. Changes in patients' taste acuity after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for clinically severe obesity. J Am Diet Assoc 1995; 95: 666-670.
80. Bueter M, Miras AD, Chichger H etal. Alterations of sucrose preference after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Physiol Behav 2011; 104: 709-721.
81. Pepino MY, Bradley D, Eagon JC, Sullivan S, Abumrad NA, Klein S. Changes in taste perception and eating behavior after bariatric surgery-induced weight loss in women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22: E13-E20.
82. Tichansky DS, Glatt AR, Madan AK, Harper J, Tokita K, Boughter JD. Decrease in sweet taste in rats after gastric bypass surgery. Surg Endosc 2011; 25: 1176-1181.
83. Hajnal A, Kovacs P, Ahmed TA, Meirelles K, Lynch CJ, Cooney RN. Gastric bypass surgery alters behavioral and neural taste functions for sweet taste in obese rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299: G967-G979.
84. Berridge KC, Robinson TE. Parsing reward. Trends Neurosci 2003; 26: 507-513.
85. Grill HJ, Norgren R. The taste reactivity test. I. Mimetic responses to gustatory stimuli in neurologically normal rats. Brain Res 1978; 143: 263-279.
86. Berridge KC. Modulation of taste affect by hunger, caloric satiety, and sensory-specific satiety in the rat. Appetite 1991; 16: 103-120.
87. Spector AC, Redman R, Garcea M. The consequences of gustatory nerve transection on taste-guided licking of sucrose and maltose in the rat. Behav Neurosci 1996; 110: 1096-1109.
88. Shin AC, Zheng H, Pistell PJ, Berthoud HR. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery changes food reward in rats. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011; 35: 642-651.
89. Finlayson G, King N, Blundell JE. Liking vs. wanting food: importance for human appetite control and weight regulation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 31: 987-1002.
90. Ochner CN, Stice E, Hutchins E etal. Relation between changes in neural responsivity and reductions in desire to eat high-calorie foods following gastric bypass surgery. Neuroscience 2012; 209: 128-135.
91. Finlayson G, King N, Blundell J. The role of implicit wanting in relation to explicit liking and wanting for food: implications for appetite control. Appetite 2008; 50: 120-127.
92. Lemmens SG, Schoffelen PF, Wouters L etal. Eating what you like induces a stronger decrease of 'wanting' to eat. Physiol Behav 2009; 98: 318-325.
93. Nasser JA, Evans SM, Geliebter A, Pi-Sunyer FX, Foltin RW. Use of an operant task to estimate food reinforcement in adult humans with and without BED. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16: 1816-1820.
94. Ullrich J, Ernst B, Wilms B, Thurnheer M, Schultes B. Roux-en Y gastric bypass surgery reduces hedonic hunger and improves dietary habits in severely obese subjects. Obes Surg 2013; 23: 50-55.
95. Leahey TM, Bond DS, Raynor H etal. Effects of bariatric surgery on food cravings: do food cravings and the consumption of craved foods 'normalize' after surgery? Surg Obes Relat Dis 2012; 8: 84-91.
96. Miras AD, Jackson RN, Jackson SN etal. Gastric bypass surgery for obesity decreases the reward value of a sweet-fat stimulus as assessed in a progressive ratio task. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96: 467-473.
97. Pecina S, Cagniard B, Berridge KC, Aldridge JW, Zhuang X. Hyperdopaminergic mutant mice have higher 'wanting' but not 'liking' for sweet rewards. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 9395-9402.
98. Salamone JD, Correa M, Farrar AM, Nunes EJ, Pardo M. Dopamine, behavioral economics, and effort. Front Behav Neurosci 2009; 3: 13.
99. Ochner CN, Kwok Y, Conceição E etal. Selective reduction in neural responses to high calorie foods following gastric bypass surgery. Ann Surg 2011; 253: 502-507.
100. Ochner CN, Laferrere B, Afifi L, Atalayer D, Geliebter A, Teixeira J. Neural responsivity to food cues in fasted and fed states pre and post gastric bypass surgery. Neurosci Res 2012; 74: 138-143.
101. Scholtz S, Miras AD, Chhina N etal. Obese patients after gastric bypass surgery have lower brain-hedonic responses to food than after gastric banding. Gut 2014; 63: 891-902.
102. Sweet LH, Hassenstab JJ, McCaffery JM etal. Brain response to food stimulation in obese, normal weight, and successful weight loss maintainers. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20: 2220-2225.
103. Stice E, Yokum S, Blum K, Bohon C. Weight gain is associated with reduced striatal response to palatable food. J Neurosci 2010; 30: 13105-13109.
104. Dunn JP, Cowan RL, Volkow ND etal. Decreased dopamine type 2 receptor availability after bariatric surgery: preliminary findings. Brain Res 2010; 1350: 123-130.
105. Steele KE, Prokopowicz GP, Schweitzer MA etal. Alterations of central dopamine receptors before and after gastric bypass surgery. Obes Surg 2010; 20: 369-374.
106. Davis JF, Tracy AL, Schurdak JD etal. Roux en Y gastric bypass increases ethanol intake in the rat. Obes Surg 2013; 23: 920-930.
107. Chambers AP, Kirchner H, Wilson-Perez HE etal. The effects of vertical sleeve gastrectomy in rodents are ghrelin independent. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 50-52 e5.
108. Delin CR, Watts JM, Saebel JL, Anderson PG. Eating behavior and the experience of hunger following gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Obes Surg 1997; 7: 405-413.
109. Harbottle L. Audit of nutritional and dietary outcomes of bariatric surgery patients. Obes Rev 2011; 12: 198-204.
110. Laurenius A, Olbers T, Naslund I, Karlsson J. Dumping syndrome following gastric bypass: validation of the dumping symptom rating scale. Obes Surg 2013; 23: 740-755.
111. Banerjee A, Ding Y, Mikami DJ, Needleman BJ. The role of dumping syndrome in weight loss after gastric bypass surgery. Surg Endosc 2013; 27: 1573-1578.
112. Sirinek KR, O'Dorisio TM, Howe B, McFee AS. Neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy. Their role in the dumping syndrome. Arch Surg 1985; 120: 605-609.
113. Suter M, Calmes JM, Paroz A, Giusti V. A new questionnaire for quick assessment of food tolerance after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg 2007; 17: 2-8.
114. Seeley RJ, Blake K, Rushing PA etal. The role of CNS glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide receptors in mediating the visceral illness effects of lithium chloride. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 1616-1621.
115. Baird JP, Travers SP, Travers JB. Integration of gastric distension and gustatory responses in the parabrachial nucleus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 281: R1581-R1593.
116. Karimnamazi H, Travers SP, Travers JB. Oral and gastric input to the parabrachial nucleus of the rat. Brain Res 2002; 957: 193-206.
117. Rowland NE, Crews EC, Gentry RM. Comparison of Fos induced in rat brain by GLP-1 and amylin. Regul Pept 1997; 71: 171-174.
118. Baraboi ED, Michel C, Smith P, Thibaudeau K, Ferguson AV, Richard D. Effects of albumin-conjugated PYY on food intake: the respective roles of the circumventricular organs and vagus nerve. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 32: 826-839.
119. Swank MW, Bernstein IL. c-Fos induction in response to a conditioned stimulus after single trial taste aversion learning. Brain Res 1994; 636: 202-208.
120. Maniscalco JW, Kreisler AD, Rinaman L. Satiation and stress-induced hypophagia: examining the role of hindbrain neurons expressing prolactin-releasing Peptide or glucagon-like Peptide 1. Front Neurosci 2012; 6: 199.
121. Baird JP, Travers JB, Travers SP. Parametric analysis of gastric distension responses in the parabrachial nucleus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 281: R1568-R1580.
122. Li BH, Rowland NE. Effects of vagotomy on cholecystokinin- and dexfenfluramine-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity in the rat brain. Brain Res Bull 1995; 37: 589-593.
123. Degen L, Oesch S, Casanova M etal. Effect of peptide YY3-36 on food intake in humans. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 1430-1436.
124. Labouesse MA, Stadlbauer U, Weber E, Arnold M, Langhans W, Pacheco-Lopez G. Vagal afferents mediate early satiation and prevent flavour avoidance learning in response to intraperitoneally infused exendin-4. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24: 1505-1516.
125. Lutz TA. Pancreatic amylin as a centrally acting satiating hormone. Curr Drug Targets 2005; 6: 181-189.
126. Gieroba ZJ, Blessing WW. Fos-containing neurons in medulla and pons after unilateral stimulation of the afferent abdominal vagus in conscious rabbits. Neuroscience 1994; 59: 851-858.
127. Lamprecht R, Dudai Y. Differential modulation of brain immediate early genes by intraperitoneal LiCl. Neuroreport 1995; 7: 289-293.
128. Gaykema RP, Daniels TE, Shapiro NJ, Thacker GC, Park SM, Goehler LE. Immune challenge and satiety-related activation of both distinct and overlapping neuronal populations in the brainstem indicate parallel pathways for viscerosensory signaling. Brain Res 2009; 1294: 61-79.
129. Castex N, Fioramonti J, Ducos De Lahitte J, Luffau G, More J, Bueno L. Brain Fos expression and intestinal motor alterations during nematode-induced inflammation in the rat. Am J Physiol 1998; 274: G210-G216.
130. De Jonghe BC, Horn CC. Chemotherapy agent cisplatin induces 48-h Fos expression in the brain of a vomiting species, the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 296: R902-R911.
131. Horn CC, De Jonghe BC, Matyas K, Norgren R. Chemotherapy-induced kaolin intake is increased by lesion of the lateral parabrachial nucleus of the rat. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297: R1375-R1382.
132. Wu Q, Zheng R, Srisai D, McNight GS, Palmiter RD. The NR2B subunit of the NMDA glutamate receptor regulates appetite in the parabrachial nucleus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110: 14765-14770.
133. Wu Q, Boyle MP, Palmiter RD. Loss of GABAergic signaling by AgRP neurons to the parabrachial nucleus leads to starvation. Cell 2009; 137: 1225-1234.
134. Wu Q, Clark MS, Palmiter RD. Deciphering a neuronal circuit that mediates appetite. Nature 2012; 483: 594-597.
135. Wu Q, Palmiter RD. GABAergic signaling by AgRP neurons prevents anorexia via a melanocortin-independent mechanism. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 660: 21-27.
136. Carter ME, Soden ME, Zweifel LS, Palmiter RD. Genetic identification of a neural circuit that suppresses appetite. Nature 2013; 503: 111-114.
137. Palmiter RD. New game for hunger neurons. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15: 1060-1061.
138. Aponte Y, Atasoy D, Sternson SM. AGRP neurons are sufficient to orchestrate feeding behavior rapidly and without training. Nat Neurosci 2011; 14: 351-355.
139. Atasoy D, Betley JN, Su HH, Sternson SM. Deconstruction of a neural circuit for hunger. Nature 2012; 488: 172-177.
140. Sternson SM. Hypothalamic survival circuits: blueprints for purposive behaviors. Neuron 2013; 77: 810-824.
141. Ogden J, Clementi C, Aylwin S. The impact of obesity surgery and the paradox of control: a qualitative study. Psychol Health 2006; 21: 273-293.
142. Ogden J, Avenell S, Ellis G. Negotiating control: patients' experiences of unsuccessful weight-loss surgery. Psychol Health 2011; 26: 949-964.
143. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Telang F. Overlapping neuronal circuits in addiction and obesity: evidence of systems pathology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008; 363: 3191-3200.
144. DelParigi A, Chen K, Salbe AD etal. Successful dieters have increased neural activity in cortical areas involved in the control of behavior. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 31: 440-448.
145. Hare TA, Camerer CF, Rangel A. Self-control in decision-making involves modulation of the vmPFC valuation system. Science 2009; 324: 646-648.
146. Uher R, Yoganathan D, Mogg A etal. Effect of left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on food craving. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58: 840-842.
147. Goldman RL, Canterberry M, Borckardt JJ etal. Executive control circuitry differentiates degree of success in weight loss following gastric-bypass surgery. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21: 2189-2196.
148. Goldman VJ, Santos M, Shayegan M, Cunningham JE. Evidence for two-dimentional quantum Wigner crystal. Phys Rev Lett 1990; 65: 2189-2192.